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adultification, 18, 47, 165; of African American youths, 124, 126–127; depression and, 129, 132, 135, 136; gender differences in, 167; prevention interventions and, 149; as protective, 138, 146
African American youths: adultification of, 124, 126–127; challenges faced by, deficit-based explanations of, 123; cigarette smoking by, 14; community cohesion and, 124; depression in, 125, 126, 131–132, 144; development of, traditional models of, 37–39; effect of living in disadvantaged areas on, 33; effect of urban environment on, 143–144; effects of racial segregation on, 41; exposure to violence, 14, 96, 125; fictive kinship networks formed by, 45–46; Housing Choice vouchers and, 159; mental disorders in, 126; mental health service utilization by, 144; peer pressure on, 14; relocation from urban to suburban areas, 32; resilience of, 128–129; substance abuse by, 96, 111. See also racial segregation in public housing
African American youths, study of: anxiety assessment, 75; attitudes toward delinquency assessment, 76; caregiver's status assessment, 72; community domain, 70; community engagement for, 53–55; community violence exposure assessment, 70–71; data collection for, 60–62; delinquency assessment, 73–74; depressive symptoms assessment, 74–75; family conflict assessment, 72; health-risk behavior assessment, 73–74; household domain, 71–72; individual domain, 73–76; limitations of data, 79–80; measurement instruments for, 65; parental attitude assessment, 71; parental relationship assessment, 71–72; peer domain, 72–73; posttraumatic stress disorder assessment, 76; procedures for, 58–59; recruitment for, 60; research settings, 76–79; role of community centers and service providers in, 56–57; role of local housing authorities in, 55–56; role of residents in, 57–58; sample characteristics, 79; sample pool, 59; self-efficacy assessment, 74
Akaike Information Criterion (AIK), 88
alternative market activities, 46–47
American Project (Venkatash), 12
Aneshensel, C. S., 70, 87, 99, 100, 106, 112, 125, 130, 137, 156
Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), 75
Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), 88
Behind Ghetto Walls (Rainwater), 15
Bennett, M. D., 9, 15, 27
Bronfenbrenner's ecosystems theory, 20–24
Brooks-Gunn, J., 13, 20, 24, 28, 31, 32, 36–37, 41, 48, 110, 112, 114, 122
Burton, L. M., 16, 36, 38, 41, 42, 45, 47, 126, 170
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), 74, 130
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), 74, 100
Chase-Landsdale, P. L., 24
Chicago Housing Authority, 22
child development: distinctiveness of in urban environment, 145; effect of environment on, 36–37; interaction of risk factors with protective factors, 123–124; traditional models of, 37–39
Choice Neighborhoods Initiative, 160
Clampet-Lundquist, S., 160
cognitive dysfunction, 96
Coll, C., 36, 37, 41, 44, 84, 124, 128, 143, 147, 151, 155, 169
collective efficacy, 26–27
collective socialization, 24, 110
community cohesion, 106, 124, 127–128, 174; current public housing conditions and, 152; depression and, 129, 137, 146, 147; prevention interventions and, 149; as protective, 98–99, 146, 147, 167–168; substance abuse and, 146, 147, 168; tenant-led organizations for promoting, 175–176
comparative fit index (CFI), 116, 117
crime: collective responsibility and, 26–27; rates of, 35; in schools, 23; substance abuse and, 111. See also violence
Crime, Neighborhood, and Public Housing (Davies), 11, 12
“culture of poverty” theory, 159
Defensible Space (Newman), 15
delinquency: assessment of attitudes toward, 76; depression and, 125–126, 134, 135, 137; influence of delinquent peers, 125; inverse relationship of self-efficacy to, 82–83, 166
demolition of public housing, xv, 8–9, 35
depression, 83–84, 94; adultification and, 129, 132, 135, 136; in African American youths, 126, 131–132, 144; community cohesion and, 129, 137, 146, 147; delinquency and, 125–126, 134, 135, 137; effect of association on, 97, 132; effect of neighborhoods on, 112–114; exposure to violence and, 96; health-risk behaviors and, 112–114, 117, 121, 168; peers and, 132; sexual behavior and, 118; social cohesion and, 136; substance abuse and, 118, 119, 120, 168; symptoms assessment, 74–75; variation within cities, 138
deviant behavior: attitude toward, 82–87; role of parental supervision in curbing, 114. See also delinquency
Di Clemente, R. J., 94, 113
distal factors influencing child outcomes, 43–44, 165
Divergent Social Worlds (Peterson and Krivo), 12
Durant, R. H., 4, 10, 13, 14, 37, 95, 96, 98, 106, 108, 144, 168
ecological transaction perspective, 40–41
Elliot, D., 46, 71, 72, 73, 76, 86, 87, 100, 130
Epstein, J. A., 4, 10, 14
Exposure to Deliquent Peers Scale, 72–73, 130
federal policies leading to racial segregation, 22
First Houses, New York City, 9
Gautreaux Assisted Housing Mobility Program, 30–31, 159
gender differences, 166–167; attitudes toward delinquency, 166; depression, 118; exposure to neighborhood risks, 114; negative affect expression, 121; parental behavioral controls, 122; posttraumatic stress disorder assessment (PTSD), 106, 146; resilient functioning, 128; self-efficacy, 166; substance abuse, 106, 118
General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale, 74, 86
geographic information system (GIS) technology, 172, 173
“geography of opportunity” theory, 159
Goetz, E. G., 3, 4, 8, 9, 13, 15, 35, 43, 164, 169
Halpern-Felsher, B. L., 20
Herrnstein, R. J., 37, 123
high-rise public housing developments, 9, 23, 154
history of public housing, xv
Homes, Robert Taylor, 22, 29
HOPE VI (Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere), xv, 157–158
Housing Act of 1937, xv, 3
Housing Act of 1949, xv, 3
Housing and Community Development Act of 1992, 32
Housing Choice vouchers, 157, 159
HUD (Department of Housing and Urban Development), 22
illegitimate opportunity structures, 46–47
Impact of Events Scale (IES), 76, 100
inorganic communities, 165, 170; defined, 17; factors resulting in, 43–44
Integrated Model of Adolescent Development in Public Housing Neighborhoods, 165, 173–174; assumptions of, 41–42; distal factors influencing child outcomes, 43–44, 165; ecological transaction perspective, 40–41; protective and vulnerability perspective, 40–41; proximal factors influencing adolescent development, 44–47; psychology of place and, 39–40; purpose of, 39; schematic of, 42; substance abuse correlation to housing environment, 99–105; testing of through empirical studies, 145–147
Jarrett, Robin (R. L), 16, 18, 37, 38, 45, 47, 124, 126, 127, 129, 137, 143, 149, 170
latent profile analysis (LPA), 87
Latino youths: cigarette smoking by, 14; peer pressure on, 14
Leventhal, T., 20, 24, 28, 31, 32, 110, 112, 114, 122
limitations in public housing, 15–18
Lombe, M. L., 14, 15, 37, 47, 75, 81, 83, 95, 97, 125, 138, 143, 144, 168, 169
Maciejewski, P. K., 83, 84
market activities, alternative, 46–47
mixed-income communities, 8–9
Moving to Opportunity (MTO) demonstration program, 32, 158–159
multinominal logistic regression analysis, 92
National Youth Survey's Attitudes Toward Delinquency Subscale, 86
Nebbitt, V. E., 6, 14, 15, 16, 37, 47, 75, 81, 83, 95, 97, 99, 124, 125, 128, 138, 143, 144, 156, 167, 168, 169
orthogonal demands and values, 41
Parental Attitude Measure, 71
Peer Influence subscale, National Youth Survey, 73
peer pressure, 14, 16, 25, 125; health-risk behaviors and, 115, 146; self-efficacy and, 83, 94; substance abuse and, 97, 106; urban environment and, 144
posttraumatic stress disorder assessment (PTSD), 76; exposure to violence and, 96; in males vs. females, 106, 146; substance abuse and, 98, 106
poverty: “culture of poverty” theory, 159; effects on youths, 43–44; sexual behavior and, 114; substance abuse and, 111; urban environment and, 144
prevention interventions, 147–150, 177; adultification and, 149; community cohesion and, 149; family support, 149; inhibiting aspects of housing and, 150; protective factors and, 148; risk factors and, 148; substance abuse treatment programs, 150
proximal factors influencing adolescent development, 44–47
Pruitt-Igoe housing, St. Louis, 9
Public and Indian Housing Information Center (PIC), 7, 8
public housing neighborhoods, 11–13, 16; collective efficacy in, 26–27; collective socialization in, 24; decline of, 153–154; defined, 35; demolition of, xv, 8–9, 35; design of, 154; disorder in, 119–121; epidemic processes in, 25; history of, xv, 153–154; limitations in, 15–18; peer processes in, 25; perception of, 10–11, 111, 146; racial socialization in, 27; social cohesion in, 26; social control in, 26–27; social disorganization in, 26; social networks in, 25; social processes in, 24; violence in, 26. See also Integrated Model of Adolescent Development in Public Housing Neighborhoods; youths in public housing
Quality of Parental Relationship Scale, 71–72
racial segregation in public housing, 35; effects on youths, 41, 43–44; federal and state policies leading to, 22; goal of, 4; history of, xv, 3
Reclaiming Public Housing (Vale), 11
relocation of youths in public housing, 30–33
Robert Taylor Homes, Chicago, 9, 22, 29
root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), 116
Sanders-Phillips, K., 37, 44, 97
self-efficacy, 174–175; assessment of, 74; characteristics related to, 83, 84; defined, 82; effect on behavior, 94; indicators of, 85–87; inverse relationship to delinquent behavior, 82–83, 166; lack of, 169–170; peer influence on, 83, 94
Self-Report Delinquent Behavior Scale, 130
Self-Reported Delinquency Scale, 73–74, 100
sexual behavior, 14; depression and, 118; effect of parental supervision of, 114, 118; neighborhood disadvantage and, 111–112; neighborhood disorder and, 119, 120
social disorganization, 26, 111
Special Mobility Program, 31
Stoloff, J. A., 3, 4, 9, 10
Stouthamer-Loeber, M., 83
structural environment, 22–23
Subjective Neighborhood (SN) Scale, 70, 100, 130
substance abuse, 14; community cohesion and, 146, 147, 168; as coping mechanism, 107; correlation to housing environment, 99–105; delinquent behavior and, 97–98; depression and, 118, 119, 120, 168; drug sales and, 111; eviction due to, 11; increase in, 153–154; in males vs. females, 106; neighborhood disorder and, 119; peer pressure and, 97, 106; perception of neighborhoods and, 111; posttraumatic stress disorder assessment (PTSD) and, 98, 106; rates of, 35; treatment programs, 150; violence and, 96–97
suburban areas, relocation to, 31–32
Sucoff, C. A., 70, 87, 99, 100, 106, 112, 125, 130, 137, 156
Survey of Exposure to Community Violence, 70–71, 100
Taylor, Robert (R. J), 9, 45, 46
transactional underestimation, 28–29
Tucker Lewis index (TLI), 117
urban environment, 169; distinctiveness of adolescent development in, 145; effect on minorities, 143–144; key findings, 145–147; relocation to suburbs from, 31–32
Vale, L. J., 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 153, 154, 155, 158
violence in public housing, 26; circumvention of areas of, 173; collective responsibility and, 26–27; community cohesion and, 99; domestic, 96; effects of exposure to, 14, 83, 96–97; factors leading to, 46; rates of, 35, 95; substance abuse and, 96–97; urban environment and, 144
Yesler Terrace housing, Seattle, 9
Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), 74
youths in public housing: adaption to life in public housing, 47–48; adultification of, 18; effects of racial segregation on, 41; parental effects on, 16; peer pressure on, 14, 16, 25; psychological effects on, 47–48; relocation of, 30–33; research on, 13–15; role models for, 24; social networks of, 25
Zimmerman, M. A., 38, 81, 94, 99, 106, 111, 113, 114, 156, 163