BIBLIOGRAPHY

The ideas explored in this book have been informed by the work of researchers from many different academic fields, writing in various languages, who focus their attention on multiple topics, regions and moments within medieval culture. The bibliography below provides a brief, selected list of further reading, all in English, drawn from this diverse scholarship. It first surveys the general themes of medieval history, medicine and art, before then giving more specific references relating to material from each of the book’s bodily chapters in turn. Some of these resources tend towards the academic, but where possible I have listed introductory works for a general reader which themselves include their own extensive bibliographies.

Although what follows can only begin to scratch the surface, I hope it gives a flavour of this busy field and offers you a chance to investigate medieval bodies even more closely in a number of different directions.

General Reading

Several works offer a useful outline of the medieval period from its beginnings through to the renaissance. For broad handbooks and encyclopedias, each with individual entries on numerous topics, see: A. Classen (ed.), Handbook of Medieval Culture (2015); R. A. Johnston, All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World (2011); R. E. Bjork (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (2010); J. W. Meri (ed.), Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia (2005); N. Roth (ed.), Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia (2003); and A. Vauchez (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (2000). For more narrative histories see: M. Rubin, The Middle Ages: A Very Short Introduction (2014); C. W. Hollister and J. M. Bennett, Medieval Europe: A Short History (2005); and R. W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages (1993). For a view of medieval everyday life see: R. Gilchrist, Medieval Life: Archaeology and the Life Course (2012); J. Gies and F. Gies, Daily Life in Medieval Times (1999); and J. Le Goff, The Medieval World, trans. L. G. Cochrane (1997). For the pitfalls of coming to the Middle Ages from a modern perspective see: S. Harris and B. L. Grigsby (eds), Misconceptions about the Middle Ages (2007).

Medieval medicine has also been outlined through several introductory studies, each of which offers an engaging overview of medical thought in the Middle Ages. For long, broad histories of medicine from antiquity onwards see: M. D. Grmek (ed.), Western Medical Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages (1999); and L. I. Conrad et al., The Western Medical Tradition: 800 BC to AD 1800 (1995). For a more specific focus on the medicine of the Middle Ages see: L. Kalof (ed.), A Cultural History of the Human Body in the Medieval Age (2014); L. Demaitre, Medieval Medicine: The Art of Healing, from Head to Toe (2013); P. E. Pormann and E. Savage-Smith, Medieval Islamic Medicine (2007); T. F. Glick, S. J. Livesey and F. Wallis (eds), Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia (2005); and N. Siraisi, Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice (1990). For a diverse collection of various original medieval medical texts, translated into English see: F. Wallis, Medieval Medicine: A Reader (2010).

The same is true of medieval art and architecture, with many works offering detailed overviews of different aspects of medieval visual culture. For general introductions see: R. Ettinghausen, O. Grabar and M. Jenkins-Madina, Islamic Art and Architecture 650–1250 (2003); L. Nees, Early Medieval Art (2002); N. Coldstream, Medieval Architecture (2002); V. Sekules, Medieval Art (2001); R. Stalley, Early Medieval Architecture (1999); J. Lowden, Early Christian and Byzantine Art (1997); and M. Camille, Gothic Art: Glorious Visions (1996). For medieval art and its relation to medicine in particular see: J. A. Givens, K. M. Reeds and A. Touwaide (eds), Visualizing Medieval Medicine and Natural History, 1200–1550 (2006); P. M. Jones, Medieval Medicine in Illuminated Manuscripts (1998); and J. Murdoch, Album of Science: Antiquity and the Middle Ages (1984).

Medieval Bodies

French Half-Man	P. Charlier et al., ‘A Glimpse into the Early Origins of Medieval Anatomy through the Oldest Conserved Human Dissection’, Archives of Medical Science 10:2 (2014), 366–73.
‘Getting Medieval’	K. Biddick, The Shock of Medievalism (1998).
Medievalism	D. Matthews, Medievalism: A Critical History (2015).
Francesco Petrarca	V. Kirkham and A. Maggi (eds), Petrarch: A Critical Guide to the Complete Works (2009).
Parallel Medieval Histories	C. Benn, China’s Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty (2002); T. de Bary et al., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume One: From Earliest Times to 1600 (2001); P. Frankopan, The Silk Roads: A New History of the World (2015); B Avari, India: The Ancient Past (2007); R. Pankhurst, The Ethiopians: A History (2001); N. Levtzion, Ancient Ghana and Mali (1973); A. Kehoe, America before the European Invasions (2002); J. Lee, The Allure of Nezahualcoyotl: Pre-Hispanic History, Religion and Nahua Poetics (2008).
Inheritors of Rome	C. Wickham, The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000 (2009); B. Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (2005).
Byzantium	J. Herrin, Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire (2007); C. Mango (ed.), The Oxford History of Byzantium (2002).
Early Medieval Europe	R. Collins, Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000 (2010); M. Innes, Introduction to Early Medieval Western Europe, 300–900: The Sword, the Plough and the Book (2007); J. M. H. Smith, Europe after Rome: A New Cultural History, 500–1000 (2005).
Islam	V. O. Egger, A History of the Muslim World to 1405: The Making of a Civilization (2004); I. M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies (2002).
Demography	M. Kowaleski, ‘Medieval People in Town and Country: New Perspectives from Demography and Bioarchaeology’, Speculum 89 (2014), 573–600; D. A. Hinton, ‘Demography: From Domesday and Beyond’, Journal of Medieval History 39 (2013), 146–78.
Climate	B. M. S. Campbell, The Great Transition: Climate, Disease and Society in the Late-Medieval World (2016).
John Lydgate	D. Pearsall, John Lydgate (1371–1449): A Bio-Bibliography (1997).
Lincolnshire Skeletons	T. Waldron, St Peter’s, Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire: A Parish Church and its Community, Volume 2, The Human Remains (2007).
Black Death	M. H. Green (ed.), Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World: Rethinking the Black Death (2014).
Classical Humours	V. Nutton, Ancient Medicine (2013).
Balance	Joel Kaye, A History of Balance, 1250–1375: The Emergence of a New Model of Equilibrium and its Impact on Thought (2014).
Man and the Cosmos	A. Akasoy, C. Burnett and R. Yoeli-Tlalim (eds), Astro-Medicine: Astrology and Medicine, East and West (2008).
Early Islamic Baghdad	A. K. Bennison, The Great Caliphs: The Golden Age of the Abbasid Empire (2009); D. Gutas, Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early Abbasaid Society (1998).
Bimaristans and Hospitals	A. Ragab, The Medieval Islamic Hospital: Medicine, Religion, and Charity (2015); B. S. Bowers (ed.), The Medieval Hospital and Medical Practice (2007).
Universities	H. De Ridder-Symoens (ed.), A History of the University in Europe: Universities in the Middle Ages (1992); W. J. Courtenay and J. Miethke (eds), Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society (2000).
Surgeons	M. R. McVaugh, The Rational Surgery of the Middle Ages (2006); E. Savage-Smith, ‘The Practice of Surgery in Islamic Lands: Myth and Reality’, Social History of Medicine 13 (2000), 307–21.
Guilds	G. Rosser, The Art of Solidarity in the Middle Ages: Guilds in England 1250–1550 (2015); G. C. Maniatis, Guilds, Price Formation, and Market Structures in Byzantium (2009); A. Cohen, The Guilds of Ottoman Jerusalem (2001).
Civic Health	C. Rawcliffe, Urban Bodies: Communal Health in Late Medieval English Towns and Cities (2013).
Religion	D. Nirenberg, Neighboring Faiths: Christianity, Islam, and Judaism in the Middle Ages and Today (2014); J. H. Arnold (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Medieval Christianity (2014); K. Armstrong, Islam: A Short History (2000); T. L. Steinberg, Jews and Judaism in the Middle Ages (2007).
Magic	D. Collins (ed.), The Cambridge History of Magic and Witchcraft in the West (2015); S. Page, Magic in the Cloister: Pious Motives, Illicit Interests and Occult Approaches to the Medieval Universe (2013).

Head

Monstrous Races	J. B. Friedman, The Monstrous Races in Medieval Art and Thought (2000); A. Bovey, Monsters and Grotesques in Medieval Manuscripts (2002); L. Daston and K. Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature: 1150–1750 (1998); J. J. Cohen, Monster Theory: Reading Culture (1996).
Galen	C. Gill, T. Whitmarsh and J. Wilkins (eds), Galen and the World of Knowledge (2009); R. J. Hankinson (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Galen (2008).
Ibn Sina	L. E. Goodman, Avicenna (1992).
The Brain	E. Clark, K. E. Dewhurst and M. J. Aminov, An Illustrated History of Brain Function (1996).
Mental Disability	I. Metzler, Fools and Idiots?: Intellectual Disability in the Middle Ages (2016); S. Katajala-Peltomaa and S. Niiranen, Mental (Dis)Order in Later Medieval Europe (2014); W. J. Turner, Care and Custody of the Mentally Ill, Incompetent and Disabled in Medieval England (2013).
Charles VI of France	R. C. Famiglietti, The Madness of Kings: Personal Trauma and the Fate of the Nations (1995); V. Green, Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI, 1392–1420 (1986).
Layla and Majnun	M. W. Dols, Majnun: The Madman In Medieval Islamic Society (1992); R. Gelpke (ed.), Nizami Ganjavi’s Layla and Majnun (1966).
Hair	L. Demaitre, Medieval Medicine: The Art of Healing, From Head to Toe (2013); R. Milliken, Ambiguous Locks: An Iconology of Hair in Medieval Art and Literature (2012).
Chaucer	D. Gray (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Chaucer (2003).
Beheading	G. Geltner, Flogging Others: Corporal Punishment and Cultural Identity from Antiquity to the Present (2014); A. Traninger, B. Baert and C. Santing (eds), Disembodied Heads in Medieval and Early Modern Culture (2013); D. Westerhoff, Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England (2008).
John of Salisbury	C. Grellard and F. Lachaud (eds), A Companion to John of Salisbury (2015).
Llywelyn ap Gruff udd	J. Smith, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd: Prince of Wales (2014); H. Fulton (ed.), Urban Culture in Medieval Wales (2012).
Jean Froissart	P. F. Ainsworth, Jean Froissart and the Fabric of History: Truth, Myth, and Fiction in the Chroniques (1990); G. Brereton (ed.), Froissart’s Chronicles (1978).
Saints	R. Bartlett, Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things? Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation (2015); P. Brown, The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity (1981).
Relics and Reliquaries	C. Hahn, Strange Beauty: Issues in the Making and Meaning of Reliquaries, 400–c.1204 (2012); C. Freeman, Holy Bones, Holy Dust: How Relics Shaped the History of Medieval Europe (2011); P. Geary, Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages (1990).
Theatre and Performance	J. Enders (ed.), A Cultural History of Theatre in the Middle Ages (1000–1400) (2017).
Johannisschüsseln	B. Baert, Caput Johannis in Disco: Essay on a Man’s Head (2012).

Senses

Cluny Tapestries	E. Taburet-Delahaye, The Lady and the Unicorn (2007).
Senses	M. Bagnoli (ed.), A Feast for the Senses: Art and Experience in Medieval Europe (2016); R. G. Newhauser, A Cultural History of the Senses in the Middle Ages, 500–1450 (2016); C. M. Woolgar, The Senses in Late Medieval England (2006); G. Rudy, Mystical Language of Sensation in the Late Middle Ages (2002); W. F. Bynum and R. Porter (eds), Medicine and the Five Senses (1993).
Sensory Archaeology	J. Day (ed.), Making Senses of the Past: Toward a Sensory Archaeology (2013).
Sight	M. A. Smith, From Sight to Light: The Passage from Ancient to Modern Optics (2014); R. S. Nelson, Visuality before and beyond the Renaissance: Seeing as Others Saw (2000); D. C. Lindberg, Theories of Vision from Al-Kindi to Kepler (1976).
Roger Bacon	B. Clegg, The First Scientist: A Life of Roger Bacon (2003); J. Hackett (ed.), Roger Bacon and the Sciences (1997).
Eye Anatomy	F. Salmón, ‘The Body Inferred: Knowing the Body through the Dissection of Texts’, in A Cultural History of the Human Body in the Medieval Age, ed. L. Kalof (2014), 77–98; L. Demaitre, Medieval Medicine: The Art of Healing, from Head to Toe (2013).
Blindness	E. Wheatley, Stumbling Blocks before the Blind: Medieval Constructions of a Disability (2010). M. Barach, Blindness: The History of a Mental Image in Western Thought (2001); F. Malti-Douglas, ‘Mentalités and Marginality: Blindness and Mamluk Civilization’, in The Islamic World from Classical to Modern Times, ed. C. E. Bosworth et al. (1989), 211–37.
Quinze-Vingts	M. P. O’Tool, ‘The Povres Avugles of the Hôpital des Quinze-Vingts: Disability and Community in Medieval Paris’, in Difference and Identity in Francia and Medieval France, M. Cohen and J. Firnhaber-Baker (eds) (2010), 157–74.
Disabled Persecution	I. Metzler, A Social History of Disability in the Middle Ages: Cultural Considerations of Physical Impairment (2013); J. R. Eyler (ed.), Disability in the Middle Ages: Reconsiderations and Reverberations (2010).
Margery Kempe	B. A. Windeatt (ed.), The Book of Margery Kempe (2004); J. H. Arnold and K. J. Lewis (eds), A Companion to The Book of Margery Kempe (2004).
Smell	S. A. Harvey, Scenting Salvation: Ancient Christianity and the Olfactory Imagination (2006); J. Drobnick, The Smell Culture Reader (2006); C. Classen, D. Howes and A. Synnott, Aroma: The Cultural History of Smell (1994).
Metalwork	J. Cherry, Medieval Goldsmiths (2011); R. Ward, Islamic Metalwork (1993).
Saint Irene	J. O. Rosenqvist, The Life of Saint Irene Abbess of Chrysobalanton: A Critical Edition (1986).
Smelling Paradise	A. H. King, Scent from the Garden of Paradise: Musk and the Medieval Islamic World (2017).
Astrology	S. Page, Astrology in Medieval Manuscripts (2002); R. Rashed (ed.), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science (1996); R. French, ‘Astrology in Medical Practice’, in Practical Medicine from Salerno to the Black Death, (eds) L. GarcíaBallester et al. (1994), 30–59.
Teresa de Cartagena	D. Seidenspinner-Núñez, The Writings of Teresa de Cartagena (1998).
Deafness	I. Metzler, ‘Perceptions of Deafness in the Central Middle Ages’, in Homo debilis Behinderte – Kranke – Versehrte in der Gesellschaft des Mittelalters, ed. C. Nolte (2009), 79–98; A. de Saint-Loupe, ‘Images of the Deaf in Medieval Western Europe’, in Looking Back: A Reader on the History of Deaf Communities and their Sign Languages, (eds) R. Fischer and H. Lane (1993), 379–402.
Music and Sound	E. Dillon, The Sense of Sound: Musical Meaning in France, 1260–1330 (2012); M. Everist (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Music (2011); T. Christensen (ed.), The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory (2002); R. Strohm and B. J. Blackburn (eds), Music as Concept and Practice in the Late Middle Ages (2001); F. Shehadi, Philosophies of Music in Medieval Islam (1995).
Boethius	J. Marenbon (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Boethius (2009).
Hagia Sophia	R. Mark and A. S¸. Çakmak (eds), Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present (1992).
Echoes	B. Blesser and L.-R. Salter, Spaces Speak, Are You Listening?: Experiencing Aural Architecture (2006); M. Bull and L. Back (eds), The Auditory Culture Reader (2003).
Hildegard of Bingen	B. M. Kienzle, D. L. Stoudt and G. Ferzoco (eds), A Companion to Hildegard of Bingen (2014).
Bells	J. H. Arnold and C. Goodson, ‘Resounding Community: The History and Meaning of Medieval Church Bells’, Viator 43:1 (2012), 99–130.
Exultet Rolls	T. F. Kelly, The Exultet in Southern Italy (1996).
Speech	I. R. Kleiman (ed.), Voice and Voicelessness in Medieval Europe (2015); K. Reichl (ed.), Medieval Oral Literature (2011) .
William of Rubruck	W. W. Rockhill (ed.), The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253–55 (1900).
Anthony of Padua	F. Lucchini, ‘The Making of a Legend: The Reliquary of the Tongue and the Representation of St. Anthony of Padua as a Preacher’, in Franciscans and Preaching, ed. T. J. Johnson (2012), 451–84.
Kissing Books	K. M. Rudy, ‘Kissing Images, Unfurling Rolls, Measuring Wounds, Sewing Badges and Carrying Talismans’, The Electronic British Library Journal (2011).
Taste	P. H. Freedman (ed.), Food: The History of Taste (2007); C. Korsmeyer (ed.), The Taste Culture Reader: Experiencing Food and Drink (2005).
Omne Bonum	L. F. Sandler, ‘Omne Bonum’: A Fourteenth-Century Encyclopedia of Universal Knowledge (1996).
Al-Zahrawi	M. M. Spink and G. L. Lewis, Al-Zahrawi’s On Surgery and Instruments: A Definitive Edition of the Arabic Text with English Translation and Commentary (1973).

Skin

Henri de Mondeville	M.-C. Pouchelle, The Body and Surgery in the Middle Ages, trans. R. Morris (1990).
Flaying	L. Tracy (ed.), Flaying in the Pre-Modern World: Practice and Representation (2017).
Dissections and Autopsy	K. Park, The Secrets of Women: Gender, Generation and the Origins of Human Dissection (2006); E. Savage-Smith, ‘Attitudes toward Dissection in Medieval Islam’, in Islamic Medical and Scientific Tradition, ed. P. Pormann (2010), 299–342.
Fasciculo de Medicina	J. J. Bylebyl, ‘Interpreting The Fasciculo Anatomy Scene’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 45:3 (1990), 285–316.
Skin	K. L. Walter (ed.), Reading Skin in Medieval Literature and Culture (2013); A. Paravicini Bagliani (ed.), La Pelle Umana/The Human Skin (2005); S. Connor, The Book of Skin (2004); C. Benthien, Skin: On the Cultural Border Between Self and the World, trans. T. Dunlop (2004).
Plastic Surgery	S. L. Gilman, Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery (1999).
Leprosy	E. Brenner, Leprosy and Charity in Medieval Rouen (2015); T. S. Miller and J. W. Nesbitt, Walking Corpses: Leprosy in Byzantium and the Medieval West (2014); L. Demaitre, Leprosy in Premodern Medicine: A Malady of the Whole Body (2007); C. Rawcliffe, Leprosy in Medieval England (2006).
Race and Racism	D. Nirenberg, Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages (2015); L. T. Ramey, Black Legacies: Race and the European Middle Ages (2014); S. C. Akbari, Idols in the East: European Representations of Islam and the Orient, 1100–1450 (2009); D. Strickland, Saracens, Demons and Jews: Making Monsters in Medieval Art (2003); J. Devisse and M. Mollat (eds), The Image of the Black in Western Art (1979).
Cosmas and Damian	K. Zimmerman (ed.), One Leg in the Grave Revisited: The Miracle of the Transplantation of the Black Leg by the Saints Cosmas and Damian (2013).
Crusades	N. Morton, Encountering Islam on the First Crusade (2016); A. V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia (2006); C. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (1999).
Luttrell Psalter	M. Camille, Mirror in Parchment: The Luttrell Psalter and the Making of Medieval England (1998).
Paper	J. M. Bloom, Paper before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World (2001).
Manuscripts	V. Tsamakda (ed.), A Companion to Byzantine Illustrated Manuscripts (2017); M. Epstein (ed.), Skies of Parchment, Seas of Ink: Jewish Illuminated Manuscripts (2015); G. N. Atiyeh (ed.), The Book in the Islamic World: The Written Word and Communication in the Middle East (1995); J. J. G. Alexander, Medieval Illuminators and Their Methods of Work (1994).
Law	E. Conte and L. Mayali (eds), A Cultural History of Law in the Middle Ages (500–1500) (2018); J. A. Brundage, The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession: Canonists, Civilians and Courts (2008).
Textiles	S.-G. Heller, A Cultural History of Dress and Fashion in the Medieval Age (2016); C. Browne, G. Davies and M. A. Michael, English Medieval Embroidery: Opus Anglicanum (2016); F. Pritchard, Clothing Culture: Dress in Egypt in the First Millennium AD (2006); T. Ewing, Viking Clothing (2006); G. R. Owen-Crocker, Dress in Anglo-Saxon England (2004).
Sumptuary Laws	C. K. Killerby, Sumptuary Law in Italy 1200–1500 (2002).
Prostitutes	G. Leiser, Prostitution in the Eastern Mediterranean World: The Economics of Sex in the Late Antique and Medieval Middle East (2016); J. Rossiaud, Medieval Prostitution, trans. L. G. Cochrane (1988).
Nudity	S. C. M. Lindquist (ed.), The Meanings of Nudity in Medieval Art (2012).
Vestments	M. C. Miller, Clothing the Clergy: Virtue and Power in Medieval Europe, c.800–1200 (2014); W. T. Woodfin, The Embodied Icon: Liturgical Vestments and Sacramental Power in Byzantium (2012).

Bone

Bones	F. Wallis, ‘Counting all the Bones: Measure, Number and Weight in Early Medieval Texts about the Body’, in Was zählt: Ordnungsangebote, Gebrauchsformen und Erfahrungsmodalitäten des ‘numerus’ im Mittelalter, ed. M. Wedell (2012), 185–207.
Bathing	C. Kosso and R. M. Taylor (eds), The Nature and Function of Water, Baths, Bathing and Hygiene from Antiquity through the Renaissance (2009).
Veterinarians	H. A. Shehada, Mamluks and Animals: Veterinary Medicine in Medieval Islam (2013); L. H. Curth, The Care of Brute Beasts: A Social and Cultural Study of Veterinary Medicine in Early Modern England (2010).
Animals	C. Heck and R. Cordonnier, The Grand Medieval Bestiary: Animals in Illuminated Manuscripts (2012); J. E. Salisbury, The Beast Within: Animals in the Middle Ages (2010); B. Resl (ed.), A Cultural History of Animals in the Medieval Age (2009); D. Salter, Holy and Noble Beasts: Encounters with Animals in Medieval Literature (2001).
Hunting	R. Almond, Medieval Hunting (2003).
Death	J. Rollo-Koster (ed.), Death in Medieval Europe: Death Scripted and Death Choreographed (2017); S. M. Butler, Forensic Medicine and Death Investigation in Medieval England (2015); P. Binski, Medieval Death: Ritual and Representation (1996).
Burial	S. C. Reif, A. Lehnardt and A. Bar-Levov (eds), Death in Jewish Life: Burial and Mourning Customs among Jews of Europe and Nearby Communities (2014); L. N. Stutz and S. Tarlow (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial (2013); P. Geary, Living With the Dead in the Middle Ages (1994); F. S. Paxton, Christianizing Death: The Creation of a Ritual Process in Early Medieval Europe (1996); J. I. Smith and Y. Y. Haddad, The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection (1981).
Apocalypse	M. A. Ryan (ed.), A Companion to the Premodern Apocalypse (2016).
Purgatory	J. Le Goff, The Birth of Purgatory, trans. A. Goldhammer (1984).
Thomas Aquinas	J.-P. Torrell, Saint Thomas Aquinas: The Person and His Work, trans. R. Royal (2005).
Sicily	S. Davis-Secord, Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean (2017).
Alice Chaucer	J. A. A. Goodall, God’s House at Ewelme: Life, Devotion and Architecture in a Fifteenth-Century Almshouse (2001).
Dance of Death	E. Gertsman, The Dance of Death in the Middle Ages: Image, Text, Performance (2010).
Ivory	S. M. Guérin, ‘Meaningful Spectacles: Gothic Ivories Staging the Divine’, The Art Bulletin 95 (2013), 53–77; P. Williamson, An Introduction to Medieval Ivory Carvings (1982).

Heart

Chiara da Montefalco	K. Park, ‘The Criminal and the Saintly Body: Autopsy and Dissection in Renaissance Italy’, Renaissance Quarterly 47:1 (1994), 1–33.
Heart	L. Demaitre, Medieval Medicine: The Art of Healing from Head to Toe (2013); S. Amidon and T. Amidon, The Sublime Engine: A Biography of the Human Heart (2012); H. Webb, The Medieval Heart (2010); E. Jaeger, The Book of the Heart (2000).
William Harvey	J. Shackelford, William Harvey and the Mechanics of the Heart (2003).
Emotion	S. Broomhall and A. Lynch (eds), A Cultural History of the Emotions in the Late-Medieval, Reformation and Renaissance Age (1300–1600) (2017); P. King, ‘Emotions in Medieval Thought’, in The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Emotion, ed. P. Goldie (2009), 1–23.
Moses Ben Abraham Dar‘i	J. J. M. S. Yeshaya, Medieval Hebrew Poetry in Muslim Egypt: The Secular Poetry of the Karaite Poet Moses ben Abraham Dar‘i (2011).
Troubadour Poetry	W. D. Paden and F. F. Paden, Troubadour Poems from the South of France (2007); E. Aubrey, The Music of the Troubadours (2000) .
Courtly Love	P. J. Porter, Courtly Love in Medieval Manuscripts (2003).
Giovanni Boccaccio	T. G. Bergin, Boccaccio (1981).
Heart Shapes	P. J. Vinken, The Shape of the Heart: A Contribution to the Iconology of the Heart (2000); D. Bietenholz, How Come This ♥ Means Love? A Study of theOrigin of the ♥ Symbol of Love (1995).
Love Tokens	M. Camille, The Medieval Art of Love: Objects and Subjects of Desire (1998).
Early Printing	D. S. Areford, The Viewer and the Printed Image in Late Medieval Europe (2010).
Maimonides	K. Seeskin (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides (2005).
Bernard of Clairvaux	J. Leclercq, Bernard of Clairvaux and the Cistercian Spirit, trans. C. Lavoie (1976).
Nuremberg	S. Brockmann, Nuremberg: The Imaginary Capital (2006).

Blood

Hebrew Medicine	L. García-Ballester, Medicine in a Multicultural Society: Christian, Jewish and Muslim Practitioners in the Spanish Kingdoms, 1222–1610 (2001); J. Shatzmiller, Jews, Medicine and Medieval Society (1994).
Phlebotomy	P. Gil-Sotres, ‘Derivation and Revulsion: The Theory and Practice of Medieval Bloodletting’, in Practical Medicine from Salerno to the Black Death, (eds) L. García-Ballester et al., (1994), 110–56.
William of Norwich	E. M. Rose, The Murder of William of Norwich: The Origins of the Blood Libel in Medieval Europe (2015).
Anti-Semitism	S. Lipton, Dark Mirror: The Medieval Origins of Anti-Jewish Iconography (2014); I. M. Resnick, Marks of Distinction: Christian Perceptions of Jews in the High Middle Ages (2012); M. Merback (ed.), Beyond the Yellow Badge: Anti-Judaism and Antisemitism in Medieval and Early Modern Visual Culture (2008); R. Chazan, Medieval Stereotypes and Modern Antisemitism (1997).
Schedel’s Weltchronik	A. Wilson, The Making of the Nuremberg Chronicle (1976).
The Eucharist	A. W. Astell, Eating Beauty: The Eucharist and the Spiritual Arts of the Middle Ages (2006); M. Rubin, Corpus Christi: The Eucharist in Late Medieval Culture (1991).
Fourth Lateran Council	J. C. Moore, Pope Innocent III (1160/61–1216): To Root Up and to Plant (2009).
Blood Relics	N. Vincent, The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic (2001).
Counting Christ’s Blood	L. H. Cooper and A. Denny-Brown (eds), The Arma Christi in Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture (2014); A. A. MacDonald et al. (eds), The Broken Body: Passion Devotion in Late-Medieval Culture (1998).
Life Blood	B. Bildhauer, Medieval Blood (2006). S. M. Butler, Forensic Medicine and Death Investigation in Medieval England (2015).
Cruentation Blood Miracles	C. W. Bynum, Wonderful Blood: Theology and Practice in Late Medieval Northern Germany and Beyond (2007).
Bleeding Icons	M. Vassilaki, ‘Bleeding Icons’, in Icon and Word: The Power of Images in Byzantium, A. Eastmond and L. James (eds) (2003), 121–29.
Fake Miracles	K. Brewer, Wonder and Skepticism in the Middle Ages (2016); M. E. Goodich, Miracles and Wonders: The Development of the Concept of Miracle, 1150–1350 (2007).
La Seinte Resurreccion	K. Kopania, Animated Sculptures of the Crucified Christ in the Religious Culture of the Latin Middle Ages (2010); D. M. Bevington (ed.), Medieval Drama (1975).
The Wound Man	J. Hartnell, ‘Wording the Wound Man’, British Art Studies 6 (2017).
Surgical Technique	P. D. Mitchell, Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds and the Medieval Surgeon (2004); M. McVaugh, ‘Therapeutic Strategies: Surgery’, in Western Medical Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, ed. M. D. Grmek (1998), 273–90; M.-C. Pouchelle, The Body and Surgery in the Middle Ages, trans. R. Morris (1990).

Hands

Games	S. Patterson (ed.), Games and Gaming in Medieval Literature (2015); C. Reeves, Pleasures and Pastimes in Medieval England (1995); J. M. Carter, Medieval Games: Sports and Recreations in Feudal Society (1992).
Touch	C. M. Woolgar, The Senses in Late Medieval England (2006); C. Classen (ed.), The Book of Touch (2005); F. Salmón, ‘A Medieval Territory for Touch’, Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History 3:2 (2005), 59–81.
Surgical Instruments	J. Hartnell, ‘Tools of the Puncture: Skin, Knife, Bone, Hand’, in Flaying in the Pre-Modern World: Practice and Representation, ed. L. Tracy (2017), 1–50; J. Kirkup, The Evolution of Surgical Instruments: An Illustrated History from Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century (2006); M. M. Spink and G. L. Lewis, Al-Zahrawi’s On Surgery and Instruments: A Definitive Edition of the Arabic Text with English Translation and Commentary (1973).
Reading	S. Reynolds, Medieval Reading: Grammar, Rhetoric and the Classical Text (2004); P. Saenger, Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading (1997).
Densitometers	K. M. Rudy, ‘Dirty Books: Quantifying Patterns of Use in Medieval Manuscripts Using a Densitometer’, Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art 2:1/2 (2010).
Florentius de Valeranica	C. Brown, ‘Remember the Hand: Bodies and Bookmaking in Early Medieval Spain’, Word & Image 27:3 (2011), 262–78.
Guido’s Hand	A. M. B. Berger, Medieval Music and the Art of Memory (2005); C. Berger, ‘The Hand and the Art of Memory’, Musica Disciplina 35 (1981), 87–120.
Memory	M. Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (2008).
Chiromancy	C. Burnett, ‘The Earliest Chiromancy in the West’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 50 (1987), 189–95.
Bede	G. H. Brown, A Companion to Bede (2009); P. H. Blair, The World of Bede (1990).
Cluniac Sign Lexicon	S. G. Bruce, Silence and Sign Language in Medieval Monasticism: The Cluniac Tradition, c.900–1200 (2007).
Hand Reliquaries	C. Hahn, ‘The Voices of the Saints: Speaking Reliquaries’, Gesta 36:1 (1997), 20–31.
Jewellery	C. Entwistle and N. Adams (eds), Intelligible Beauty: Recent Research on Byzantine Jewellery (2010); M. Campbell, Medieval Jewellery: In Europe 1100–1500 (2009); M. Jenkins and M. Keene, Islamic Jewelry in The Metropolitan Museum of Art (1983).
Sasanian Iran	T. Daryaee, Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire (2009).
Morbus Regius	M. Bloch, The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in France and England (1973).
Ismail al-Jazari	D. R. Hill, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices by Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari (1974).

Stomach

Arabic Literature	G. Schoeler, The Genesis of Literature in Islam: From the Aural to the Read, trans. S. M. Toorawa (2009); Cambridge History of Arabic Literature, various volumes (1983–2006); R. Irwin (ed.), Night and Horses and the Desert: An Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature (1999).
Gluttony	S. E. Hill, ‘The Ooze of Gluttony: Attitudes towards Food, Eating and Excess in the Middle Ages’, in The Seven Deadly Sins: From Communities to Individuals, ed. R. Newhauser (2007), 57–72.
The Land of Cokaygne	H. Pleij, Dreaming of Cockaigne: Medieval Fantasies of the Perfect Life, trans. D. Webb (2003); G. Claeys and L. T. Sargent (eds), The Utopia Reader (1999).
Old French Fabliaux	The Fabliaux, trans. N. E. Dubin (2013).
Dante Alighieri	R. Kirkpatrick (ed.), Dante’s The Divine Comedy (2013): R. Jacoff (ed.), Cambridge Companion to Dante (2007).
Digestion	L. Demaitre, Medieval Medicine: The Art of Healing, from Head to Toe (2013).
Pharmacology and Herbals	P. Dendle and A. Touwaide (eds), Health and Healing from the Medieval Garden (2008); M. Collins, Medieval Herbals (2000); J. Stannard, Herbs and Herbalism in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (1999).
Fantastical Creatures	E. Morrison, Beasts: Factual and Fantastic (2007).
Food and Cooking	M. Montanari (ed.), A Cultural History of Food in the Medieval Age (2015); M. W. Adamson, Food in Medieval Times (2004); T. Scully, The Art of Cookery in the Middle Ages (1995).
Le Ménagier de Paris	G. L. Greco and C. M. Rose (ed.), The Good Wife’s Guide (Le Ménagier de Paris): A Medieval Household Book (2009).
Religious Diets	E. Baumgarten, Practicing Piety in Medieval Ashkenaz: Men, Women and Everyday Religious Life (2014); D. M. Freidenreich, Foreigners and Their Food: Constructing Otherness in Jewish, Christian and Islamic Law (2011); C. W. Bynum, Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women (1988).
Jean’s Archer	V. Nutton and C. Nutton, ‘The Archer of Meudon: A Curious Absence of Continuity in the History of Medicine’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 58:4 (2003), 401–27.
Blanche of Castile	L. Grant, Blanche of Castile, Queen of France (2017).
Louis IX	J. Le Goff, Saint Louis, trans. G. E. Gollrad (2009).
Vomiting	L. Demaitre, Medieval Medicine: The Art of Healing, from Head to Toe (2013); R. Waugh, ‘Word, Breath and Vomit: Oral Competition in Old English and Old Norse’, Oral Tradition 10 (1995), 359–86.
Scandinavian Sagas	T. M. Andersson, The Growth of the Medieval Icelandic Sagas, 1180–1280 (2006); H. O’Donoghue, Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: A Short Introduction (2004).
Comedy and Obscenity	N. F. McDonald (ed.), Medieval Obscenities (2014); J. R. Benton, Medieval Mischief: Wit and Humour in the Art of the Middle Ages (2004); M. Jones, The Secret Middle Ages (2002).
Roland the Farter	V. Allen, On Farting: Language and Laughter in the Middle Ages (2007).
The Farce of the Fart	J. Enders (ed.), The Farce of the Fart and Other Ribaldries: Twelve Medieval French Plays in Modern English (2011).
John Arderne	P. M. Jones, ‘Staying with the Programme: Illustrated Mansucripts of John of Arderne, c.1380–c.1550’, in Decoration and Illustration in Medieval English Manuscripts, ed. A. S. G. Edwards (2002), 204–36.

Genitals

Shrine Madonnas	E. Gertsman, Worlds Within: Opening the Medieval Shrine Madonna (2015).
Women	K. M. Phillips (ed.), A Cultural History of Women in the Middle Ages (2013); J. Herrin, Unrivalled Influence: Women and Empire in Byzantium (2013); S. Joseph et al. (eds), Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures (2007); M. Schaus (ed.), Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia (2006); A. Grossman, Pious and Rebellious: Jewish Women in Medieval Europe, trans. J. Chipman (2004).
Gynaecology	M. H. Green, Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre-Modern Gynaecology (2008).
De Secretis Mulierum	H. R. Lemay, Women’s Secrets: A Translation of Pseudo-Albertus Magnus’ De Secretis Mulierum with Commentaries (1992).
Trotula	M. H. Green, The Trotula: An English Translation of the Medieval Compendium of Women’s Medicine (2002).
Midwives	F. Harris-Stoertz, ‘Midwives in the Middle Ages? Birth Attendants, 600–1300’, in Medicine and the Law in the Middle Ages, ed. W. Turner and S. Butler (2014), 58–87; M. H. Green and D. L. Smail, ‘The Trial of Floreta d’Ays (1403): Jews, Christians and Obstetrics in Later Medieval Marseille’, Journal of Medieval History 34:2 (2008), 185–211.
Caesarean	R. Blumenfeld-Kosinski, Not of Woman Born: Representations of Caesarean Birth in Medieval and Renaissance Culture (1990).
Deschi da parto	J. M. Musacchio, The Art and Ritual of Childbirth in Renaissance Italy (1999).
Ben Ezra Synagogue	A. Hoffman and P. Cole, Sacred Trash: The Lost and Found World of the Cairo Geniza (2011).
Wilgefortis	D. A. King, ‘The Cult of St. Wilgefortis in Flanders, Holland, England and France’, in Am Kreuz – Eine Frau: Anfänge, Abhängigkeiten, Aktualisierungen, S. Glockzin-Bever and M. Kraatz (eds) (2003), 55–97.
Hermaphrodites	L. DeVun, ‘Erecting Sex: Hermaphrodites and the Medieval Science of Surgery’, Osiris 30 (2015), 17–37.
Gwerful Mechain	K. Gramich and C. Brennan (eds), Welsh Women’s Poetry 1460–2001: An Anthology (2003); D. Johnston, The Literature of Wales (1994).
Sex and Sexuality	R. Evans (ed.), A Cultural History of Sexuality in the Middle Ages (2012); R. M. Karras, Sexuality in Medieval Europe: Doing unto Others (2005); V. L. Bullough and J. A. Brundage (eds), Handbook of Medieval Sexuality (1996).
Penises	L. Tracy (ed.), Castration and Culture in the Middle Ages (2013).
Roman de la Rose	F. Horgan (ed.), The Romance of the Rose (2009).
Grettir’s Saga	D. Zori and J. Byock (ed.), Grettir’s Saga (2009).
Foreskins	L. B. Glick, Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America (2005).
Homosexuality	R. Mills, Seeing Sodomy in the Middle Ages (2015); N. Giffney, M. M. Sauer and D. Watt (eds), The Lesbian Premodern (2011); G. Burger and S. F. Kruger, Queering the Middle Ages (2001).
Uroscopy and Urine	F. Wallis, Medieval Medicine: A Reader (2010); M. R. McVaugh, ‘Bedside Manners in the Middle Ages’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 71 (1997), 201–23.
Croxton Play of the Sacrament	J. T. Sebastian (ed.), Croxton Play of the Sacrament (2012).

Feet

Holy Roman Emperors	P. H. Wilson, Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire (2016).
Foot-Kissing	L. Brubaker, ‘Gesture in Byzantium’, Past & Present 203:4 (2009), 36–56.
Charlemagne	J. Fried, Charlemagne, trans. P. Lewis (2016).
On Dignities and Offices	R. Macrides et al. (eds), Pseudo-Kodinos and the Constantinopolitan Court: Offices and Ceremonies (2013).
Willem Jordaens	R. Van Nieuwenhove et al. (eds), Late Medieval Mysticism of the Low Countries (2008).
Duccio’s Madonna	J. Cannon, ‘Kissing the Virgin’s Foot: Adoratio before the Madonna and Child Enacted, Depicted, Imagined’, Studies in Iconography 31 (2010), 1–50.
Shoes	Q. Mould, ‘The Home-Made Shoe, A Glimpse of a Hidden but Most Affordable Craft’, in Everyday Products in the Middle Ages: Crafts, Consumption and the Individual in Northern Europe c. AD 800– 1600, ed. G. Hansen (2015); F. Grew and M. de Neergaard, Shoes and Pattens (2001).
Anne of Bohemia	T. Alfred, Reading Women in Late Medieval Europe: Anne of Bohemia and Chaucer’s Female Audience (2015).
Pigs	C. Fabre-Vassas, The Singular Beast: Jews, Christians and the Pig, trans. C. Volk (1997).
Beuve de Hantone	R. B. Herzman et al. (eds), Four Romances of England: King Horn, Havelok the Dane, Bevis of Hampton, Athelston (1997).
Travel	J. B. Friedman et al. (eds), Trade, Travel and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia (2000).
Pilgrimage	E. Tagliacozzo and S. M. Toorawa, The Hajj: Pilgrimage in Islam (2015); B. Whalen, Pilgrimage in the Middle Ages: A Reader (2011); K. Ashley and M. Deegan, Being a Pilgrim: Art and Ritual on the Medieval Routes to Santiago (2009); J. Stopford (ed.), Pilgrimage Explored (1999).
Jerusalem	B. D. Boehm and M. Holcomb, Jerusalem, 1000–1400: Every People under Heaven (2016); S. S. Montefiore, Jerusalem: The Biography (2012); J. Wilkinson et al. (eds), Jerusalem Pilgrimage, 1099–1185 (1988).
Irish Poetry	M. O’Riordan, Irish Bardic Poetry and Rhetorical Reality (2007); O. Bergin, Irish Bardic Poetry (1970).
Crusader Painting	J. Folda, Crusader Art: The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, 1099–1291 (2008).
Travel Writing	S. A. Legassie, The Medieval Invention of Travel (2017); C. Thompson (ed.), The Routledge Companion to Travel Writing (2016); M. B. Campbell, The Witness and the Other World, Exotic European Travel Writing, 400–1600 (1991).
Benjamin of Tudela	M. A. Signer et al. (eds), The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Travels in the Middle Ages (1993).
Mandeville’s Travels	A. Bale (ed.), John Mandeville’s The Book of Marvels and Travels (2012).
Maps	K. Pinto, Medieval Islamic Maps: An Exploration (2016); J. B. Harley and D. Woodward, The History of Cartography: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean (1992).

Future Bodies

Science Fiction	C. Kears and J. Paz (eds), Medieval Science Fiction (2016).
The New World	F. Fernández-Armesto, 1492: The Year the World Began (2009); P. C. Mancall (ed.), Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery: An Anthology (2006); S. Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World (1991).
Ottoman Empire	C. Finkel, Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923 (2005); C. Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structures of Power (2002).
Martin Luther	D. K. McKim (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Martin Luther (2003).
Paracelsus	C. Webster, Paracelsus: Medicine, Magic and Mission at the End of Time (2008); P. Elmer (ed.), The Healing Arts: Health, Disease and Society in Europe, 1500–1800 (2004).
Renaissance Anatomy	S. Kusukawa, Picturing the Book of Nature: Image, Text and Argument in Sixteenth-Century Human Anatomy and Medical Botany (2012); R. K. French, Dissection and Vivisection in the European Renaissance (1999); A. Carlino, Books of the Body: Anatomical Ritual and Renaissance Learning, trans. J. Tedeschi and A. C. Tedeschi (1999).
Bioarchaeology and aDNA	M. Jones, Unlocking the Past: How Archaeologists Are Rewriting Human History with Ancient DNA (2016); C. S. Larsen, Bioarchaeology: Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton (2015); T. A. Brown and K. Brown, Biomolecular Archaeology: An Introduction (2011).
Amandus Reliquary	J. Hartnell, ‘Scanning Saint Amandus: Medical Technologies and Medieval Anatomies’, postmedieval 8:2 (2017), 218–33.