index from, 122, 123, 124, 129–131, 164, 171, 216Page numbers in italic refer to figures.
α and β configurations. See stereoisomer
Abbott, Geoffrey, 92, 94, 98, 99
Abelson, Phil, 27, 30, 36, 37, 42, 155, 157
abietic acid, 261–262, 266. See also diterpenoid
abiotic processes, 19, 34, 36, 40–41, 43–44, 46–47, 66, 85
Acetobacter, 64
acetic acid (acetate), 14, 15, 159, 189, 201
acids, 9, 11, 14, 44, 189, 232, 255. See also amino acids; fatty acids
analysis of, 7, 8, 12, 35
in C4 plant biosynthesis, 169
catalysis by, 74, 86, 91, 104, 136
in crude oil, 81
diagenesis of, 66, 98, 103, 106, 119
acidic environment, 179, 181, 184, 186, 212
acritarch, 232, 237, 238, 251
Africa, 4, 63, 69–70, 147–148, 150, 151, 169, 171, 219
offshore sediments, 111, 121, 128, 171, 174
Precambrian rocks in, 19, 35–36
Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe, 239
Age of Methanotrophs, 252, 256, 257
agriculture, 169, 229, 264–265, 271
Albaigés, Joan, 267
Alberta, 91
Albrecht, Pierre, 58, 60–61, 64, 67, 69–71, 74, 83, 85, 93, 97, 104, 157, 181, 267
alcohol group. See hydroxyl group
alcohols, 11, 14, 61, 135, 145, 202, 223, 263
analysis of, 7, 8, 9, 106, 107, 196, 200
bound in ester, 29, 33, 35
diagenesis of, 103–106, 136, 145
incorporation into kerogen, 95–96
radiocarbon (14C) analysis of, 269
algae, 3–5, 33, 66, 108, 110–112, 133, 141, 146, 169–170, 186, 227, 229, 232, 234, 237, 244, 248–249, 251, 254, 257, 265, 271–272
alkane diols in, 139
alkenones in, 115, 118–120, 121, 124–126, 138, 236, 237
culture of, 31, 112, 114, 121, 139
δD analysis of, 270
HBIs in, 140–141, 237
pigments in, 21, 138, 143, 146, 157, 159
radiocarbon (14C) analysis of, 268–269
as source of fossil organic matter, 17, 35, 40, 69, 95, 96, 102, 137, 229, 238, 242
steroids in, 53, 57–58, 62, 78, 83, 138–139, 159, 167, 186, 205, 210, 215, 224, 232–234, 237 265
13C composition of, 156–157, 159, 161, 162, 163–167, 173, 194, 205, 248
alkane diol, 109, 110, 139, 140, 147, 149, 269
alkanes. See also n-alkanes
branched and cyclic, 22–23, 26, 27, 62, 95, 99, 109, 110, 140, 141, 184, 186, 187, 192, 245, 267
cracking of, 70
iso-, 13, 14, 184
isoprenoid, 35, 38, 73, 110, 140, 141, 182, 199, 234. See also isoprenoid, acyclic; phytane; pristane
alkanol, 15, 135, 145, 147, 149, 169, 171, 265
alkene, 104–105, 120, 121, 140, 186–188
alkenoate, 121
alkenones, 113, 114, 115, 120, 121, 123, 124–125, 126, 128, 141, 167, 235–236, 237, 272
δ13C analysis of, 163–164, 165, 166–167
δD analysis of, 270
as paleo-CO2 proxy (paleobarometer), 161, 163–164, 165, 166, 168, 172, 194–195
as paleotemperature proxy, 118, 119 120–121, 122, 123–125, 128, 129–131, 134, 164
as primary productivity proxy, 141, 146–148, 149
radiocarbon (14C) analysis of, 269
index from, 122, 123, 124, 129–131, 164, 171, 216
American Petroleum Institute, 50, 53, 56
amino acids, 5, 18, 27, 34, 36–37, 41–44, 46–47, 65, 73, 94, 95, 123, 155, 189
D and L configurations of, 34, 37, 43, 46–47, 73
isomerization of, 34, 37, 46, 54, 74, 76, 90, 98
ammonium oxidation, anaerobic (anammox), 221, 222, 223–225
amyrin, 54–55, 58, 135, 137, 230–231, 266. See also oleanane; triterpenoid
Angola Basin, 171
animal, 3, 5–6, 9, 11–12, 24, 26, 50, 53, 54, 56, 58, 60, 66, 73, 81, 95, 111, 157, 177, 179, 181, 197, 227–229, 233, 241, 246, 248, 250–251
domesticated, 264, 271
ANME (anaerobic methane oxidation), 202–204
anoxia, 146, 150, 151, 160, 173, 174, 181–182, 204, 214, 221, 225, 233–234, 236, 244, 256–257, 272
in photic zone, 144, 145, 149, 152, 186, 187, 188
in sediment, 142, 143, 144, 159, 189, 190–192, 193, 196–197, 198, 200, 206–207, 223–224, 263, 267, 272
in water column, 142, 143, 144, 149, 151, 159, 173, 209, 212, 219, 223–224, 225, 247, 249, 251, 252, 253–254, 257, 265, 271
Antarctica, 45–46, 120, 124, 127, 148, 167, 212–213, 217, 271
ice cores from, 129, 133, 164, 165, 168, 195, 219
Apollo program, 32, 39, 41, 43, 56, 101, 106
Arabian Sea, 142, 146, 148, 151, 215, 216, 219, 250
archaea, 178, 179, 186, 188, 201–202, 203, 204, 206, 210–215, 218–221, 223, 225, 234–235, 242, 245, 254–256
δ13C values of lipids in, 200, 203–204, 205, 208–209, 212, 219–221, 269
lipids in, 179, 180, 181–182, 199–200, 203, 209, 214–220, 234–235, 254
radiocarbon (14C) analysis of, 269
archaeol, 180, 182, 186, 196, 200–203, 205, 208, 209, 254
archaeology, 4, 259–260, 262–265, 268, 271
Archean, 228, 240, 245–246, 252, 255, 256, 257–258
Arctic Ocean, 141, 217, 220
aridity, 48, 147, 169–171
aromatics, 8, 11, 43, 51, 86–87, 88, 90, 92, 98, 104, 105, 106, 136, 144, 236, 238, 243, 262, 267. See also steroid
aromatization, 86, 87, 89–90, 92, 94
asphalt, 41, 51, 260–262
trade routes (prehistoric), 260–262
asphaltenes, 51, 68, 95, 97
asteroid, 40–41, 44–45, 230
asymmetry, 33–34, 53–54, 73
Atlantic Ocean, 4, 15, 63, 102, 110–111, 122, 127, 129, 132, 134, 147, 149–150, 151, 171, 224, 234, 266, 269–270
Australia, 43, 148, 169, 229, 238, 242–245, 253, 257
autotroph, 177, 204, 212, 220, 223, 255, 269
Baas Becking, Lourens G. M., 153
Baas Becking Geobiological Laboratory, 144, 160, 242, 244
Babylon, 261
bacteria, 3–4, 10, 18–19, 31, 45–46, 48, 50, 64, 110, 114, 158, 161, 176–178, 179, 185, 187, 188–189, 191–194, 197, 198, 199–200, 202, 203, 204, 206, 208–211, 215, 218–219, 221, 223, 225, 229, 245, 249, 251, 253–256, 258, 269, 271–172. See also archaea; cyanobacteria; green sulfur bacteria; purple sulfur bacteria; sulfate-reducing bacteria
lipids from, 24–25, 27, 31–32, 45, 48, 64–66, 104, 113, 119, 125, 138, 144, 145, 150, 157, 159–160, 179, 181–183, 198, 202, 205, 209, 221, 222, 223–224, 242, 244, 248, 252, 253, 257
organic matter degradation by, 20–21, 29–31, 47, 63, 70, 73, 84, 94, 98, 103–104, 113, 133, 141–142, 248–249
photosynthetic, 19, 31, 35, 138, 144, 160–162, 186, 188, 238, 241, 247, 253, 256–257
bacteriochlorophyll, 144, 145, 157
bacteriohopanetetrol, 64, 65, 66, 75, 97, 104, 105, 194, 198
Bada, Jeff, 41, 45–47, 52
Baffin Bay, 135–136
Baltic Sea, 53
banded iron formation, 241, 246–247, 252, 253
Barbados, 116, 118
Barcelona group, 129, 145, 266–267
Barents Sea, 93
base peak. See mass spectrometry
beeswax, 261, 263. See also mummy
Belsky, Ted, 18
bennettitaleans, 230, 231
Benson, Andrew, 240
Bermuda Rise, 269–270
Berthelot, Marcellin, 4, 40
Berzelius, Jöns Jakob, 39–40
Bian, Liangqiao, 192–193, 198–199
bicarbonate, 155, 157, 158, 163, 167, 170, 173, 206, 212, 221, 269
Biemann, Klaus, 64, 153–155
bile acid, 81, 264, 266
biomarker, 4, 6, 14, 17, 42–43, 47, 70, 73, 77, 80, 81, 83–84, 87, 89, 91, 95, 96–97, 101, 110, 119–120, 123, 134, 138–139, 140, 141, 143–144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 159, 162, 163, 167–169, 172, 173–174, 184–185, 187, 188, 194–197, 205, 208, 209–211, 220, 223–234, 226, 232–233, 236, 237, 238, 243–245, 247, 249–251, 252, 253–254, 256, 259–260, 265–272
biosynthesis, 14, 15, 26, 28–29, 32, 44, 53, 54, 63, 66, 85, 106, 155–156, 158, 159, 162, 198, 216, 220, 230–234, 236, 245, 248, 264, 270
Biot, Jean-Baptiste, 39
biphytane, biphytanyl chain, 180, 181–182, 186, 211–213, 215–216, 221, 234, 254–256, 269. See also phytanyl chain
bitumen, 67, 88–94, 95, 96–99, 103, 159, 190, 243, 245–248, 253, 256–257
Black Sea, 108–109, 142, 144, 149–150, 181, 206, 209, 212, 219, 223, 225, 253, 272
sterol, 108
black shale, 26, 149–150, 151, 152, 173, 174, 220, 224, 225, 234–235
Blumer, Max, 29–30, 33, 103, 123, 259, 267
Boetius, Antje, 202, 204
Boon, Jaap, 114, 183
Brassell, Simon, 90, 113, 115, 118, 120–121, 152, 236
brassicasterol, 55, 57, 62, 79, 97, 138–139, 140, 146, 148, 149, 233
Bremen group, 210, 220
Bristol group, 42–43, 63–64, 72–73, 76, 78–80, 83–84, 87, 89–92, 98, 101–104, 113–115, 118, 120–125, 138–139, 143, 147, 150, 155, 179, 181–182, 185–186, 199, 217–218, 236, 259, 261–264, 266
and Kiel group, 123, 128
and Montana group, 186, 188
British Museum, 62, 261
British Petroleum, 58, 71, 80, 82, 91, 110
Brocks, Jochen, 244–245, 253
Burgess shale, 228
burial, effect of, 25, 69, 70, 79, 82, 84, 87, 89, 91, 93–94, 105, 173, 209. See also temperature
Burlingame, Al, 23, 27, 32, 41, 56, 106, 111, 134, 183
C3, C4 plants, 158, 169, 170, 171–173, 174
calcium carbonate, 5, 19, 111, 117–118, 138, 147–148, 156, 163–164, 195, 206, 208, 233, 241, 248, 268
caldarchaeol, 180, 182, 186, 216, 217
Calvin, Melvin, 17–21, 23, 26–27, 31, 33–34, 36–37, 41, 43, 46, 56, 58, 60, 73, 106, 161, 183, 240, 243, 257–258
Calvin cycle, 161, 169
Cambrian, 18, 228–229, 236, 237, 243, 246, 249–250, 254
explosion, 228–229, 246, 250, 252
Canary Islands, 13, 14, 17, 24, 135
Canberra-Indiana alliance, 247
Canfield, Donald, 251, 253
Cap Blanc, 147–148
Cape Cod oil spill, 267
carbohydrate. See sugar
carbon cycle, 3–4, 6, 31, 95, 103, 110, 160–161, 173, 203, 207, 221, 226, 249, 251, 269, 271
carbon dioxide. See CO2
carbon isotope, stable (13C/12C)
composition (S13C), 154–157, 159–160, 162–164, 165, 166–167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 190, 192, 193, 194–195, 198, 200, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209–210, 224, 245, 248, 250, 257, 262, 264–265, 267–269
fractionation (depletion, enrichment), 155–157, 158, 159–161, 162, 164, 169, 190, 192, 193, 194–197, 198, 199–204, 205, 206–207, 208, 209–210, 212, 214, 219–221, 224, 228, 234, 240, 247, 248, 256 257, 264, 272
carbon number, 14, 44, 57, 70, 75, 114, 170, 192, 194
even, odd, 14, 15, 24, 26, 30, 32, 70–71, 269
Carbon Preference Index (CPI), 71. See also carbon number
carbonate, 50, 86, 111, 117, 141, 155–156, 158, 161, 173, 197, 198, 206–207, 210, 228, 240, 250, 255, 270. See also calcium carbonate
Carboniferous, 237, 238
carbonyl group, 10, 104, 111, 113–114
carboxyl group, 9, 12, 14, 28–30, 66–67, 73, 119
carboxylic acid. See acid
Cariaco Basin, 142, 146, 150, 181, 209, 212
Carnegie Institute, 27, 36, 155, 257
carotane, 23, 253
carotenoid pigment, 103, 125, 139, 144, 146, 160, 181–183, 253
catagenesis, 94. See also transformation, thermal
Cavanaugh, Colleen, 177, 197
cell membrane, 3, 9, 27, 53, 64, 94, 119, 162, 165, 178, 180–181, 257–258
bilayer, 29, 180
lipids, 28, 29, 30, 36, 48, 66, 103, 125, 126, 159, 179–181, 213–216, 221–222, 234–235
cell wall, 19, 94–95, 179
cellulose, 64
chain length, 25–26, 30, 32, 70, 82, 104, 106, 113, 119, 135–136, 149–150, 169–170, 184, 235, 250
average, 149, 169, 170, 171
chert, 19–20, 35–36, 228
Chevron group, 77–79, 81–83, 92, 181, 229, 250
chirality, 33, 34–35, 37, 47, 54, 73–74, 75, 76, 79, 86, 90, 98
chlorins, 24, 25, 27, 73, 104, 138, 141, 144, 147–148, 159
chlorobactane, chlorobactene, 144, 145, 150, 253, 271
chlorophyll, 5, 24, 25, 27, 33–34, 35, 52, 73–74, 103, 138, 144, 157, 159, 163, 182, 257. See also bacteriochlorophyll; porphyrin
cholestane, 23, 57, 59, 60, 66, 74, 78–79
cholesterol, 9, 29, 36, 53, 54–55, 56, 58, 66, 78–79, 146, 266
Chuar Formation, 244
ciliates, 58, 62, 144, 179, 246. See also gammacerane; tetrahymanol
circulation. See ocean circulation
civilization, 4, 49, 128, 131, 206–207, 209, 231, 259–266, 271. See also asphalt, trade routes; dairying; land use patterns
Clarke, Arthur C., 211
clay, 3, 46, 66, 68, 91, 93, 105, 134, 136, 141, 263, 270
climate, 4, 15, 103, 116–118, 126–128, 130, 131, 132–133, 145–148, 152, 161–162, 166–167, 168, 169, 171, 195–196, 203, 206, 209, 211, 221, 226, 230, 235, 239, 250, 256, 270
change, 15, 126–131, 141, 146–147, 163, 195, 210, 220
on Mars, 47
oscillations, 116–117, 121, 123, 127, 129–130, 131, 134 (see also Milankovitch cycles)
warming trends, 61, 116–117, 122, 128–129, 131–133, 146–148, 161, 168, 206–207, 208, 209, 219
Cloud, Preston, 240–242, 246, 253
Clyde Estuary, 266
CO2
atmospheric concentration of, 4, 127, 132–133, 147–148, 161–164, 165, 166–167, 168, 170–173, 192, 195, 256
carbon isotope composition of, 156–157, 158, 159, 162, 170, 190, 204, 207, 210, 221, 224, 268
coal, 24, 40, 96, 158
coastal environments, 20, 71, 108–109, 124, 128, 137, 147, 152, 168, 172, 206, 212, 214, 223, 247, 253, 265–267, 269, 271
coccolithophore, 111, 114–115, 123–124, 138, 141, 146–148, 163–164, 167, 218–219, 225, 233, 235–236, 237, 269–270. See also Emiliania huxleyi; Gephyrocapsa oceanica
column chromatography, 7, 8, 13, 21, 22, 51, 82, 106, 107, 110, 138
compound-specific isotope analysis, 157, 160, 169, 174, 192, 201, 209–210, 243, 254, 256–257, 264–265, 267–268, 270
Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur, 10
configuration. See stereochemistry; stereoisomer
conifer, 137, 229–230, 261, 266
Connan, Jacques, 261–262
contamination, 20, 32, 38, 40, 42–44, 266, 270
continental drift. See plate tectonics
continental margin, 135, 142, 143, 160, 182, 190, 196–197, 230, 238
continental runoff. See river runoff
Continental Shelf, 105, 137, 141, 195, 207, 209, 251
continents, paleotemperatures on, 219–221
Coolen, Marco, 218, 220, 271
copepod, 110, 115, 120
coprostanol, 266
cosmic dust, 44, 46
crenarchaea, 212–216, 218–221, 223, 234–235, 245, 269
crenarchaeol, 215–216, 220, 234–235, 249
Cretaceous, 30, 69, 124, 127, 151–152, 161, 163–164, 181, 215, 217, 220, 224–225, 229–230, 231, 233–236, 237
black shale, 150, 151, 173, 220, 224, 225, 234
oceanic anoxic event, 183, 224, 233–234, 236
crocetane, 193, 198–203, 205, 254, 256
cross-linking in macromolecular organic matter, 94, 95, 97, 232
crude oil. See petroleum
culture of microorganisms, 31–32, 112, 114–115, 118, 120–121, 126, 139, 165, 166, 176, 178, 184–186, 188, 193–194, 198–199, 201–203, 211–212, 214, 216, 218, 223
currents, 4, 118–119, 127, 132, 133, 137, 142, 143, 167, 247, 270. See also ocean circulation
cutin, 94, 95
cyanobacteria, 19, 31–32, 146, 158, 179, 184, 186, 187, 193–194, 212, 224, 225, 234, 241, 244–246, 248, 251, 252, 254
cyst. See dinoflagellate
dairying, 264
Darwin, Charles Robert, 5, 11–12, 18, 134, 228–229, 239
dating technique, 18, 117, 268
Dead Sea, 260–262
debris, 21, 43, 50, 66, 85, 95, 182, 271. See also detritus
decarboxylation, 103, 105
decay
of organic matter (see under decomposition)
of radioactive elements, 103
decomposition
of hopanes, 98–99
of methane hydrate, 208, 209
of organic matter, 24, 32, 64, 92, 94, 95, 97, 105, 135, 141–142, 145, 147, 149–151, 159, 188, 189, 190, 204, 223, 263
Deep Sea Drilling Project. See DSDP
dehydration, 10, 103–104, 105, 136, 232
dehydrogenation, 105
de Leeuw, Jan, 94, 96, 102, 104, 106, 108, 111, 114, 134, 139, 183, 221–222, 232
Delft group, 83, 94, 98–99. See also Dutch group; NIOZ group
DeLong, Ed, 201–203, 212–214, 218, 269
depositional environment, 3, 94, 97, 107, 118–119, 123, 143, 152, 155, 158, 162, 174, 183, 187–188, 202, 204, 211–214, 224, 226, 228–229, 235, 241, 245–246, 250–251, 254–257, 259, 265–267, 271–273
anoxic, 143, 144, 146, 149–150, 159–160, 181–182, 204, 205, 212, 219, 221, 251, 256
freshwater, 86, 139, 159, 232
highly saline, 144, 261, 272
marine, 30, 102, 109, 138–139, 141–142, 149–150, 167, 209, 232, 247, 249, 267
Derbyshire tar, 5–6, 17
desulfurization, 97, 106
detector, 8, 9, 23, 79, 96, 138, 244
detritus, 17, 30–31, 50, 58, 62, 66, 103, 123, 133, 177, 212, 269–270. See also debris
deuterium (2H, D), 92, 96, 270
diagenesis, 94, 95, 97, 102, 106, 108, 115, 119, 123, 141, 143, 159, 182–184, 187, 200, 218, 236, 263, 270
of hopanoids, 105, 194
of steroids, 104, 105, 118, 139, 264, 266
of triterpenes from land plants, 136, 137, 230
diasterane, 85, 86, 104, 105, 261. See also sterane
diatom, 55, 138–139, 140, 141, 143–144, 146, 148, 166, 168, 225, 232–233, 237
Dickens, Gerald, 195–196, 207
diether. See glycerol ether
dinoflagellate, 108–109, 138–139, 146, 148, 168, 225, 232–233, 236, 237, 238. See also dinosterane; dinosterol
cysts, 108, 138, 232–233, 236, 238
dinosaur, 5, 81, 106, 230, 244
dinosterane, 109, 138–139, 167, 236, 237, 238
dinosteroids, triaromatic, 236, 238
dinosterol, 108–109, 146–148, 149, 157, 167–168, 205, 236, 238, 269
Diodorus, 260
diploptene, 64, 194, 197, 200, 205, 209
diplopterol, 64, 194, 200, 207, 208, 209
diterpenoid, 261–262, 266
Djerassi, Carl, 53, 55–56, 61, 81, 153
DNA, 95, 162, 212, 218, 271. See also RNA
domains of life, 179, 186, 245, 257
Douala Basin, 69–70, 93
double bond, 4, 9–10, 11, 21, 29, 31, 56–57, 73, 79, 84, 86, 97, 103–104, 106, 113, 114, 115, 119–120, 122, 124, 125, 126, 136, 139–141, 200, 235–236. See also alkene
Douglas, Archie, 28, 92
DSDP (Deep Sea Drilling Project), 101–104, 106, 110–115, 117–118, 119, 121, 129, 134, 142, 150, 174, 182–183, 190, 196. See also ODP
dust, 4, 15, 133–135, 137, 142, 147–148, 171, 228, 265. See also wind
Dutch group, 103, 106, 108–111, 114, 134, 136, 199, 219. See also Delft group; NIOZ group
ecosystem, 15, 49, 71, 106, 134, 137, 141, 146, 156–157, 171–173, 176–177, 197, 223, 228, 233–234, 242, 253, 265. See also microbial ecosystem
Ediacaran period, 229, 250–251
Eel River Basin, 191, 196–197, 200–202, 205
Eglinton, Tim, 92, 268–270
Egypt, 260–262, 264
Eigenbrode, Jennifer, 245, 255, 257
Eliot, T. S., 259
Elvert, Marcus, 197–202, 210
Emiliania huxleyi (Emily), 111, 112, 114, 115, 118, 120, 121, 123–124, 125, 126, 163–165, 166, 167, 218, 235, 272. See also alkenones; coccolithophore; Gephyrocapsa oceanica; sea surface temperature
English Channel, 262
environmental forensics, 265. See also pollution
Eocene epoch, 20, 61, 63, 93, 124, 127, 157, 167, 168, 173, 195–196, 207, 235. See also Green River Basin; Messel shale
equator, 122, 133, 171
equilibrium, 37, 47, 88, 90, 92, 94, 155, 164–165, 241
mixture, 37, 76, 87, 89
ergostane, 23, 56, 57, 62
ergosterol, 55, 56–57, 233
Esso Oil, 27, 81, 155
ester, 9, 11, 35, 106, 110, 120, 186, 187, 188, 222–223, 226, 235, 261, 263
bond (linkage), 29, 95, 179, 263
ethane, 70, 94
ether, 8, 11, 181–182, 187, 196, 208, 222, 223, 226. See also diether; under glycerol; tetraether
bond (linkage), 9, 96, 179–182, 211, 234
isoprenoid, 96, 180, 186, 187, 188, 200, 211–215, 216–217, 218, 220–221, 234–235, 254–255, 269
24-ethylcholestane, 57, 62, 233, 237, 251
Eubacteria, 179. See also bacteria
Eukarya (eukaryote), 58, 66, 178, 179, 180, 186–187, 202, 232, 245, 247, 250–251, 252, 254
Euphrates River, 262
European Space Agency, 46–47
evaporite, 86, 255
Evershed, Richard, 236, 261–264, 266
evolution
of biochemical pathways, 66, 160, 167, 173, 182, 227, 230–231, 233, 235, 252, 258
of crenarchaea, 234–235
of eukaryotes, 227, 229–230, 236, 238, 246, 250, 252, 254
of flowering plants, 12–14, 58, 171, 173, 229, 231
of life, 18, 34, 36–37, 44, 126, 178–179, 186, 204, 233–235, 237, 238–239, 241–242, 246, 252, 257–159
expulsion. See migration
extinction of organisms, 108, 117, 174, 228, 230, 231, 235–236, 238, 245, 271
extract. See bitumen; organic matter, soluble
extraction procedure, 21, 22, 106, 107, 110
extreme environment, 64, 178–179, 186
Exxon Valdez oil spill, 267
14C. See radiocarbon
Farquhar, Graham, 162–163, 165, 172
Farrimond, Paul, 92–94, 99, 124
Farrington, John, 123, 267
fats, 3, 12, 110, 125, 126, 263–264
fatty acids, 12, 14, 31, 33, 67, 94, 95, 96, 103, 156, 179, 182, 184–185, 187, 188, 189, 200, 202, 205, 215, 222, 223, 226, 244, 261, 263–264, 269
biosynthesis of, 15, 28, 119, 125
iso- and anteiso, 31, 187, 188, 202–203, 205
in sediments, 28, 30–31, 95, 104–105, 135, 145
fecal pellets, feces, 3, 95, 120, 218, 248–250, 264–265, 271
fermentation, 64, 174, 187, 188, 189, 255
Fig Tree Formation, 19, 36–37
fingerprint, 12, 14, 71–73, 79, 81–82, 196, 261–262, 266
fire, 265–266
flowering plants, 53, 58, 135, 229–230, 231, 232, 266. See also evolution
foraminifera (forams), 120, 123, 128, 149–150, 195, 269
carbon isotopes in shells of, 163–164, 165, 166, 168, 207, 208
oxygen isotopes in shells of, 117–118, 121, 122, 129–130, 155, 168, 171, 269
radiocarbon (14C) analysis in shells of, 268–269
fossils, 18–19, 20, 21, 26–27, 30, 35, 37, 40, 45–46, 61–62, 102–103, 108, 115, 117–118, 124, 128, 133, 138, 140, 149–150, 159, 171–172, 175, 181, 210, 227–230, 231, 232–234, 236, 237, 238, 240–241, 245, 249–251, 252, 268–269, 271–272
molecular, 5, 27, 45–48, 57, 79, 101–103, 105, 116, 134, 141, 144, 145, 150, 151, 156–157, 160, 174, 182–183, 203, 207, 209–210, 224–226, 229, 232–233, 237, 238, 240, 243–244, 246–248, 250, 253–257, 259, 271–272 (see also biomarker)
fractionation factor (ε), 162, 163–165, 166. See also under photosynthesis
fragmentation. See mass spectrometry
Freeman, Kate, 157, 163, 168, 194, 202, 209, 245, 268
freshwater environment, 20, 86, 96, 139, 158, 191, 223, 232, 271
friedelin, 135, 137
fucosterol, 139, 146
fucoxanthin, 139, 140, 143
functional group, 9–10, 11, 21, 30, 56, 70, 95, 96–97, 102–104, 106, 202
fungi, 6, 10, 55, 57–58, 95, 179, 232
Gagosian, Bob, 123, 135
Gaia hypothesis, 240
Galapagos Islands, 176
Gallegos, Emilio, 78–79
gammacerane, 57, 59, 60, 61–62, 144, 261
gas, natural, 50, 51, 69, 70, 88, 95, 101, 182–183, 190–191, 195, 197. See also methane
gas chromatography (GC), 6–8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 21, 22–23, 26, 31, 35, 56, 59, 61, 63, 69, 71, 72, 73–74, 76, 78–79, 111, 113, 114, 124, 136, 152, 157, 192, 196, 200
two-dimensional, 267–268
gas chromatography–isotope ratio monitoring–mass spectrometry (GC-irm-MS), 157, 160, 174, 268, 270
gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 28, 40, 44, 47, 50, 58, 74, 78–79, 92, 104, 106, 107, 111, 134, 138, 155, 181, 213, 260, 263, 266, 268
gas hydrate, 190, 191, 195–197, 198, 206–207, 208, 209. See also Hydrate Ridge; under methane
genetics, 178, 179, 185–186, 201–202, 206, 209–210, 213, 216, 220, 223, 226, 229–230, 232–234, 238, 245–246, 251, 254–256, 271–272
Georgia group, 165, 204, 234–235
GeoTech Oils, 233
Gephyrocapsa oceanica, 124, 165, 167, 235. See also coccolithophore; Emiliania huxleyi
gigantopterid, 230, 231, 232
ginkgo, 229
glacial period, 116–118, 121, 122, 128, 129, 130–131, 133, 141, 146–148, 163–164, 170–171, 219. See also climate;
Milankovitch cycles
to interglacial transition, 128–129, 219
last, 129, 141, 146–148, 170–171, 219
Glasgow group, 5–7, 13, 17, 27–29, 33, 44, 56, 58–59, 61
glycerol
ester, 179, 222, 223, 226, 263–264
ether, 179, 180, 181–182, 187, 188, 196, 200, 208, 213, 222, 223, 226 (see also biphytane; phytane)
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 259
Gomera, 13
Gordon Research Conference, 77, 80–81, 86, 163, 221
grass, 12, 137, 158, 161, 169–173, 264
Great Lakes region (North America), 265
Great Oxidation Event, 246–247, 251, 252, 256
greenhouse, 4, 131, 161, 173, 195
Greenland, 18, 19, 131, 135
ice core, 129, 130, 133, 164, 170, 195, 219
Green River Basin, 20, 209
Green River shale, 19, 20–21, 23, 26, 30, 33, 59, 61–62, 67, 102, 123, 192, 209
acyclic isoprenoids in, 26, 33, 35, 74, 98
n-alkanes in, 24–25
fatty acids in, 29
steroids and triterpenoids in, 58, 59, 63, 75, 78, 144, 193–194
green sulfur bacteria, 144, 145, 150, 158, 159–160, 253, 271
Grice, Kliti, 144–145, 213, 236
Grimalt, Joan, 129, 131, 145, 147–148, 266
Grob family, 113
growth conditions (algae), 120, 121, 141, 149–150, 166
growth rate (algae), 166, 167–168, 195, 218
Gulf of Alaska, 267
Gulf of Mexico, 31, 163–164, 165, 204
Gunflint Formation, 19–20
halophile, 178, 179, 211
Hamersley Basin, 244–246, 255–256
haptophyte, 124, 272. See also cocccolithophore
Haslea, 233
Hayes, John, 42, 134, 152–157, 159–161, 163–165, 169, 190, 192–196, 200–201, 203, 207, 209–210, 239, 244, 247, 249, 255–257, 268, 270
HBI (highly-branched isoprenoid), 109, 110, 139, 140, 141, 151, 167, 233, 237
head-to-head link, 180, 181–182, 254
head-to-tail link, 24, 180
heating effect on organic matter, 44, 66, 79, 86, 90–92, 96, 254, 263–264
Henry VIII, 262
Herodotus, 260
heterotroph, 31–32, 157, 182–183, 187, 188, 200, 202, 204, 209–211, 215, 220, 235, 238, 245, 248–249
Hinrichs, Kai, 195–196, 198–203, 207–210, 219–220, 256–257
Hoering, Thomas, 36, 96, 157, 240, 243, 247, 257
Holland, Heinrich, 246
Holocene, 130, 146, 171, 269, 271
homologue, 12–13, 26, 63, 71–72, 82, 109, 139, 169, 235, 264
Hooke, Robert, 175, 227
Hooker, James, 229
hopane, 57, 62, 63–64, 66, 69, 71, 72, 73–74, 75–78, 79, 80, 82, 84–85, 87, 88–92, 93–94, 96–99, 105, 193, 244–245, 253, 255, 257, 261–262, 266
isomerization of, 71, 74, 75–78, 80, 87, 88–92, 93, 98
hopanoic acid, 96, 99, 105
hopanoids, 48, 63–66, 73–75, 95, 96, 98–99, 103, 105, 109, 179, 182–183, 192–201, 207, 210, 223–224, 225, 234, 236, 257, 272. See also acid; bacteriohopanetetrol; 2-methyl hopanoids; 3-methyl hopanoids
biosynthesis of, 64–66
δ13C of, 159, 192, 194–197, 200–201, 272
isomerization of, 97–99
hopanol, 196, 202, 269. See also diplopterol
Hope, John, 62
Hopea tree, 62
Hopmans, Ellen, 213–216
hot spring, 46, 64, 178, 185–186, 187, 188, 212, 234–235
House, Christopher, 203
HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), 138, 213–214, 216, 226
humans. See civilization diet, 263, 271
Humboldt, Alexander von, 227
hydrate. See gas hydrate; methane
Hydrate Ridge, 191, 197–199, 202–204, 205
hydrogen, 3, 9, 23, 27, 33–34, 37, 41–42, 50, 54–55, 59, 61, 71, 73–74, 75, 76, 79, 86, 91–92, 95, 97–99, 103, 154, 156, 199, 204, 226, 255, 270
sulfide, 97, 241, 251
hydrogenation, 105
hydrolysis, 30, 95, 243
hydropyrolysis, 99, 243
hydrothermal vent, 176–177, 178, 196–197, 212, 221, 226, 234, 251
hydrous pyrolysis, 92, 96, 98–99, 104–105, 109, 139
hydroxyarchaeol, 200–202, 205
hydroxyl group, 9, 33, 64–65, 73, 96, 200, 264, 266
ice, 45–46, 116–117, 127–129, 131–133, 141, 147, 149, 154, 164, 167, 171–172, 206–207, 209, 220, 250
volume, 118, 123
ice age, 4–5, 116, 118, 121, 123, 128, 131, 148, 155, 163–164, 165, 167, 171, 173, 195, 207, 208, 215, 219, 229, 250, 252, 256, 269, 271
ice core. See Antarctica ice core; Greenland ice core
Iceland, 131
Indian Ocean, 127, 142, 148
Indiana group, 134, 152–153, 156–157, 159–160, 164–165, 270
iron, 27, 42–43, 148, 189, 224, 241, 246–247, 252, 253–254. See also banded iron formation
iso-, anteiso compounds, 13, 14, 31, 145, 150, 151, 182, 184, 187, 188, 200, 202–203, 205
isoarborinol, 159
isolate (bacterial). See culture of microorganisms
isolate (chemical), 6, 61, 63–65, 111–112, 135, 139–140, 144, 157, 160–161, 181–183, 186, 193, 202, 213–214
isoprene unit, 24, 47, 63, 66, 193, 233
isoprenoid, acyclic, 23–24, 26–27, 33–34, 47–48, 53, 59, 63, 84, 96–97, 103, 109, 110, 139, 141, 146, 159, 179–182, 186, 187, 188, 193, 200, 211, 234, 243, 248, 254. See also biphytane; glycerol ether; HBI; phytane; phytol; pristane; tetraethers
acid, 33, 35, 73–74, 104
δ13C of, 156, 159, 192, 199–200, 202, 248, 249
radiocarbon (14C) analysis of, 269
stereoisomers of, 34, 35, 38, 73–74, 76, 87, 88, 91, 93–94, 98
isopropylcholestane, isopropylcholesterol, 250, 251
isorenieratane, isorenieratene, 144, 145, 149–150, 151, 160, 236, 253–254, 271–272
isotope. See carbon isotope composition; carbon isotope fractionation; compound-specific carbon isotope analysis; CO2; gas chromatography-isotope ratio monitor-ing-mass spectrometry; oxygen isotopes; photosynthesis
Jahnke, Linda, 193–194, 197–198, 200, 224
Japan Trench, 113, 115, 118, 119
Jasper, John, 163–164, 194–195
Jørgensen, Bo Barker, 185, 192, 202
Joye, Mandy, 204
Jülich group, 82–83, 103–104, 135, 260
Jurassic, 69, 72, 150, 225, 231, 234, 236, 237, 255
Kane Gap, 121, 122
Kaplan, Ian, 92, 267
Kattegat Strait, 192, 193, 198–199
Kennett, James, 206–209
kerogen, 21, 30, 51, 67–68, 69, 70–71, 88–94, 95, 96, 97, 98–100, 103–106, 136, 159, 232
archaeal lipids in, 181, 234, 255
δ13C of, 158, 234, 240, 247, 248, 256, 257
Proterozoic (Precambrian), 195, 240, 242–243, 247, 248, 249, 256
ketones, 8, 10, 11, 104, 106, 111–113, 114, 115, 121–122, 136, 236
long-chain (see alkenones)
kinetics, 88–93, 98, 258
Kuypers, Marcel, 223
Kvenvolden, Keith, 24, 30, 36–37, 41–43, 46, 52, 70, 191, 194, 207, 240, 267
ladderane lipid, 221, 222, 223–224
lake environment, 20–21, 25, 32–33, 61–63, 71, 86, 103–104, 109, 124, 134–135, 157, 159–160, 162–163, 169–172, 181, 183, 184, 185, 187–188, 191–192, 209, 214, 217, 219, 223, 245, 260, 265, 270–271
land plant, 14, 25, 32, 55, 57–58, 62, 105, 134–135, 137–138, 157, 158, 159, 170, 173, 174, 227–228, 232–233, 236, 268–269
land use patterns, 265
landslide (submarine), 137, 142, 143
leaf wax, 9–10, 12, 13–15, 17, 21, 24, 29, 47, 53, 58, 62, 71, 134–135, 145, 147, 150–151, 155, 169, 170, 171, 173, 229, 261, 263–266, 270. See also n-alkanes
Lee, Cindy, 41–42, 123
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph, 175
life
extraterrestrial, 39–41, 43–47, 154, 240
origin of (see evolution)
lignin, 94, 95, 137
limestone, 4–5, 51, 105, 150, 158, 200
Lindow Man, 263
lipid, 3, 5, 24–25, 28, 29, 30–32, 53, 64, 94, 95, 96, 103, 106, 110–113, 114, 118, 120, 121, 124–126, 138, 141, 156, 158, 159, 162, 179, 180, 181–182, 185–188, 192, 194, 199–204, 209–212, 214–215, 217–221, 222, 223–226, 229–230, 234–236, 242, 245, 248, 253–255, 257, 263–264, 270–272. See also biomarker; cell membrane; phospholipid
Little Ice Age, 131
Logan, Graham, 247–249, 251, 253
loliolide, 139, 140, 143, 149
Louvre Museum, 261
Love, Gordon, 250
Lovelock, James, 240
Lukulla, 260
lunar dust, 39, 42–43, 52, 101
lupeol, 55, 135, 137, 266
lycopane, 146, 150, 152, 253
Lyell, Charles, 19
Mackenzie, Andrew, 83, 87–92, 98, 115
maleimides, 144, 145, 150, 151
malonic acid, 14, 15
Marlowe, Ian, 120–121, 123–124
Mars, 4, 44–48, 154, 176, 240
marsh, 20, 169, 182, 266–267
Mary Rose, 262–263
Marzi, Roger, 92
mass extinction, 231, 236, 238, 245. See also extinction of organisms
mass spectra
of gammacerane, 59, 60
of hopanes, 61, 62, 63, 75, 76, 79, 80, 261, 267
of isoprenoids, 23, 24, 193, 196, 198, 200, 214
of steranes, 59, 60, 79, 80, 261, 267
mass spectrometry (MS), 22–23, 28, 40, 44–45, 55–56, 59–61, 69, 79, 81–82, 90, 96, 107, 111, 114, 117, 153–157, 169, 197, 213–214, 242, 244, 263, 268
maturation (maturity of organic matter), 69, 70–76, 78, 79, 82–83, 86, 87, 88–90, 92–94, 95, 96, 98–99, 103, 105, 107, 115, 136, 138–139, 141, 181, 224, 236, 243, 245, 254–255, 261, 267, 270
Maxwell, James, 28–29, 31–35, 37–38, 42, 56, 58–59, 62, 69, 73–74, 78, 83–84, 87–89, 91–93, 98, 104, 109, 111, 115, 125, 134, 138–139, 144, 213, 240
McCabe, Bruce, 162–163
McKenzie, Dan, 89–90, 92, 98
Medieval Warm Period, 131
Mediterranean Sea, 129, 130, 147, 149, 150, 202, 214, 271
Meinschein, Warren, 27, 36, 40, 70, 155
Mendeleev, Dmitry Ivanovich, 101
Mesopotamia, 261–262, 264
Mesozoic, 127, 230, 231, 232–233, 237, 255
Messel shale, 61, 63, 67, 71, 74–75, 78, 102, 108, 157, 159–160, 174, 181, 192, 209
metabolism, 47, 66, 133, 178, 186, 188, 205, 215, 223, 230, 235, 241, 243, 268
meteor, meteorite, 4, 39–48, 52, 153–155, 258
methane, 10, 27, 42–43, 70, 95, 133, 157, 158, 159, 182, 189, 190, 192, 194–197, 198, 199–200, 202, 204, 205, 206–210, 212, 220, 223, 226, 254, 256–257, 271–272
consuming microorganism (see methanotroph)
hydrate, 190, 191, 195–197, 198, 207, 208, 209
oxidation, 193, 194, 198–201, 203, 209–210, 214
producing organism (see methanogen)
seep, 191, 194, 196–197, 198, 199–201, 204, 206–207, 209, 254–256, 272
methanogen, methanogenesis, 158, 159, 178, 179, 182, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191–192, 199, 201–204, 206, 210–212, 214, 238, 249, 254–256
Methanosarcinales, 201–202
methanotroph, 157, 158, 191–194, 197, 198, 199–200, 203, 204, 205, 206–207, 208, 209–210, 214, 219, 252, 254, 256–257
anaerobic, 198, 200–202, 203, 204, 205, 207, 209, 211, 219–220, 223, 225, 254, 256
methyl group, 23, 31, 33, 54, 58–59, 63, 75–76, 85–86, 108, 136, 139, 192–194, 224
2-methyl hopanoid, 224, 225, 234, 236, 244–245
24-methylcholestane, 57, 233, 237
24-methylenecholesterol, 139, 140, 233
3-methyl hopanoid, 193–194, 207, 254, 257
Meyers, Phil, 265
Michaelis, Walter, 181, 199, 272
microbe. See microorganism
microbial ecosystem, 138, 174, 176, 183, 189–190, 244, 271
microbial mat, 31, 83, 103, 177, 183, 184, 185–186, 187, 188, 189, 197, 206, 234–235
microfossil, 19, 20, 26, 40, 46, 103, 117–118, 88, 124, 175, 210, 228, 232–233, 237, 238, 240–241, 245, 269. See also fossil
microorganism, 19, 27, 29, 36, 41, 45, 48, 63–64, 73, 86, 94, 95, 97, 102–103, 109, 120, 138, 151, 156–157, 159–160, 174–179, 182–186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 199, 201, 203, 204, 206, 208–211, 220–221, 223–229, 241–245, 252, 255, 257, 260, 264, 266–268, 271–272
Middle America Trench, 118, 119
migration (oil), 50, 51, 73
Milankovitch cycles, 116–117, 127–129, 148, 195
Miocene, 167, 168, 172–173, 200, 235
Mobil Oil, 24, 30, 41, 66, 70
Moldowan, Mike, 79, 81–83, 86–88, 181, 229–230, 238, 250
monsoon, 148, 150, 171, 219
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 196, 201, 269
moon, 32, 39–44, 240
moss, 62, 229, 232
MPI group, 202–204, 206, 210, 223
mud, mudstone, 5, 19, 105, 110, 150, 152, 158, 182, 228
mud volcano, 202, 205, 209, 214
mummy, 260–262, 265
Murchison (meteorite), 43, 46, 154
mussel, 177, 197, 198
n-alkanes, 10, 15, 21, 22, 28, 30, 33, 66–67, 113, 141
biosynthesis of, 14, 15
δ13C analysis of, 155, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 247, 248, 256
as land plant indicator, 15, 24, 134–137, 145–148, 149, 151–152, 244, 261, 263–265
in leaf waxes, 9–11, 12, 14, 24, 47, 58, 62, 71
in petroleum and rocks, 26, 27–29, 32, 36, 66–67, 69, 70, 71–73, 93–94, 95, 96, 267
radiocarbon (14C) analysis of, 269
short-chain, from algae, 25, 30, 32, 36, 69, 184
NASA, 32, 35, 41–43, 45–47, 56, 101, 154, 191, 193, 240, 257
Newcastle group, 92, 94–96, 98–99, 250
NIOZ group, 134, 136, 139, 144, 146, 150, 171, 173, 186, 188, 199–200, 202, 209–211, 213–214, 216–218, 220–221, 223–225, 233–234, 269, 271. See also Delft group; Dutch group
Nissenbaum, Arie, 259–262
nitrate, 133, 189, 215, 223–225, 251, 254
nitrogen, 3, 9, 50–51, 73, 144, 154, 223–225, 265
cycle, 123, 148, 221, 223–226, 233
fixation by cyanobacteria, 224–225, 234, 254
gas, 221, 223–234
Nonesuch shale, 19, 26, 27–28, 32–33, 35–36, 243
North America, 26, 50, 61, 78, 147, 230, 265
North Atlantic. See Atlantic Ocean
North Sea, 90, 110–112, 115, 216, 218. See also Kattegat Strait
Nova Scotia, 91, 270
nucleic acid, nucleotide. See DNA; RNA
nutrients, 4, 105, 109, 115, 120, 126, 128, 133, 141–142, 147–148, 150, 152, 166–167, 184–185, 189, 221, 223–226, 233, 236, 254, 265, 267. See also nitrate; nitrite; nitrogen
depletion of, 133, 236, 267
ocean circulation, 4, 118–119, 127, 133, 137, 142, 143, 145, 151, 165–167, 209, 268, 270
conveyor belt, 132, 268
Ocean Drilling Program. See ODP
oceanic anoxic event, 150, 151, 173, 174, 224, 225, 233–234, 236, 244. See also anoxia; Cretaceous
ODP (Ocean Drilling Program), 129, 135–136, 161, 167, 183, 190, 196, 220. See also DSDP
Ohkouchi, Nao, 269–270
oil. See also petroleum
shale, 38, 50, 101 (see also Green River shale; Messel shale)
oil seep, 26, 49–50, 51, 158, 260–262, 267, 269
oil spill. See pollution
okenane, okenone, 253, 254
oleanane, oleanene, 57, 135, 136–137, 151, 230, 231, 232, 244, 262
Oligocene, 167, 168, 173, 235
Oman Basin, 244, 250–251
Onverwacht Formation, 19, 36
optical activity, 34, 51, 53–54, 56
orbital cycles. See Milankovitch cycles
organic matter
accumulation in sediments, 143, 149
preservation, 95, 141–142, 143, 149, 150
production (see primary productivity)
refractory, 105, 135, 138, 141
richness, 26, 30, 38, 45, 51, 56, 59, 67–69, 102, 113, 143, 146, 148–149, 155, 157, 158, 173, 190, 192, 253
soluble (extractable), 5–7, 15, 20–21, 22, 24, 26–28, 30–31, 33–37, 43, 51, 52–53, 55, 59, 60–64, 69, 71–74, 79, 81–83, 86, 88, 91, 94, 96–97, 103–105, 106, 109, 160, 232–234, 260 (see also extraction procedure; bitumen)
suspended, 123, 124, 165–166, 168, 209, 218, 248–249, 270
Orgueil (meteorite), 40, 43, 45
origin of life. See evolution
Ourisson, Guy, 6, 52, 55–56, 58, 60–62, 64–66, 69, 71, 74, 80, 82, 104, 182, 198, 211, 225, 229, 231, 258, 262
Overmann, Jörg, 271
oxicity, 142, 145–146, 265
oxidation, 33, 105, 113, 135, 144, 221, 224, 241, 246–247, 251, 252, 256. See also Great Oxidation Event
of methane, 192, 193, 199–201, 203–204
oxygen, 3–4, 9–10, 23, 50–51, 53, 56, 71, 94, 96, 103, 106, 138, 146, 169, 181, 186, 188, 198, 211, 254
accumulation of, 238, 241, 250
concentration in atmosphere, 238, 240–241, 245–246, 249–251, 252, 255–257 (see also Great Oxidation Event)
concentration in water, sediment, 105, 142, 143, 144–147, 149–152, 159, 177, 181–182, 184, 189, 191, 196, 208, 211, 215, 223–224, 234, 236, 245, 247, 249, 251, 252
depletion of, 142, 146, 236
isotopes, 117–118, 122, 128, 154
minimum zone, 142, 143, 151, 211, 224
Pace, Norman, 185–186, 188
Pacific Ocean, 127, 130, 151, 176, 178
Pagani, Mark, 166–167, 172, 194
PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon), 43–46, 265
Paleocene, 195, 207, 220
paleoclimate. See climate; temperature
paleoenvironment. See environment
Paleozoic, 231, 232, 237
Pancost, Richard, 167, 202, 214, 236, 272
Pannonian Basin, 90
Paris Basin, 68, 69, 72, 84, 87–88, 93, 144
Parker, Pat, 31, 156, 182–183
Pasteur, Louis, 17, 40, 51
Peakman, Torren, 136
Pearson, Ann, 268, 262
peat bog, 240, 263
Peckmann, Jörn, 255
pentamethylicosane. See PMI
Permian, 230, 231, 232, 237, 238
Peru, 146, 168, 220
petroleum. See also gas; migration; oil seep
accumulation, 5, 50, 51, 60–72, 83, 101, 190, 242–243
chemical composition of, 5, 17, 21, 24, 26–29, 32–33, 40, 43–45, 50–51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62–63, 66–67, 70–76, 78, 79, 80, 81–86, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 97–98, 104, 109, 115, 138, 146, 158, 160, 181–182, 193–194, 230, 232–233, 236, 237, 244, 250, 254
exploration, 20, 49, 58, 67–68, 77, 79, 82–83, 243, 258, 260
formation, 50, 51–52, 66–68, 69, 70–71, 73, 81, 85–86, 87, 88–89, 91–92, 93, 94, 98–99, 101, 110, 181, 242, 244, 259–260
occurrence, 26, 49–50, 51, 63, 69, 82–83, 85, 110, 243, 250, 260–261
Petrov, Alexander, 85
Phanerozoic, 19, 228, 243–244, 247, 248, 252
phosphate, 133, 166–167, 224, 258 group, 11, 226
phospholipid, 29, 53, 179–180
photic zone, 142, 143, 144, 145, 149, 151–152, 211, 224–225, 268–269
photosynthesis, 17–19, 31–32, 35–36, 74, 133, 138, 144, 146, 157, 160, 162, 169, 173, 177, 183, 186, 188, 189, 210, 212, 215, 224, 226, 232, 238, 240–241, 244, 246–249, 252, 253–257
carbon isotope fractionation during, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163–165, 166, 169, 177, 194, 209, 212, 221
phylogenetics, 179, 185–186, 201–202, 216, 223, 229, 232–234, 238, 252, 254–256
physiology, 112, 141, 162–163, 165–166, 176, 186, 213, 233, 258, 272
phytane, 23, 25, 26, 27–28, 33–36, 38, 72, 73–76, 104, 138, 143, 150, 152, 159, 173, 174, 180–181, 192, 193, 198, 210, 240, 245, 248, 256, 257
phytanic acid, 35
phytanyl chain, biphytanyl chain, 180, 181–182, 186, 200–201, 211–213, 215–216, 221, 234, 254–255
phytene, phytadiene, 97, 104
phytol, phytyl chain, 25, 27, 33–34, 35, 73, 104, 138, 143, 265
phytoplankton, 5, 30, 58, 103, 120–121, 133, 141–142, 148–151, 158, 160–161, 192, 223–225, 232, 236, 249, 262
pigment, 7, 21, 24, 52, 95, 103, 124–125, 139, 143–144, 145, 146, 160, 181–183, 213, 232, 253
pimaric acid, 262. See also diterpenoid
pitch, 260, 262
plant wax. See leaf wax
plate tectonics, 89, 126–127, 167, 176, 197
Pleistocene, 128, 131, 138–139, 143, 145, 149, 152, 195, 250, 268–272
Pliocene, 149, 235
Plymouth group, 120, 123, 139–141, 233
PMI (pentamethylicosane), 180, 182, 193, 199–203, 205, 209, 234, 256
pollen, 14, 40, 94, 134, 171–172, 230
pollution, 4, 32, 44, 46, 49, 110, 265–267, 269
Ponca City oil, 51, 56
porphyrin, 25, 27, 42–43, 52, 104, 138, 141, 145, 150, 157, 159–161, 163, 173, 263
Prahl, Fred, 120, 123, 129
Precambrian, 18, 19, 20–21, 26–27, 32, 35–38, 43, 46, 52, 56, 101, 155, 175, 183, 188, 195, 228–229, 239–245, 247–249, 256–258
precipitation, 118, 142, 147, 150, 171, 206, 270. See also aridity
precursor molecule, 20, 28, 34, 38, 60, 66, 71, 78, 88–89, 97, 109, 141, 144, 146, 230, 248, 253
preservation
of artifacts, 262–263 (see also archaeology)
of fossils, 228, 233
of organic matter, 95, 141–142, 143, 145, 149, 150
pressure, effect on fossil organic matter, 17, 21, 24, 50, 92, 190, 202
Prestige oil spill, 267
primary productivity, 94, 105, 109, 113, 128, 133–134, 138, 141–142, 143, 144–148, 149, 150–152, 166, 192, 196, 209, 219–221, 224–226, 265
pristane, 23, 25, 26, 27–28, 33–36, 38, 72, 73–76, 87, 88, 91, 104, 143, 150, 152, 159, 193, 205, 245, 247, 248, 256, 257
pristanic, pristenic acid, 33, 35, 74, 98, 104
Proboscia, 139
prokaryote, 178–179. See also archaea; bacteria; crenarchaea
protein, 27, 29, 34, 37, 43, 95, 162, 229. See also amino acids
Proterozoic, 228, 232–233, 237, 240, 243, 245–247, 248, 249–251, 252, 253–257. See also Precambrian
protokerogen, 94, 95, 96, 98, 103. See also kerogen
proxy parameters, 118, 121, 124, 126, 141–143, 146–148, 152, 161, 163–164, 165, 167–168, 173, 195, 217–219, 234, 265, 269–270
purple sulfur bacteria, 252, 253
pyrite, 253
pyrolysis, 92, 96, 98–99, 243
racemization, 37, 43, 47
radiocarbon (14C), 268–270
rainfall. See precipitation
reaction rate, 37, 90, 98, 138, 147, 193, 268. See also growth; kinetics
rearrangement reaction, 85–86, 95, 104, 105, 136, 141. See also diasterane
Red Sea, 261
Reddy, Chris, 267–268
reduction, 14, 33, 103, 105, 136, 249. See also sulfate reduction
remineralization. See metabolism
resin
from kerogen, 94
from plants, 61–62, 66, 260–262
Reticulofenestra, 235
Rhizosolenia, 140, 233
river runoff, 15, 86, 105, 118, 133, 135, 137–138, 142, 143, 147, 150, 220, 230, 251, 265
RNA, 95, 162, 178–179, 185–186, 188, 197, 201–204, 209, 212–213, 218, 223, 227, 271–272
Robinson, Sir Robert, 17, 49
Rohmer, Michel, 65–66, 179, 183, 192, 198, 231
Rommerskirchen, Florian, 169
Rostherne Mere, 63
Rowland, Steve, 139–140
rubisco enzyme, 162, 169–170
Ryback, George, 83
Sachs, Julian, 270
salinity, 27, 86, 124, 127, 132, 144, 178, 183, 189, 218, 261, 271–272
salt marsh, 169, 267
Santa Barbara Basin, 206–207, 208, 209, 219
sapropel, 149, 150, 152, 271–272. See also black shale
Sargent, John, 110–115, 125–126
Sarnthein, Michael, 116–118, 121–122
Schenck, Pieter, 83, 95
Schopf, J. William, 239
Schouten, Stefan, 211–218, 220
Schulte, Sonja, 146
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 41–42, 45
sea level, 128, 133
sea surface temperature, 5, 118, 120, 122, 126, 127, 128–129, 130–131, 147, 161, 171, 217, 218–220. See also alkenones
seafloor, 3, 15, 101–103, 111, 113, 118, 120, 128, 132–133, 141–142, 176, 182, 190, 197, 202, 206, 219, 225, 249, 251, 262, 269–270
spreading, 151 (see also plate tectonics)
sediment trap, 124, 126, 141–142, 144, 165
Seifert, Wolfgang, 77–79, 81–83, 86, 88, 91–92, 181
separation (procedure), 18, 21, 51, 78, 82, 106, 111, 113, 244, 268. See also column chromatography; gas chromatography; HPLC; thin-layer chromatography
settlement. See civilization
Severn Estuary, 266
sewage, 221, 265–266
shallow-water environment, 19, 31, 232, 247, 249
Shell, 66, 68, 80–81, 83
shit hypothesis, 248–249, 251
side chain, 25, 53–54, 55, 58–59, 63, 76, 82, 86, 90, 96, 104, 106, 108, 139, 144, 180, 183, 250
silica, 8, 12, 117, 138, 141, 147–148, 233, 248
Simoneit, Bernd, 134–135, 165–266
simulation experiment, 19, 27, 43, 66, 79, 92
Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap, 96–97, 104, 106, 139, 200, 202, 210, 213–216, 218, 221–223, 233–234, 271–272
sitostane, 23, 57
sitosterol, 55, 57–58, 62, 79, 139, 146, 233, 264
Snowball Earth, 250, 256
soil, 31, 45, 48, 61, 134–135, 138, 173, 176, 191, 220, 235, 263–265
Solar Lake, 183, 184, 185, 187–188
solar radiation, 116–117, 127–128
solar system, 41, 43–33, 47–48, 241
Soudan Shale, 19, 36, 58
source rock, 51, 71–72, 74, 79, 81–83, 86, 88, 91, 96, 105, 109, 160, 190, 232–233, 260. See also petroleum
South America, 148, 167, 169
South Atlantic. See Atlantic Ocean
South China Sea, 148
Southeast Asian trees, 61–62
Southern Ocean, 120, 124, 148
sponge, 212, 214, 250–251, 252, 254
spore, 26, 40, 94, 134, 171
squalane, 182
squalene, 53, 54, 63
epoxide, 53, 54, 231
sterane, 5, 23, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 66, 72, 73–74, 75, 78–79, 80, 82–84, 85, 86, 88, 90–92, 93–94, 96–97, 104, 105, 106, 108–109, 115, 139, 140, 167, 173, 232–233, 236, 237, 238, 244–246, 250–251, 254–255, 257, 261–262, 266–267. See also cholestane; dinosterane; ergostane; 24-ethylcholestane; isopro-pylcholestane; 24-methylcholestane; sitostane; stigmastane
rearranged (see diasterane)
stereoisomers, 74, 75, 78–79, 84, 85, 87, 88–89, 92, 93, 98
sterene, 104, 105, 106, 136, 266
stereochemistry, 34, 38, 53, 71, 73–74, 91, 99, 104, 153, 240
stereoisomer, 33, 34–35, 37–38, 54, 71, 73–74, 76, 77–78, 79, 84, 86, 92, 93, 94, 98–99, 233
steroid, 54–56, 58–60, 66, 73–74, 78–79, 81–82, 95, 98, 104, 105, 113, 136, 150–151, 159, 215, 224, 234, 250, 264, 266, 272. See also sterane; sterene; sterol
monoaromatic, 86–87, 88, 90, 92, 104, 105
triaromatic, 86–87, 88, 90, 92, 236, 238
sterol, 9, 29, 36, 53, 56, 53, 54–55, 56–58, 62, 66, 78–79, 82–83, 85, 86, 96, 103–104, 105, 106, 108–109, 115, 118, 123, 126, 138–139, 140, 144, 146–148, 149, 157, 167–168, 186, 205, 210, 231–233, 236, 237, 238, 245–246, 250–251, 264–266, 269
biosynthesis, 53, 54–55, 231–233
stigmastane, stigmastanol, 57, 264
stigmasterol, 57–58, 62, 233
Strasbourg group, 63–64, 69, 71–74, 76, 83, 86–87, 96–97, 102–103, 108, 144, 157, 159, 179, 181, 199
stratification, 142, 144, 151, 234, 261, 271
stratigraphy, 107, 122, 123
stretching, 68, 89, 102, 243. See also tectonics
stromatolite, 19, 183, 188, 228, 241, 245, 252
submarine slump (landslide), 137, 142, 143
subsidence. See tectonics
succulent, 12, 13, 14, 135
Suess, Erwin, 197
sugar, 18, 65, 94, 95, 156, 162, 169, 172, 188, 189
sulfate, 188, 189, 193, 197, 226, 251, 252, 255–256
reducing bacteria, 158, 187, 188, 192, 197, 198, 199–200, 202, 203, 204, 205, 208, 249, 251, 253–256
reduction, 189, 190, 199–200, 203, 255
sulfide, 97, 104, 144, 176–177, 184, 186, 189, 197, 206, 241, 249, 251, 252, 253–254
sulfur, 3, 9, 51, 91, 94, 95, 96–97, 141, 154, 160, 241, 251, 255
compounds, organic, 96, 97, 104, 106, 173, 211
Summons, Roger, 144, 148, 160, 192–194, 197–200, 203, 224, 233, 238, 240–244, 247, 249–250, 254–255
surface sediment, 31, 33, 83, 98, 102–104, 106, 108–109, 123, 126, 127, 142–144, 146, 149, 151, 165, 190–191, 194, 196–197, 206, 211, 216–217, 219, 249, 266
surface water, 3, 5, 30, 33, 103, 105, 109, 111, 126–128, 132–133, 142, 144, 147, 158, 159, 161–162, 164–168, 173, 177, 183, 189, 190, 192, 212, 214, 219–220, 224, 226, 232, 236, 245, 248–249, 251, 252, 253–254, 257, 260, 268–269
temperature (see sea surface water temperature)
2H. See deuterium
tail-to-tail link, 181–182, 193, 254. See also head-to-tail link; isoprenoid, acyclic
tannin, 94, 95
tar, 5–6, 17, 51, 262. See also asphalt
taraxerene, taraxerol, 135, 136–137
Tasman Sea, 148
taxonomy, 12–14, 58, 171, 178–179, 201, 227, 232, 235, 257, 272
tectonics, 4, 61, 68, 70, 82, 89–90, 102, 127–128, 190, 202, 241. See also plate tectonics
temperature, 4, 169, 186, 190, 195, 213, 215–216, 219, 226, 235–236,
during burial, 17, 21, 37, 50, 68–70, 73–74, 84–90, 93–95, 98–99, 102–104, 181
of ocean water (see sea surface temperature)
proxy (see alkenone; TEX86)
in simulation experiments and laboratory cultures, 91, 93, 120, 121, 141, 185, 216, 218, 220
ten Haven, Lo, 136
Tenerife, 13, 15, 169. See also Canary Islands
Tethys Sea, 251, 234
tetraethers (from archaeal membranes), 180, 181–182, 211–215, 216–217, 218, 220–221, 234–235, 255. See also TEX86
tetrahymanol, 54, 58, 62, 144
tetramethylicosane, 243
TEX86 (Tetraether Index), 217, 218–220, 234
Texas group, 24, 26, 30–31, 156, 182–183
thermoacidodophile, 178, 235
thermophile, 178, 179, 180–182, 186, 211–214, 216, 234
Thiel, Volker, 199, 255, 272
thin-layer chromatography, 8, 107, 181, 213
Tigris River, 262
Tissot, Bernard, 68–69, 82, 87, 93
transformation, thermal, 71, 89, 91, 95, 190, 209, 245, 255, 263
trap. See petroleum, accumulation of
tree of life, 179, 186, 238. See also domains of life
Treibs, Alfred, 5, 24, 27, 52, 81, 138
Triassic, 231, 236, 237, 238
triterpenoid, 53, 54, 58–60, 63, 69, 73, 79, 82–83, 98, 144, 159, 229, 265–266
in plants, 55, 56, 58, 60–61, 66, 135, 137, 138, 230, 232, 244
tropics, 12, 54, 61–63, 119, 124, 129, 132, 146–147, 158, 161, 169, 173, 206, 220
Tswett, Mikhail, 3, 7
paleothermometer. See alkenones
Uniformitarianism, 19, 46, 48, 210, 220
unsaturation index 
. See alkenones
uplift. See tectonics
upwelling, 4, 105, 132, 133, 146–147, 152, 165, 167–168, 219
vegetation, 13, 15, 134, 150, 171, 265
Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovitch, 39
Viking Mars mission, 44–47, 154
volcanism, 4, 13, 127, 161, 228, 241, 246
Volkman, John, 113–115, 118–119, 123–125, 139, 231–232
Wakeham, Stuart, 123, 129, 141, 165, 168, 209–210, 212, 215, 218–219
Walter, Malcolm R., 239, 244
Walvis Ridge, 111, 114
Ward, Dave, 185–186, 188, 210, 212
wastewater, 221, 223
water column, 103–104, 120, 141–142, 144, 159, 208–209, 212, 218–219, 249
waxes. See beeswax; leaf wax
from anoxygenic phototrophic (photosynthetic) bacteria, 186, 187, 188
from copepods, 110–111, 115, 120
Welte, Dietrich, 82–83, 91, 103–104, 135, 242, 260
Whitehead, Ted, 58, 62, 71
Whiticar, Michael, 197–198
Wilson, Edward Osborne, 175
wind, 132, 133, 137, 142, 146, 219
n-alkanes as indicator for, 15, 135, 172
organic matter transport in dust, 4, 15, 118, 133–135, 143, 147–148, 171–172, 232, 265
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 153
Woese, Carl, 178, 179, 185, 201, 227
Wöhler, Frederick, 40
wood, 50, 137, 171–172, 260–262, 266
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 30, 103, 123, 126, 134–135, 163–164, 185, 195–196, 199, 201, 217, 244, 255, 267, 269, 271
Wuchter, Cornelia, 218–220
Yellowstone microbial mat, 64, 184, 185–186, 188, 212
Younger Dryas, 130, 131, 146
Zhao, Meixun, 147
zooplankton, 5, 30, 33, 81, 83, 102, 110, 112, 115, 117, 120, 139, 142, 218–219, 236, 248–249, 269. See also copepod
Zumberge, John, 233