446. The ancient ceremonial center of Cahokia is located in present-day
(A) United States
(B) Mexico
(C) Guatemala
(D) Belize
(E) Peru
447. All of the following were cultivated by native peoples of the Americas before 1500 EXCEPT
(A) maize
(B) wheat
(C) squash
(D) beans
(E) tomatoes
448. Which of the following cultures did NOT develop a system of writing?
(A) Mayan
(B) Aztec
(C) Incan
(D) Olmec
(E) Mixtec
449. All of the following are associated with the Ancestral Puebloan culture
EXCEPT
(A) masterful stone and adobe buildings built along cliff walls
(B) enormous mounds shaped like animals and built for unknown purposes
(C) fine pottery with black painted designs
(D) a ceremonial road system
(E) the eventual abandonment of many traditional urban and ceremonial centers
450. All of the following are true of the Olmec EXCEPT that they
(A) are known for their colossal stone heads
(B) developed a writing system and a calendar
(C) inhabited the Gulf Coast regions of present-day Veracruz
(D) raised surpluses of corn, beans, and squash
(E) developed in the large San Lorenzo and Tabasco River valleys
451. Which of the following cultures had the highest level of scientific, technological, and intellectual achievement?
(A) Mayan
(B) Incan
(C) Olmec
(D) Toltec
(E) Aztec
452. According to recent estimates, about how many people lived in the Western Hemisphere in 1500?
(A) 700,000
(B) 1.7 million
(C) 7 million
(D) 17 million
(E) 70 million
453. Which of the following characterized the Incan Empire?
(A) It developed strict social class hierarchies.
(B) It collapsed because of peasant uprisings.
(C) Trade was its primary economic activity.
(D) It flourished after interaction with the Spanish.
(E) It suffered as a result of its nonexpansionist nature.
454. When the Aztecs first came to power in the 1400s, they existed as
(A) an independent nation
(B) a partner of the Toltecs
(C) a member of a triple alliance
(D) a nomadic people
(E) an ally of the Mixtec
455. All of the following are true of the people of the Hopewell culture EXCEPT that
(A) their culture was centered in present-day Ohio
(B) they built giant burial mounds
(C) they constructed elaborate trading networks across great distances
(D) they built on the preceding Adena culture
(E) they were noted for their amazing houses built into the cliffs of the Mississippi River valley
456. In Incan society, the ayllu members
(A) usually refused to perform the mita
(B) collected tribute from subject peoples
(C) were not closely related to each other
(D) shared a series of reciprocal obligations that they were required to honor
(E) generated work for artisans by practicing conspicuous consumption
457. When the Aztecs (or Mexica) arrived in the valley of central Mexico, they
(A) established their own advanced traditions
(B) adopted many of the existing Mesoamerican traditions
(C) were noted for their adaptability to the traditions of other regional peoples
(D) developed independently from other Mesoamerican cultures
(E) insisted that other societies adopt their traditions
458. All of the following are true regarding women in classic Mayan culture
EXCEPT that
(A) Mayan society was matriarchal
(B) women played a crucial role in the processing of raw materials
(C) wealthy and prominent families traced their lineage through parallel descent
(D) female deities were not uncommon
(E) women could be rulers
459. The people of the Chavin culture
(A) dominated the Andean highlands from about 300 to 900 CE
(B) depended primarily on maize for their food supply
(C) developed a sophisticated culture without the benefit of metallurgy
(D) used llamas as beasts of burden
(E) created an advanced culture without any large-scale temples
460. All of the following are true of the Mesoamerican ball game EXCEPT that it
(A) was played by the Olmecs, Mayas, and Aztecs
(B) was played with a ball made of rubber
(C) was both a contest of athletic skill and a ritual spectacle
(D) was a frequent source of inspiration for Mesoamerican artists
(E) emphasized individual skill over team participation
461. All of the following reasons have been suggested for the decline of the Classic Maya EXCEPT
(A) foreign invasion
(B) climate change and drought
(C) moral decay and loss of civic virtue
(D) peasant revolts and social turmoil
(E) deforestation and soil depletion
462. All of the following are true of women in Eastern Woodland culture
EXCEPT that
(A) they provided most of their society’s food supply
(B) in some cases, they lived in a matrilineal-based clan and inheritance system
(C) they performed economic roles that were usually gender-differentiated
(D) they worked alongside men in the fields
(E) the senior women sometimes chose the clan chief
463. The Ancient Puebloans (Anasazi) relied primarily on which of the following for food?
(A) Corn
(B) Potatoes
(C) Manioc
(D) Squash
(E) Chickens
464. All of the following are true of Cahokia EXCEPT that it
(A) was an urban site larger than London in 1250 CE
(B) was unique because it was not located near any rivers
(C) maintained extensive trade links with communities 100 miles away
(D) was abandoned more than a century before Europeans invaded North America
(E) contained a workshop for the production of copper religious items
465. The Early Classic period of Mayan culture was influenced by the culture of what great Mesoamerican capital city?
(A) Chichen Itza
(B) Teotihuacan
(C) Tenochtitlan
(D) Tula
(E) Tres Zapotes
466. All of the following are true of the ancient Maya EXCEPT
(A) they based their livelihood on the cultivation of potatoes and quinoa
(B) they transmitted the legend of Quetzalcoatl
(C) the various independent Mayan city-states were linked by trade
(D) they were polytheistic
(E) they constructed large, truncated pyramids
467. The Aztec Empire expanded into a power vacuum that emerged after the collapse of which great culture?
(A) Maya
(B) Toltec
(C) Olmec
(D) Mixtec
(E) Teotihuacan
468. All of the following were Andean cultures of the pre-Inca period EXCEPT
(A) Moche
(B) Chavin
(C) Adena
(D) Wari
(E) Chimu
469. The Toltecs
(A) were a peaceful people
(B) did not practice human sacrifice
(C) were the only major Mesoamerican cultural group that denied the legend of Quetzalcoatl
(D) based their empire on efficient administration
(E) may have been involved in long-distance trade with the Ancestral Puebloans
470. All pre-Columbian people of Central and South America
(A) were polytheistic
(B) integrated various ethnic groups into their societies
(C) had a system of writing
(D) were noted as skilled administrators
(E) limited their trade to regional networks