1. Funk and Wagnall’s Standard Desk Dictionary in Micro Library CD-ROM (San Jose, Calif.: Inductel, 1991).
2. Martin Luther in George Seldes, The Great Thoughts (New York: Ballantine Books, 1985), p. 255.
3. Fifty Years Ago: Revolt Amid the Darkness (Washington, D.C.: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1993), p. 17.
1. Order No. 15, July 10, 1941, in Avraham Tory, Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 17.
2. Chaim A. Kaplan, Scroll of Agony: The Warsaw Diary of Chaim A. Kaplan (New York: Macmillan, 1965), p. 59.
3. Ibid., pp. 129–130.
1. Archives of the Jewish Historical Institute, Document 31, in Isaiah Trunk, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), p. 389.
2. Ibid., p. 389.
3. Calel Perechodnik, Am I a Murderer? Testament of a Jewish Ghetto Policeman (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996), p. 12.
4. Chaim A. Kaplan, Scroll of Agony: The Warsaw Diary of Chaim A. Kaplan (New York: Macmillan, 1965), p. 215.
5. Chaim Rumkowski, quoted in Emmanuel Ringelblum, Notes From the Warsaw Ghetto: The Journal of Emmanuel Ringelblum (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1958) p. 126.
6. Zonabend Collection, quoted in Trunk, p. 90.
7. Jacob Gens, in Trunk, p. 403.
8. Ephraim Barasz, in Trunk, p. 402.
9. Perechodnik, p. 9.
10. Kaplan, p. 234.
11. Ringelblum, pp. 154–55.
1. Calel Perechodnik, Am I a Murderer? Testament of a Jewish Ghetto Policeman (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996), p. 22.
2. Lucjan Dobroszycki, ed., The Chronicle of the Lodz Ghetto 1941–1944 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1984), p. 233.
3. Quoted in Emmanuel Ringelblum,Notes From the Warsaw Ghetto: The Journal of Emmanuel Ringelblum (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1958), p. 208.
4. Dobroszycki, p. 232.
5. Robert N. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988).
6. Report of Ludwig Fischer, quoted in Israel Gutman, Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), p. 89.
7. Avraham Tory, Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 21.
8. Ringelblum, p. 124.
9. Kaplan, p. 242.
10. Dobroszycki, p. 92.
11. Trunk, p. 226.
12. Dobroszycki, p. 102.
13. Tory, p. 255.
1. Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985), p. 154.
2. Ibid., p. 175.
3. Otto Ohlendorf, in Lucy S. Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews: 1933–1945 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975), p. 127.
4. Margot Stern Strom and William S. Parsons, Facing History and Ourselves: Holocaust and Human Behavior (Watertown, Mass.: Intentional Educations, 1982), p. 208.
5. Israel Gutman, Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), p. 102.
6. Abba Kovner, in Gutman, p. 103.
7. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), p. 154.
8. Avraham Tory, Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 49
9. Adolf Hitler, in George Seldes, The Great Thoughts (New York: Ballantine Books, 1985), p. 185.
10. Lucjan Dobroszycki, ed., The Chronicle of the Lodz Ghetto 1941–1944 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1984), pp. 529–530.
11. Adam Czerniakow, The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow: Prelude to Doom (New York: Stein and Day, 1979) p. 385.
12. Ibid., p. 136.
13. Calel Perechodnik, Am I a Murderer? Testament of a Jewish Ghetto Policeman (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996), p. 173.
14. Dobroszycki, p. 113.
15. Ibid., p. 113.
16. Chaim Rumkowski, in Isaiah Trunk, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), p. 423.
17. Jacob Gens, in Isaiah Trunk, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), p. 421.
1. Adam Czerniakow, The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow: Prelude to Doom (New York: Stein and Day, 1979), p. 12.
2. Israel Gutman, Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), p. 96.
3. Chaim A. Kaplan, Scroll of Agony: The Warsaw Diary of Chaim A. Kaplan (New York: Macmillan, 1965), p. 268.
4. Ibid., p. 339.
5. Emmanuel Ringelblum,Notes From the Warsaw Ghetto: The Journal of Emmanuel Ringelblum (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1958), p. 341.
6. Alicia Appleman-Jurman, Alicia: My Story (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), p. 34.
7. Ringelblum, p. 342.
8. Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985), pp. 549–550.
9. Appleman-Jurman, p. 116.
10. Ibid., p. 139.
11. Ibid., p. 159.
1. Quoted in Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985), p. 667.
2. Alexander Donat, The Holocaust Kingdom, in Albert Friedlander, ed., Out of the Whirlwind (New York: Schocken Books, 1976), pp. 175, 176.
3. Isaiah Trunk, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), p. 450.
4. Emmanuel Ringelblum,Notes From the Warsaw Ghetto: The Journal of Emmanuel Ringelblum (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1958), p. 326.
5. Itzak Zuckerman, quoted in Israel Gutman, Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), p. 159.
6. Vladka Meed, On Both Sides of the Wall: Memoirs from the Warsaw Ghetto (American edition) (Washington, D.C.: Holocaust Library, 1993), p. 76.
7. Ibid., p. 78.
8. Ibid.
9. Gilbert, p. 522.
10. Meed, p. 121.
11. Israel Gutman, Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), p. xix.
12. Meed, p. 126.
13. Gilbert, p. 557.
14. Zivia Lubetkin, quoted in Fifty Years Ago: Revolt Amid the Darkness (Washington, D.C.: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1993), p. 203.
15. Ibid., p. 558.
16. Meed, p. 146.
17. Lubetkin, in Fifty Years Ago, p. 207.
18. Gilbert, p. 566.
19. Mordecai Anielewicz, in Fifty Years Ago, p. 212.
1. Avraham Tory, Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 355.
2. Jacob Gens, in Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985), p. 593.
3. Abba Kovner, in Gilbert, p. 593.
4. Isaiah Trunk, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), p. 403.
5. Ibid., p. 468.
6. Bertha Sokolskaya, in Gilbert, p. 599.