“Passim” (literally “scattered”) indicates intermittent discussion of a topic over a cluster of pages.
abstraction, philosophical and mathematical, 54–55, 58–59, 74, 110–11, 147, 152
Abu-Lughod, Janet, 81
Achilles, 20, 22–23, 24, 29, 34, 35, 36, 61
African American Civil War participation, 192, 196
African slave trade. See slave trade: African
agriculture: cash crops, 186; England, 92, 99–112 passim, 115; feudal Europe, 92, 93, 99–100; Great Boom, 211; Ireland, 112; United States, 186, 190, 198, 199. See also grain; plantations
Alexander Brown & Sons, 188
American colonies, 177, 178–79; English, 112–15 passim, 119, 126, 145–51 passim, 179, 180; Dutch, 116; French, 115–16, 243; Spanish, 95, 119, 122, 170, 189
American Revolution. See Revolutionary War
ancient Egypt. See Egypt, ancient
ancient Greece. See Greece, ancient
ancient Rome. See Roman Empire
Andrews, Kenneth R., 268n109
Anglo-Dutch War (1652–54), 97, 117, 118, 124
Anglo-Dutch War (1672–74), 124, 134
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), 98, 113
Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60), 117–18
animal sacrifice, 47–49 passim, 61
Aristophanes: Frogs, 41, 42–43
Aristotle, 12, 13, 17, 28, 40, 74; Politics, 22, 57, 247n10; Rhetoric, 71; on tyrants, 65
Athens, ancient, 11, 16, 17, 28–32 passim, 39, 53, 247n5; buildings, 67; coinage, 39, 64, 67–68, 72, 122, 133; festivals, 48; Peloponnesian War, 69; tyranny, 65
Bank Charter Act of 1844 (UK), 174
banknotes, 131–35 passim, 139, 163, 172–74, 190–94 passim, 200, 218, 222–23; baseless, 184; Bank of England, 133, 200, 218, 222–23; United States, 190–97 passim
Bank of England, 4, 129–39 passim, 154–55, 164, 170–76 passim, 200, 232; banknotes, 133, 200, 218, 222–23; founding, 4, 96, 163; as model for United States, 184, 194; paper money, 78, 220; Willing, 181
Bank of the United States. See First Bank of the United States
banks and banking, 5, 230–31; England, 124–26 passim, 130, 134, 162–63, 183; Great Depression, 209; United States, 181–91 passim, 196–97, 199, 204, 209, 232. See also central banks
Barbados, 118, 119, 158, 159–60
Barbon, Nicholas, 272n52
Barclay family, 162
Baucom, Ian, 155
Beckert, Sven: Empire of Cotton, 247n22
Benjamin, Walter, 15, 75, 207–8, 241, 243
Benveniste, Émile, 71
Biddle, Nicholson, 185
bills of exchange, foreign. See foreign bills of exchange
bimetallic standards, 190, 201
Bismarck, Otto von, 202
Bloch, Ernst, 238
bodily based measurement, 54
bonded labor. See indenture
bonds, government. See government bonds
Brantlinger, Patrick, 135
Braudel, Fernand, 207, 286n114
Brenner, Robert, 94, 95, 114, 118
Bretton Woods agreement, 211, 214, 215, 224–25
Britain. See England
buildings: ancient Athens, 66, 67
Bunyan, John: Pilgrim’s Progress, 148
Burnard, Trevor, 159
Caffentzis, George, 144
call loans, 204
Capital (Marx), 166
Capitalism and Slavery (Williams), 160–61, 162
capital punishment, 50, 132, 141–42
Carolingian Empire, 89
Case of the Bankers, 125–26, 132
“caterpillar banks,” 185
Catholic Church, 91–92, 96, 97, 127
cattle, 12, 17, 22, 37, 39, 102; enslaved people equated, 12, 37, 40; as money, 45, 48, 70; sacrifice of, 48; as standard of value, 16, 51–52, 62. See also bulls
cauldrons, 10, 20, 61, 62, 63, 67
central banks, 4, 174, 203, 225, 230–35 passim, 291n202; United States, 191, 204, 230–34 passim. See also Bank of England
Charles I, 136
Charles II, 124, 125, 127, 128
Chase, Samuel, 193
Chicago, 199
China, 6, 75–81 passim, 138, 221, 233, 236–37, 289n175
Christianity, 85, 248n11. See also Catholic Church; Church of England; Crusades and Crusaders; Protestant Reformation
Chrysal: Or the Adventures of a Guinea (Johnstone), 167
Churchill, Winston, 208
Church of England, 106
circulation (metaphor), 45, 83
Clairvaux, Bernard de, 79
Clegg, John, 158
Cleveland, Grover, 202
Code of Hammurabi, 50
coinage, 3–5 passim, 9–11 passim, 24, 43, 53, 62–77 passim, 81; ancient Egypt, 73; ancient Greece, 10–11, 16–17, 39, 64–68 passim, 72, 122, 133; ancient Rome, 9; authenticity tests, 10–11, 12; “clipping,” 140–44 passim; “coin wars,” 75; England, 85–86, 138–44 passim, 173, 174; Hobbes view, 88; Spanish “piece of eight,” 82; “talking money,” 166–67. See also bronze coins; gold coins; iron coins; silver coins
Colonel Jack (Defoe), 169
colonization and colonialism, 24–26 passim, 74, 79–82 passim, 122–23; Dutch, 82, 116, 121; English, 98–99, 111–19 passim, 126, 128, 145–50 passim, 156–63; French, 115–16; Portuguese, 80, 81, 82; Spanish, 82, 117, 119, 122, 123, 170, 189, 203. See also American colonies
Columbus, Christopher, 122
commodities and commodification, 15–16, 52, 54, 57, 59, 163–67 passim; autobiographies of things, 166–67; British imports, 126; global markets, 226; Hobbes view, 88; land, 109, 110; production, 149, 155, 156, 157, 186, 198; production (colonial), 114, 119, 126; slave trade exchange rates, 151–52; United States, 198, 199. See also cotton; grain; sugar; tobacco
commons, 90, 101, 102, 105. See also enclosure
“commonwealth” (word), 87
communal feasts. See food sharing and communal feasts
Company of Royal Adventurers, 149–50
Continental Congress, 183
copyhold agreements, 100, 104, 117
Corinth, ancient, 36, 64, 65–66
corporal punishment, 11, 41–42, 50
cotton, 158, 160, 187, 188; mills, 129, 156, 187
counterfeiters and counterfeiting, 10–11, 141, 142, 190, 191
court cases: England, 124–26, 132
Courtelyou, George, 204
Cromwell, Oliver, 117, 118, 119, 124
Cromwell, Thomas, 96–97, 106–7, 111
Crusades and Crusaders, 79, 82
currency, 4–6 passim, 284n68. See also coinage; exchange rates; foreign exchange
(forex) markets; national currencies; paper money
Davanzati, Bernardo, 83–84, 86
Davies, John, 112
death penalty. See capital punishment
debt, 27, 28, 30, 31, 52, 231; commodification, 163–64; England, 124, 130–39 passim, 169–73 passim; Europe, 95; Henry VIII, 106; “structural adjustment,” 231; United States, 212–14 passim, 222, 223, 224, 234
debt bondage, 21, 22, 28, 30, 31, 34, 38. See also indenture
decorporealization, 110
Defoe, Daniel, 154, 167–69, 172; Colonel Jack, 169; Moll Flanders, 168; Robinson Crusoe, 167, 168
Depression. See Great Depression
deregulation, financial. See financial deregulation
derivatives (finance), 216
Derrida, Jacques: Given Time, 219
De Ste. Croix, G. E. M., 251n77
Dexter, Andrew, Jr., 184
digitization of money, 220, 231
Dionysia (Athens). See City Dionysia
dollar, 197–98, 201–37 passim, 289n175
Down Survey, 111
DuBois, Page, 11
Durand, Cédric, 225
Dutch colonies. See Netherlands: colonies
Dutch War of 1652–54. See Anglo-Dutch War (1652–54)
East India Company, 113, 114, 115, 126, 163, 171
Egypt, ancient, 15, 38, 52, 69, 73–74
Empire of Cotton (Beckert), 247n22
England, 85–119 passim, 121–76 passim, 200–202 passim; colonies, 82, 112–15 passim, 117, 119, 126, 145–51 passim, 179, 180; emigration 150–51; London stock market, 163–64; War of 1812, 179, 185. See also Bank of England; pound (British currency)
English Revolution (1640s), 113, 116–17
English Revolution (1688–89) (Glorious Revolution), 129
Eurodollars, 216, 225, 226, 228
European Central Bank, 235
exchange rates, 200–201, 211–12, 216, 227, 229
exchange values, 17, 39, 55, 59, 88, 147
Farmers Exchange Bank (Rhode Island), 184
farming. See agriculture
feasts. See food sharing and communal feasts
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. See Freddie Mac
Federal Reserve (United States), 204, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234
fees and fines. See fines and fees
feminization of money, 168
festivals, civic. See civic festivals
feudalism, 79–80, 86, 89–95, 99, 100, 103, 117
fiat money, 4–6 passim, 77, 194–95, 198, 201, 284n68. See also global fiat money
fiduciary money. See currency
Fieberger, Brett, 225
financial bubbles, 138, 171–73 passim, 191, 234
financial deregulation, 226, 228
financial derivatives. See derivatives (finance)
financialization, 163, 183, 228, 233, 234, 235
fines and fees, 21, 51, 53, 90
First Anglo-Dutch War. See Anglo-Dutch War (1652–54)
First Bank of the United States (BUS), 181, 183, 184, 185
First Treatise of Government (Locke), 147
Foley, Duncan, 223
food sharing and communal feasts, 45–50 passim, 63
foreign bills of exchange, 161–62
foreign direct investment, 225, 226
foreign exchange (forex) markets and trading, 216, 227
France, 95, 99, 107, 140, 205, 212, 215; American investment, 182–83; colonies, 115–16, 243; gold standard, 201; slave trade, 151; wars with England, 128–29, 140, 174, 179; World War II, 210
French and Indian Wars, 179, 181
Frogs (Aristophanes), 41, 42–43
futures trading, 199
Gage, Lyman, 203
Gaius, 40
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 209, 211
Gaul, 72
generalized reciprocity, 18–19, 32–33, 47
Germany, 201, 202, 205, 230; Black Death, 93; mark (currency), 215–16
gift economy, 17–22 passim, 47–50, 249n27
Given Time (Derrida), 219
global fiat money, 216–29 passim, 233–34, 237
gods, payment to, 47–50 passim
gold, 45, 80–82 passim, 122–24 passim, 139–43 passim, 173–76 passim, 193–207 passim, 211–16 passim, 222–34 passim; Africa, 122, 150; bullion, 75, 88; Chase, 193; England, 131, 174, 200, 218, 222; exchange standard, 211–12, 214, 215; Jackson, 190; looting/plunder of, 81–82, 122, 149; Plato and Aristotle, 57; price per ounce, 200, 211–12, 215; as primary currency, 80; US reserves, 201, 203, 213, 215, 217
gold coins, 12, 65, 133, 174, 222; ban on collecting, 214
Gold Reserve Act of 1934, 209
gold standard, 173–76 passim, 200–209 passim, 233, 285n94
Gold Standard Act of 1900, 203
Gordon, Avery, 14
government bonds, 193, 194, 197, 222, 224, 228; England, 125, 170
“graybacks” (Confederate currency), 195–96
grazing and pasturage, 90, 100, 102, 103, 105, 111
Great Britain. See England
Great Depression, 176, 208–9, 233
Greece, ancient, 11–74 passim. See also Athens, ancient; Corinth, ancient
Grotius, Hugo, 71
Grundrisse, 72
Hamilton, Alexander, 183
Hammond, Bray, 196
Harding, Vincent, 7
Harley, Robert, 169
Harris, W. V., 73
Harvey, David, 222
Heathcote, Gilbert, 154
Hegel, G. W. F., 13, 169, 241, 245n4, 248n11
Henry V, 95
Henry VI, 95
Hesiod, 251n66; Works and Days, 27, 28, 29–30,
Hobbes, Thomas: Leviathan, 87–88, 98, 122, 198
Hobsbawm, Eric, 208
Hollow Sword Blade Company, 171–72
Homer, 16, 19, 29; Iliad, 18–24 passim, 34–37 passim, 48, 51, 61–62, 250n42; Odyssey, 18–25 passim, 29, 33–37 passim, 49, 250n42
Hopkins, Keith, 40
hoplites, 65
House of Tudor. See Tudor monarchs
Hudson’s Bay Company, 126
Hunter, Virginia, 247n5
Iliad (Homer), 18–24 passim, 34–37 passim, 48, 51, 61–62; authorship, 250n42
IMF. See International Monetary Fund (IMF)
imperial fiat money. See global fiat money
indigenous Americans, 122, 146, 177–82 passim, 186, 189, 198
indenture, 109, 114, 115, 118, 150–51, 181
industries, manufacturing. See manufacturing
insurance, 155
interest rates, 124, 130, 164, 207, 229–35 passim, 291n204; England, 174, 175; Panic of 1907, 204
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 212, 236
Ireland, 39, 99, 107, 111–13 passim, 117, 119, 124, 128, 145; emigrants, 150
iron coins, 77
iron roasting spits. See roasting spits, iron
Iroquois Confederacy, 179, 182
Islam, 75
Italian city-states, 79, 80, 99
Jackson, Andrew, 179, 185, 188–90
Jamaica, 118, 152, 154, 158, 161
Japan, 210–16 passim, 224, 230, 236–37
Johnstone, Charles: Chrysal, 167
Kantorowicz, Ernst, 84
Keynes, John Maynard, 211
kings of England. See Charles I; Charles II; Henry II; Henry V; Henry VI, Henry VIII; James II; William III (William of Orange)
kings of France. See Louis XII
Kolchin, Peter, 157
Korean War, 212
Kublai Khan, 77
Kurke, Leslie, 64
Kushner, Tony, 239
labor, 60, 221; ancient Athens, 67; export to American colonies, 114, 115; feudalism, 90, 93, 100; gang labor, 159–60; Germany, 230; productivity, 123, 155–56, 160, 211; “reserve army,” 115; surplus, 89; United States, 186, 229–30; wages, 61, 229, 230. See also indenture; slavery and enslaved persons; wage labor and wage slavery
Lacan, Jacques, 220
land, mapping and surveying of. See mapping and surveying
land banks, 178, 180, 182, 184
land dispossession, 27, 28, 30, 102, 106, 108, 115, 165; Ireland, 117; North America, 178–82 passim, 186, 198. See also enclosure
landed gentry, 98, 99, 107, 114, 117, 134
landownership, private, 27
Laum, Bernhard, 48
Law, John, 171
Lee, John (British solicitor general), 153
lenders, mortgage. See mortgage lenders
Leviathan (Hobbes), 87–88, 98, 122, 198
Levy, Jonathan, 186
Lincoln, Abraham, 192–96 passim
livestock, 37. See also cattle; grazing and
pasturage; oxen
Locke, John, 113, 138, 141–48, 153
lordship, feudal. See feudalism
Louis XII, 95
Louverture, Toussaint, 243
love of money and pursuit of money, 2, 56, 57, 74, 167
Lowndes, William, 141
Lukács, Georg, 46
Lydians, 64
Macpherson, C. B., 148, 262n10
Mansfield, William Murray, Earl of, 153, 172
manufacturing, 122; England, 126, 160; globalized, 227; United States, 187, 195–200 passim, 213, 217; World War II, 209
mapping and surveying, 105, 110, 111, 181
Marshall Plan, 212
Marx, Karl, 3–4, 32, 60, 69, 96, 122, 145, 232; “absolute surplus value,” 159; Capital, 166; on credit, 2; critical-dialectical theory, 245n4; exchange values, 39, 55; on gold standard, 175; Grundrisse, 72; M–C–M schematic, 57, 74, 155; “metallic barrier,” 222; “mode of production,” 157; “old mole,” 238; “personification of capital,” 180; primitive accumulation, 4, 179; view of American currency, 195; view of cotton plantation slavery, 158; view of taxation, 136; on wage labor, 72, 166
McAdoo, William, 206
measurement, bodily based. See bodily based measurement
Memorabilia (Xenophon), 41–42, 70
mercenary soldiers, 4, 5, 68–71 passim, 72, 73
metallic coinage. See coinage
metals, precious. See precious metals
Mexican-American War, 191
Middle Ages, 79–80, 83–85, 89–95, 99–104 passim
military spending: American, 182–97 passim, 213, 214; English, 129–31 passim, 138
Moll Flanders (Defoe), 168
monetary rewards. See rewards for apprehension of vagrants; rewards for Indian scalps
money, digitization of. See digitization of money
money, feminization of. See feminization of money
money, fiat. See fiat money
money, fiduciary. See currency
money, love and pursuit of. See love of money and pursuit of money
money, paper. See paper money
money, talking. See “talking money”
money, velocity of. See velocity of money
money, world. See world money
money supply, 230–31, 232–33, 291n202; contraction, 81; United States, 228–29, 230
mortgages, slave. See slave mortgages
Moussier, Jean Baptiste, 188
national currencies, 4, 122, 194, 197, 215, 216, 219. See also dollar; pound (British currency); yuan
Native Americans. See indigenous Americans
Netherlands, 99, 115, 140; American investment, 182–83; colonies, 82, 116, 121; wars with England, 97, 117, 118, 124, 134
New East India Company, 164
Newton, Isaac, 141–42, 145, 172
New York Stock Exchange: closure of 1914, 206
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 14
Nine Years’ War (1689–97), 128–29
“nomos” (Greek word), 49
Odyssey (Homer), 18–25 passim, 29, 33–37 passim, 49; authorship, 250n42
O’Neill, Brian McPhelim, 112
owl coins (Athens), 39, 67–68, 122, 133
oxen, 15, 35, 37, 47, 61–62; sacrifice, 47, 48
Panic of 1837, 191
Panic of 1907, 204
Parker, Robert, 67
paper money, 81; American, 183–85, 190, 194–98 passim; Chinese, 76–78, 81, 138; Confederate States of America, 195–96; English, 78, 131, 139, 173–75 passim, 220 Parmenides, 58
Paterson, William, 130
Patterson, Josiah, 202
Patterson, Orlando, 33, 38, 40, 249n34, 253n108
Peloponnesian War, 69
Petty, William, 111
Philadelphia, 180, 181, 184, 188–89, 190
The Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan), 148
pillage. See raiding and plunder
Pirenne, Henri, 79
plantations, 113, 114, 123, 156–63 passim, 181, 243
Plato, 32, 70, 248nn13–15; Laws, 60; Meno, 13–14, 248n15; Republic, 16, 43, 44, 55–60 passim
Pliny the Elder, 40
plunder. See raiding and plunder
Plutarch, 31
Pocock, J. G. A., 135
Politics (Aristotle), 22, 57, 247–48n10
Polybius, 37
Pompidou, Georges, 215
Portugal, 122, 123; colonies, 80, 81, 82; slave trade, 152; wars, 129
Postlethwayte, Malachy, 149, 156
pound (British currency), 176, 201–2, 205, 206, 216, 220, 222
precious metals, 63–70 passim, 78–81 passim, 133, 138–43 passim, 173, 194, 205, 207; African supplies, 80; bullion, 16, 88; England, 174; fetishism of, 122, 142, 183, 185; Hobbes view, 88, 122; manic pursuit of, 123; nobility and, 43; plunder, 22, 25; in temple donations, 63. See also gold; silver
privateering, 98, 113, 114, 119
private ownership of land. See landownership, private
prizes for competitions, 61, 67
Protestant Reformation, 96, 106
public debt notes, 132
punishment, 11, 41–42, 50, 165; monetary substitution for, 51; of enslaved people, 60, 159, 169. See also capital punishment
pyramid schemes, 184
Queen Elizabeth I. See Elizabeth I
race and racialization, 118, 151
raiding and plunder, 19, 22–29 passim, 33–37 passim, 79, 89; by England, 91, 107, 119; by English privateers, 98, 99, 111; feudal Europe, 89, 91; Spain, 95. See also privateering
railroads, 160, 187, 195, 198, 199, 200, 206
rates of exchange. See exchange rates
reciprocal economy. See gift economy
reciprocity, balanced. See balanced reciprocity
reciprocity, generalized. See generalized reciprocity
Reformation. See Protestant Reformation
rents, 27–31 passim, 86–92 passim, 100, 104, 105, 114, 143, 144
Republic (Plato), 16, 43, 44, 55–60 passim
Review of the State of the English Nation, 168, 169
rewards for apprehension of vagrants, 165
rewards for Indian scalps, 180
Rhetoric (Aristotle), 71
roasting spits, iron, 49, 62–64
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 167, 168
Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church
Roman Empire, 74, 75; coinage, 70; fiscus, 85; soldiers’ pay, 69, 72; slavery, 9, 33–41 passim, 46, 74, 76
Royal African Company (RAC), 126, 145, 146, 150–54 passim, 163, 169, 170
Sahlins, Marshall, 19
Saint-Domingue. See Haiti
Salvioli, Giuseppe, 35
scams and frauds, 184, 191. See also counterfeiters and counterfeiting
Scandinavians, enslaved, 76
Schaps, David M., 21
Schumpeter, Joseph, 234
Scotland-England Wars. See Anglo-Scottish Wars
Second Bank of the United States, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190
Second Hundred Years’ War, 129, 176
Second Treatise of Government (Locke), 148
Seferis, George, 241
Seven Years’ War, 179
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of, 146
Shakespeare, William, 242
shekels, 50
shipping, 117, 123, 187. See also railroads
silver, 15–16, 43–46 passim, 51–57 passim, 75–82 passim, 139–43 passim, 173–75 passim, 198–202 passim; bullion, 77, 88; England, 218; Hobbes view, 88, 122; Jackson, 190; mining, 46, 60, 82; Spanish plunder, 82, 95, 122; as world money, 80, 88
silver coins, 10, 62–69 passim, 82, 285n94; ancient Egypt, 73; clipping of, 140; England, 85, 133, 140, 142–43, 174; shekels, 50
Silver Purchase Act of 1890 (United States), 201, 203
slavery and enslaved persons, 62, 70, 76, 80, 82, 123, 243; ancient Egypt, 52; ancient Greece, 9–46 passim, 68, 247n5, 248nn13–14, 252n77; ancient Rome, 9, 34–41 passim, 46, 74; Aristotle views, 12, 13, 40, 247–48n10; enforced disrobing, 40–41; feudalism, 90; in fiction, 169; Italian city-states, 79; Locke and, 145, 146, 148; North America, 126, 146–64 passim, 177, 181–82, 187–89 passim, 196; Plato view, 60; punishment and, 50, 159, 169; “slave-money,” 39. See also slave mortgages; slave trade; wage slavery
slave trade, 38–39, 76, 114; African, 115–19 passim, 146–56 passim, 162–63, 181; ancient Rome, 33, 76; Defoe defense of, 169, 170; England, 145–56 passim, 160, 165, 170–71; Spain, 170; United States, 187–88
Slavs, 76
Socrates, 14, 43–44, 55–57 passim, 70
Sohn-Rethel, Alfred, 46, 54–55, 74, 256n34
soldiers, mercenary. See mercenary soldiers
soldiers’ pay: ancient Rome, 72
Solomon Islands, 18
South Sea Company, 138, 145, 152, 164, 169–72
Spain, 95, 123; colonies, 82, 117, 119, 122, 123, 170, 189, 203; English relations, 98, 113, 117–18, 119, 122, 128; slave trade, 152. See also War of the Spanish Succession
Spanish-American War, 203
Spaulding, E. G., 194
state bonds. See government bonds
steel, 195, 196, 200, 209, 210
stock market, 164–65, 199, 204, 206
Stone, Lawrence, 97
Stop of the Exchequer (1672), 124–25, 127, 133, 143
Strong, Benjamin, 206
Stuart monarchs, 124–28 passim, 134, 136
Sumer, 33
Tandy, David, 62
taxation, 21, 53, 79; ancient Egypt, 73; Civil War, 193; England, 86, 87, 102, 107, 117, 124, 129–37 passim; United States, 193
temple donations, Greek, 61, 63
temple goods, Greek, 64
Third Anglo-Dutch War. See Anglo-Dutch War (1672–74)
Thirty Years’ War, 162
Thompson, E. P., 165
Thucydides, 24
Treasury notes (United States), 185, 191, 193–94, 203
treasury orders (England), 125
Tudor rebellions of 1549, 111
Two Treatises of Government (Locke), 147, 148
tyranny and tyrannies, 64–69 passim, 86–87
United States, 5–6, 163, 177–239 passim, 289n175; Land Office, 182, 184; Treasury, 185, 191, 193–94, 203, 223, 224, 234–35, 289n175. See also Federal Reserve (United States)
Unsworth, Barry, 121
velocity of money, 229, 291n202
Virginia (British colony), 112, 118, 119, 169, 177–81 passim
Volcker, Paul, 230
wage labor and wage slavery, 70–71, 72, 73, 100, 102, 109, 166, 175
Walsh, Lorena, 159
war and wars, 3, 24, 60, 65, 68–75 passim, 79, 237–38; China, 81; Europe, 89, 94–98 passim, 106, 107, 113, 117–18, 124, 128–29, 140, 162, 169–76 passim, 187, 199; “extirpative war,” 178–81 passim; “just wars,” 146. See also Jewish War of 66–70 ce; Mexican-American War; raiding and plunder; Spanish-American War; World War I; World War II
War of the Spanish Succession, 128, 129, 169–70
warships, 129
Washington, George, 179, 180–82
The Wealth of Nations (Smith), 122
Weber, Max, 35
Weiner, Annette, 20
Wennerlind, Carl, 171
wergild (Germanic law), 51
West Indies, 118–19, 156–57, 181. See also Haiti
wife sale, 165
William III (William of Orange), 127, 128
Williams, Eric: Capitalism and Slavery, 160–61, 162
women as booty, 36
Wood, Neal, 142
world money, 67–68, 80, 122, 139–40, 142, 173, 200, 234–35; British pound as, 176; gold as, 176. See also global fiat money
Xenophon, 44; Memorabilia, 41–42, 70
yeomanry: England, 99–100, 103–4, 107; United States, 190
Yorke, John, 105