Abalone, 125, 130, 139
Abbey, Edward, 159, 202
Ablation, glacial, 27
Absaroka Range, 14–5
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, 151
Accumulation, glacial, 149
Across Atlantic Ice (Stanford) 175, 177
Admiralty Island, 113
Africa, 19, 38, 42, 52, 81–2, 124–26, 168–69, 185, 201
Agave, 108–9
Agriculture, 34, 38, 186, 191, 199
AIDS, 191
Alaska, 1–2, 6–7, 14, 24, 38–9, 66–7, 72, 78, 93, 97, 112–13, 116–17, 119–20, 174, 184, 190
Alberta, Canada, 72, 98, 114, 174, 195, 198
Aleut people, 18, 92
Aleutian Islands, 83
Alexander Archipelago, 133
Altai Mountains (Mongolia), 56
Amanita mushrooms, 59–60
Amazon, 200
Amba River (Siberia), 44, 46–7
Andes Mountains, 84
Arctica, 36, 81
Anthropology, 124–25, 148
Anzick site (Montana), 9–18, 20, 75, 87, 117, 147, 166–67, 170–82, 187
Anzick, Helen, 12, 172
Anzick, Mel, 9–10, 12–3
Anzick, Sarah, 13, 182
Appleman Lake (Indiana), 194
Archaeology, 3–4, 6–7, 9–18, 20–1, 33–5, 42, 63–5, 110–11, 147–48, 165–66, 180–81
Archaic culture, 6, 123
Arctic Ocean, 6, 85, 115, 119–20
Arctic, 17, 33, 43, 65, 81–2, 85–8, 128, 132, 153–55, 162, 201
Arizona, 6, 120, 148, 187
Arkansas State University, 182–83
Armagosa points, 123
Aronson, Mark, 171
Arrowheads, 4–5, 7, 21, 73, 165, 172, 175
Artifacts, 4–5, 7, 9–10, 12–14, 24, 33, 51, 56–7, 68–9, 71–3, 75, 89, 137, 145, 149–51, 157, 165–68, 170–72, 175, 180–81, 198–200
Asteroid impact, 38, 186, 192–93
Astronomy, 123–24
Athapaska people, 101
Atlantic Ocean, 37–8, 85
Australia, 2, 41, 82–3, 104, 127, 137
Aztec culture, 170
Baja Peninsula, 120
Baranof Island, 113
Beluga whale, 153–54
Bering Strait, 2, 28–9, 43, 58, 64, 66, 81–3, 85–6, 90–1, 150, 187–88
Beringia, 8–11, 28, 39, 43, 68, 72, 81, 90, 93, 102, 105, 107, 112–3, 127, 145, 161, 174, 193
Beringian Standstill theory, 91, 97–8
Bifaces, 10, 56, 71, 89, 151, 170–72, 180–81
Bighorn sheep, 109
Bikin River (Siberia), 44–8
Binford, Louis, 6
Biophilia, 19
Bison, American, 30, 64–5, 78, 94, 109, 111, 167, 169, 193
Black bear, 47, 111, 129, 167
Black Mat formation, 187–89, 191–93, 199
Blackfeet Nation, 144–45
Blue Fish Caves site (Yukon), 100–2
Blue Fish River (Yukon), 100
Blue whale, 141
Boats, 134–38, 139–42
Bølling-Allerød interstadial period, 36–7, 93, 189–90, 196–96
Bonnichsen, Rob, 173–74, 181–83
Boulder, Colorado, 190
Bradley, Bruce, 175
Bray, Bill 172
Brazil, 102
British Columbia, 7–8, 25–6, 36–7, 79, 107
Brokaw, Tom, 45–8
Brooks Range (Alaska), 6
Bullboats, 139–42
Burials (Paleoindian), 9–18, 20, 75, 87, 117, 147, 166–67, 171–72, 174–80
Burke Channel, 130–31
Butchering sites, 31, 55–6, 85, 87, 89, 101–3, 141, 148, 151–52, 162, 172
Buttermilk Creek complex (Texas), 155–57, 183
Cactus Hill site (Virginia), 150–51
California, 32, 109, 137, 142–43, 194
Camel (Pleistocene), 101, 167, 187, 190, 201
Canada goose, 4
Canada, 7, 67–8, 78, 114, 127–28, 192, 195, 198
Candlefish, 129
Canoes, 142
Cape Caution, 128
Carbon-14 dating, 23–4, 73, 102–3, 106, 113, 133, 143–44, 149–50, 173–74, 180–81, 183
Caribou, 78, 109, 141, 154, 193
Cascade Mountains, 158
Catfish, 125
Cave bears, 105
Center for the Study of First Americans, 182–83
Channel Islands, 137
Chapala Basin site (Mexico), 84
Charcoal remains, 84, 133, 143, 148–50
Chert, 4–5, 10, 86, 156–57, 172, 190
Chesapeake Bay, 176
Cheyenne Nation, 182
Chichagof Island, 113
Chihuahua, Mexico, 48, 79
Chile, 66, 70, 84, 104, 136, 143, 148–50, 156, 161
China, 93–4, 103
Chippewa Nation, 5
Chouinard, Yvon, 45–8
Clams, 131–32, 139
Climate change, 1–3, 15–6, 22, 33–4, 37–8, 64–5, 77–8, 81, 117, 124–28, 148, 165–67, 184–203
Clovis culture, 2–3, 6–7, 9–18, 20–1, 30–1, 38, 40–1, 50–1, 53, 55–60, 63–4, 87, 91, 99–100, 117, 133, 143, 147–48, 149–50, 165–82, 185–86, 198–200
Clovis First theory, 50, 53, 69–71, 148, 157, 160, 174
Clovis point, 9, 12–14, 24, 33, 51, 56–7, 68–9, 72, 75, 137, 145, 149–50, 157, 165–68, 198–200
Cognitive (also Behavioral) modernity theory, 124–126
Colorado River, 18
Colorado, 115–16, 190, 194
Columbia River, 75–6, 128, 142, 152, 161
Comet impact theory, 192–93
Continental Divide (N. America), 26
Coprolites, 148, 158–63
Cordilleran ice sheet, 17–8, 30, 67, 99–100, 129
Coyote, 159–60
Crabs, 122, 130–32, 136
Crater Lake, 158
Crow Nation, 182
CT scanning, 149
Deglaciation, 1–2, 16, 25, 27, 33, 36, 38–9, 65, 68–9, 100, 117, 131–32, 136, 143, 193, 197, 200
Denmark, 177
Dental evidence, 92
Deschutes River, 161
Desert Solitaire (Abbey), 202
Dhole dog, 32
Dire wolf, 1, 30, 60, 84, 97, 141, 187, 197, 199
Discover magazine, 156–57
Discovery channel, 74
DNA testing (ancient), 13, 91, 98, 106, 113, 149, 151, 158–63, 177, 180–82, 192
Dodo, 86
Dogs, 32, 93–4, 144, 152, 155, 186, 189, 191, 198
Drought, 126–27
Dung fungus, 194–95
Dust, study of, 63
East China Sea, 83
Economics, 22
Edmonton, Alberta, 114
Edwards Plateau (Texas), 157
Elephants, 168–69
Elk, 109, 111, 117, 172–74, 187, 193, 198
Ellison, Jib, 45
Erratic rocks (glacial), 28, 144–45, 174
Evolution (human), 77, 124–25
Extinction, 3, 16–7, 40, 63, 74, 78, 115, 165, 168–69, 185–86, 188–89
Famine, 126–27
Fin whale, 121, 141
Fingerprints, of paleoindians, 86
Fire, 84, 93–6, 105, 133, 150–51
Fitzhugh Sound, 131
Flathead Creek (Montana), 172
Florida, 55, 70
Folsom culture, 188, 191
Fontana, Bernard, 8
Food stress theory, 198–99
Footprints, of paleoindians, 86
Forests, 39–40, 103, 140–41
Fort Yukon, 100
Fossil Lake (Oregon), 161
Fossils, 30, 55, 68, 101–2, 112–13, 133, 143
Fox, 159
France, 71, 85, 166
Frasier River, 152
Friedkin site (TX), 155–57
Gaia Hypothesis, 34–5
Gardiner Post Office (Montana), 179
Gathering, 93–5, 108–9
Gault site (Texas), 155–57, 183
Geist, Valerius, 40–1, 55–6
Genetics, 21, 66, 91
Genocide, 22
Geology, 145
Geology, 63, 75, 78, 144
Glacial melt, 1–2, 16, 25, 27, 33, 36, 38–9, 65, 68–9, 100, 117, 131–32, 136, 143, 193, 197, 200
Glacier National Park, 26–7, 48, 113, 136
Glaciers, 16, 24, 26–7, 33–5, 39–40, 65, 67–8, 77, 116–17, 134, 144
Glaciology, 21
Global cooling, 37–8
Global warming, 1–3, 15–6, 22, 33–4, 37–8, 64–5, 77–8, 81, 117, 124–28, 148, 165–67, 184–203
Glyptodont, 31
Gold mining, 72, 97
Gomphothere, 167–68
Grayling, 101
Great auk, 87
Great Falls of the Missouri, 88
Great Lakes, 4, 6, 38, 186, 192
Great Plains, 72, 109, 169, 186
Green Beret (US Army), 60, 120
Greenhouse gasses, 126–27
Greenland, 28, 36–7, 153, 187
Griffin, James B., 6
Grizzly bear, 7–8, 15, 41–3, 48–9, 51–3, 72, 78–9, 84, 88, 94, 98–100, 105–117, 128, 133, 139, 153, 160, 193–94, 197, 200
Grizzly Years (Peacock), 8, 11
Ground sloth, 31, 152, 190, 199
Guggenheim fellowship, 21
Gulf of California, 120–22
Guthrie, A.B., 186
Gyrfalcon Lake (Montana), 27
Haida Nation, 130
Hargis, Ben, 10, 180
Harpoons, 125
Harrison, Jim, 9–10
Haynes, C. Vance, 148
Hearths, 150–51
Hecate Strait, 136
Heilstuk Nation, 127–28, 130
Himalayan Mountains, 25–6
Hinton, Thomas, 8
HIV, 191
Holocene epoch, 37–8, 195, 199
Horse, (Pleistocene), 65, 101, 167, 187, 190, 199
Hunting, 86–9, 108–9, 115–16, 139–42, 144, 166–70, 189–91
Hypothermia, 135
Hyundai, 45–6
Iberian Peninsula, 71, 84–5
Ice Sheets, 27–8, 30, 36–7, 67, 99–100
Ice-Free Corridor (IFC), 9, 28–9, 39, 67–8, 72–3, 92, 99–100, 113–14, 117, 143, 145–46, 158, 160–61, 166, 173–74, 187
Idaho Accelerator Center, 175
Idaho, 175, 178
Indiana, 194
Inuit people (Eskimo), 7, 18, 152–53, 155
Iowa, 171–72
Island biogeographic theory, 188–89
Jaguarundi, 121–22
Japan, 82–3
Javalina, 121–22
Jewelry, 125
Kamchatka Peninsula, 83
Kansas, 57, 103
Katabatic winds, 100
Kennewick Man, 75–6
KGB, 46
Kimmswick site (Missouri), 168–69
Kurten, Bjorn, 50–1
Kutchin people, 100–1
Kwakiutl Nation, 130
La Brea Tar Pits (California), 32, 197
Lahren, Larry, 9–18, 172–74, 181–84
Lake Agassiz, 37–8
Lake Baikal (Siberia), 17–8, 144
Lake Superior, 4
Lannan Foundation, 21
Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 28–9, 38–9, 55, 67–8, 73, 81, 85, 90, 106, 114, 126, 145, 150
Laurentide ice sheet, 28–9, 30, 67
Leakey, Louis, 86
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 18, 88
Lewis, Bart, 153–55
Libertad, Sonora, 120
Linguistics, 21, 63, 66–7, 125
Lion, American (Pleistocene), 15, 41, 84, 89–90, 94, 97, 152, 163, 187, 196–97, 199
Lithics, 9, 12–14, 24, 33, 51, 56–7, 68–9, 71–2, 75, 85, 87, 123, 131, 145, 149–50, 156–57, 165–68, 175–76, 178–79, 189–90, 198–200
Livingston Natural History Museum (Montana), 9
Lodgepole pine, 15
Logging industry, 45–6
Los Angeles Times, 35–6
Lovelock, James, 34–5, 201
Lower Sonoran Desert, 121–22
Mackenzie River, 6, 8, 100
Mammoth, 30–1, 41, 69–70, 78, 87–8, 94, 148, 165, 167–68, 184, 187–89, 195, 198–99
Manifest Destiny (doctrine), 19
Maritime economy, 130–37, 162
Mastodon, 30–1, 141–42, 151–52, 167–68, 183, 187, 196, 199
Mauritius, 86
Mayflower (ship), 19
Meadowcroft Rockshelter site (Penn.), 148–50, 158, 184
Megafauna (of Pleistocene), 1–2, 17, 24–7, 40–1, 63, 86–7, 107, 148, 165, 168, 185–86, 189, 198–200
Meltwater lakes, 36, 100, 117, 143
Mexico, 7–8, 30–1, 48, 66, 70, 79, 84, 86, 102, 108–9, 120–22, 167–68
Michigan, 4–6
Microdepitage, 156–57
Middens, 123–24
Middle East, 38
Migration routes, of paleoindians, 9, 28–9, 39, 67–70, 72–3, 82–4, 71–3, 91–92, 99–100, 104, 113–14, 117, 119–46, 149, 158, 160–61, 166, 173–74, 187
Minke whale, 141
Mississippi River, 55, 109, 168
Missouri River, 18, 70, 88, 167–69, 174, 179
Moa, 87
Mongolia, 56
Montana, 9–10, 18, 26, 48, 134, 185–86, 198
Monte Verde site (Chile), 84, 133, 143, 148–50, 157
Moose, 109, 193
Moraines, 39, 117, 133, 144
Moss agate, 175–76
Mount Toba (Sumatra), 82, 126–27
Mountain goat, 109
Mountain lion (cougar), 112, 197
Mountain pine beetle, 15
Muir, John, 19
Murray Hotel (Montana), 9, 11
Mushrooms, 59–60, 193–94
Musk ox, 31, 78, 94, 116, 154, 193
Mussels, 131–32, 139
Na-Dene language group, 18, 92
Namu, BC, 131
Narwhal, 154
National Geographic, 11–2, 63, 73–4
National Human Genome Research Institute, 13
Native Americans, 5, 7, 18, 76, 92, 100, 120–22, 127–30, 144–45, 152–55, 182
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles, 32
Neanderthals, 82, 105, 124–25
Nevada, 151–52
New Mexico, 57, 86
New York, 194–95
New Yorker, 63, 73
New Zealand, 87, 136
Newfoundland, 107
Nile River, 125
Nootka Nation, 130
North American Graves Preservation and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) 76–7, 180, 182–83
North Cascades National Park, 134
Northern Arizona University, 181
Norway, 107, 136
Nottoway River, 150
Nova (PBS), 74
Obsidian, 178
Ochre (red), 9, 89, 125, 172–74, 180–1
Ohio, 28
Oil industry, 6
Old Crow (Yukon), 100
Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), 86
Olympic Peninsula site, 142, 151–52, 183
Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), 156–57
Orca, 141
Oregon State University, 181
Oregon, 66, 70, 104, 108, 117, 142, 148, 157–63
Overkill theory, 168–69
Oysters, 129, 139
Pacific coastal migration route, 68–70, 72–3, 83–4, 91–2, 104, 119–46, 149, 160–61, 166
Pacific Ocean, 68–70, 73, 82–4, 91–92, 119–20, 158, 160–61, 166
Paisley Cave (Ore.), 157–63
Paleontology, 21, 52–3, 63, 72, 106, 110–11
Palynology, 63
Panama, 70, 161
Papworth, Mark, 6, 8, 11–12, 172, 178, 181
Paradise Valley (Montana), 9
Paralytic Shellfish Disease (PSD), 58–9, 131–32
Parry Channel, 132
Pedra Furada site (South America), 84
Pelican Valley (Yellowstone), 49
Pemmican, 117, 129, 170, 198
Pennsylvania, 68, 103, 150, 162, 184, 192
Perception of risk theory, 3. 20, 77
Peregrine falcon, 100
Phosphoria, 175
Pikunov, Dmitri, 44–8
Pine River (Michigan), 5
Plant collecting, 18, 40, 57–59, 65, 75, 78, 93–5, 99, 107–9, 119, 121, 123, 170, 190
Pleistocene epoch, 1–2, 6–7, 13, 16, 25–7, 49, 53–4, 77–8, 105–6, 119–20, 148, 174, 186–87
Point Barrow, Alaska, 119–20
Poison Cove (BC), 131
Poisonous plants, 58–60
Polar bear, 152–55
Polar ice caps, 27
Pollen studies, 143, 194
Porcellite, 175
Porcupine River (Alaska) 8, 100–1
Pottery, 123
Powell, John Wesley, 18
Pre-Clovis cultures, 24, 42–3, 55, 66, 70, 70–1, 74, 84–6, 133, 147–63, 166–67
Pre-Max glacial period, 91–2, 95, 98–100, 102, 116, 127
Prince of Wales Island (Alaska), 116–17
Psychedelic plants, 59–60
Puffins, 139
Quarries, 70, 167, 175–76, 178–79
Queen Charlotte Channel, 136
Queen Charlotte Islands, 8, 131
Queen Charlotte Strait, 128
Racism, 76
Radiocarbon dating, 23–4, 73, 102–3, 106, 113, 133, 143–44, 149–50, 173–74, 180–81, 183
Red Sea, 127, 136
Red tides, 58
Reindeer, 65
Repatriation, 1, 8, 76, 180, 183
Rewilding movement, 186
Ridgeway, Rick, 45–8, 153–55
RNA testing (ancient), 192
Rocky Mountain Trench, 144
Rocky Mountains, 6–9, 26, 28, 33, 70, 72, 79, 120, 144–45, 178, 198
Ross Ice Sheet, 36–7
Round River Conservation Studies, 127–28
Rummels-Maske site (Iowa), 171–72
Russia, 8, 14, 17–8, 24, 38–9, 64–6, 72, 81–2
Ryukyu Islands (Japan), 82–3
Sabretooth cat, 1, 7, 32–3, 60, 78, 84, 143, 196–97, 203
Saginaw Basin (Michigan), 6
Saiga antelope, 94
Salmon, 101, 109–10, 129–30, 132, 141–42, 162
Saltville site (Virginia), 103, 151
San Carlos, Sonora, 120
San Juan Islands, 136
SARS, 191
Sarver, Calvin, 10, 12, 180–81
Scallops, 122
Science, 155–56
Scientific American, 157
Scimitar cat, 32, 94
Sea level changes, 36–7, 132–33, 136, 142, 193
Sea lions, 139–40
Sea of Cortez, 120–22
Sea otter, 140
Seals, 137, 166
Seasonal mapping, 125
Seri el Desemboque, 121
Seri people, 120–22
Shellfish, 58–9, 120–24, 129, 130–32, 136, 138–39
Shields River (Montana), 10–11, 172, 178
Short-faced bear, 1, 7, 25–7, 49–50, 53–60, 64, 84, 91, 94, 96–7, 103, 115, 126, 141–43, 152, 161, 163, 184, 189, 199
Siberia, 8, 14, 17–8, 24, 38–9, 64–6, 72, 81–2, 107, 109, 128, 174
Siberian tiger, 8, 44–8
Sierra Madre Mountains (Mexico), 48. 108–9
Skeletal remains, 9–18, 20, 75–6, 87, 117, 147, 166–67, 171–72, 174–80
Smithsonian Institution, 182
Snakes, poisonous, 59–60
Solutrean culture, 71–2, 85, 166, 173, 173
Sonora, Mexico, 30–1, 120–22, 167–68
South Carolina, 66, 86, 103, 192
South China Sea, 120
Spain, 71, 73, 85, 120, 166
Spanish influenza, 191
Special Forces, (US Army) 7, 60, 120
Spicer, Edward, 8
Sporomeilla fungus, 194–96
St. Lawrence Valley, 37–8
Stanford, Dennis, 175
Steelhead (trout), 129
Sumatra, 82, 126–27
Syria, 192
Taima-Taima site (Venezuela), 84
Taku River, 136
Tapir, 167, 187
Tasmania, 86
Taylor, D.C., 11–13, 181–82
Tertiary era, 6
Texas A&M University, 155–57, 182
Texas first theory of Clovis, 155–57, 169, 171, 179
Texas, 66, 70, 103, 149, 155–57, 169, 171, 179, 183
Thule people (Inuit), 100, 154–55
Tiburon Island, 120
Tiger, The (Vaillant) 44–8
Tlingit Nation, 127–29, 130, 182
Tompkins, Doug, 45–8, 153–55
Tooth studies, 92, 196–97
Topper, S. Carolina, 151
Trans-oceanic migration route, 71–3, 82–3, 104, 149
Treadwell, Timothy, 110
Udege people (Siberia), 45–6
Umatilla Nation, 76
University of Arizona, 148
University of Calgary, 174
University of Michigan, 6
University of Montana, 11, 181–82
University of Oregon, 159–60, 163
Ural Mountains, 82
Uranium mining, 202
Utah, 103
Vaca, Cabeza de, 18–9
Valentine Creek (Montana), 26–7
Vancouver Expedition, 131
Venezuela, 84
Vietnam War, 7, 60, 120
Virginia, 55, 102–3, 150–51
Walrus, 132
Wanderlust, 165
Washington state, 66, 70, 108, 117, 134, 151–52
Washington Times, 73
Waterfowl, 67, 89, 99, 117, 139, 144, 198
Weapons, of paleoindians, 4–5, 7, 9–10, 12–14, 21, 24, 33, 51, 56–57, 68–69, 72–73, 75, 94, 96, 115, 123, 137, 145, 149–50, 157, 165–69, 172, 175, 188, 191, 198–200
West Arctic Ice Sheet, 36
White supremacy, 76
Whitebark pine, 15, 40
Wilderness, 16, 19–20, 76, 78, 127–28, 202–03
Wilsall, Montana, 147
Wilson, Edward O., 19
Wind River Range (Wyoming), 27, 134
Wisconsin glaciation, 27–8
Wisconsin, 66, 70, 148, 152, 161
Wolf, Gray 32, 60, 88, 97, 108, 111–12, 159, 197
Wolverine, 89, 111
Wood rat, 160
Woolly rhinoceros, 64, 89–90, 91
Wright, Henry, 8
Wyoming, 27, 103, 175
Yana Rhino Horn Site (Siberia), 66–7, 81–2, 87, 91, 93, 97, 100, 115
Yellowstone National Park, 9, 15, 34–5, 49, 64, 76, 110–12, 116, 160, 173,
Yellowstone River, 9–10, 176, 178
Yellowtail, Bill, 182
Younger Dryas (YD) stadial period, 37–8, 165–66, 181–82, 184, 187–88, 192–94, 198–99
Yukon River, 6, 8, 24, 79, 100–2, 184
Zeva River (Siberia), 46
Zoology, 63, 104
Zoonotic diseases, 191–93