absconding, 100, 155, 186, 315, 316; and census registers, 17, 219n38; by townspeople, 287, 288; by warriors, 204
adoption, 63–68, 89, 90; and the blind, 205; and crime, 297–98; dowries in, 63–64, 66; and merchants, 235, 267, 268; and priests, 158
agriculture, 12, 22–23, 24; and benevolent government, 422–23; commercialization of, 27, 372–76; decline of, 112–17, 128–33, 402, 425; and deforestation, 378; and depopulation, 112–17; and mining, 379. See also farmers; rice; villages
arson, 218, 302–3, 369; and prostitution, 315, 317, 325, 326; punishment of, 228, 301; and riots, 308; and troublemakers, 101, 104, 226, 298
artisans, 5, 150, 232, 296, 297; and bribery, 79; and commercialization, 106, 375; and crime, 103, 425; extravagance of, 99; and farmers, 95, 104, 105, 132; guilds of, 406; and Ieyasu, 389, 408; and land, 283; and warriors, 68, 94
Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, 39n1
Bandō Mitsugorō lineage (Kabuki actors), 336n22
bannermen (hatamoto), 6–7, 25, 27, 47–53, 331n18, 358; and adoption of heirs, 65, 66; and the blind, 199, 200, 205; debts of, 50–51, 58, 254n20; and depopulation, 114; extravagance of, 69, 87; and farmers, 57–58; financial problems of, 48–51; and Ieyasu, 389, 390n34, 427; impoverishment of, 55–56; income of, 47, 48–49; and lawsuits, 71–72, 120; rewards from, 52–53; and rice agents, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248; and superiors, 71. See also fief holders
beggars, 68, 136, 206, 256, 298, 320; increase of, 304–7, 375; and outcasts, 18, 20, 142, 370, 371
biwa hōshi (reciters of tales), 198n17
blind, the, 193–208; as acupuncturists, 19, 199, 200, 202, 208; arrogance of, 205–8; as beggars, 304; cruelty of, 203–5; as moneylenders, 19–20, 58, 66, 82, 200–205; and music, 194, 195, 199, 200, 202, 205, 206, 208, 340; ranks of, 193, 194–202, 205, 206, 207–8; and warriors, 58, 82, 199, 203, 204, 205
bribery, 91, 397, 398, 422; and arson, 302, 303; and commercialization, 107, 109, 110; and lawsuits, 111, 120, 216–18, 227, 228; and merchants, 78, 79, 238; and pawnbrokers, 251; and physicians, 182; and priests, 147, 152, 176–78, 179; and prostitution, 326–27; and retainers, 54, 85, 90; and temples, 158; and townspeople, 79, 289; and warriors, 77–81; and wealthy farmers, 97
Buddhism, 4, 144, 145–80, 382–85, 397, 428; asceticism in, 138–39; and beggars, 305; and benevolent government, 138, 139, 140, 410–14, 432; and the blind, 194; and court nobility, 169, 386, 387; decline of, 167, 413; Demon King in, 325n12; and extravagance, 164, 386, 399; vs. filial piety, 382, 383; history of, 167–72; and Ieyasu, 40, 172, 175–76, 388–89; and Kabuki, 329, 337, 340; merit in, 145, 152; vs. military Way, 11–12, 169–71, 384, 385–88, 415–16; and money lending, 292–93; Nichiren, 135n30, 166n33; and outcasts, 368–69; and physicians, 181, 188; Pure Land (Jōdo), 163, 172n48, 389n32; restrictions on, 31, 171–72, 173; Rinzai, 179; rituals of, 147, 148, 151, 152; scholars of, 196, 391; Shingon, 156n19, 168n38, 171n47, 384; Sōtō, 175–78; and the state, 167–68; Tendai, 156n19, 168n38; and townspeople, 426; and violence, 400–401; and warriors, 84, 170–71, 383; and women, 337; and yin-yang diviners, 191, 192; Zen, 175–78, 179, 206n33. See also Honganji sect; priests and monks; temples
Buke shohatto (Code for the Military Houses), 66n23, 91n40
Bumon Yamato daijō (Memorial on Government; Yamashita Kōnai), 416
Bunsei reforms (1827), 27
Bureau of Medicine (Ten’yakuryō), 181n61
Buyō Inshi, 2–5; and contemporary thought, 4–5, 27–33; and Edo, 2, 3–4, 27, 188n70; historical perspective of, 22–27; intellectual influences on, 27–30; and prostitution, 398; on shogunate, 3, 31, 36, 433n77
capital (motode, motodekin), 112, 245n9, 291; and the blind, 202; and farmers, 125; and moneylending, 292; and priests, 163; and swindlers, 291–92; and townspeople, 204, 215, 252, 253, 279; and warriors, 215
Chikamatsu Monzaemon, 340
China, 41, 385; and the blind, 197; and Buddhism, 169; dynasties of, 137n32, 404n46, 413; emperors of, 242, 262, 353; fall of Ming dynasty in, 74–75, 267; feudalism in, 404; government in, 429–30; political thought of, 22–23
Chōnin-bukuro (Nishikawa Joken), 160n22
Chōryaku period (1037–1040), 168
Chūshingura (Treasury of Loyal Retainers), 341
cities, 14–17; administration of, 15–16, 289n62; vs. countryside, 128–33; crime in, 298–304, 406; and depopulation, 116; freedom in, 129–30; Kabuki in, 334, 339; lawsuits in, 15, 230; poverty in, 126, 137; prostitution in, 325; troublemakers in, 221. See also castle towns; urbanization
class structure, 1, 5–22; and benevolent government, 134, 430, 431; and Buddhism, 383; disruption of, 14, 19, 40–42, 44, 279, 393, 394–96, 398, 427; inequalities in, 122–28; and physicians, 181–82, 184–85, 186; restoration of, 417; and wealth vs. poverty, 137
clothing: and benevolent government, 431; and the blind, 202; of brothel keepers, 311; of concubines, 354, 356; of daimyo, 137; extravagance in, 76n29, 99, 268–70, 288, 309, 311, 356, 370, 372, 376, 395; of farmers, 99, 272, 278, 407; of Kabuki actors, 71, 331, 332, 336, 342, 344, 346; laws on, 24, 25, 26, 80, 104, 407; of merchants, 234, 256, 268, 269–70; of outcasts, 370–71, 372; of physicians, 181, 183; of priests, 145, 146, 153, 154, 161, 173, 174; of prostitutes, 71, 310, 324; and restaurants, 349; of townspeople, 278, 286, 402, 407, 424, 425; of troublemakers, 288; of warriors, 70–71, 76, 81, 84, 91–94
commercialization, 22–24, 28, 104, 106–12, 113; of agriculture, 27, 131, 372–76; and Buddhism, 147; and depopulation, 114, 116, 117; in Edo, 106, 142; and farmers, 23, 105–8, 110, 111–12, 374–76; and lawsuits, 107–8, 110–11, 121; and merchants, 106, 107, 108, 110, 374, 375; vs. military Way, 30; and poverty, 124–25; and profit, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 374, 375, 376; and prostitution, 321; and urbanization, 424
concubines, 352–58, 365; and the blind, 205; of daimyo, 87, 137, 352, 353; dismissal of, 85–86; management of, 85–88; of merchants, 234, 257, 263–65; of outcasts, 368; and priests, 148; and prostitution, 86, 87, 88, 354–55, 357; ranks of, 354; and village officials, 97; of warriors, 85–88, 352–53, 356
Confucianism, 4, 382, 384–85, 391–93, 395, 397, 399; on adoption, 63n20; and benevolent government, 411, 431; decline of, 167, 413; and entertainers, 350; on feudalism, 404; and First Emperor of Qin, 384n21, 400; and Ieyasu, 40, 389, 392; vs. Kabuki, 346–47; vs. military Way, 26, 28–29, 73, 415–16, 417; vs. priests, 395; scholars of, 199n21, 220n39, 346–47, 391, 409, 410n57; and troublemakers, 301; value of, 385, 391, 393; virtues in, 386n25; and yin-yang diviners, 191, 192; Zhu Xi, 141n38. See also Analects; Book of History; Book of Odes; Book of Rites; Doctrine of the Mean; Great Learning
corveé labor, 13, 14; and benevolent government, 134, 136; and decline of agriculture, 129; and depopulation, 114–15, 116; and farmers, 95, 133, 232; and idlers, 344; and merchants, 232, 277; and poverty, 123, 125, 322; and townspeople, 272, 279, 284
court nobility, 6, 9–10, 94; arts of, 10, 68–69; and Buddhism, 169, 386, 387; laws for, 420; and merchants, 243; and money lending, 292–93; and priests, 173, 179; and temples, 10, 158, 159, 174, 175
crime: and farmers, 157, 299; of hoarding, 249–50; increase in, 14, 398, 415, 418, 425, 429; in Kabuki, 336, 345; and pilgrimages, 32n29, 323; and poverty, 17, 249, 418; and priests, 149, 162, 175, 192; and prostitution, 315, 317; reduction of, 422, 430; and shogunate, 121, 138, 298, 303–4, 406–10; and townspeople, 282, 290, 297–304, 425; and unnatural deaths, 418–19, 421–22; and yin-yang divination, 191. See also lawsuits; punishment; troublemakers
Daidō period (806–810), 186
Daigaku wakumon (Questions and Answers Regarding the Great Learning; Kumazawa Banzan), 27, 377n12, 416
daimyo, 7–8, 42–47; alternate attendance of, 260–61; and benevolent government, 138, 139–40; and the blind, 198, 199; and decline of agriculture, 129; and depopulation, 114, 117; in Edo, 8, 136–37, 237n5, 238, 281; and farmers, 96, 133; and feudalism, 404; financial affairs of, 17, 55, 254n21, 257–58; governance by, 8, 43–46, 394; heirlooms of, 261–62; and Ieyasu, 389, 390n34, 427; income of, 8, 45, 275–76, 405; and Kabuki, 332–34, 343; and lawsuits, 119–20, 219–21, 224, 225; and merchants, 233, 234, 236–43, 252, 257–63, 267, 268, 271, 275–76, 277; outside (tozama), 8; and pawnbrokers, 250; and physicians, 182, 184; and poverty, 45, 124, 136–37, 394, 403; and priests, 157; and retainers, 46–47, 83–85, 358; and transport system, 115n13; and women, 87, 137, 326, 352, 353, 363, 366
daimyo compounds (yashiki), 15, 17, 80, 237; appearance of, 76; numbers of, 8; secondary, 281; size of, 92–93; and townspeople and farmers, 255, 356n38
Demon King (Enma-Ō; Yama), 325
derelicts (haijin), 35–36, 187, 304–7; and Buddhism, 383; and prostitution, 319, 322, 327; unnatural deaths of, 418, 419, 422
Discourse on Government. See Seidan
disease: and Buddhism, 384; increase of, 186–87, 297; and poverty, 127, 135, 183, 191, 306; and prostitution, 186, 297, 315, 316, 324, 327, 422. See also physicians
domains, 2, 7–8; collateral, 221n41, 222; crime in, 406, 422; elders of (karō), 79–80, 81, 83–85, 239, 359; government of, 403, 404; income of, 13; laws in, 136, 404; and lawsuits, 222–24; and merchants, 236–43, 239. See also daimyo
Echizen’ya Matazaemon, 255
Edo: alternate attendance in, 260–61; blind moneylenders in, 201–2; brothel district (Yoshiwara) in, xiii, 20, 21, 156n17, 264, 280n56, 281, 309, 316, 324, 326, 357; and Buyō, 2, 3–4, 27, 188n70; commercialization in, 106, 142; crime in, 298, 406; daimyo in, 8, 136–37, 237n5, 238, 281; and decline of agriculture, 129–30, 131; and depopulation, 114, 116; disorder in, 285; extravagance in, 93, 297; government in, 142–43; Kabuki in, 339, 344; vs. Kyoto, 94; land in, 280–84; lawsuits in, 118–19, 214, 224, 225, 227; merchants in, 232, 233, 240, 251–56; outcasts in, 142, 143, 368; population of, 1–2, 14, 15, 280; poverty in, 126, 355; prices in, 223, 275, 282–84; priests in, 157; prostitution in, 20–21, 320, 325; and reforms, 30; restaurants in, 348; rioting in, 24, 26; temples in, 151n8, 172, 199n21; townspeople of, 281, 402; troublemakers in, 102–3; and village officials, 97–98; warriors in, 6, 7, 82, 93; wealth in, 142–43
Edo period, 1; commercialization during, 23–24; intellectual climate of, 4–5, 27–33
Edo Town Office (Machi Kaisho), 306
Engi period (901–923), 158
entertainers (yūgeisha), 26, 259n26, 300, 327, 332, 425, 431; female, 86, 335, 342, 352–53; numbers of, 5, 357; in restaurants, 349–51; and scholars, 346; and warriors, 68, 71. See also geisha; jesters
entertainment, 68–73; and benevolent government, 431; of brothel keepers, 312; and concubines, 87, 88, 352, 357; and crime, 425; extravagance in, 81, 344, 395; and farmers, 98, 100, 105; frivolous vs. courtly, 67, 68–69, 70, 391–92; and merchants, 234, 235, 237, 240, 259, 260, 261–62, 270; and outcasts, 370; and prostitution, 345–48; at restaurants, 348–51; and rice agents, 245, 246; and temples, 156; of townspeople, 280, 281–82; and troublemakers, 103; and warriors, 345, 349; of women, 365–66. See also Kabuki theater; music; poetry
etiquette: vs. frivolous entertainment, 69; of high and low, 246–47; lack of, 60, 69; and lawsuits, 214–15; of lord and vassal, 74–76; and rice agents, 246–47; and sexuality, 312, 361; and townspeople, 261, 282
extravagance: and beggars, 305–6; and benevolent government, 411, 430, 431; of the blind, 197; of brothel keepers, 311–12; and Buddhism, 164, 386, 399; in China, 429; in clothing, 76n29, 99, 268–70, 288, 309, 311, 356, 370, 372, 376, 395; and concubines, 355–58; and decline of agriculture, 129, 132; and deforestation, 376; in Edo, 93, 297; in entertainment, 81, 344, 395; in food, 92, 93, 94, 372, 376, 395; in hairstyles, 99–100; of idlers, 280, 395; and Ieyasu, 92, 93, 132, 367, 389, 392, 428; in Kabuki, 331–35, 338, 344; laws against, 24, 25, 26, 80, 91, 104, 266, 356, 405, 407; and lawsuits, 227; of merchants, 99, 232, 233–34, 243, 249, 252, 256–63, 266, 267–71, 286, 297; and occultism, 398–400; of outcasts, 368–72; and pawnbrokers, 250–51; and peace, 415, 423; of physicians, 181, 183, 186; of poor farmers, 98–99; and poverty, 393–95; of priests, 153, 160–61, 173, 394–95; and prostitution, 309, 327, 328; punishment of, 400; in residences, 76, 92–93, 94, 123, 372, 376; at restaurants, 348–51; of retainers, 76; and rice agents, 244, 246; and riots, 307, 308; in ritual, 398–99; spread of, 367, 410, 417; of temples, 145, 146, 151–52, 158–61, 171, 173, 174; of townspeople, 280, 282, 284, 285, 297, 424–26; of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 388; of warriors, 69, 76, 84, 87, 137, 405; vs. Way of Heaven, 401, 428; and wealth vs. poverty, 137; of wealthy farmers, 96–100; of women, 71, 81, 359–60, 366, 395
famine, 45, 141n38, 255, 256, 259, 276; and crime, 299; and granaries, 25, 306; and idlers, 344, 428; and riots, 307, 308; and shogunate, 139
farmers (domin; hyakushō; kokumin), 5, 6, 12–14, 25, 35, 95–144; and bannermen, 57–58; and benevolent government, 423, 430, 431; and the blind, 199, 200, 206, 207; classes of, 12–13, 96; clothing of, 99, 272, 278, 407; and commercialization, 23, 105–8, 110, 111–12, 374–76; and concubines, 87, 352, 353; and corveé labor, 95, 133, 232; and crime, 157, 299; daughters of, 356n38; decline of, 22, 424; and decline of agriculture, 128–33; extravagance of, 96–100; and Ieyasu, 389, 392; income of, 125–26, 425; increase in numbers of, 405, 407, 409, 410, 430; and Kabuki, 345; and land, 232, 251, 283; and laws, 13–14, 104, 407; and lawsuits, 118, 119, 121, 143, 214, 222–24; and loans, 96, 98, 100, 132, 294; and merchants, 104–6, 232–34, 237, 242–43, 252, 257, 259, 401–2; and outcasts, 371; and pawnbrokers, 251; and peace, 408; and physicians, 184; poverty of, 132–33, 402–3, 423–26; and priests, 95, 150, 157, 179; and prostitution, 310, 321–22; and restaurants, 350; and rice, 244, 273; righteous, 52–53, 127–28, 143–44; as servants, 75, 282; and shogunate, 29, 96; small-scale, 104–6, 110, 112; taxes on, 98, 105, 133, 232, 251, 278; and temples, 154, 155; tenant, 123, 126, 129; and townspeople, 95, 96, 133, 272–73, 276–82, 284–86, 297, 425; and troublemakers, 103, 133, 301; uprisings by, 107, 124, 307; and urbanization, 289–90; and warriors, 28, 51, 52, 57, 73, 95, 96–97, 133, 284, 375; water-drinking, 125; and wealth vs. poverty, 143–44; wealthy, 12–13, 96–100, 104, 394; wealthy vs. poor, 104–6, 108, 122–28, 132
festivals, 100, 147n4, 370, 375; Bon, 329n14, 339, 343; and Kabuki, 339; and townspeople, 252, 267–71, 281, 287–88; and troublemakers, 287–88
fief holders (jito), 6–7, 47–51, 53, 115n11, 119, 157; and farmers, 13, 14, 51, 52, 57–58, 95–97, 107–8, 114, 124, 129, 130, 223–24, 375, 403; and limits to authority, 57–58; and retainers, 54, 67. See also bannermen
fiefs: distribution of, 27, 113, 120, 157; income from, 7n8, 17, 47, 51n10, 283; of nobility, 10; of temples, 11, 169, 171–74, 177, 199; of warriors, 6, 7, 47n5, 50, 51, 56, 77; of yin-yang diviners, 189–90
filial piety: and adoption of heirs, 66; vs. Buddhism, 382, 383; and concubines, 356, 357; and crime, 297; decline of, 41, 94, 366, 392–93; and decline of agriculture, 129, 130; in five human relationships, 386n25; and government, 322, 392–93, 405, 432; and Ieyasu, 40; imitation, 398; and Kabuki, 336, 341, 342, 344; and lawsuits, 229–30; and merchants, 269; and military Way, 169; and prostitution, 21, 312, 320, 322, 324, 325, 327; and sexuality, 360, 361; and townspeople, 286, 287, 288, 289; and troublemakers, 100, 101, 300; of warriors, 42, 76, 89
financiers (ryōgaedana), 253, 257
five human relationships, 386n25
Five Moral Constants, 386
fixed-term search (higiri tazune), 219n38
floods, 139, 255n23, 259, 273, 307, 428; and commercialization, 375; and deforestation, 377–78; and townspeople, 274, 279
food: and benevolent government, 431; of brothel keepers, 312; in cities, 402; of concubines, 354; and disease, 183, 186; extravagance in, 92, 93, 94, 372, 376, 395; of farmers, 278; of Kabuki actors, 332, 338; and merchants, 234; of outcasts, 371–72; of physicians, 181; of priests, 145, 147, 154; of prostitutes, 324; at restaurants, 348–51; and rice agents, 246; and townspeople, 286, 424, 425
Fuji no makigari (great hunt at Mount Fuji), 269
Fujōdatsu-kyō (Daihōdō daijikkyō), 162
funerals, 11, 47, 77, 270–71; and the blind, 198, 207, 370n5; costs of, 375; and priests, 147, 152, 158
gambling, 122, 365, 398; of brothel keepers, 312; and commercialization, 112, 375; increase in, 103–4; and outcasts, 369; and price of rice, 246, 274; and priests, 148, 149; and prostitution, 328; and troublemakers, 100, 101, 220, 300; and unnatural deaths, 422; and warriors, 61, 67
Genroku-Kyōhō periods, 22–25, 36; adoption of heirs in, 65; agriculture in, 116; decline since, 392–93, 395, 401, 405, 424; etiquette in, 75; lack of crime in, 298; lawsuits in, 208, 210, 219, 225; physicians in, 183; reforms in, 24, 224, 393; and villages, 113; warriors in, 61, 94
gods: and benevolent government, 139, 140, 410–14, 432; Buyō on, 31–32; and commercialization, 107; and extravagance, 399; Japan as land of, 381, 382; and military Way, 169, 415; and townspeople, 426; and violence, 400–401; and warriors, 45, 84; and Way of Heaven, 428; and wealth vs. poverty, 144. See also Buddhism; Shinto; spirits of mountains and rivers
Gongen-sama (Lord Avatar; Tokugawa Ieyasu), 40n2
Gosei-ha school (Chinese medicine), 181n62
government: in China, 429–30; of cities, 15–16, 289n62; of domains, 8, 43–46, 136, 403, 404; of Edo, 142–43; feudal (fengjian), 404; of Kantō region, 27; of outcasts, 18; village, 2, 12–13. See also magistrates; officials; shogunate; village officials
government, benevolent: and agriculture, 422–23; and beggars, 305, 306–7; and the blind, 197–98, 207; breakdown of, 134–38, 139; and Buddhism, 138, 139, 140, 410–14, 432; and Confucianism, 411, 431; and corveé labor, 134, 136; vs. crime, 401; and daimyo, 138, 139–40, 403; establishment of, 432–33; and extravagance, 411, 430, 431; and gods, 139, 140, 410–14, 432; of Ieyasu, 305, 403, 404–5, 427, 428, 433; laws of, 134, 140, 142, 420, 423, 430, 432; and merchants, 250; and military Way, 415–17, 430; and money lending, 293; and moving the capital, 409–10; officials of, 430, 432; and people without families to rely on, 53, 113, 137, 243, 304, 305; and poverty, 134, 430–31, 432; and priests and monks, 138, 411, 431, 432; and prostitution, 317; and punishment, 412, 430; and taxes, 134, 136; and troublemakers, 134, 431; and unnatural deaths, 419; and warriors, 423, 430; and Way of Heaven, 139, 410–15, 428–30
Hachiman Tarō (Minamoto no Yoshiie), 269
History of the Later Han, 386n24
Honsaroku (The Records of Lord Honda; Honda Masanobu), 29, 31, 140n36, 417
Hōshō Zenji (Prince Saneyasu), 194
housemen, shogunal (gokenin), 7; and adoption of heirs, 66; and the blind, 205, 206; debts of, 51; and frivolous entertainment, 67, 69; and lawsuits, 71–72; and reforms, 25; and rice agents, 244–48; and selling of positions, 66, 68; and superiors, 71
Huizong, Emperor (China), 262
Hyakushō-bukuro (Nishikawa Joken), 160n22
Ichikata biwa school, 198
idlers (yūmin), 5, 19–22, 35, 427–28; in cities, 17; and commercialization, 23, 112; concubines of, 352; consumption by, 372–76, 402–3, 426; and decline of agriculture, 130, 131; and deforestation, 379; and entertainment, 281; extravagance of, 280, 395; and famine, 344, 428; and farmers, 95, 96, 105, 133; freedom of, 277, 278, 279; income of, 423–24; increase in numbers of, 75, 402–3, 424–25, 426; and Kabuki, 335, 343, 344, 345; and laws, 142; and lawsuits, 118, 121, 143; nobility as, 10; and peace, 423; priests as, 12, 19, 138, 173; punishment of, 400; reduction in numbers of, 407, 409, 410, 430; and riots, 307, 308; and shogunate, 29, 143; and taxes, 322, 344; and urbanization, 284, 409; and warriors, 28, 73, 405; and wealth vs. poverty, 144
income: of bannermen, 47, 48–49; of the blind, 19–20, 198–99, 202; of daimyo, 8, 45, 275–76, 405; and extravagance, 81; of farmers, 125–26, 425; and Honganji sect, 164–65; of idlers, 423–24; of Kabuki actors, 331; of merchants, 232, 236, 242–43, 252, 253, 260; of nobility, 10; of outcasts, 18–19, 369–70; of physicians, 183, 184; of priests, 150–56, 154; of rice agents, 244, 248; of shogunal housemen, 67; of shogunate, 13, 26; supplementary (tashidaka), 90; of temples, 11, 150–56, 162, 164–65, 171, 174–75; of townspeople, 271–73, 423–24; of warriors, 7, 8, 26, 84, 246n10, 271, 276n53, 281, 283, 284, 405, 425; of yin-yang diviners, 189–90, 191. See also fiefs; rations; stipends
interest, high: and adoption of heirs, 66; and the blind, 200–201; and bribery, 80; and commercialization, 375; and decline of agriculture, 132; and depopulation, 117; and merchants, 238, 240, 272; and pawnbrokers, 250; and poverty, 296; in prostitution, 324–25; and protests, 141n38; rates of, 59n16; reduction of, 306n81; and temples, 154, 155, 159, 175; and townspeople, 292–96; and warrior impoverishment, 58–59, 82; and wealthy farmers, 98, 105
Jikata ochiboshū (Buyō Inshi), 2n1
Kabuki theater, 19, 22, 328–35; actors in, 330, 331–39; clothing in, 71, 331, 332, 336, 342, 344, 346; costs of, 344; extravagance in, 331–35, 338, 344, 358; and prostitution, 336, 339, 344–48; and reforms, 25–26, 30; restrictions on, 330, 331, 332, 344, 347; and sexuality, 330, 335, 336, 338, 339–45, 347–48, 360; styles of, 339–40; and women, 330n17, 335–39, 341, 342–43, 357
Keizairoku (An Account of Government and Economy; Dazai Shundai), 416
kirisute (right to kill commoners), 9, 278
Koishikawa charity hospital, 142n41
Kyoto, 14, 285; the blind in, 195n13, 203n28; commercialization in, 107; concubines in, 357; consumption in, 373; crime in, 323, 406; vs. Edo, 94; Kabuki in, 329, 330, 335, 339, 344; and lawsuits, 118, 226, 227; merchants in, 232, 240, 251, 252, 253, 256, 257; outcasts in, 368, 369; population growth in, 280; prices in, 275; priests in, 176; prostitution in, 325; temples in, 174; townspeople in, 29–30, 402; unnatural deaths in, 418, 419
land: in Edo, 280–84; equalization of, 140–42; and farmers, 232, 251, 283; renting of, 283n61; sale of, 13, 122–23; surveys of, 57; taxes on, 123, 124, 232, 244, 251, 375, 404, 423, 425; and temples, 11, 175; and townspeople, 276, 282–84, 425; and warriors, 6
laws: of benevolent government, 134, 140, 142, 420, 423, 430, 432; and blind moneylenders, 201nn24–25; and Buddhism, 169; and Confucianism, 417; decline of, 89–94, 167, 394, 396–97, 425, 429; and deforestation, 379; and depopulation, 117; domainal, 136, 404; and feudalism, 404; flouting of, 395, 405, 413; and Ieyasu, 389; ineffectiveness of, 104, 406–7; and Kabuki actors, 339; and lawsuits, 121, 214, 226, 229, 230, 231; and merchants, 243; and military Way, 415–16; and peace, 408; and priests, 154, 177, 179–80; and prostitution, 314, 317, 326, 328; and rice agents, 248; and riots, 308; and sexuality, 358, 360, 362–63; sumptuary, 24, 25, 26, 80, 104, 266, 356, 407; and temples, 158–59; and townspeople, 104, 142, 426; on trade, 373–74; and troublemakers, 301, 408; and unnatural deaths, 419; and Way of Heaven, 428–29; and wealth vs. poverty, 140, 143
lawsuits, 117–21, 208–31; and adultery, 362–63, 364; and bannermen, 71–72, 120; bribery in, 111, 120, 216–18, 227, 228; and Buyō, 3; in cities, 15, 230; and commercialization, 107–8, 110–11, 121; costs of, 212–13, 218, 224, 225, 289; and daimyo, 119–20, 219–21, 224, 225; and domains, 222–24; edicts on, 20, 201n24, 211n37; in Edo, 118–19, 214, 224, 225, 227; and farmers, 118, 119, 121, 143, 214, 222–24; and greed, 209–11; and housemen, 71–72; and idlers, 118, 121, 143; and loans, 211, 295; and magistrates, 118, 208–31, 291; obstacles to justice in, 224–31, 397, 398; and poverty, 296; and priests, 120, 146, 155, 157; private settlements in, 20, 211–14, 225, 227–28, 229, 230–31; problems with, 217–24; for profit, 120–21, 143, 209, 211, 214, 215, 216, 225; and shogunate, 118, 121, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 224, 225, 226, 230; and townspeople, 71–72, 118, 119, 121, 143, 214–17, 272, 289, 291; and troublemakers, 120, 218–19, 226, 230; in villages, 97–98, 120–21, 219n38; and warriors, 9, 54, 60, 71–72, 82, 120, 214–17; and Way of Heaven, 226, 229–30
loans: from the blind, 19–20, 58, 66, 82, 200–205; and Buyō, 3; cancellation of, 254n20; and commercialization, 375; and court nobility, 10; and crime, 299n74; and daimyo, 265n36; and depopulation, 117; and Edo Town Office, 306n81; and farmers, 96, 98, 100, 132, 294; and lawsuits, 211, 295; and merchants, 8, 16–17, 234–41, 249–50, 254n21, 255, 265n36, 272; and pawnbrokers, 236, 250–51; and poverty, 124, 126, 294, 296, 403; and priests, 149, 154, 293–94; and protests, 141, 141n38; and retainers, 54–55; rewards for, 52–53; and rice agents, 51–52, 243–48, 254n20; and shogunate, 24, 25, 26, 50, 51, 55, 81, 293, 294, 296, 393n40; and temples, 11, 50, 154–55, 159, 160, 175, 292–93; and townspeople, 52, 287, 292–96; and troublemakers, 101, 300; types of, 294–95; and warriors, 8, 50–52, 55, 56, 58, 60, 67–68, 82, 293
luxury items: and actors, 331–33; and brothel keepers, 311–12; and farmers, 99; first bonito as, 395n42; and outcasts, 368, 370–72; and priests, 153, 170–71, 173; and prostitutes, 281, 309, 355–56; and servants, 356; and townspeople, 256–58, 261–62, 268–70, 280–81. See also wool
magistrates, 15, 58, 140, 247; and commercialization, 107–8; and Kabuki actors, 331, 336; and lawsuits, 118, 208–31, 291; and money lending, 296; and undercover agents, 300n77; and warrior impoverishment, 60, 82
marriage, 71, 87, 113, 357; and the blind, 205; of merchants, 267, 268; of outcasts, 370; and priests, 158; and prostitutes, 319; and sexuality, 360–61, 364; and troublemakers, 100–101; of warriors, 268, 371; of warriors’ dependents, 62
Matsudaira house (Iyo Matsuyama), 92–93
Matsudaira Nobutsuna, 390
merchant guilds, 24, 25, 26, 30; and bribery, 79, 90; and crime, 406; and lawsuits, 143; monopolies of, 235–36, 290; and townspeople, 290
merchants, 5; and adoption, 235, 267, 268; apprentices of, 271, 286; and bribery, 78, 79, 238; in cities, 16–17; clerks of, 286–87; clothing of, 234, 256, 268, 269–70; and commercialization, 106, 107, 108, 110, 374, 375; concubines of, 234, 257, 263–65; and crime, 425; and daimyo, 233, 234, 236–43, 252, 257–63, 267, 268, 271, 275–76, 277; and decline of agriculture, 132; and depopulation, 114; Dutch, 380; in Edo, 232, 233, 240, 251–56; and entertainment, 234, 235, 237, 240, 259, 260, 261–62, 270; extravagance of, 99, 232, 233–34, 243, 249, 252, 256–63, 266, 267–71, 286, 297; and farmers, 104–6, 232–34, 237, 242–43, 252, 257, 259, 401–2; and festivals, 267–71; hoarding by, 248–51; and Ieyasu, 243, 389; income of, 232, 236, 242–43, 252, 253, 260; in Kyoto, 232, 240, 251, 252, 253, 256, 257; and land, 276; and loans, 8, 16–17, 234–41, 249–50, 254n21, 255, 265n36, 272; monopolies by, 249–50, 254n21; and peace, 408, 423; posthumous names for, 271; and poverty, 124, 248, 257, 270, 273; and prices, 273–76; vs. priests, 150; and profit, 232, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238, 242, 277; and rice tax, 233, 237–38, 242; as shogunal purveyors, 233–36, 254nn21–22, 306n81; and shogunate, 25, 233–36, 241, 250, 272; sword carrying by, 234, 236, 270, 277; and transport, 280; and troublemakers, 103; warrior ancestors of, 409; and warriors, 232–34, 236, 238, 241–43, 254, 257, 260–61, 263, 264, 267–70; and wealthy vs. poor, 233, 243, 249; and women, 237, 260, 263–65, 267, 277
military affairs, 40, 69, 93, 394, 395; and the blind, 205; and bribery, 80–81; and commercialization, 374; and merchants, 233; and monks, 168–69; and Oda Nobunaga, 45–46; in provinces vs. Edo, 82; and shogunal housemen, 67, 68; and warriors, 61, 76–77
military Way (budo), 5, 28–30; and benevolent government, 415–17, 430; vs. Buddhism, 11–12, 169–71, 384, 415–16; Buyō on, 31; vs. Confucianism, 26, 28–29, 73, 415–16, 417; decline of, 22, 94, 385–88, 397, 410, 429; vs. frivolous entertainment, 70; and Ieyasu, 388–92, 428; and Kabuki, 343; and laws, 407; and priests, 173, 174; restoration of, 415–17; and riots, 308; and shogunate, 28, 29–30, 73, 413; and warriors, 63, 84; and women, 87
Minamoto no Mitsunaka (Mankei), 170, 171, 387
Minamoto no Yorimitsu, 269
Minamoto no Yoshiie (Hachiman Tarō), 269
Minka bunryōki (Tokiwa Tanhoku), 160n22
mountains, destruction of, 376–81
music, 19, 22, 67, 71, 396n43; and the blind, 194, 195, 199, 200, 202, 205, 206, 208, 340; and concubines, 87, 352; in Kabuki, 329, 336, 339–40, 342, 343; and merchants, 237, 270; and restaurants, 349, 350; styles of, 339–40
Musui’s Story (Katsu Kokichi), 3, 54n14
Ochiboshū (Daidōji Yūzan), 140n36
officials, 132, 397, 407; and benevolent government, 430, 432; and bribery, 78; and commercialization, 108–9, 110; and Kabuki actors, 336; and lawsuits, 120, 208–31; and merchants, 238; and outcasts, 143, 369; and prostitution, 326; and transport system, 115n13. See also magistrates; shogunate; village officials
Ofuregaki Kanpō shūsei, 379n14
Oritaku shiba no ki (Arai Hakuseki), 224
Osaka, 14, 171n46, 285, 357, 402, 406; commercialization in, 107; consumption in, 373; and Edo, 27; Kabuki in, 335, 339, 344; and lawsuits, 118, 226, 227; merchants in, 232, 239, 240, 251, 252, 253, 256, 257; outcasts in, 368, 369; population growth in, 280; and prostitution, 325; rice market in, 16, 274, 275; siege of, 420; unnatural deaths in, 418
outcasts (eta; hinin), 6, 17–19, 368–72, 402; and beggars, 18, 20, 142, 370, 371; in cities, 132; and commercialization, 375; and concubines, 352; consumption by, 372; in Edo, 142, 143, 368; guilds of, 406; income of, 18–19, 369–70; increase in numbers of, 304–7; and Kabuki, 330; and priests, 154; and prostitution, 311, 325; as retainers, 67; and shogunate, 143, 369; and warriors, 371, 372, 409
people of the soil (domin). See farmers
people of who sustain the state (kokumin), 12. See also farmers
physicians, 180–88; apprentices of, 185–86; categories of, 181n63, 184n67; corruption of, 186–87, 301; high-ranking, 181–85; vs. Kabuki, 346, 347; and land, 283; low-ranking, 185–88; sword-carrying by, 183–84; training of, 187–88; and yin-yang diviners, 191
Pillow Book (Sei Shōnagon), 298n72
poetry, 10, 68, 261, 281, 364, 391–92; haikai, 67, 97, 98; and Kabuki, 328, 345
population: decline of, 112–17, 128, 131, 137, 166; of Edo, 1–2, 14, 15, 280; of Yoshiwara, 20, 326. See also urbanization
poverty: and benevolent government, 134, 430–31, 432; and the blind, 203–5; of Buyō, 398; in cities, 126, 137, 355; and commercialization, 106, 124–25; and crime, 17, 249, 296–98, 303, 418; and daimyo, 45, 124, 136–37, 394, 403; and decline of agriculture, 128, 131; and disease, 127, 134–35, 183, 186, 187, 191, 306; and extravagance, 393–95; of farmers, 132–33, 402–3, 423–26; and Honganji sect, 166; and Kabuki actors, 333; and loans, 124, 126, 294, 296, 403; and merchants, 124, 248, 257, 270, 273; and pawnbrokers, 250; and prices, 275; and prostitution, 320; and rice agents, 244; and riots, 307, 308; spread of, 410; and taxes, 123, 124, 125, 322, 403; and townspeople, 277–78, 284, 286; and unnatural deaths, 418; and urbanization, 122, 124, 126, 127, 128, 409; of warriors, 55–60, 77, 144, 403, 405, 423–24, 426; and Way of Heaven, 428; vs. wealth, 122–28, 138–44, 295, 321, 355, 417, 424, 431
prices, 35, 272, 273–76; and commercialization, 424; control of, 24, 25; in Edo, 223, 275, 282–84; and merchant guilds, 236, 290; of rice, 17, 24, 25, 26, 246, 273–74, 275; rising, 27, 403
priests and monks, 6, 10–12, 145–80, 301, 391; ascetic, 138–39; and benevolent government, 138, 411, 431, 432; and the blind, 197; chief, 146, 149–50; concubines of, 352; and decline of agriculture, 129; donations to, 146, 147, 148, 151, 154, 159–60, 164, 168, 172; extravagance of, 160–61, 394–95; and farmers, 95, 150, 157, 179; freedom of, 277; as idlers, 12, 19, 138, 173; and Ieyasu, 388, 392; imitation, 398; and Kabuki, 347; and lawsuits, 120, 146, 155, 157; and military affairs, 168–69; and money lending, 149, 154, 293–94; and physicians, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188; and prostitution, 311, 315, 325; ranks of, 146–47; regulations of, 175–80; as retainers, 67; and shogunate, 29, 31; warriors as, 170, 387; and yin-yang diviners, 191
prints, erotic (shunga), 22, 347
profit, Way of, 36, 41–42, 46, 396; and adoption of heirs, 65–67; and bribery, 78; and Buddhism, 384; and commercialization, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 374, 375, 376; and decline of agriculture, 130, 131, 132; and deforestation, 379; and depopulation, 116–17; and farmers, 96, 104; and land prices, 283; and lawsuits, 120–21, 143, 209, 211, 214, 215, 216, 225; and lord-vassal relationship, 75; and merchants, 232, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238, 242, 277; in minerals, 380–81; and occult, 399; and pawnbrokers, 250; and peace, 415, 423; and physicians, 182, 185, 186, 187, 188; and poverty, 128, 403; and priests, 147, 177, 395; and prostitution, 315, 324–27; and restaurants, 350; and retainers, 53; and rice, 244, 245, 273; and shogunate, 393, 394, 413; and temples, 159; and townspeople, 271–73, 276, 278, 282, 292–96, 424; and troublemakers, 102; and urbanization, 424; and violence, 400; and wealthy farmers, 98
prostitution, 20–21, 167, 309–28; and adultery, 103, 313, 320, 362; and arson, 315, 317, 325, 326; and bribery, 326–27; brothel keepers in, 311–13, 324–27, 360; and Buyō, 398; causes of, 320–22; and commercialization, 112; and concubines, 86, 87, 88, 354–55, 357; costs of, 309–10, 315, 316, 324–25; and crime, 315, 317; damage from, 327–28; and decline of agriculture, 130; and disease, 186, 297, 315, 316, 324, 327, 422; and disorder, 359–60, 365; in Edo, 20–21, 320, 325; and entertainment, 345–48; and extravagance, 71, 310, 324, 358; and farmers, 310, 321–22; and filial piety, 21, 312, 320, 322, 324, 325, 327; guilds in, 406; hidden, 326, 327, 351; and Kabuki, 336, 339, 344–48; and kidnapping, 322–24; and laws, 314, 317, 326, 328; life in, 313–18; and merchants, 263, 270; at post stations, 325, 327; and profit, 315, 324–27; and reforms, 25, 30; and selling children, 320–22, 327; and temples, 156; and townspeople, 280, 281, 286, 288, 289, 321; training for, 318–20, 323–24; and troublemakers, 101, 320, 325, 327, 360; unlicensed, 20, 103, 104, 156, 320, 326, 327; and unnatural deaths, 422; and village officials, 97; and warriors, 60, 310, 315; and yin-yang diviners, 192
punishment: of arson, 228, 301; and benevolent government, 412, 430; blindness as, 193, 241; confinement as, 62; of criminals, 219–20, 225–26, 299–300, 417–18; crucifixion as, 421; execution as, 417–21; of extravagance, 400; from Heaven, 144, 410, 414; lax, 248–49, 299–300, 413; and merchants, 248, 249; and military Way, 169; moxibustion as, 323n11; and pawnbrokers, 250; and poverty, 296; of priests, 151, 161; vs. private settlements, 227–28, 229, 230–31; and profit, 396; of prostitutes, 314, 316, 323–24; of servants, 75; and sexuality, 71–72, 358, 362, 363; and shogunate, 413; of troublemakers, 103, 134, 230–31; by warriors, 9, 58, 71–73, 75, 151, 247; of women, 365
qi (ki; psychophysical energy), 35n1
rations (fuchi), 248n12; and the blind, 196, 198, 199; and merchants, 236; and warriors, 45, 52, 79, 81, 242
residences, 402, 431; of concubines, 354; of daimyo, 137; extravagance in, 76, 92–93, 94, 123, 372, 376; of Kabuki actors, 332–33; of merchants, 257; of outcasts, 18, 369; of physicians, 181; of priests, 145; of prostitutes, 309; of townspeople, 424, 425; of wealthy farmers, 96. See also daimyo compounds; villas
retainers, 62, 394; abuses by, 53–55, 77–81, 84–85, 90; and adoption of heirs, 65, 66, 90; and benevolent government, 138; and the blind, 205; and commercialization, 109; and concubines, 86, 352–53; of daimyo, 46–47, 83–85, 358; extravagance of, 76; and farmers, 95, 97; and lawsuits, 216; of merchants, 237, 257; of physicians, 183; and prostitutes, 319; and sexuality, 358–59; short-term employment of, 76–77; and warriors, 56, 84–85, 358. See also housemen; rear vassals
retirement allowance, 64, 235
rice: and the blind, 194–95, 206; consumption of, 372–73; and merchants, 233, 237–38, 242; price of, 17, 24, 25, 26, 246, 273–74, 275; shortages of, 256; taxes in, 16, 27, 276n52; taxes on, 8, 194–95, 206, 233, 237–38, 242; transportation of, 275–76
rice agents (fudasashi, kurayado), 16, 24, 25, 51–52, 58; guild of, 245; of Kuramae, 243–48, 254; and riots, 307
Risshō ankoku ron (Nichiren), 180n57
rōnin (masterless warriors), 8–9, 68, 85, 97, 191, 346, 408; abuses by, 54; and adoption of heirs, 66; and Asano Naganori, 390; and lawsuits, 120; and rice agents, 247n11
Sanguo zhi yanyi (Romance of the Three Kingdoms), 180n59
Segawa Kikunojō Rokō (Segawa Kikunojō III), 333–34
seido (regulative institution), 28
Seji kenbunroku (Matters of the World: An Account of What I Have Seen and Heard; Buyō Inshi): audience for, 32–33; and contemporary thought, 4–5, 27–33; editions of, 2n2, 344n31, 441
Sekigahara, battle of, 93n43
Senzai wakashū (Fujiwara no Shunzei), 298n72
servants, 283, 323, 332, 352; and decline of agriculture, 129, 130; and depopulation, 114; farmers as, 75, 282; and merchants, 235, 255; and poverty, 122, 127; short-term employment of, 76–77; wages of, 73–74, 75, 356; of warriors, 73–76, 122
sexuality (Way of men and women), 327, 354, 358–67; and Buddhism, 147, 162; censorship of term for, 3n2; and disease, 183; and etiquette, 312, 361; in fiction, 347; and greed, 21–22; illicit, 71, 74, 79, 100, 103, 110, 156, 288, 360–61; and Kabuki, 330, 335, 336, 338, 339–45, 347–48, 360; and lawsuits, 211. See also adultery; concubines; prostitution
shiokuri yōnin (subsidies assistant), 53
shogunate: administrative posts in, 66–68, 81–82, 87; and adoption of heirs, 66–67; and beggars, 306–7; benevolent government of, 142, 143; and the blind, 20, 198, 206, 207; bureaucracy of, 1, 7, 8, 10–12; Buyō on, 3, 31, 36, 433n77; codes of, 65–66, 91n40; and collateral domains, 8, 221n41, 222; and commercialization, 24; and crime, 121, 138, 298, 303–4, 406–10; and deforestation, 379; edicts of, 20, 68n25, 201n24, 211n37; and farmers, 29, 96; and filial piety, 322, 392–93, 405, 432; and guilds, 20, 393n40; and Inaba Norimichi, 265–66; income of, 13, 26; and Kabuki actors, 333, 336; and lawsuits, 118, 121, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 224, 225, 226, 230; and loans, 24, 25, 26, 50, 51, 55, 81, 293, 294, 296, 393n40; and merchants, 25, 233–36, 241, 250, 272; and military Way, 28, 29–30, 73, 413; and mineral trade, 381; and nobility, 9–10; and pawnbrokers, 251; and physicians, 182; and prices, 275; and profit, 393, 394; and rice agents, 247, 248; and sexuality, 313, 358, 363, 364; and temples, 10–12, 143, 151n8, 152n9; and townspeople, 29, 143, 280, 290–91; and warrior impoverishment, 81–82; and warriors, 6–7, 48, 84, 88, 94; and women, 87; and yin-yang diviners, 189, 191
Sources of Japanese Tradition (de Bary et al.), 32–33
stipends: and the blind, 198; and Confucian scholars, 350; and Danzaemon, 18; and domainal purveyors, 236; and nobility, 174; and physicians, 183, 184n67; reductions of, 8, 50n7, 56, 81, 84, 237, 374; and rice agents, 16, 51, 243–45, 247, 254; supplementary, 90, 331n18; and temples and priests, 153, 171, 175, 199; and warriors, 7, 17, 26, 45, 47–52, 59, 67, 74, 76, 81, 150, 246n10, 248, 264, 271, 273, 276n53, 281; and wealthy farmers, 52, 97; and yin-yang diviners, 190
Supreme Judicial Council (Hyōjōsho), 15
swords, 263, 349; and brothel keepers, 312; of Ieyasu, 388; of Kabuki actors, 331–32; and merchants, 234, 236, 270, 277; and outcasts, 369; and physicians, 183–84; and riots, 308; and townspeople, 262, 394; and warriors, 343
Takeda Ōmi (Takeda Izumo I), 340
Tamakushige (Jeweled Comb-Box: A Private Memorial; Motoori Norinaga), 27–28, 416
taxes: and benevolent government, 134, 136; on cities, 16; and commercialization, 27, 107; and decline of agriculture, 129; and depopulation, 114; on farmers, 98, 105, 133, 232, 251, 278; and Honganji sect, 164; and idlers, 322, 344; increase in, 394; on land, 123, 124, 232, 244, 251, 375, 404, 423, 425; and merchants, 233, 237–38, 242, 277; and poverty, 123, 124, 125, 322, 403; and priests, 153n13; and prostitution, 320; in rice, 16, 27, 276n52; on rice, 8, 194–95, 206, 233, 237–38, 242; and townspeople, 271–73, 279, 284, 322; on villages, 13, 14, 404; and warriors, 8, 57, 58, 95, 375; and wealth vs. poverty, 105, 140; well-field system of, 404
tea ceremony, 67, 68, 97, 148, 351; and Kabuki, 329, 345; and merchants, 258, 261, 262
temples: and the blind, 196; Buddhist, 10–12; in cities, 15; and commercialization, 375; confraternities of, 147, 165, 252; and court nobility, 10, 158, 159, 174, 175; and daimyo, 45; donations to, 146, 147, 148, 151, 154, 159–60, 164, 168, 172; extravagance of, 145, 146, 151–52, 158–61, 171, 173, 174; and Honganji sect, 164; and Ieyasu, 174n50, 175, 388–89; income of, 11, 150–56, 162, 164–65, 171, 174–75; and Kabuki actors, 334; and loans, 11, 50, 154–55, 159, 160, 175, 292–93; lotteries in, 11, 143, 147, 159, 160; and merchants, 233, 243, 271; vs. military Way, 386; ranks of, 151–52, 155; registration with, 10–11, 151, 157; regulations of, 175–80; and shogunate, 10–12, 143, 151n8, 152n9; and vermilion-seal grants, 11, 153, 159, 172, 177. See also pilgrimages; priests and monks
Tenpō reforms (1841–1843), 30–31
Tōdōza (guild of the blind), 19–20, 193n7, 195; ranks in, 194, 196, 197, 199–203, 205, 206, 208
Tokugawa Ieyasu, 5, 12, 26, 29–30, 40–41, 281n58; and bannermen, 389, 390n34, 427; benevolent government of, 305, 403, 404–5, 427, 428, 433; and the blind, 198, 199, 205–6; and Buddhism, 40, 172, 175–76, 388–89; Buyō on, 31; and Christianity, 399; and collateral domains, 221n41; and Confucianism, 40, 389, 392; on court nobility, 94; and daimyo, 343n30, 389, 390n34, 427; as Divine Lord (Shinkun), 5, 40n2; and executions, 419–20; and extravagance, 92, 93, 132, 367, 389, 392, 428; as Gongen-sama (Lord Avatar), 40n2; and Honganji sect, 165–66; laws of, 91; and lawsuits, 229; and merchants, 243, 389; and Mikawa uprising, 109–10; and military Way, 5, 388–92, 428; and Oda Nobunaga, 45; peace established by, 408, 426–27; and retainers, 358–59; retainers of, 266, 363; and temples, 174n50, 175, 388–89; and villages, 112–13; and warriors, 389, 390–91, 392, 426–27; and Way of Heaven, 389, 414; and wealth vs. poverty, 140; and yin-yang diviners, 190, 392
townspeople (chōnin), 5, 6, 14–17, 232–308; advantages of, 271–73; and benevolent government, 431; and the blind, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207; and bribery, 79, 289; clerks, 286–87; clothing of, 278, 286, 402, 407, 424, 425; and commercialization, 23, 24, 107; and concubines, 87, 352, 353; consumption by, 372–76, 402–3, 426; and court nobility, 10; and crime, 282, 290, 297–304, 425; damage caused by, 427–28; and decline of agriculture, 130, 131; and deforestation, 379; employment agencies of, 77; entertainment of, 280, 281–82; extravagance of, 280, 282, 284, 285, 297, 424–26; and farmers, 95, 96, 133, 272–73, 276–82, 284–86, 297, 425; and festivals, 252, 267–71, 281, 287–88; freedom of, 276–82; and Ieyasu, 392; income of, 271–73, 423–24; increase in numbers of, 280–85, 393, 402–3, 424–25, 426; and Kabuki, 335, 342, 343, 345; land of, 276, 282–84, 425; and laws, 104, 142, 426; and lawsuits, 71–72, 118, 119, 121, 143, 214–17, 272, 289, 291; and loans, 52, 287, 292–96; lower, 285–308; occupations of, 289–92; and outcasts, 372; and peace, 423; and physicians, 184; and poverty, 277–78, 284, 286; vs. priests, 150; and profit, 271–73, 276, 278, 282, 292–96, 424; and prostitution, 280, 281, 286, 288, 289, 321; punishment of, 400; reduction in numbers of, 405, 407, 409, 410, 430; and restaurants, 349; and riots, 307, 308; and shogunate, 29, 143, 280, 290–91; sons and daughters of, 287–89, 356n38; as swindlers, 291–92; and taxes, 271–73, 279, 284, 322; and temples, 154, 155; as troublemakers, 282, 286, 287, 288, 289, 301; warrior ancestors of, 408–9; and warriors, 28, 52, 56, 68, 73, 82, 94, 214–17, 271–72, 273, 276–82, 284–87, 297, 405, 425; and wealth vs. poverty, 144; wealthy, 248–51, 394, 402. See also house owners; idlers; merchants
Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 93n43, 325, 329, 330n15, 420n70; and the blind, 199; and Buddhism, 171, 172, 174, 388; and yin-yang diviners, 190, 388
troublemakers (akutō), 19, 27, 100–104, 401; and arson, 101, 104, 226, 298; and benevolent government, 134, 431; and commercialization, 110, 112, 375; consumption by, 372; and crime, 300–302, 425; and decline of agriculture, 131; in Edo, 102–3; and farmers, 103, 133, 301; at festivals, 287–88; and gambling, 100, 101, 220, 300; guilds of, 406; and laws, 301, 408; and lawsuits, 120, 218–19, 226, 230; official searches for, 219–21; and outcasts, 369; and palanquins, 266; priests as, 156; and prostitution, 101, 320, 325, 327, 360; punishment of, 103, 134, 230–31; reduction in numbers of, 405, 410; registration of, 102; and restaurants, 349; and rice agents, 247n11; townspeople as, 282, 287, 288, 289, 301; as undercover agents, 300; and unnatural deaths, 422; in villages, 101–2, 103; wealth of, 402; and women, 100–101, 103, 300, 301
Tsuchimikado Hisanaga, 190n3
Uezaki Kuhachirō jōsho (Uezaki Kuhachirō), 416
Umewaka (Sumidagawa), 298
unregistered persons (mushuku), 6, 17, 27, 102–3, 104, 133, 402; and absconding, 219n38, 288; and benevolent government, 431; blind, 203; and commercialization, 110, 112, 402; consumption by, 372; and decline of agriculture, 131; extravagance of, 266, 395; “guilds” of, 406; and lawsuits, 219n38, 220; and prostitution, 325; reduction in numbers of, 405; townspeople as, 288, 289. See also troublemakers
uprisings, 109, 141, 304, 321; danger of, 307–8; in Edo, 24, 26; by farmers, 107, 124; Mikawa, 109–10, 165–66, 383
urbanization, 1, 14–15, 128–33, 280, 285, 402–3; and commercialization, 424; and crime, 297–98, 299; and depopulation, 114, 116; and farmers, 289–90; and granaries, 306; and idlers, 284, 409; and Ieyasu, 392; and poverty, 122, 124, 126, 127, 128, 409; reversal of, 430; and riots, 308
vassals: hereditary vs. nonhereditary, 205n32; relations with lord, 39, 44–47, 51, 55, 56, 65, 74–77, 84, 85, 89, 90, 425, 429; of Tokugawa, 6–8, 51n11, 113, 166, 184n67, 222, 243, 390, 420, 432. See also rear vassals
village officials (mura yakunin), 101, 126, 155; and commercialization, 108, 110; and decline of agriculture, 128, 129; and lawsuits, 97–98, 219n38; and registration, 158n20
villages, 2, 12–13, 133; and commercialization, 27; depopulation of, 112–17; and Ieyasu, 112–13; lawsuits in, 97–98, 120–21, 219n38; poverty in, 122–23, 124; and priests, 157, 173; taxes on, 13, 14, 404; temples in, 174; and transport system, 115; troublemakers in, 101–2, 103; and urbanization, 284. See also farmers
wakō (Japanese pirates), 388
warriors (būke, bushi, samurai, shi), 5, 6–9, 42–93, 397; and adoption of heirs, 63–68; and benevolent government, 423, 430; and the blind, 58, 82, 199, 203, 204, 205; and bribery, 77–81; and Buddhism, 84, 170–71, 383; and Buyō, 3; in cities, 14, 15; clothing of, 70–71, 76, 81, 84, 91–94; codes of, 66n23, 91n40, 278–79; and commercialization, 23, 108–9, 111, 112; complaining by, 49–50; concubines of, 85–88, 352–53, 356; consumption by, 373, 374; and court nobility, 10, 94, 197n16; and crime, 303; decline of, 22, 424; and decline of agriculture, 130; dependents of, 47, 56, 62, 64, 65; and depopulation, 114, 116; descendants of, 408–9; drunkenness of, 60, 63, 68; and farmers, 28, 51, 52, 57, 73, 95, 96–97, 133, 284, 375; financial affairs of, 53–55, 63, 77–81, 94, 241–42; and fixers, 53–55; and frivolity, 68–73; good models of, 77–78; and Honganji sect, 166; and Ieyasu, 389, 390–91, 392, 426–27; imitation, 398; impoverishment of, 55–60, 77, 144, 403, 405, 423–24, 426; income of, 7, 8, 26, 84, 246n10, 271, 276n53, 281, 283, 284, 405, 425; and Kabuki, 335, 337, 343, 345; and laws, 408; and lawsuits, 9, 54, 60, 71–72, 82, 120, 214–17; and loans, 8, 50–52, 55, 56, 58, 60, 67–68, 82, 293; and merchants, 232–34, 236, 238, 241–43, 254, 257, 260–61, 263, 264, 267–70; and military affairs, 61, 76–77; and military Way, 63, 84; and occult, 399; and outcasts, 371, 372, 409; and pawnbrokers, 250, 251; and physicians, 182, 183, 184, 185; and priests, 150, 152, 154, 173, 174, 179; and prostitution, 60, 310, 315; ranks of, 67n24; and restaurants, 349, 350; retainers of, 56, 84–85, 358; retirement of, 88–89; rewards from, 52–53; and rice agents, 51–52, 58, 246, 247n11, 248, 273; and right to use force, 9, 58, 71–73, 75, 151, 278; and riots, 307, 308; ruin of, 60–63; servants of, 73–76; and shogunate, 6–7, 48, 81–82, 84, 88, 94; skills of, 390–91; small-scale, 47, 48, 55–57, 62, 65, 68, 89, 97, 152, 356, 371; and taxes, 8, 57, 58, 95, 375; and temples, 155, 175; and townspeople, 28, 52, 56, 68, 73, 82, 94, 214–17, 271–72, 273, 276–82, 284–87, 297, 405, 425; and troublemakers, 103, 301. See also bannermen; daimyo; fief holders; housemen, shogunal; rōnin
Way of Heaven (tendō, tentō), 23, 31, 40, 144, 285, 401; and benevolent government, 139, 410–15, 428–30; and the blind, 197; vs. Buddhism, 384, 385; and commercialization, 107; and Ieyasu, 389, 414; vs. Kabuki, 338; and lawsuits, 226, 229–30; and merchants, 264; and military Way, 31, 415; and money lending, 295; and outcasts, 370, 371, 372; and priests, 180; and prostitution, 311, 319, 320, 328; and sexuality, 360; and townspeople, 272, 284, 428; and warriors, 89; and yin-yang diviners, 192
women: abuse of, 100–101; as brothel keepers, 312–13; and Buddhism, 163, 337; and crime, 304; and daimyo, 87, 137, 326, 352, 353, 363, 366; extravagance of, 71, 81, 359–60, 366, 395; and fiction, 347; and Honganji sect, 163; and Kabuki, 330n17, 335–39, 341, 342–43, 357; kept, 352–58; and laws, 90; management of, 85–88; and merchants, 237, 260, 263–65, 267, 277; outcast, 370–71, 372; and priests, 146, 148, 149, 159; punishment of, 365; ranks of, 354; sale of, 68; seduction of, 72–73, 74; and temples, 156, 172; and townspeople, 288–89; and troublemakers, 100–101, 103, 300, 301. See also concubines; marriage; prostitution; sexuality
wool: as luxury item, 76, 99, 268, 269–70, 288, 309, 311, 332, 356; types of, 76n29, 268n41, 270n45
Xuanzong, Emperor (China), 353
Yoshiwara (Edo brothel district), 21, 156n17, 264, 280n56, 281, 309, 357; life in, 316, 324; population of, 20, 326