NOTES
Prologue
1. Barack Obama, Dreams from My Father (Three Rivers, 1995), 429–30.
2. Ibid., 302.
3. Barack Obama, The Audacity of Hope (Three Rivers Press, 2006), 10.
4. Ibid., 3.
Chapter 1: Two Elections, Two Presidents
1. Korwa G. Adar and Isaac M. Munyae, “Human Rights Abuse in Kenya Under Daniel arap Moi, 1978–2001,” African Studies Quarterly, vol. 5, no. 1 (2001).
2. Amnesty International, “Kenya,” 2000.
3. International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, World Duty Free Company Ltd. v. Kenya, October 4, 2006.
4. CIA World Factbook, www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html.
5. World Health Organization, “Male Circumcision: Africa’s Unprecedented Opportunity,” August 2007.
6. “Strange Reversal in Kogelo,” East African, January 23, 2009.
7. United Nation Children’s Fund, “The State of Africa’s Children,” May 2008, 12.
Chapter 2: Meet the Ancestors
1. W. R. Ochieng’, A History of Kenya (Macmillan, 1985), 17.
2. Andrew Goudie, Environmental Change, 3rd ed. (Oxford University Press, 1992).
3. Roland A. Oliver and Anthony Atmore, Medieval Africa, 1250–1800, 2nd ed. (Cambridge University Press, 2001), 137.
4. Ibid., 140.
5. Ibid., 127.
6. J. Crazzolara, The Lwoo, part I (Verona, 1950), 47.
7. Oliver and Atmore, Medieval Africa, 143.
8. Ibid., 144.
9. Ibid., 141.
10. Okumba Miruka, Oral Literature of the Luo (East African Educational Publishers, 2001).
11. Ibid.
12. D. W. Cohen, “The River-Lake Nilotes from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century,” in B. A. Ogot (ed.), Zamani: A Survey of East African History (East African Publishing House, 1968), 144.
13. Oliver and Atmore, Medieval Africa, 148.
14. D. W. Cohen and E. S. Atieno Odhiambo, The Historical Anthropology of an African Landscape, Eastern African Studies (James Currey, 1989).
15. Cohen, “The River-Lake Nilotes,” 144.
16. Ibid., 148.
17. B. A. Ogot, A History of the Luo-Speaking Peoples of Eastern Africa, 519.
18. Ibid., 519.
Chapter 3: The Life and Death of Opiyo Obama
1. Okumba Miruka, Oral Literature of the Luo (East African Educational Publishers, 2001).
2. S. H. Ominde, The Luo Girl: From Infancy to Marriage (Macmillan, 1952).
Chapter 4: The Wazungu Arrive
1. Louis Levather, When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433 (Oxford University Press, 1997).
2. Ibid., 382–87.
3. Johannes Rebmann, The Church Missionary Intelligencer, vol. 1, no. 1 (May 1849).
4. Arnold Talbot Wilson, The Suez Canal: Its Past, Present and Future (Oxford University Press, 1933).
5. Harry H. Johnston, “Livingstone as an Explorer,” Geographical Journal, vol. 41, no. 5 (May 1913): 423–46.
6. Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon (Harper Collins, 1996), 15.
7. Elikia M’Bokolo, “The Impact of the Slave Trade on Africa,” Le Monde diplomatique (English ed.), April 1998.
8. C. Magbaily Fyle, Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa (University Press of America, 1999), 146.
9. Assa Okoth, A History of Africa, vol. 1: African Societies and the Establishment of Colonial Rule, 1800–1914 (East African Educational Publishers, 2006), 58.
10. H. M. Stanley, New York Herald, July 15, 1872.
11. H. M. Stanley, “The Search for Livingstone,” New York Times, July 2, 1872.
12. H. M. Stanley, Through the Dark Continent, vol. 1 (Dover, 1988).
13. Ibid., 63.
14. Ibid., 217.
15. H. M. Stanley, My Kalulu, Prince, King, and Slave: A Story of Central Africa (Sampson Low, 1873).
16. W. Johnson, My African Reminiscences (London, 1898), 126.
17. Okoth, A History of Africa, 1:118.
18. Ibid., 96.
Chapter 5: The New Imperialism
1. W. O. Henderson, Studies in German Colonial History (Routledge, 1962), 13.
2. Ibid., 4.
3. Ibid., 13.
4. Okoth, A History of Africa, 1:124.
5. Kolonial-Politische Korrespondenz (Colonial-Political Correspondence), 1st Year, Berlin, May 16, 1885.
6. Henderson, Studies in German Colonial History, 87.
7. Okoth, A History of Africa, 1:138.
8. C. W. Hobley, Kenya: From Chartered Company to Crown Colony (Witherby, 1929), 24–25.
9. Okoth, A History of Africa, 1:138.
10. Times, September 28, 1891, 60.
11. Lawrence H. Officer, “What Were the UK Earnings and Prices Then?” MeasuringWorth, 2009, www.measuringworth.org/ukearncpi.
12. “Uganda Railway (Cost of Construction),” Hansard, House of Commons Debates, October 19, 1909, vol. 12, cols. 123–24.
13. Okoth, A History of Africa, 1:351.
14. Thomas R. Metcalf, Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Area, 1860–1920 (University of California Press, 2008), 188.
15. Joseph Thomson, Through Masai Land (Sampson Low, 1885), 72–73.
16. Bruce D. Patterson, The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa’s Notorious Man-Eaters (McGraw-Hill, 2004).
17. “Murder That Shaped the Future of Kenya,” East African, December 5, 2008.
18. William Ochieng’, A History of Kenya (Macmillan, 1985), 94.
19. David Anderson and Douglas H. Johnson, Revealing Prophets: Prophecy in Eastern African History (James Currey, 1995), 188.
20. Oscar Baumann, Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle [Through the lands of the Maasai to the source of the Nile] (Dietrich Reimer, 1894).
21. B. A. Ogot, A History of the Luo-Speaking Peoples of Eastern Africa (Anyange Press, 2009), 645.
22. Hobley, Kenya: From Chartered Company to Crown Colony, 217–18.
23. Luise White, Stephen E. Miescher, and David William Cohen (eds.), African Words, African Voices: Critical Practices in Oral History (Indiana University Press, 2001), 37.
24. Ogot, A History of the Luo-Speaking Peoples of Eastern Africa, 670.
25. Ibid., 666
26. Osaak A. Olumwullah, Dis-ease in the Colonial State (Praeger, 2002), 131.
27. B. A. Ogot and W. R. Ochieng’, Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93 (Ohio University Press, 1995), 10.
28. Ochieng’, A History of Kenya, 103.
29. Ogot, A History of the Luo-Speaking Peoples of Eastern Africa, 678.
30. Neil Sobania, Culture and Customs of Kenya (Greenwood, 2003), 19.
31. Okoth, A History of Africa, 353.
32. Philip Wayland Porter and Eric S. Sheppard, A World of Difference: Society, Nature, Development (Guildford, 1998), 357.
33. Ibid.
34. Seventh-Day Adventist Encyclopedia (Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1976).
35. Jack Mahon, “What Happened in 1906?” The Messenger, vol. 111 (1996): 8.
36. Richard Gethin, Private Memoirs, 35–36, quoted in Ogot, A History of the Luo-Speaking Peoples of Eastern Africa, 683.
37. Obama, Dreams from My Father, 397–98.
38. Ogot, A History of the Luo-Speaking Peoples of Eastern Africa, 678.
39. Brett L. Shadle, “Patronage, Millennialism and the Serpent God Mumbo in South-West Kenya, 1912–34,” Africa, vol. 72, no. 1 (2002): 29–54.
40. George F. Pickens, African Christian God-Talk (University Press of America, 2004), 134.
41. B. A. Ogot, “Kenya Under the British, 1895 to 1963,” in B. A. Ogot (ed.), Zamani: A Survey of East African History (East African Publishing House, 1968), 264.
42. C. S. Nicholls, Red Strangers: The White Tribe of Kenya (Timewell, 2005), 119.
Chapter 6: Five Wives and Two World Wars
1. H. S. Hatton, “The Search for an Anglo-German Understanding Through Africa, 1912–14,” European Studies Review, vol. 1, no. 2 (1971): 125.
2. John Iliffe, Honour in African History, African Studies no. 107 (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 235.
3. A. Davis and H. J. Robertson, Chronicles of Kenya (Cecil Palmer, 1928), 97–98.
4. W. E. B. Du Bois, “The African Roots of War,” Atlantic Monthly, vol. 115, no. 5 (May 1915): 714.
5. Iliffe, Honour in Africa, 234.
6. Edward Paice, Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa (Phoenix, 2007), 159.
7. Robert O. Collins and James McDonald Burns, A History of Sub-Saharan Africa (Cambridge University Press, 2007), 278.
8. Hans Poeschel, The Voice of German East Africa (August Scherl, 1919), 27.
9. Obama, Dreams from My Father, 400.
10. John Dawson Ainsworth and F. H. Goldsmith. John Ainsworth—Pioneer Kenya Administrator, 1864–1946 (Macmillan, 1955), 94.
11. Sir Phillip Mitchell, African Afterthoughts (Hutchinson, 1954), 40.
12. Ibid., 34.
13. John Buchan, A History of the Great War (Houghton Mifflin, 1922), 1:429.
14. Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, My Reminiscences of East Africa (Battery Press, 1990), 318.
15. Brian Digre, Imperialism’s New Clothes: The Repartition of Tropical Africa 1914–1919 (Peter Lang, 1990), 156.
16. League of Nations Covenant, Article 22, para. 1.
17. Digre, Imperialism’s New Clothes.
18. Anthony Clayton and Donald C. Savage, Government and Labour in Kenya 1895–1963 (Routledge, 1974), 88.
19. H. R. A. Philp, A New Day in Kenya (World Dominion Press, 1936), 32–33.
20. Harry Thuku, An Autobiography (Oxford University Press, 1970).
21. Obama, Dreams from My Father, 403.
22. Clayton and Savage, Government and Labour in Kenya 1895–1963, 125.
23. Obama, Dreams from My Father, 425–26.
24. Iliffe, Honour in Africa, 230.
25. Obama, Dreams from My Father, 411.
26. Ibid., 370–71.
Chapter 7: A State of Emergency
1. Obama, Dreams from My Father, 415.
2. Ibid., 419.
3. A. Adu Boahen, General History of Africa, vol. VII: Africa under Colonial Domination 1880–1935 (James Currey/UNESCO, 1990), 281.
4. David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005), 10.
5. Alao, Charles Abiodun, Mau-Mau Warrior (Osprey, 2006), 6.
6. George Bennett and Carl G. Rosberg, The Kenyatta Election: Kenya 1960–1961, Oxford University Press, 1961, 7.
7. Alao, Mau-Mau Warrior, 5.
8. Obama, Dreams from My Father, 417.
9. Ben Macintyre and Paul Orengoh, “Beatings and Abuse Made Barack Obama’s Grandfather Loathe the British,” Times, December 2, 2008.
10. Anderson, Histories of the Hanged, 50.
11. Ibid., 69.
12. Ibid., 1.
13. Michael Blundell, So Rough a Wind (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964), 123–24.
14. Caroline Elkins, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya (Henry Holt, 2004), xiii.
15. Ibid., 70.
16. Ibid., 71
17. Anderson, Histories of the Hanged, 4.
18. Elkins, Imperial Reckoning, 66.
19. Anderson, Histories of the Hanged, 300.
20. John Blacker, “The Demography of Mau Mau: Fertility and Mortality in Kenya in the 1950s: A Demographer’s Viewpoint,” African Affairs, vol. 106, no. 423 (2007): 205–27.
Chapter 8: Mr. “Double-Double”
1. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, 1953–56 (Doubleday, 1963), 180.
2. Elizabeth Sanderson, “Barack Obama’s Stepmother Living in Bracknell,” Daily Mail, January 6, 2008.
3. Ibid.
4. Tom Shachtman, Airlift to America: How Barack Obama, Sr., John F. Kennedy, Tom Mboya, and 800 East African Students Changed Their World and Ours (St. Martin’s Press, 2009).
5. Speech given by President Obama from the pulpit of the historic Brown Chapel in Selma, Alabama, March 4, 2007.
6. Jonathan Martin, “Obama’s Mother Known Here as ‘Uncommon,’ ” Seattle Times, April 8, 2008.
7. Amanda Ripley, “The Story of Barack Obama’s Mother,” Time, April 9, 2008.
8. Obama, Dreams from My Father, 6.
9. Bennett and Rosberg, The Kenyatta Election, 176–80.
10. Barack H. Obama, “Problems Facing Our Socialism,” East Africa Journal, July 1965, 26–33.
11. Ogot and Ochieng’, Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 98.
12. Godfrey Mwakikagile, Kenya: Identity of a Nation (New Africa Press, 2007), 37.
13. Sally Jacobs, “A Father’s Charm,” Boston Globe, September 21, 2008.
14. East African Standard, July 7, 1969.
15. D. Goldworth, The Man Kenya Wanted to Forget (Holmes and Meier, 1982), 281.
16. Ibid.
17. Jacobs, “A Father’s Charm.”
18. E. S. Atieno Odhiambo, “Ethnic Cleansing and Civil Society in Kenya, 1969–1992,” Journal of Contemporary African Studies, vol. 22, no. 1 (2004): 29–42. The speech, which was given in Swahili, was translated into English for the paper.
19. Tania Branigan, “Barack Obama’s Half-Brother Writes Book ‘Inspired by Father’s Abuse,’ ” Guardian, November 4, 2009.
20. Barack Obama, “My Spiritual Journey,” Time, October 16, 2006.
21. Obama, Dreams from My Father, 5.
22. Ibid., 430.
Epilogue
1. Nick Wadhams, “Kenyan President Moi’s ‘Corruption’ Laid Bare,” Daily Telegraph, September 1, 2007.
2. Cose Ellis, “Walking the World Stage,” Newsweek, September 11, 2006.
3. Mwakikagile, Kenya: Identity of a Nation.
4. James C. McKinley, “Political Violence Taking a Toll on Kenya Tourism,” New York Times, August 31, 1997.
5. Richard B Richburg, Out of America: A Black Man Confronts Africa (Basic Books, 1997), 104–5.
6. Oliver Mathenge, “Obama Scolds Kenya,” Daily Nation, July 3, 2009.
7. Barack Obama, “A New Moment of Promise,” speech given in Accra, Ghana, July 11, 2009.
NOTES ON METHODOLOGY
1. Luise White et al., eds., African Words, African Voices: Critical Practices in Oral History (Indiana University Press, 2001).
2. B. A. Ogot, History of the Southern Luo (East African Publishing House, 1967), 1:142–43.
3. B. A. Ogot, “The Concept of Jok,” African Studies, vol. 20, no. 2 (1961): 123–30.
4. Ogot, History of the Southern Luo, 1:28.
5. Cohen, “The River-Lake Nilotes,” 147.
6. Obama, Dreams from My Father, 376.
7. Ogot, History of the Southern Luo, 27.
8. Ibid., 27n.
9. Ibid., 27n.