CHAPTER 1

  1.   Brian Merchant, “With a Trillion Sensors, the Internet of Things Would Be the ‘Biggest Business in the History of Electronics,’” Motherboard, October 29, 2013, https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/8qx4gz/the-internet-of-things-could-be-the-biggest-business-in-the-history-of-electronics (accessed February 6, 2019).

  2.   “Wikipedia.org Traffic Statistics,” Alexa, https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org (accessed February 6, 2019).

  3.   Robert U. Ayres and Benjamin Warr, The Economic Growth Engine: How Energy and Work Drive Material Prosperity (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009), 334–37; John A. “Skip” Laitner, “Linking Energy Efficiency to Economic Productivity: Recommendations for Improving the Robustness of the U.S. Economy,” WIREs Energy and Environment 4 (May/June 2015): 235.

  4.   John A. “Skip” Laitner et al., The Long-Term Energy Efficiency Potential: What the Evidence Suggests (Washington, DC: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 2012), 65.

  5.   Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy, “About the Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy,” https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/about/ (accessed February 9, 2019).

  6.   David E. Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880–1940 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991), 239–321.

  7.   Xavier Sala-i-Martin, chief adviser, and Klaus Schwab, ed., The Global Competitiveness Report 2017–2018 (Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2017), 329.

  8.   Jonathan Woetzel et al., Bridging Global Infrastructure Gaps: Has the World Made Progress? McKinsey Global Institute report, 2017, 5.

  9.   Sala-i-Martin and Schwab, The Global Competitiveness Report 2017–2018, 303.

  10.   The White House, “Remarks by the President at a Campaign Event in Roanoke, Virginia,” July 13, 2012, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/07/13/remarks-president-campaign-event-roanoke-virginia (accessed February 27, 2019), emphasis added.

  11.   Sterling Beard, “Republicans Take Dig at Obama with ‘We Built It’ Convention Theme,” The Hill, August 21, 2012, https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/244633-republicans-take-dig-at-obama-with-qwe-built-itq-convention-theme (accessed May 10, 2019).

  12.   Joan Claybrook, “Reagan Ballooned ‘Big Government,’” New York Times, November 1, 1984, https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/01/opinion/reagan-ballooned-big-government.html (accessed February 8, 2019).

  13.   Frank Newport, “Trump Family Leave, Infrastructure Proposals Widely Popular,” Gallup, April 7, 2017, https://news.gallup.com/poll/207905/trump-family-leave-infrastructure-proposals-widely-popular.aspx (accessed February 4, 2019).

  14.   American Society of Civil Engineers, The 2017 Infrastructure Report Card: A Comprehensive Assessment of America’s Infrastructure, https://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2017-Infrastructure-Report-Card.pdf (accessed March 12, 2019), 5–7.

  15.   American Society of Civil Engineers, Failure to Act: Closing the Infrastructure Investment Gap for America’s Economic Future, 2016, https://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ASCE-Failure-to-Act-Report-for-Web-5.23.16.pdf (accessed March 12, 2019), 4–6.

  16.   American Society of Civil Engineers, The 2017 Infrastructure Report Card, 7–8.

  17.   Werling and Horst, Catching Up, 9.

  18.   Woetzel et al., Bridging Global Infrastructure Gaps, 2.

  19.   “First Telegraph Messages from the Capitol,” US Senate, https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/First_Telegraph_Messages_from_the_Capitol.htm (accessed February 7, 2019).

  20.   Lee Ann Potter and Wynell Schamel, “The Homestead Act of 1862,” Social Education 61, no. 6 (October 1997): 359–64.

  21.   Richard Walker and Gray Brechin, “The Living New Deal: The Unsung Benefits of the New Deal for the United States and California,” UC Berkeley Institute for Research on Labor and Employment Working Paper 220-10, August 2010, 14.

  22.   Work Projects Administration, Final Report on the WPA Program, 1935–43 (Washington, DC: USGPO, 1947).

  23.   Patrick Kline and Enrico Moretti, “Local Economic Development, Agglomeration Economies, and the Big Push: 100 Years of Evidence from the Tennessee Valley Authority,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, no. 1 (February 2014): 276.

  24.   Erica Interrante and Bingxin Yu, Contributions and Crossroads: Our National Road System’s Impact on the U.S. Economy and Way of Life (1916–2016) (Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2017), 20.

  25.   “Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944),” US National Archives and Records Administration, http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=76 (accessed February 27, 2019).

  26.   “GDP (Current US$),” World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD (accessed February 26, 2019); “Fortune Global 500 List 2018: See Who Made It,” Fortune, May 21, 2018, http://fortune.com/global500/ (accessed February 14, 2019); “Labor Force, Total,” World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sl.tlf.totl.in (accessed February 15, 2019).

  27.   World Bank Group, Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2018), 7.

  28.   Deborah Hardoon, An Economy for the 99%, Oxfam International Briefing Paper, January 2017, https://www-cdn.oxfam.org/s3fs-public/file_attachments/bp-economy-for-99-percent-160117-en.pdf (accessed March 12, 2019), 1.

  29.   “Company Info,” Facebook Newsroom, https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/ (accessed February 12, 2019).

  30.   Benny Evangelista, “Alphabet, Toronto Partner to Create Tech-Infused Neighborhood,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 18, 2017, http://www.govtech.com/news/Alphabet-Toronto-Partner-to-Create-Tech-Infused-Neighborhood.html (accessed February 22, 2019).

  31.   North Carolina State University, “Mayday 23: World Population Becomes More Urban Than Rural,” Science Daily, May 25, 2007, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070525000642.htm (accessed March 12, 2019).

  32.   Jim Balsillie, “Sidewalk Toronto Has Only One Beneficiary, and It Is Not Toronto,” Globe and Mail, October 5, 2018, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-sidewalk-toronto-is-not-a-smart-city/ (accessed February 14, 2019).

  33.   Ibid.

  34.   Ibid.

  35.   Vipal Monga and Jacquie McNish, “Local Resistance Builds to Google’s ‘Smart City’ in Toronto,” Wall Street Journal, August 1, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/local-resistance-builds-to-googles-smart-city-in-toronto-1533135550 (accessed February 2, 2019).

  36.   Ibid.; Ava Kofman, “Google’s ‘Smart City of Surveillance’ Faces New Resistance in Toronto,” The Intercept, November 13, 2018, https://theintercept.com/2018/11/13/google-quayside-toronto-smart-city/ (accessed February 2, 2019).

  37.   Jennings Brown, “Privacy Expert Resigns from Alphabet-Backed Smart City Project over Surveillance Concerns,” Gizmodo, October 23, 2018, https://gizmodo.com/privacy-expert-resigns-from-alphabet-backed-smart-city-1829934748 (accessed February 14, 2019).

  38.   “Les Hauts-de-France envoient du rev3,” Région Hauts-de-France, October 18, 2018, http://www.hautsdefrance.fr/les-hauts-de-france-envoient-du-rev3/ (accessed February 14, 2019).