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Ong Siew Im, Pamela. Blood and the Soil. Singapore: Times Books International, 1995.

Roff, William R., The Origins of Malay Nationalism. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press, 1967.

Song Ong Siang. One Hundred Years’ History of the Chinese in Singapore. Reprinted with an introduction by Edwin Lee. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1984.