2.1Topographic map of Middle East. Modified from image downloaded from Wikipedia Commons, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Middle_East_topographic_map-blank.svg.
2.2Physiological and behavioral changes in domestic pigs. Animal silhouettes drawn by Michel Coutureau in collaboration with Vianney Forest (INRAP), ©1996 ArcheoZoo.org.
3.1Stone pillar from Göbekli Tepe (Enclosure C) decorated with bas-relief image of a male wild boar and other animals. Photograph D. Johannes. © Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Berlin.
3.2The gradual decline of pig dental size over time at Çayönü and nearby sites. Numbers inside boxplot squares indicate sample size. This figure uses the log-size index of molar breadth measurements. This method compares observed values against those of a standard, in this case the mean values of the modern wild boar presented in the figure. Data from Payne and Bull 1988 (modern wild boar reference); Monahan 2000; Price 2016; Price and Hongo, in press.
4.1Steady and continual reduction in the size of pigs. This figure was drawn with log-size index values, using average modern wild boar as a standard. Data from Payne and Bull 1988 (modern wild boar reference); Price 2016; Price and Hongo, in press.
4.24th millennium BC cylinder seal impressions containing scenes of wild boar hunting. Images kindly provided by Robert Englund (see Englund 1995).
4.3Proto-Elamite vessel of a pig. Southwestern Iran, ca. 3100–2900 BC. Purchase, Rogers Fund and Anonymous Gift, 1979. Accession number 1979.71. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
5.1Number of administrative texts mentioning pigs and other livestock species. Cuneiform terms for species in parentheses. Texts refer to live animals or animal products. Data from Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, https://cdli.ucla.edu.
5.2Relative abundances of pigs in southern Levant. Numbers inside pig silhouettes show percentage of pigs. Numbers below indicate site. Key to sites: 1, Pella; 2, Marj Rabba; 3, Tel Teo; 4, Meser; 5, Tel Aviv Jabotinsky St.; 6, Teleilat al Ghassul; 7, Abu Hamid; 8, Tel esh Shuna; 9, Tel Ali; 10, Bir es Safadi; 11, Horvat Beter; 12, Abu Hamid; 13, Shiqmim; 14, Gilat; 15, Grar; 16, Ai et Tell; 17, Tel Halif; 18, Megiddo; 19, Tell Abu al Kharaz; 20, Tel Yaqush; 21, Tel es Sakan; 22, Yiftahel; 23, Ashkelon; 24, Tel Hartuv; 25, Tel Bet Yerah; 26, Qiryat Ata I III; 27, Tel Dalit; 28, Tell Madaba; 29, Tel Lod; 30, Tel Yarmouth; 31, Tel Arad; 32, Tel Erani; 33, Khirbet al Minsahlat; 34, Kh. ez Zeraqon; 35, Tel es Safi; 36, Tell Handaquq; 37, Tell al ‘Umayri; 38, Tell Abu en Niaj; 39, Tel Dan; 40, Refaim Valley; 41, Tell el Hayyat; 42, Shiloh; 43, Tel Aphek; 44, Tel Yoqne’am; 45, Tel Haror; 46, Tell Jemmeh; 47, Tel Kabri; 48, Tel Hazor; 49, Tel Nagila; 50, Jericho; 51, Tel Harasim; 52, Beth Shean; 53, Lachish; 54, Tel Dor; 55, Beth Shemesh; 56, Tel Rehov; 57, Tel Kinrot; 58, Miqne Ekron; 59, Nahariya. Data from Allentuck 2013; Allentuck and Rosen 2019; Fall et al. 1998; Hellwing and Gophna 1984; Horwitz 1997, 2003, 2009; Horwitz and Lernau 2005; Kansa 2004; Lev Tov 2010; Marom et al. 2014; Marom and Zuckerman 2012; Price et al. 2013, 2018; Sapir Hen et al. 2013, 2016; Van den Brink et al. 2015; Vila and Dalix 2004; Wapnish and Fulton 2018; Wapnish and Hesse 1988.
5.3Pig sties in Building 400 at Amarna, Egypt. Photo courtesy of The Egypt Exploration Society and the University of Oxford Imaging Papyri Project. Plan courtesy of Barry Kemp.
5.4Amulet or clay plaque from Nippur showing a boar mounting a nursing sow (probably Old Babylonian period, early 2nd millennium BC). 10.5 × 7 cm. Image courtesy of the Penn Museum, Image #296755.
5.5Obsidian amulet of Lamashtu with dog and pig. Early 1st millennium BC. 5.7 × 4.7 × 0.9 cm. Purchase, James N. Spear Gift, 1984. Accession number 1984.348. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
7.1The genetic replacement of pig haplogroups across the Near East. Four regions compared: Anatolia, Levant, N. Mesopotamia/S. Anatolia, and Iran/Caucasus. Points indicate locations of sites. Data from Meiri et al. 2017; Ottoni et al. 2012.
8.1Marble funerary stela for a pig killed in an accident en route to a Dionysia festival. Pella, Greece, 2nd–3rd century AD. The inscription reads: “I, the Pig, beloved of all, a four footed youngster, am buried here. I left the land of Dalmatia, when I was given as a gift. I stormed Dyrrachion and yearned for Apollonia, and I crossed every land on foot, alone and invincible. But now I have departed the light on account of the violence of the wheel, longing to see Emathia and the wagon of the phallic procession. Now here I am buried in this spot, without having reached the time to pay my tribute to death.” Translation by Onassis Cultural Center, New York, “A World of Emotions.” The credits on the depicted monument belong to the Ministry of Culture and Sports of the Hellenic Republic. The monument belongs to the Ephorate of Antiquities of Pella (object number AKA 1674). Ministry of Culture and Sports / Archaeological Resources Fund.
8.2Terracotta statuette of Eros, god of love and sex, astride a pig. Southern Italy, 3rd century BC. Height 11.1 cm. Rogers Fund, 1919. Accession number 19.192.75. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
8.3Herakles delivering the Erymanthean Boar alive to Eurystheus. Athens, ca. 510 BC. 43 × 28.2 cm. Object number 86.AE.83. The J. Paul Getty Museum.
8.4Intensification of pig husbandry in the Classical period at Gordion (central Anatolia).
Data reflect ages at death reconstructed from dental eruption and wear patterns in Roman and Hellenistic occupations. Lines represent the declining probabilities that a piglet born in either phase will reach successive age classes. Data from Çakırlar and Marston 2019.
8.5St. Anthony, 1564. Engraving by Hieronymus (Jerome) Wierix (ca. 1553–1619). Bequest of Phyllis Massar, 2011. Accession number 2102.136.699, The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
9.1Woodcut entitled Das grosse Judenschwein (The Jews’ Big Pig). Germany. 15th century. See Fuchs 1921. Image downloaded from Wikipedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Judensau_Blockbuch.jpg.
