1. Jeremy Berke, “Here’s President Donald Trump’s Full Inauguration Speech,” Business Insider, January 20, 2017.
2. Before the development of modern nations, people gave their loyalties to entities that were larger (empires) or smaller (Let ’em all go to hell, except Cave 76). But the principle of belonging to a geographic political body was the same.
The only competing form of loyalty to nationalism and its analogues is religion—Christianity, Islam, Communism—but as a practical matter, politically incarnate religions break up into more tractable units.
Much ink is spilled over the distinction between nationalism and patriotism. Those who insist that there is a real distinction generally prefer patriotism, which seems to mean nationalism they like, while nationalism means patriotism they dislike.
3. William Hamilton, 6.
4. Washington, 225.
5. Widmer, American Speeches: Revolution, 20–21.
1. Smith, 924.
2. Brookhiser, “Jamestown,” 49–50.
3. Smith, 321.
4. Billings, 7.
5. See Horn, 121–154; Billings, 8–9.
6. Bemiss, 3.
7. Van Schreeven and Reese, 251.
8. Van Schreeven and Reese, 256.
9. Van Schreeven and Reese, 257.
10. See Fischer, 354–360; Brogan, 40–48.
11. Van Schreeven and Reese, 264.
12. Van Schreeven and Reese, 267.
13. Van Schreeven and Reese, 268.
14. Van Schreeven and Reese, 269.
15. Van Schreeven and Reese, 275.
16. Van Schreeven and Reese, 277.
17. Van Schreeven and Reese, 255.
18. Van Schreeven and Reese, 260.
19. Van Schreeven and Reese, 277.
20. Bemiss, 126.
21. Horn, 159.
22. Billings, 12.
23. Billings, 16.
24. Bemiss, 120.
25. Billings, 215, 227–228.
26. Eliott, 134.
1. See Shorto, 49–58.
2. Shorto, 147.
3. Burrow and Wallace, 43.
4. Burrow and Wallace, 46.
5. Shorto, 167.
6. Burrow and Wallace, 60.
7. Fowler.
8. Burrow and Wallace, 61.
9. Burrow and Wallace, 61.
10. Jameson, 397.
11. Jameson, 400.
12. Jameson, 401.
13. Jameson, 397.
14. O’Callaghan, I, 630.
15. Fernow, XIV, 402–403.
16. Madison, Writings, 297.
17. Fernow, XIV, 404.
18. Fernow, XIV, 404–405.
19. Fernow, XIV, 407.
20. Fernow, XIV, 408
21. Fernow, XIV, 408–409.
22. Fernow, XIV, 409.
23. Jameson, 400.
24. Fernow, XIV, 515.
25. Garman, 92.
26. Fernow, XIV, 526.
27. Fernow, XIV, 526.
28. Shorto, 304.
29. Kammen, 118–119.
1. Lamb, I, 541.
2. Brookhiser, What Would the Founders Do?, 18.
3. Burns, 32.
4. Burns, 102.
5. Katz, 41.
6. Burton, 15.
7. Warren, I, 48.
8. Katz, 58.
9. Katz, 150.
10. Katz, 62.
11. Katz, 65.
12. Katz, 66.
13. Katz, 65–66.
14. Katz, 70–71.
15. Katz, 93.
16. Katz, 81.
17. Katz, 87.
18. Katz, 98.
19. Katz, 87.
20. Katz, 99.
21. Katz, 99.
22. Katz, 101.
23. Burton, 69.
24. Burrow, 155.
25. Burton, 144.
26. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, 206.
27. Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary, 21.
1. Katz, 79.
2. Journals, 398.
3. Paine, 52.
4. Ferling, 151.
5. Rossiter, 91–92.
6. Ferling, 150.
7. Jefferson, 311.
8. Ellis, 64.
9. Brookhiser, Founding Father, 177.
10. Jefferson, 178–179.
11. Blackstone, I, 41.
12. Jefferson, 719.
13. Dickinson, 5.
14. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, 162.
15. Brookhiser, Founders’ Son, 2.
1. Horn, 87.
2. Horn, 113.
3. Basker, 2.
4. Basker, 35.
5. Washington, 158.
6. Washington, 1024.
7. Stessin-Cohn, 127.
8. Chernow, 53.
9. Gellman, 47.
10. Brookhiser, “Built to Last.”
11. Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary, 34.
12. Jay, I, 407.
13. White, 82.
14. Minutes, I, 16.
15. Minutes, I, 29–30.
16. Minutes, 39.
17. Burrow and Wallace, 286.
18. William Hamilton, 6–9.
1. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, 54.
2. Brookhiser, Founding Father, 61.
3. Madison, Debates, 616.
4. Maier, 384.
5. Madison, Debates, 597.
6. See Irving, 39–40.
7. Washington, 1106.
8. Washington, 469.
9. Alexander Hamilton, 166.
10. Washington, 245.
11. Madison, Debates, 351.
12. Madison, Debates, 504.
13. Madison, Debates, 505.
14. Ketcham, 451.
1. Clay, 77–80.
2. Brookhiser, America’s First Dynasty, 65.
3. Adams, Diaries, II, 4–5.
4. Chateaubriand, 218.
5. Chateaubriand, 274.
6. See May, 105.
7. Adams, Diary, 170.
8. May, 3.
9. Dangerfield, 293–294.
10. Jefferson, 324.
11. Dangerfield, 293–294.
12. Adams, Diaries, I, 581.
13. Adams, Memoirs, VI, 177.
14. Adams, Memoirs, VI, 179.
15. Adams, Memoirs, VI, 185.
16. Adams, Memoirs, 185–186.
17. Adams, Memoirs, 194–195.
18. Adams, Memoirs, 197–198.
19. I borrow this phrase from David Brooks, who used it in Michael Pack’s film Rediscovering Alexander Hamilton (Manifold Productions, 2011).
20. Adams, Memoirs, VI, 197.
21. Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, I, 264.
22. Dangerfield, 304.
23. Dangerfield, 306.
24. Dangerfield, 204–205.
25. Adams, Diaries, II, 615.
1. Collection of the Gilder Lehrman Institute, Lucy Knox to Henry Knox, August 23, 1777.
2. Blackstone, I, 442–445.
3. See McGoldrick and Crocco.
4. Cross, 3, quoting Carl Carmer.
5. Adams, Diaries, I, 543.
6. Cross, 219.
7. Ginzburg, 31.
8. Ginzburg, 33.
9. Wellman, 60.
10. Ginzburg, 41.
11. Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, I, 111.
12. See Adams, Diaries, II, 555.
13. Wellman, 188–189.
14. Wellman, 48.
15. Blackstone, I, 41.
16. Wellman, 192.
17. See Ginzburg, 47.
18. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, 134.
19. Wellman, 193.
20. Wellman, 195.
21. Wellman, 198.
22. Frederick Douglass, “The Rights of Women,” North Star, July 28, 1848.
23. See Wellman, 205.
24. Wellman, 210.
25. Blight, 490–491.
26. See website of the Women’s Rights National Historical Park, Seneca Falls, New York.
1. Widmer, American Speeches: Revolution, 646.
2. Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, I, 426.
3. Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, I, 677.
4. Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, II, 194.
5. Douglass, 460.
6. Brookhiser, Founders’ Son, 222.
7. Brookhiser, Founders’ Son, 220.
8. Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, II, 306.
9. Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, II, 353.
10. See Wills, 20–21.
11. Wills, 236.
12. Wills, 232.
13. Lewis Lehrman tells me it takes three hours and ten minutes to read aloud.
14. Moore, VI, 345.
15. Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, II, 433.
16. Wellman, 183.
17. Lincoln, II, 475–476.
18. Marshall, 415.
19. Widmer, American Speeches: Revolution, 233.
20. See Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary, 84.
21. Told to me (at a Union League Club, appropriately enough) by an elderly man who heard it from his grandfather, who had been there as a child.
22. Lincoln, II, 749.
23. Lincoln, Collected Works, VII, 25.
24. George Kateb, “Abraham Lincoln and Statesmanship,” lecture given at the James Madison Program (Princeton, NJ, May 17, 2016).
25. Widmer, American Speeches: Abraham Lincoln, 556.
26. See Brookhiser, Founders’ Son, 151–165.
27. Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, II, 699.
1. Thomas, 170.
2. Lincoln, I, 456.
3. Lopate, 233.
4. Riordan, 129.
5. Anbinder, 298.
6. Anbinder, 299. It is not certain that Lazarus wrote the article, but given the similarity between it and her poem, she either wrote both or was a plagiarist.
7. Paton, I, 387.
8. Schama, 27.
9. See Booth.
10. Bartholdi, 42.
11. Anbinder, 302.
12. Bartholdi, 53.
13. See Lazarus, I, and Schor, 229–231, 247.
1. Widmer, American Speeches: Revolution, 644.
2. See Madison, Writings, 531.
3. Cherny, 52–53.
4. Kazin, 48.
5. Kazin, 24.
6. Williams, 81.
7. Kazin, 57.
8. Williams, 82.
9. Kazin, 58.
10. Williams, 83.
11. Alexander Hamilton, 592.
12. Cherny, 60.
13. Williams, 140–141.
14. Kazin, 74–75, 323.
1. Brookhiser, “Does Disarmament Work?”
2. Dunn, Blueprint, 4.
3. Dunn, Blueprint, 3.
4. Kaiser, 31.
5. Kaiser, 33.
6. Dunn, Blueprint, 14.
7. Dunn, Blueprint, 34.
8. Dunn, Blueprint, 35.
9. Kaiser, 49.
10. Dunn, Blueprint, 46.
11. Dunn, Blueprint, 45.
12. Dunn, Blueprint, 52.
13. Dunn, Blueprint, 54.
14. Dunn, Blueprint, 68.
15. Churchill, Finest, 484.
16. See Dunn, 1940, 210.
17. Washington, 962.
18. See Dunn, Blueprint, 85, 210.
19. Dunn, Blueprint, 89.
20. Churchill, Alliance, 511–512.
21. Asada, 183.
1. Widmer, American Speeches: Abraham Lincoln, 445.
2. Lehrman, 272.
3. Churchill, Triumph, 227.
4. Widmer, American Speeches: Abraham Lincoln, 554–555.
5. This is my memory of the scene. See Brookhiser, Right Time, 101–102.
6. Spitz, 213.
7. Chambers, xlv.
8. See Brookhiser, Right Time, 98.
9. Spitz, 84.
10. Spitz, 289.
11. Allen.
12. Robinson, “Tear Down This Wall.”
13. Robinson, “Tear Down This Wall.”
14. Robinson, “Tear Down This Wall.”
15. Robinson, “Tear Down This Wall.”
16. Widmer, American Speeches: Abraham Lincoln, 555.
17. Robinson, “Tear Down This Wall.”
18. Lauren Oyler, “Letter of Recommendation: Berliner Fernsehturm,” New York Times Magazine, April 6, 2017.
19. “Gorbachev Spurns Use of Force in Europe,” New York Times, July 7, 1989.
20. Spitz, 744.
21. John Tagliabue, “Evolution in Europe,” New York Times, September 13, 1990.
22. Adam Lushner, “At Least 10,000 People Died in Tiananmen Square Massacre,” Independent, December 23, 2017.
1. Young, 408–417.