FRONTISPIECE QUOTATIONS
1. The Papers of George Washington, Digital Edition (Hereafter PGW Digital), ed Theodore J. Crackel, Charlottesville, Va 2008. Letter to Henry Knox, February 25, 1787.
2. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Digital Edition (hereafter PTJ Digital), ed Barbara B. Oberg and J. Jefferson Looney, Charlottesville, Va 2008-2014. Jefferson to William Short, January 3, 1793.
3. The Papers of James Madison, Digital Edition (hereafter PJM Digital), ed J.C.A. Stagg. Charlottesville, Va 2010. Speech at the Constitutional Convention, June 26. 1787.
INTRODUCTION
1. William Parker Cutler and Julia Perkins Cutler. Life, Journal and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler (2 vols, Cincinnati 1888), 2: 56-57.
2. Stuart Leibiger, Founding Friendship, George Washington, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic, (Charlottesville, Va: 1999), 1-9
3. George Washington to John Jay, Aug. 15, 1786, PGW Digital.
4. Peter H. Henriques, Realistic Visionary, A Portrait of George Washington, (Charlottesville:, 2006).
5. Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, Dec. 28, 1796, PTJ Digital.
CHAPTER 1
1. Joseph Manca, George Washington’s Eye, Landscape, Architecture and Design at Mount Vernon, (Baltimore, Md 2012), 31. This book is an extraordinarily good way of seeing Washington through the house he designed to suit his own needs, with a constant emphasis on “republican simplicity.”
2. John C. Fitzpatrick, editor. The Writings of George Washington, (Washington, DC 1937, Vol. 26), 232.
3. Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington, (New York: 1948-57), Vol. 3 Planter and Patriot, 520, GW to RH Lee Aug. 29, 1775. Letter to Lund Washington, Aug. 20, 1775. Letter to Joseph Reed, WGW IV, 165, 240-41.
4. Freeman, Vol. IV, 194, note 118.
5. Dave R. Palmer, George Washington’s Military Genius, (Washington DC: 2012, 126. Lt. General Palmer is a former superintendent of West Point.
6. GW to Major General Wm Heath, Dec. 18, 1776, PGW Digital.
7. Letters of Delegates to Congress (hereafter, LDC) Vol. 8, Lovell to Samuel Adams, Jan. 20, 1778 (Library of Congress, 1976-2000), 618-19.
8. Philip Pappas, Renegade Revolutionary, The Life of General Charles Lee (New York: 2014), 256-273
9. Speech to the Officers of the Army, Mar 15, 1783, George Washington Writings, The Library of America, 1997, 10-11.
10. GW to Joseph Jones, May 31, 1780. WGW, Vol 18, 443-4. Also see GW to Madison, Nov. 5, 1786. “Thirteen sovereignties pitted against each other and all tugging at the federal head will soon bring ruin on the whole.”
11. Henry Knox to George Washington, Oct. 23, 1786, PGW Digital.
12. Washington to Henry Lee, Oct. 31, 1786, Writings of Washington, Vol. 29, 34.
13. GW to JM, Nov. 5, 1786, WGW, Vol. 29, 51.
14. Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 61.
15. Walter Stahr, John Jay, Founding Father (New York: 2010), 215-217.
16. Papers of James Madison, PJM Digital.
17. James Madison to GW, Feb. 21, 1787, PGW Digital.
18. Washington to Henry Knox, Mar. 21, 1787, Washington Writings, Library of America, 640.
CHAPTER 2
1. Pauline Maier, American Scripture, Making the Declaration of Independence (New York:, 1997), 147-149. This superbly researched book casts Jefferson’s role in writing the document in a new, far more realistic light.
2. Smith, James Morton, editor, The Republic of Letters [hereafter, ROL], The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776-1826, Vol 1, (New York:1995), 38.
3. Madison (JM) to Jefferson, (TJ) May 6, 1780, ROL, Vol. 1, 138.
4. Jefferson to William Fleming, June 8, 1779. PTJ Digital.
5. JM to TJ, May 6, 1780, ROL, Vol. 1, 137-9.
6. Dumas Malone, Jefferson The Virginian, Vol. 1 (Boston:, 1948), 324-5
7. Madison and the Virginia Congressional Delegation to Gov. Jefferson, Oct. 5, 1780, ROL, Vol. 1, 146-7.
8. William Maxwell, ed. Virginia Historical Register and Literary Notebook, Vol III, 1850, John Page to Theodoric Bland, 196.
9. JM to TJ, Apr 3, 1781, ROL, Vol. 1, 180.
10. TJ to GW, Oct. 28, 1781, PTJ Digital.
11. Malone, Jefferson the Virginian, 364-5.
12. Ibid, 366.
13. TJ to James Monroe, May 20, 1782, PTJ Digital.
14. JM to TJ, Jan. 15, 1782, ROL, Vol. 1, 209-11.
15. TJ to GW, Jan. 22, 1783, GW to TJ, Feb. 10, 1783, PTJ Digital.
16. Varnum Lansing Collins, The Continental Congress at Princeton (Princeton, NJ: 1908), 248-49
17. TJ to JM, Jan. 1, 1784, ROL, Vol. 1, 290. Also see 276, editorial commentary.
18. TJ to GW, April 16, 1784, PTJ Digital.
19. In Philadelphia, Washington pushed hard for abandoning the hereditary principle. The delegates to the meeting reluctantly agreed, but insisted that the decision would have to be approved by all the state chapters. Most chapters never gave their approval. The Cincinnati remains hereditary to this day. But Washington’s admonitions persuaded them to eschew political participation as a group.
20. TJ to JM, May 8 & 11, 315-16, ROL, Vol. 1.
21. TJ to JM, July 1, 1784, ROL, 321.
CHAPTER 3
1. Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 85. Madison’s exact words were: “No member of the convention appeared to sign the instrument with more cordiality than he [Washington].”
2. GW to Lafayette, June 18, 1788, PGW Digital.
3. JM to TJ, April 23, 1787, ROL, Vol. 1, 439.
4. TJ to JM, Jan 30, 1787, ROL, Vol. 1, 438. Also see TJ to William Stephens Smith, Nov. 13, 1787, PTJ Digital.
5. TJ to JM, Jan 30, 1787, ROL, Vol. 1, 436. Also see Dumas Malone, Vol. 2, Jefferson and the Rights of Man, Boston 1951, 164-5.
6. Jefferson to John Adams, Nov. 12, 1787, PTJ Digital.
7. TJ to WS Smith, Sept. 28, 1787, PTJ Digital.
8. ROL, TJ to JM Dec. 20, 1787, ROL Vol. 1, 512. Also see PTJ Digital, same date.
9. Ibid, ROL, 518, also in PTJ Digital.
10. Ibid, ROL, 514, also in PTJ Digital.
11. GW to AH, Aug. 28, 1788, PGW Digital. Also see Ron Chernow, George Washington, A Life (New York: 2010), 544.
12. GW to AH, Aug 28, 1788, op. cit. Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 89.
13. JM to GW, Nov. 18, 1787, PJM Digital.
14. GW to JM, Oct. 10, 1787, PGW Digital. Also see Leibiger, 91.
15. GW to Patrick Henry, Benjamin Harrison, and Thomas Nelson Jr., Sept 24, 1787, The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, Digital edition, John P. Kaminski et al eds, 2009. GW to JM, Oct. 22, 1787, PGW Digital. George Clinton’s Remarks Against Ratifying the Constitution, July 11, 1788, Documentary History of Ratification, op. cit.
16. TJ to Alexander Donald, Feb. 7, 1788, TJ to Wm Carmichael, Dec. 15, 1787, Doc. Hist of Ratif, op. cit. Also see Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, (New York: 2010), 180
17. Debates in Virginia Convention, Documentary History of Ratification, op. cit.
18. Pauline Maier, Ratification, The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788, New York 2010, 267. Moncure Conway, Omitted Chapters of History Disclosed in the Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph, New York, 1888, 108. Also see Leibiger, 94.
19. Burstein-Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 180. Also see Ralph Ketcham, James Madison, Newtown, Conn 1971, 263.
20. James Monroe to TJ, July 12, 1788, PTJ Digital. Also see Burstein-Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 183.
21. GW to Jonathan Trumbull Jr. July 28, 1788. PGW Digital. Also see Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 96.
CHAPTER 4
1. TJ to JM July 31, 1788, PJW Digital. JM to TJ, July 24, 1788, PJM Digital.
2. JM to GW, June 27, 1788, PJM Digital.
3. Burstein-Eisenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 188. Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 98.
4. JM to TJ, Oct 8, 1788, PJM Digital, JM to GW, June 27, 1788, PJM Digital, GW to Henry Knox, April 1, 1789, PGW Digital.
5. Memorandum of a discussion of the President’s Retirement, May 5-25, 1792. PJM Digital. Madison here recalls his early conversations with Washington about his plan to retire “as soon as the state of the government would permit.”
6. GW to Henry Knox, April 1, 1789, PGW Digital.
7. Robert Hendrickson, Alexander Hamilton Vol II, 1789-1804 (New York, 1976), 540-1.
8. Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 105.
9. JM to TJ, May 27, 1789. PTJ, Digital. In this letter, Madison tells Jefferson who is being appointed or considered for cabinet posts. He praises the “moderation and liberality” of Congress.
10. Richard Norton Smith, Patriarch, George Washington and the New American Nation (Boston, 1991), 37
11. JM to TJ, May 23, 1789, P TJ, Digital. Here Madison tells Jefferson about the disagreement over titles The Papers of JM also contain a memo, “Title for the President,” which contains Madison’s speech in the House, objecting to Adams’s titles.
12. Conor Cruise O’Brien, The Long Affair, Thomas Jefferson and the French Revolution, 1785-1800 (Chicago, 1996), 78. TJ to JM, July 29, 1789, 626-7, ROL, Vol. 1.
13. Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 112-13.
14. GW to JM, May 12, 1789. Also see Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 113, and Chernow, Washington, 595.
15. GW to JM, Sept 23, 1789, PGW Digital.
16. Alvin M. Josephy Jr., On the Hill, A History of the American Congress (New York, 1979), 58-60.
CHAPTER 5
1. TJ to Lafayette, Apr. 11, 1787, PTJ, Digital, op. cit.
2. Alexis de Toqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, new translation by Stuart Gilbert (New York, 1955), 107.
3. Toqueville, 173, cites evidence that France’s prosperity increased enormously in the 1780s. But the antiquated, corrupt government passed few if any benefits along to the people at large. As a result, Toqueville writes, “the steadily increasing prosperity, far from tranquilizing the population, everywhere promoted a spirit of unrest.”
4. Howard C. Rice, Jr. Thomas Jefferson’s Paris, Princeton, 1976, 116–17. Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation, New York, 1970, 376–77.
5. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 53
6. Ibid, 58–9
7. Rice, Thomas Jefferson’s Paris, 117
8. Rice, Ibid.
9. Simon Schama, Citizens, A Chronicle of the French Revolution, (New York, 1989), 405-6.
10. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 62–3.
11. TJ to Comte Diodati, Aug 3, 1789. PTJ, Digital, op. cit. The letter was written little more than two weeks after the assault on the Bastille. Count Diodati was a diplomat who represented a small German state, Mecklinburg-Schwerin, at the court of Versailles.
12. TJ to JM, September 6, 1789, ROL, Vol. 1, 631–36. Also in PTJ Digital, same date.
CHAPTER 6
1. Burstein-Eisenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 213.
2. Lewis Reifsneider Harley, The Life of Charles Thomson, Secretary of the Continental Congress and Translator of the Bible from the Greek, Philadelphia, 1900, 112. (ebook)
3. Woodrow Wilson, Congressional Government, Boston, 1900, 45. It would take a hundred years for another gifted political thinker. In this great book, Wilson noted that the chief problem with Congress as a governing body was its sheer number. No one had to take responsibility for crucial decisions.
4. David Stuart to GW, July 14, 1789, PGW Digital.
5. Andrew Burstein, The Original Knickerbocker, The Life of Washington Irving (New York, 2006), 7.
6. Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington, Vol. 6, Patriot and President (New York, 1954), 240.
7. James Thomas Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, Vol. 3, Boston, 1970, 229-30. Also see Freeman, Vol. 6, 243–5.
8. Ibid.
9. There is a good account of this hatred of a standing army in my book, The Perils of Peace (New York, 2007), 308-9. It was undoubtedly a disease in the public mind, which ran rampant for well over a decade.
10. Howard Taubman, The Making of the American Theater (New York, 1965), 42-44.
CHAPTER 7
1. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 67-8
2. Isaac Kramnick, The Rage of Edmund Burke (New York, 1977), 31. Also see Schama, Citizens, 457-8.
3. JM to TJ, Oct. 8, 1789, PJM Digital.
4. GW to TJ, Jan 21, 1790, TJ to GW, Dec. 15, 1789, PGW Digital.
5. GW to TJ, Jan 21, 1790, PGW Digital. JM to TJ, ROL, Vol. 1, 639.
6. JM to TJ, Feb. 4, 1790, ROL, 650-53.
7. Flexner, Vol. 3, 235-8.
8. Henderson, Hamilton, Vol. 1, 342-4.
9. Ibid 541-2.
10. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York, 1993), 124–5.
11. JM to TJ, Jan. 24, 1790, ROL, Vol. 1, 649-50. Also see Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, 136 and Hendrickson, Hamilton II, 27.
12. Benjamin Rush to JM, Mar 10, 1790, PJM Digital.
13. Josephy, On the Hill, op. cit., 69-70. Also see John Steele Gordon, Hamilton’s Blessing (New York 2010), 24.
14. GW General Orders May 21, 1783. This contains Washington’s advice to his departing troops not to sell their notes and securities at a discount—from Writings of GW, John C. Fitzpatrick, Ed.
15. GW to David Stuart, June 15, 1790, PGW Digital.
16. Malone, Vol II., 253-4.
CHAPTER 8
1. William McClay, Sketches of Debates in the First Senate of the United States, 1880, 212.
2. JM to TJ, June 9, 1793, PTJ Digital.
3. James Grant, Party of One (New York 2005), 363.
4. Extract from a Speech of Edmund Burke, Feb. 9, 1790. PTJ, Digital.
5. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 80.
6. Franklin B. Sawvel, ed. The Anas of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1970), 31.
7. TJ to John Page, May 4, 1786, PTJ Digital.
8. AH to Edw Carrington, May 26, 1792, Papers of AH, Digital Edition, ed by Harold C. Syrett, 2011. Joseph J. Ellis, Founding Brothers (New York, 2000), 57.
9. Journal of Wm McClay, US Senator from Pennsylvania (New York, 1790), 178.
10. Jefferson’s Account of the Bargain on Assumption and Residence Bills, 1792. PTJ, Digital.
11. McClay, Journal, 309-328.
12. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 83.
13. Stephen Decatur, Jr., The Private Affairs of George Washington, from the Records and Accounts of Tobias Lear, Esquire, His Secretary. (New York, 1969), 169.
14. Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 633-4.
CHAPTER 9
1. Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, Boston, 1989, Vol 3, 278.
2. Ibid 278-9.
3. Final version of An opinion on the Constitutionality of an Act to Establish a Bank—Feb 21, 1791. PAH Digital. Also see The Federalist 44, Philadelphia, 1877.
4. Malone, Vol. 2, 343.
5. PAH, op. cit., Final Version.
6. Paul Leicester Ford, The True George Washington (Philadelphia, 1896,244.)
7. GW to David Humphries, July 20, 1791, PGW Digital. JM to TJ, July 10, 1791, PJM, Digital. Also see ROL, Vol. 2, 667
8. GW Diary of Southern Trip, Notes on NC, SC and GA, PGW Digital.
9. GW to Officials of Fredericksburg, Va, Apr 9, 1791, PGW Digital.
10. Chernow, Washington, op. cit., 673.
11. Smith, Patriarch, op. cit., 109.
12. TJ to JM, July 24, 1791. PTJ Digital. Also see ROL, Vol. 2, 700-01.
13. JM to TJ, Aug 8, 1791, PJM Digital, ROL, 705-6. Also see Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 137.
14. GW to David Humphries, July 20, 1791, PGW Digital.
15. John Brewer, The Sinews of Power, Money and the English State, 1699-1783 (Taylor and Francis E library, London). This is a revelatory book that explains the roots of 18th Century England’s power.
16. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, op. cit., 53.
17. Jacob Axelrad, Philip Freneau, Champion of Democracy, 204-8
18. Forest McDonald, Alexander Hamilton (New York, 1979), 241. Smith, Patriarch, op. cit., 132.
19. JM to TJ, Oct 3, 1794, PJM Digital. ROL, ibid Vol. 2, 857.
20. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, Being an Answer to Mr. Burke’s attack on the French Revolution, Vol 1. (London, 1791), 23.
21. TJ to John Adams, July 17, 1791, PTJ, Digital.
22. TJ to JM, May 9, 1791, PTJ, Digital. ROL, 687-8.
23. Prospectus of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, Aug. 1791, PAH Digital.
24. For the National Gazette: The Union, Who Are Its Real Friends? Mar. 31, 1792, PJM, Digital. ROL, Vol. 2, 709.
CHAPTER 10
1. Freeman, Vol 6, 336-37. This account is based on Tobias Lear’s recollection of the stormy scene.
2. Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword, The Beginnings of the Military Establishment in America (New York, 1975), 104-7.
3. Ibid. On 73-88, Kohn has a good discussion of the roots of Congress’s hostility to a standing army. It was led by ideologues like Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, who persuaded the state’s legislature to order their congressional delegation to “oppose…the raising of a standing army of any number…in time of peace.” (61)
4. Ibid, Kohn, 113-15.
5. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, 247.
6. Ibid, 248.
7. Ibid, 249.
8. Letters from Anonymous, Jan. 3 and Jan. 20, 1792, PGW Digital.
9. Malone, Vol. 3, 401.
10. Jefferson, Anas, Feb. 29, 1792, 51-56.
11. Ibid.
CHAPTER 11
1. 2010, Memorandum on a Discussion of the Presidsent’s Retirement, May 5, 1792. PJM, Digital.
2. GW to JM, May 20, 1792, PGW Digital. TJ to JM, June 4, 1792, PTJ Digital.
3. Jefferson, Anas, July 10, 1792, 83-86.
4. Edmund Randolph to GW, Aug 5, 1792, PGW Digital.
5. Forrest McDonald. The Presidency of George Washington (Wichita, KS 1974), 93.
6. GW to AH, Aug 26, 1792, PAH Digital.
7. Jefferson, Anas, Oct. 1, 1792, 88-92.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. TJ to JM, Oct. 1, 1792, JM to TJ, Oct. 9. 1792, ROL, Vol. 2, 740-42.
11. John C. Miller, Alexander Hamilton and the Growth of the New Nation (New York, 1959), 333-342.
12. Jefferson, Anas, Dec. 17, 1792, 100.
13. Malone, Vol 3, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty, 476, Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, New York, 2004, 417.
14. John P. Kaminski, George Clinton, Yeoman Politician of the New Republic, (Madison, Wis, 1993), 223-5. Jefferson told one correspondent it seemed impossible “to defend Clinton as a just or disinterested man.” Madison thought Clinton should resign.
15. TJ to JM, Dec. 12, 1792, Jan 18. 1793, Feb. 21-27, 1793, ROL, Vol. 2, 760-64. All these letters deal with the attempt to oust Hamilton. The last is Jefferson’s draft of Giles’s Resolutions. Also available in PTJ Digital, with slightly different dates and titles. The editors of the Digital Edition note that Jefferson had assured President Washington in a Sept. 9, 1792 letter that he was determined “to intermeddle not at all with the legislature.” Thus it was not surprising “that he went to great lengths to conceal his part in this affair.”
CHAPTER 12
1. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 114.
2. George Green Shackelford, Jefferson’s Adoptive Son, The Life of William Short, 1759-1848 (Lexington Ky, 1991), 115-18. Also see Malone, Vol. 2, 15, 149-50.
3. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 116
4. Schama, Citizens, 555. Also see O’Brien, The Long Affair, 117.
5. Jefferson, Anas, 69.
6. JM to Edmund Pendleton, Dec. 18, 1791, PJM Digital. For use of party name, see Alfred F. Young, The Democratic-Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763-1797, 1967, Williamsburg, Va.
7. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 130-31.
8. Flexner, Vol 3, George Washington and a New Nation, 355-56.
9. Jefferson, Anas, 69.
10. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 129-30.
11. TJ to Lafayette, June 16, 1792, PTJ Digital.
12. Schama, Citizens, 597.
13. Ibid, 600.
14. Wm Short to TJ, July 20, 1792, PTJ, Digital. This long letter vividly describes the madness in France. Also see Harlow Giles Unger, Lafayette (New York, 2002), 282-86.
15. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 137.
16. Ibid, 138.
17. JM to The Minister of the Interior or the French Republic, April 1793, PJM Digital. David Freeman Hawke, Paine (New York, 1974), 258.
18. O’Brien, The Long Affair, op. cit., 140.
19. Chernow, Hamilton, 432.
20. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 641.
21. Schama, Citizens, 640.
22. Ibid, 642.
23. Jefferson, Anas, Dec. 27, 1792, 100-101.
24. TJ to Wm Short, Jan 3, 1793. PTJ Digital. In The Long Affair, Conor Cruise O’Brien considers this letter so important, he quotes it in full. He notes that Dumas Malone, Jefferson’s best known biographer, “refrains from quoting any part of it.” Also, that “a little earlier,” he (Malone) had referred to Jefferson’s “personal distaste for disorder and violence.”
25. Shackelford, Jefferson’s Adoptive Son, op. cit., 67-8.
26. Schama, Citizens, op. cit., 668-70.
27. National Gazette, Apr 20, 179. In his old age, Jefferson admitted Freneau had gone too far. He admitted he would not have voted to execute the king, if he had been a member of the French legislature. Malone, Vol. 3, 61.
28. Elkins and McKittrick, The Age of Federalism, 356-7. Ketcham, James Madison, 337-39.
CHAPTER 13
1. AH to GW, Apr 5, 1793, PGW Digital. Hamilton received the news from “a respectable merchant” in Lisbon, Portugal. GW to TJ, Apr. 12, 1793, PGW Digital. In a later letter, GW told Gouverneur Morris that his “primary objects” were “to preserve the country in peace if I can, and to be prepared for war if I cannot.” GW to GM, June 25, 1794, PGW Digital.
2. Schama, Citizens, 686-7. Knee breeches were worn by the upper class. The poor wore long, loose trousers.
3. Ibid, 687.
4. Malone, Vol. 3, 64.
5. Jefferson, Anas, Apr 18, 1793, 118-19.
6. Freeman, Vol. 7, First in Peace, 44-48.
7. Malone, Vol. 3, 69-70.
8. TJ to JM, Apr. 28, 1793, ROL, 769-70.
9. TJ to James Monroe, May 5, 1793, ROL, 771.
10. JM to TJ, May 8, 1793, ROL, 772-3.
11. TJ to Monroe, op. cit., 771
12. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, 330-31.
13. GM to GW, Jan. 6, 1793, PGW Digital.
14. O’Brien, The Long Affair, op. cit., 155-6.
15. Flexner, George Washington, Vol. 4, Anguish and Farewell (1793-99), 41.
16. TJ to James Monroe, May 5, 1793, PTJ Digital. The letter is enclosed in a letter to Madison, TJ to JM, May 5, 1793, ROL, Vol. 2, 770-2.
17. Freeman, Vol. 7, 71-2.
18. TJ to JM, May 19, 1793, ROL, 774–6.
19. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 344.
20. Freeman, Vol. 7, 76-77.
21. Flexner, Vol. 4, 45.
22. Jefferson, Anas, 124-5.
23. TJ to JM, June 9, 1793, June 19, 1793, ROL, Vol. 2, 781, 786.
24. Schama, Citizens, 787.
CHAPTER 14
1. Correspondence between the Hon. John Adams, President of the United States, and the late Wm. Cunningham, Esq., Boston, 1823, 34.
2. TJ to James Monroe, May 5, 1793, ROL, 771.
3. Meade Minnigerode, Jefferson Friend of France 1793. The Career of Edmond Charles Genet (hereafter, Genet) (New York: 1928), 223.
4. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 162.
5. Minnigerode, Genet, 224-5.
6. O’Brien, The Long Affair, op. cit., 171-5. The author cites two other scholars who have studied Genet, and concluded that Jefferson “knowingly” assisted the envoy in his projects to seize Louisiana and Canada for France.
7. Flexner, Vol. 4, 52–3.
8. TJ to JM, June 9, 1793, ROL, 780-2.
9. Freeman, Vol. 7, op. cit. 90.
10. Minnigerode, Genet, 265.
11. Jefferson, Anas, July 15, 1793, Malone, Vol. 3, 114-15.
12. Freeman, Vol 7, 102.
13. Flexner, Vol IV, 58-9.
14. Ibid, 59.
15. Notes on Neutrality Questions, July 13, 1793, PTJ, Digital edition.
16. TJ to JM, July 7, 1793, ROL, 753.
17. Ketcham, James Madison, 344-45. Also see Freeman, Vol. 7, 105-6.
18. Minnigerode, Genet, 270-71.
19. Ibid, 209-10.
20. Notes on Cinet [Cabinet] Meeting on Edmond-Charles Genet, July 23, 1793, PTJ Digital.
21. TJ to JM, Aug. 18, 1793, ROL, 808-9.
22. Minnigerode, Genet, 236.
23. Ibid, 232-35.
24. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 180-1.
25. TJ to JM, Sept. 1, 1793, ROL, 813.
CHAPTER 15
1. Jefferson, Anas, 161–66.
2. TJ to JM, Aug. 11, 1793, ROL, Vol. 2, 802-5.
3. TJ to Gouverneur Morris, Aug. 16, 1793, PTJ Digital. This letter includes a copy of the official letter requesting Genet’s recall.
4. Flexner, Vol. 4, 85.
5. Jefferson, Anas, Nov. 28, 1793.
6. James C. Ballagh, ed., The Letters of Richard Henry Lee, Vol. 2, , (New York, 1911-14), 563.
7. GW to Edmund Randolph, Dec. 24, 1793, PGW Digital.
8. TJ to GW, Dec. 31, 1793, PTJ Digital, GW to TJ, Jan. 1, 1794, PGW, Digital, TJ to Wm Giles, Dec. 1, 1795, PTJ Digital.
9. TJ to Horatio Gates, Feb. 3, 1794, PTJ Digital. Vow to Langdon, Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. III (New York, 1901), 489. TJ to JM, April 27, 1795, ROL, Vol. 2, 877-8.
10. AH to Edw Carrington, May 26, 1792, PAH, Digital. Margaret A. Hogan, C. James Taylor, My Dearest Friend, Letters of Abigail and John Adams (New York, 2007), 349. Joseph J. Ellis, First Family, Abigail and John Adams (New York, 2010), 167. JA to AA, Dec. 26, 1793, Adams Papers Digital Edition, C.J. Taylor, ed. (Charlottesville 2008-14).
11. Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of George Washington, (Lawrence KS 1974), 137.
12. Ibid.
CHAPTER 16
1. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, 382-3.
2. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation, U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875, House of Representatives, 3rd Congress, 1st Session, January 1794 (Annals of Congress), 406-09.
3. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, Tonnage and Shipping Chart, 382. By 1796, American tonnage would swell to 675,046 tons and British numbers would dwindle to 19,669.
4. A Century of Lawmaking, 3rd Congress, 1st Session, 390-91.
5. JM to TJ, Mar 2 1794, ROL, Vol. Two, 831-2. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, 388.
6. Ketcham, James Madison, 351.
7. GW to Henry Lee, Oct 16, 1793, PGW Digital. Proclamation on Expeditions Against Spanish Territory, Mar. 24, 1794 (By the President). A Century of Lawmaking, 3rd Congress, 1st Session.
8. Freeman, Vol. 7, 156-7.
9. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, 389.
10. JM to TJ, Mar 9, 1794. 834-5. JM to TJ, Mar 14, 1794, 837, ROL, Vol. 2. Also see Ketcham, James Madison, 351.
11. James Monroe to TJ, Mar 16, 1794, PTJ, Digital.
12. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, 390.
13. Ibid, 393.
14. James Monroe to GW, Apr. 8, 1794, GW to Monroe, Apr. 9, 1794, PGW Digital.
15. JM to TJ, May 25, 1794, ROL, 844-5.
16. Gouverneur Morris to GW, June 25, 1794, PGW Digital.
17. TJ to James Monroe, Apr 24, 1794, PTJ Digital.
18. GW to TJ, Apr 24, 1794, PGW Digital.
19. GW to Henry Lee, Aug 26, 1794, PGW Digital.
CHAPTER 17
1. Freeman, Vol. 7, 183.
2. Alexander Hamilton to GW, Aug. 2, 1794, PGW, Digital. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, 461-3.
3. Thomas P. Slaughter, The Whiskey Rebellion, New York, 1986, 209
4. Proclamation, Sept 25, 1794, PGW Digital.
5. GW to Henry Lee, Aug. 26, 1794, PGW Digital.
6. Slaughter, Whiskey Rebellion, 186.
7. Ibid, 190-91.
8. Ibid, 216.
9. Ibid, 215-16.
10. Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1826, 233-36.
11. JM to Monroe, Dec. 4, 1791, PJM Digital.
12. TJ to JM, Dec. 28, 1794, ROL, Vol. 2, 866-68.
13. TJ to James Monroe, May 26, 1795, PTJ Digital.
14. Not until a year after the Whiskey Rebellion did Jefferson admit to anyone that he was aware of the mass murders of the French revolution. “What a tremendous obstacle to the future attempts at Liberty will be the atrocities of Robespierre,” he exclaimed to his friend Tench Coxe. TJ to Coxe, June 1, 1795. PTJ Digital.
15. Eugene P. Link, Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790-1800, (New York, 1942), 200-209.
CHAPTER 18
1. Conway, Omitted Chapters in The Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph, 231. Also see Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 215-16.
2. Richard N. Cote, Strength and Honor, The Life of Dolley Madison (Mt. Pleasant SC, 2005), 103.
3. Slaughter, Whiskey Rebellion, 219-20.
4. Flexner, Vol. 4, 203.
5. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 208-9.
6. Freeman, Vol. 7, 226.
7. Paul David Nelson, Anthony Wayne, Soldier of the Early Republic (Bloomington Ind., 1985), 272.
8. Freeman, Vol. 7, 237, note.
9. Samuel Flagg Bemis, Jay’s Treaty, a Study in Commerce and Diplomacy (New York, 1923), 153-4.
10. Aurora, June 1, 1795.
11. Donald Henderson Stewart, The Opposition Press of the Federal Period (Albany NY 1968), 199-200.
12. Chernow, Hamilton, 486-7.
13. Malone, Vol. 3, op. cit., 246.
14. Ibid, 247, 249.
15. Hendrickson, Hamilton, Vol. 2, 339-41.
16. Flexner, Vol. 4, 212.
17. TJ to James Monroe, Sept 6, 1995, PTJ Digital.
18. Defence No. 1, July 1, 22, 1795 (published in the New York Argus or Greenleaf’s New Daily Advertiser), PAH Digital.
19. TJ to JM, Sept 11, 1795, ROL, Vol. 2, 885.
20. TJ to Edward Rutledge, Nov. 30, 1795, ROL, Vol. 2, 889.
21. Address on the Jay Treaty, Aug. 13, 1795, PAH Digital.
22. Washington’s Seventh Annual Message to Congress, Dec. 8, 1795, PGW Digital, Presidential Series, Proclamations and Addresses.
CHAPTER 19
1. JM to James Monroe, Dec. 20, 1795, PJM Digital. Address of the House of Rep to the President, Dec. 4, 1795, PJM Digital.
2. William Sullivan, Familiar Letters of Public Characters on Public Events from the Peace of 1783 to the Peace of 1815 (Boston, 1834), 59-60.
3. JM to TJ, Feb. 29, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 921-22.
4. JM to TJ, Mar 6, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 924-6.
5. JM to TJ, April 11, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 930-31.
6. TJ to James Monroe, Mar 21, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2 890-91.
7. TJ to JM, Mar. 27, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 927-8.
8. JM to TJ, April 4, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 923-30.
9. Ibid.
10. JM to TJ, Apr. 18, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 933-34.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. JM to TJ, May 1, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 936-7. In a Committee of the Whole, a legislative body is considered one large committee. Its purpose is the encouragement of discussion and debate on a difficult issue.
14. JM to TJ, May 22, 1796, 938-9, ROL, Vol. 2., 938-9.
15. Ketcham, James Madison, 365.
16. JM to TJ, May 22, 1796, op. cit. above.
17. Flexner, Vol 4, 277-8. Also see Freeman, Vol. 7, 384
18. Flexner, Vol. 4, 280-1.
19. Elkins and McKittrick, The Age of Federalism, 508.
20. Freeman, Vol. 7, 395-6.
21. Richard Norton Smith, Patriarch, 270.
22. Harlow Giles Unger, The Last Founding Father, James Monroe and A Nation’s Call to Greatness (New York, 2009), 124-5.
23. TJ to JM, Jan 3, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2, 1011-14.
CHAPTER 20
1. GW to AH, May 15, 1796, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Ms Sources, Electronic Text Center, U of Virginia.
2. Robert F. Dalzell Jr. and Lee Baldwin Dalzell, George Washington’s Mount Vernon, At Home in Revolutionary America, 1998, 213. A copy of the 1792 speech by Madison was enclosed in the letter to Hamilton. The Text of the Farewell Address is available in PGW, Digital, Presidential Series, Proclamations and Addresses.
3. Felix Gilbert, To The Farewell Address, Princeton, 1961, 115-136.
4. http://gwpapers.virginia.edu, presidential series, 1788-179 7.
5. Joseph Ellis, His Excellency George Washington (New York 2004), 245.
6. Moncure D. Conway, Writings of Thomas Paine, Vol. 3 (New York, 1895, 243-252.
7. Harrison Clark, All Cloudless Glory, the Life of George Washington, Vol. 2 (Washington, DC 1996), 349-50. Clark recounts a conversation between Benjamin West, the American-born painter, and Rufus King, the American ambassador to London, in which West describes George III using these words.
CHAPTER 21
1. Hendrickson, Hamilton II, op. cit., 375-82.
2. Phocion IV, October 19, 1796, Gazette of the United States, Newsbank/Readex Data Base: America’s Historical Newspapers New York Public Library Microform. Phocion was an Athenian statesman, known for his leadership abilities and his modest lifestyle.
3. Phocion VIII, Oct. 24, 1796, Gazette of the United States, Newsbank/Readex op cit
4. Grant, Party of One, op. cit., 377-78.
5. O’Brien, The Long Affair, op. cit., 225-6.
6. Minnigerode, Genet, 396-97. In an appendix, Minnigerode reprints Genet’s entire letter, 413-25.
7. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation, 570.
8. TJ to JM, Dec. 17, 1796, ROL, Vol. 2, 944.
9. John Adams to Abigail Adams, Jan 14, 1797, quoted in ROL, V2, 895. Also see Grant, Party of One, 379.
10. TJ to JM, Jan. 1, 1797, JM to TJ, Jan 8, 1797, TJ to JM, Jan. 30, 1797. ROL, V2, 945.
CHAPTER 22
1. Malone, Vol 3, 295.
2. TJ to JM Jan. 8, 1797, ROL, Vol 2, 955.
3. James Iredell to his wife, Hannah, Feb. 24, 1797, G.J. McCree, Life and Letters of James Iredell, 2 volumes (New York, 1857). Iredell was a Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.
4. Wm Loughton Smith to Rufus King, Apr 3, 1797, ROL, Vol. 2, 966, note.
5. Richard R. Rosenfeld, American Aurora: A Democratic-Republican Returns (New York, 1997), 243
6. Grant, Party of One, op. cit., 379.
7. Ibid, 385.
8. Ibid, 386.
9. Chernow, Hamilton, op. cit., 525.
10. TJ to JM, June 8, 1797, ROL, Vol. 2, 979-81.
11. TJ to Elbridge Gerry, June 21, 1797, ROL, 971.
12. JM to TJ, Aug. 5, 1797, ROL, Vol. 2, 973, 990-92.
13. James Thomson Callender, History of the United States for 1796, Philadelphia, 1797, 204, PTJ Digital. TJ to James Monroe, July 15, 1802. Fawn M. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, An Intimate History (New York 1974), 304.
14. JM to TJ, Oct. 20, 1797, ROL, Vol. 2, 973, 993.
15. GW to AH, Aug 21, 1797, PAH Digital.
16. JM to TJ Aug 5, 1797, ROL, Vol 2, 973-4. 990-92
17. TJ to John Wise, Feb. 12, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2, 996.
18. TJ to Angelica Church, Jan. 11, 1798, ROL, Vol 2, 995.
19. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 242
20. Ibid
21. Jean Edward Smith, John Marshall, Definer of a Nation, New York, 1996, 126, 190.
22. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 244-45.
23. TJ to JM Feb. 15, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2 997-8, 1019-20.
24. Grant, Party of One, 389-90.
25. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 246.
26. Grant, Party of One, 398.
27. TJ to JM April 5, ROL, Vol. 2, 1035-6. Grant, Party of One, 391.
28. TJ to JM, April 28, 1798, JM to TJ Apr 15, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2, 1001-2
29. Grant, Party of One, 394.
30. Ibid, 397.
31. Nathan Miller, The U.S. Navy: An Illustrated History, Annapolis, 1977, 42-43.
32. John Adams to GW, June 22, 1798, PGW Digital.
33. Grant, Party of One, 405-7.
CHAPTER 23
1. Comments on Monroe’s A View of the Conduct of the Executive of the United States, circa March 1798, PGW Digital.
2. Freeman, Vol. 7, 476-77.
3. Malone, Vol. 3, 308-9.
4. John Nicholas to GW, Feb 22, 1798, PGW Digital.
5. TJ to JM, June 7, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2, 1057-8.
6. TJ to JM June 21, 1798, ROL Vol. 2, 1008-9, 1060-1062.
7. ROL, V2, 1010 (editorial comment).
8. TJ to JM, June 21, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2, 1061-2.
9. Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, Apr. 5, 1798. Edwin Morris Betts and James Adams Bear Jr., eds, The Family Letters of Thomas Jefferson (Columbia, Mo, 1966), 159-60.
10. Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, May 17, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2, 1063.
11. ROL, Vol 2, 1010, editorial comment.
12. James Morton Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties (Ithaca, NY, 1956), 14.
13. Jefferson to Samuel Smith, Aug. 22, 1798, ROL, Vol. 2, 1066.
14. Jefferson’s Draft of the Kentucky Resolutions, ROL, Vol. 2, 1069-70.
15. ROL, Vol. 2, 1070-1.
16. JM to TJ, Dec. 29, 1798, ROL. Vol. 2, 1085. Editor James Morton Smith cites this letter when he writes: “In no case since their exchange of views on “the earth belongs to the living” did the Father of the Constitution differ so fundamentally with the Author of the Declaration of Independence.” ROL, Vol. 2, 1072.
17. TJ to S.T. Mason, Oct. 11, 1798, PTJ Digital.
18. Joseph E. Fields, ed., Worthy Partner, the Papers of Martha Washington (Westport Ct. 1994). Martha to Mary Stead Pinckney, April 20, 1799, 319-20.
19. Joan M. Jensen, The Price of Vigilance, New York, 1956, 24-45. Also see: Harold Holzer, Lincoln and the Power of the Press, New York, 2014. “Lincoln ‘pulled no punches in defending press suppression’ in wartime,” Holzer writes. But the President also made it clear that when the war ended, editorial freedom would be restored. For the internment of the Japanese, see Geoffrey R. Stowe, Perilous Times, Free Speech in Wartime (New York, 2004), 286-302.
20. GW to Patrick Henry, Jan. 15, 1799, PGW Digital.
21. Henry Mayer, A Son of Thunder, Patrick Henry and the American Republic (New York, 1986), 471-2. Henry was dying of stomach cancer.
22. GW letter to AH, Feb. 25, 1799, PGW Digital.
23. Theodore Sedgwick to AH, Feb. 19, 1799, PAH Digital.
24. TJ to JM, Feb. 19, 1799, ROL, Vol. 2, 1097-98.
25. Page Smith, John Adams, Vol. II (New York, 1962), 1102-11.
CHAPTER 24
1. Mayer, A Son of Thunder, 471-2 for Henry’s election and death.
2. Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. to GW, June 22 and Aug. 10, 1799 and GW replies, July 21 and Aug. 30, 1799, PGW Digital, Retirement Series.
3. GW to James McHenry, Nov 17, 1799, PGW Digital, Retirement Series
4. Smith, Patriarch, 351-2. Also see Freeman, Vol. 7, 619.
5. Malone, Vol. III, 413. Ketcham, Madison, 397.
6. AH to Theodore Sedgwick, Feb. 2, 1799, PAH Digital.
7. TJ to JM, Jan. 30, 1799, ROL, Vol, 2, 1090-91.
8. Burstein and Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 345.
9. Ibid.
10. TJ to JM, Aug 23, 1799, ROL, Vol. 2, 1118-19. Jefferson mentions Madison’s “visit” in this letter. Also see ROL, 1108-9. Editor James Morton Smith writes that “Madison thought Jefferson had pushed his compact between the states theory too far” and blundered into his “fateful—perhaps fatal—theory of ‘scission’ or “secession.”
11. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 248-9.
12. Burstein and Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 348.
13. Ibid, 348.
14. Patrick J. Garrity, A Sacred Union of Citizens: George Washington’s Farewell Address and the American Character (Lanham MD 1996) 1. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation, U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875, House of Rep 6th Congress, 1st Session, 194.
15. Smith, Patriarch, 359
16. Axelrad, Philip Freneau, 344
17. Edward G. Lengel, General George Washington, New York 2005, 358. Lengel, who is a professor of history at the University of Virginia and editor-in-chief of the Washington Papers, notes that in 1814, Jefferson remarked that in his sixties, Washington’s “memory was already sensibly impaired by age, the firm tone of his mind for which he been remarkable, was beginning to relax, its energy was abated, a listlessness of labor, a desire for tranquility had crept upon him and a willingness to let others act and even think for him.” “In fact,” Lengel states “Washington lost no mental acuity [even] in retirement.”
CHAPTER 25
1. Burstein and Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 350.
2. TJ to John Breckinridge, Jan 29 1800, PTJ, Digital. Also see ROL, Vol. 2, 1112.
3. JM to TJ, ROL, Feb 14, 1800, and Apr 4, 1800, ROL, Vol. 2, 1113. TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, Feb. 2, 1800, PTJ Digital.
4. Malone, Vol III, op. cit., 484-5.
5. Charles O. Lerche, Jr. Jefferson and the Election of 1800, A Case Study in the Political Smear, William and Mary Quarterly, Oct. 1948, 472. Also see Burstein-Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 355.
6. Malone, Vol III, op. cit., 490-1. Adrienne Koch, Jefferson and Madison, The Great Collaboration (New York 1950), 212.
7. Milton Cantor, Great Lives Observed ( Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1972), 108.
8. JM to TJ, Nov. 11, 1800, ROL, Vol. 2, 1153.
9. ROL, Vol. II, 1139-40. Also see Ketcham, James Madison, 405.
10. Mary Jo Kline, ed. Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr (hereafter PAB), 2 vols, Princeton, NJ, 1983, 485-7, Gouverneur Morris to AH, Jan 26, 1801, PAH Digital.
11. John Cotton Smith, The Correspondence and Miscellanies of the Hon. John Cotton Smith, LLD (New York,1847, 224-5). Smith was a member of the group of politicians who visited Mount Vernon early in 1802. Also see Don Higginbotham, Virginia’s Trinity of Immortals: Washington, Jefferson and Henry and Their Fractured Relationships, Journal of the Early Republic. Winter 2003, 521-543.
12. Jefferson, Anas, 223-28.
CHAPTER 26
1. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation, 654-5.
2. Malone, Vol 4, op. cit., 15-20.
3. Leonard Baker, John Marshall, A Life in the Law (New York, 1974), 359. Marshall stated this opinion in a letter to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Mar 4, 1801, the day he administered the oath of office to President Jefferson.
4. Richard E. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis (New York, 1971), 50-52.
5. James Alexander Hamilton, Reminiscences of James A. Hamilton (New York, 1869), 122.
6. David Freeman Hawke, Paine (New York, 1974), 344.
7. Winthrop Jordan, White Over Black, American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1968), 376-77.
8. Jack Sweetman, American Naval History, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD 1984, 20-38. The shooting war ended in August, 1815. A final treaty of peace was not signed until 1816.
9. Robert Cowley and Thomas Guinzberg, eds., West Point, Two Centuries of Honor and Tradition (New York, 2002), 18-19.
10. Malone, Vol. 4, 208.
11. James Sterling Young, The Washington Community, 1800-1828, New York, 1966, 21-23.
12. Ibid, 26.
13. Unger, The Last Founding Father, 172.
14. Craig R. Hanyan, DeWitt Clinton, Years of Moulding, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Harvard U. 1964, 266. DeWitt Clinton took a dim view of the federal village during the years he served as one of New York’s senators.
CHAPTER 27
1. Ketcham, James Madison, 414–415.
2. Robert Debbs Heinl and Nancy Gordon Heinl, Written in Blood, the Story of the Haitian People, 1492–1971 (Boston 1978), 110–113.
3. Jefferson to Robert R. Livingston, Apr 18, 1802, PTJ Digital.
4. George Dangerfield, Chancellor Robert R. Livingston of New York, 1845–1813 (New York, 1960), 334-337.
5. Steven Englund, Napoleon, A Political Life (New York, 2004), 217.
6. Malone, Vol. 4, 324–5.
7. Hawke, Paine, 353–56.
8. Ibid, 357–8.
9. Unger, The Last Founding Father, 155–58.
10. Dennis A. Castillo, The Maltese Cross, A Strategic History of Malta (Westport, Ct., 2003), 126.
11. John Kukla, A Wilderness So Immense, The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America ( New York, 2004), 254-257. Also see E. Wilson Lyon, The Man Who Sold Louisiana: The Career of Francois Barbe-Marbois (Norman, OK, 1942).
CHAPTER 28
1. The Writings of James Monroe, Vol. IV, New York, 1902, 9-12.
2. Alexander DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana, New York, 1976, 161–174.
3. Malone, Vol 4, 256.
4. W. B. Hatcher, Edward Livingston, Jeffersonian Republican and Jacksonian Democrat, ( Baton Rouge, LA, 1940), 93-99.
5. Malone, Vol 4., 313–14
6. Ibid, 318–19
7. Ibid, 338
8. Everett Somerville Brown, ed. William Plumer’s Memorandum of Proceedings in the United States Senate (1803-1807), New York, 1923, 123. Also see Jerry W. Knudson, Newspaper Reaction to the Louisiana Purchase, Missouri Historical Review, Oct. 1953, 207. For poem, see: Patricia L. Dooley, ed, The Early Republic, Primary Documents on Events from 1799 to 1820 (Westport, CT, 2004), 147.
9. Brown, ed. Plumer’s Memorandum, 517-18.
10. Alan Schom, Napoleon Bonaparte, New York, 1997, 314-327. Carola Oman, Napoleon at the Channel, New York, 1942, 98-111.
CHAPTER 29
1. Jefferson, Anas, Dec. 31, 1803, Jan. 2, 1804, 222–3.
2. Ibid, Jan. 26, 1804, 224–28.
3. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis, 71–2.
4. Kline, PAB 849. Brown, ed: Plumer’s Memorandum, 147-77. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis, 73-5. Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, Eighth Congress, 1st Session, 813.
5. A Century of Lawmaking in a New Nation, U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875, Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 9th Congress, 1st Session, 515-16.
6. Tim Mathewson, Jefferson and the Non-Recognition of Haiti, American Philosophical Society, Vol. 140, No 1, Mar. 1966, 24-88.
7. Leonard W. Levy, ed., Freedom of the Press from Zenger to Jefferson (New York, 1966), 364. In Part Five, “The Special Case of Thomas Jefferson,” 327-76. Levy included over a dozen letters from Jefferson upholding a free press, and wryly noted that with Jefferson it was necessary to distinguish rhetoric from reality.
8. Hendrickson, Hamilton II, op. cit., 596-609.
9. The Wasp, Aug. 23, 1802.
10. Milton Lomask, Aaron Burr, 2 Vols (New York 1979-83), Vol. 1, 317. Also see Herbert S. Parmet and Marie B. Hecht, Aaron Burr, Portrait of an Ambitious Man, New York, 1967, 185.
11. Samuel Wandell and Meade Minnigerode, Aaron Burr, 2 vols. (New York, 1925), Vol 1, 245-46.
12. Unger, The Last Founding Father, 174.
13. Arthur Bryant, Years of Victory, New York, 1945, 53-54.
14. Kline, PAB, 891-2
15. TJ to JM, Aug 3 1804, ROL, Vol 2. 1331. “No time should be lost in publishing officially the final ratification,” Jefferson wrote.
16. Isaac Newton Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909 (New York, 1915-28), Vol. 5, 1422.
CHAPTER 30
1. Burstein and Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 426-27.
2. Kline, PAB, op. cit., 898-99. Also see David O. Stewart, American Emperor, Aaron Burr’s Challenge to Jefferson’s America (New York, 2011), 76-78.
3. Baker, John Marshall, 429.
4. Ibid, 424.
5. Jefferson to Joseph H. Nicholson, in Bruce Peabody, The Politics of Judicial Independence, Courts, Politics and the Public, Baltimore 2011, 77.
6. Kline, PAB op. cit., 861-62.
7. Lomask, Aaron Burr, Vol. 2, 367.
8. Malone, Vol. 4, Jefferson the President, First Term, 482.
9. John P. Kaminski, George Clinton, 275.
10. Miller, The U.S. Navy, 52-60.
11. Josephy, On The Hill, 132.
12. Malone, Vol. 5, 410, 481.
13. Ibid, 401.
14. Ibid, 405-13.
CHAPTER 31
1. Kline, PAB, op. cit. 968.
2. Ibid, 973-80. Parmet and Hecht, Aaron Burr, 270.
3. Baker, John Marshall, 462-3.
4. Ibid, 464.
5. Ibid, 465. Also see The Papers of John Marshall, Digital Edition, edited by Charles F. Hobson Vol. 7, 17.
6. Malone, Vol. 5, 303. Burstein and Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, op. cit., 446.
7. Thomas P. Abernethy, The Burr Conspiracy, New York, 1954, 234-5.
8. Parmet and Hecht, Burr, 288.
9. Baker, Marshall, 477. Also see Malone, Vol. 5, Jefferson the President, Second Term, 314.
10. Lomask, Aaron Burr, Vol. 2, 208.
11. Baker, John Marshall, 507-9.
12. Abernethy, Burr Conspiracy, 249.
13. Baker, John Marshall, 501, Lomask, Burr, Vol. 2, 267-9.
14. Baker, John Marshall, 507-9.
15. Lomask, Burr, Vol 2, 281. Papers of John Marshall, Vol. 7, 115.
16. Josephy, On the Hill, 134.
17. Parmet and Hecht, Burr, 309.
CHAPTER 32
1. Josephy, On The Hill, 134.
2. Malone, Vol. 5, 416 -22. The patrolling British warships regularly sent men ashore to buy fresh water, vegetables, and other supplies in Norfolk. Desertion from these landing parties was frequent.
3. Burton Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis, Charlottesville, Va, 1979, 87.
4. Ibid, 89.
5. TJ to JM, Aug 16, 1807, ROL Vol. 3, 1486.
6. Gordon Wood, Empire of Liberty (New York, 2009), 649.
7. Malone, Vol. 5, 482.
8. Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (Lawrence KS, 1976), 107
9. GW to John Bannister, April 21, 1778, PGW Digital. This five-page letter is a veritable treatise on how to raise and maintain a successful army.
10. Wood, Empire of Liberty, 652.
11. Burstein and Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 455. Also see Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis, 116-17.
12. Ibid, 117, note.
13. Ibid, 118.
14. Malone, Vol. 5, 652.
15. Wood, Empire of Liberty, 655.
16. Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis, 151-2. The author describes the American nation as a “rudderless ship” in the last year of Jefferson’s presidency.
17. Malone, Vol 5, 653-4, 667-68.
CHAPTER 33
1. Josephy, On the Hill, 139.
2. Ketcham, James Madison, 482.
3. TJ to JM, April 27, 1809, ROL, Vol. 3, 1568. Also see PJM Digital, same date.
4. Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812, A Forgotten Conflict, Champaign Ill, 2012, 60.
5. Ibid.
6. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson, 931.
7. Ketcham, James Madison, op. cit., 529.
8. Spencer C. Tucker, The Jeffersonian Gunboat Navy, Columbia, SC, 1883, 10, 103, 107.
9. TJ to to Monroe, Oct. 16, 1814, PTJ Digital.
10. Cowley and Guinzberg, eds, West Point, 24-5. Thanks to Eustis, the number of cadets dwindled to one.
11. Ketcham, James Madison, 522.
12. TJ to William Duane, Aug. 4, 1812, PTJ Digital.
13. Annals of Congress, House Committee on Naval Affairs, Nov. 27, 1812, 12th Congress, 2nd Session, 1812. Also see Thomas Clark, Naval History of the United States, Vol. 1, Philadelphia, 1814, 230, 234.
14. TJ to James Monroe, Jan. 1, 1815, PTJ Digital.
15. TJ to JM, May 21, 1813, ROL, Vol. 3, 1719-20. Also see same in PTJ Digital.
16. JM to TJ, June 6, 1813, ROL, Vol 3, 1721-22. See same in PJM Digital.
17. http://pgparks.com/War_of_1812/History/The_Battle_of_Bladensburg.htm. Also see Walter Lord, The Dawn’s Early Light (New York, 1972), 23-24, 139.
18. Ketcham, James Madison, 588-89.
19. TJ to JM, Sept. 24, 1814, JM to TJ Oct. 10, 1814, ROL Vol. 3, 1744-47. Also see Burstein and Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 527.
20. James Morton Smith commentary, ROL, Vol 3, 1989-91.
21. Ketcham, James Madison, 671.
EPILOGUE
1. Brian Steele, Thomas Jefferson Remembers George Washington, in Sons of the Father, George Washington and His Proteges, edited by Robert M.S. McDonald, Charlottesville, VA 2013, 88.
2. Ibid, 89.
3. Gary W. Gallagher, The Union War (Cambridge, 2011). This entire book is a tribute to the power of the Union as a motivating force.
4. Josephy, On The Hill, 228.
5. James L. Sundquist, The Decline and Resurgence of Congress, Washington DC, 1981, 26.
6. Josephy, On The Hill, 231
7. Ibid. 232
8. Sundquist, Decline and Resurgence of Congress, 28.
9. Josephy, On the Hill, 240.
10. James McGregor Burns, Congress on Trial, New York, 1949, 147.
11. Ibid, 164.
12. Sundquist, Decline of and Resurgence of Congress, 32.
13. James Burnham, Congress and the American Tradition, Chicago, 1959, 108.
14. Ibid, 139.
15. Gordon S. Jones and John A Marini, eds, The Imperial Congress, Crisis in the Separation of Powers (New York, 1988), 156-7.
16. Ibid, 158.