NOTES
CHAPTER 1: “WE WHO ARE DARK”
1. W. E. B. Du Bois, “Criteria of Negro Art,” Crisis 32, no. 6 (1926): 290–97. Emphasis added.
2. Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, ed., How We Get Free: Black Feminism and the Combahee River Collective (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2017), 4.
3. Jennifer Okwerekwu, “White Male Doctors Earn 35 Percent More Than Black Male Doctors,” STAT, June 16, 2016, https://www.statnews.com/2016/06/07/physician-pay-gap.
4. Ibid.
5. Lauren Camera, “Black Girls Are Twice as Likely to Be Suspended, in Every State,” US News & World Report, May 9, 2017, https://www.usnews.com/news/education-news/articles/2017–05–09/Black-girls-are-twice-as-likely-to-be-suspended-in-every-state.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Monique Morris, Pushout: The Criminalization of Black Girls in Schools (New York: New Press, 2016).
9. Sarah Hinger, “Police Assault on Black Students in Kentucky Sparks Calls for Reform,” ACLU blog, November 21, 2017, https://www.aclu.org/blog/racial-justice/race-and-criminal-justice/police-assault-Black-students-kentucky-sparks-calls.
10. Bill Ayers, Demand the Impossible! A Radical Manifesto (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2016).
11. Angela Y. Davis, Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the Foundations of a Movement (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2016).
12. Ta-Nehisi Coates, Between the World and Me (New York: Spiegel and Grau, 2015).
13. Ibid.
14. Michael Roy Hames-García, Fugitive Thought: Prison Movements, Race, and the Meaning of Justice (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004).
15. Toni Morrison, “Black Studies Center Public Dialogue,” Oregon Public Speakers Collection, Portland State University, May 30, 1975.
16. Valerie Strauss, “Report: Big Education Firms Spend Millions Lobbying for Protesting Policies,” Washington Post, March 30, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2015/03/30/report-big-education-firms-spend-millions-lobbying-for-pro-testing-policies/?utm_term=.7904eb3ca919.
17. Aviva Shen, “Private Prisons Spend $45 Million on Lobbying, Rake in $5.1 Billion for Immigrant Detention Alone,” Think Progress, August 3, 2012, https://thinkprogress.org/private-prisons-spend-45-million-on-lobbying-rake-in-5–1-billion-for-immigrant-detention-alone-b9ef073758be.
18. Data Team, “The Mystery of High Unemployment Rates for Black Americans,” Economist, August 3, 2017, https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2017/08/daily-chart-1.
19. Michael J. Dumas, “Against the Dark: AntiBlackness in Education Policy and Discourse,” Theory into Practice 55, no. 1 (2016): 11–19.
20. Ibid., 13.
CHAPTER 2: EDUCATIONAL SURVIVAL
1. James Baldwin, The Price of the Ticket: Collected Nonfiction, 1948–1985 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985).
2. Dennis Kucinich, “Our Political Economy Is Designed to Create Poverty and Inequality,” Nation, March 6, 2017, https://www.thenation.com/article/our-political-economy-is-designed-to-create-poverty-and-inequality.
3. Rupert Neate, “Richest 1% Own Half the World’s Wealth, Study Finds,” Guardian, November 14, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/nov/14/worlds-richest-wealth-credit-suisse.
4. Jessica Dickler, “US Households Now Have Over $16,000 in Credit-Card Debt,” CNBC, December 13, 2016, https://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/13/us-households-now-have-over-16k-in-credit-card-debt.html.
5. Rakesh Kochhar and Richard Fry, “Wealth Inequality Has Widened Along Racial, Ethnic Lines Since End of Great Recession,” Pew Research Center, December 12, 2014, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/12/12/racial-wealth-gaps-great-recession.
6. Danielle Douglass-Gabriel, “College Is Not the Great Equalizer for Black and Hispanic Graduates,” Washington Post, August 17, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/17/college-is-not-the-great-equalizer-for-Black-and-hispanic-graduates/?utm_term=.2d91db2a6c74.
7. Jasmine Tucker and Caitlin Lowell, “National Snapshot: Poverty Among Women and Families, 2015,” National Women’s Law Center Fact Sheet, September 2016, https://nwlc.org/resources/national-snapshot-poverty-among-women-families-2015.
8. Ibid.
9. Jean Anyon, Ghetto Schooling: A Political Economy of Urban Educational Reform (New York: Teachers College Press, 1997), 181.
10. James Baldwin, “A Letter to My Nephew,” Progressive, January 1, 1962, http://progressive.org/magazine/letter-nephew.
11. Marc Lamont Hill, Nobody: Casualties of America’s War on the Vulnerable, from Ferguson to Flint and Beyond (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), 65.
12. Langston Hughes, The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes (New York: Vintage Classics, 1994).
13. “Ulysses S. Grant’s Reflections on the War,” from Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (1865), Smithsonian Source: Resources for Teaching American History, Primary Sources, http://www.smithsoniansource.org/display/primarysource/viewdetails.aspx?PrimarySourceId=1047, accessed August 14, 2018.
14. Carol Anderson, White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016), 2.
15. Jason Byrne, “Ocoee on Fire: The 1920 Election Day Massacre,” Florida History, November 23, 2014, https://medium.com/florida-history/ocoee-on-fire-the-1920-election-day-massacre-38adbda9666e#.8hdglkpvl.
16. James W. Loewen, Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism (New York: New Press, 2005), 4.
17. Byrne, “Ocoee on Fire.”
18. John Nichols, “How ALEC Took Florida’s ‘License to Kill’ Law National,” Nation, March 22, 2012, https://www.thenation.com/article/how-alec-took-floridas-license-kill-law-national.
19. Timothy B. Tyson, The Blood of Emmett Till (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017).
20. Ibid.
21. Equal Justice Initiative, Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror, 3rd ed. (Montgomery, AL: EJI, 2017), https://eji.org/reports/lynching-in-america.
22. National Archives, “Search the Compensation and Reparations for the Evacuation, Relocation, and Internment Index,” https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/redress, accessed August 21, 2018.
23. Dara Lind, “The Trump Administration’s Separation of Families at the Border, Explained,” Vox, June 15, 2018, https://www.vox.com/2018/6/11/17443198/children-immigrant-families-separated-parents.
24. Lisa Trei, “Black Children Might Have Been Better Off Without Brown v. Board, Bell Says,” Stanford Report, April 21, 2004, http://news.stanford.edu/news/2004/april21/brownbell-421.html.
25. Adam Fairclough, “The Costs of Brown: Black Teachers and School Integration,” Journal of American History 91, no. 1 (2004): 43–55.
26. Melinda Anderson, “Sixty Years After Brown v. Board Black Teachers Are Disappearing—Again,” Ebony, May 19, 2014, http://www.ebony.com/news-views/sixty-years-after-brown-v-board-Black-teachers-are-disappearing-again-304.
27. Liana Loewus, “The Nation’s Teaching Force Is Still Mostly White and Female,” Education Week, August 15, 2017, https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2017/08/15/the-nations-teaching-force-is-still-mostly.html.
28. Ibid.
29. Valerie Strauss, “School Segregation Sharply Increasing, Studies Show,” Washington Post, September 22, 2012, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/school-segregation-sharply-increasing-studies-show/2012/09/22/5b34111a-04c6–11e2–91e7–2962c74e7738_blog.html?utm_term=.19b3b3183908.
30. Greg Toppo, “GAO Study: Segregation Worsening in U.S. Schools,” USA Today, May 17, 2016, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/05/17/gao-study-segregation-worsening-us-schools/84508438.
31. Ibid.
32. Natalie Holmes and Alan Berube, “City and Metropolitan Inequality on the Rise, Driven by Declining Incomes,” Brookings, January 14, 2016, https://www.brookings.edu/research/city-and-metropolitan-inequality-on-the-rise-driven-by-declining-incomes.
33. Jim Horn, Work Hard, Be Hard: Journeys Through “No Excuses” Teaching (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016).
34. Ibid.
35. Civil Rights Project, “Study Finds Many Charter Schools Feeding ‘School-to-Prison Pipeline,’” press release, March 16, 2016, https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/news/press-releases/featured-research-2016/study-finds-many-charter-schools-feeding-school-to-prison-pipeline.
36. Shelby Webb, “Some KIPP Houston Schools Charged Unallowable Fees, Agency Finds,” Houston Chronicle, June 29, 2017, https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/education/article/KIPP-schools-collected-millions-in-unallowable-11257006.php.
37. Equality of Opportunity Project, “Life Expectancy vs. Income in the United States,” http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/health, accessed July 23 2018.
38. Preston C. Green III et al., “Are We Heading Toward a Charter School Bubble? Lessons from the Subprime Mortgage Crisis,” University of Richmond Law Review 50 (2015): 783.
39. Alan Singer, “Why Hedge Funds Love Charter Schools,” Washington Post, June 4, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2014/06/04/why-hedge-funds-love-charter-schools/?utm_term=.52b16c98b987.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Gloria Ladson-Billings, “From the Achievement Gap to the Education Debt: Understanding Achievement in US Schools,” Educational Researcher 35, no. 7 (2006): 3–12.
43. Ibid.
44. Clare Kim, “Florida School Threatens to Expel Student over ‘Natural Hair,’” MSNBC, November 26, 2016, http://www.msnbc.com/the-last-word-94.
45. Breanna Edwards, “Fla. Charter School Principal Under Fire for ‘Racist’ Facebook Post,” Root, August 28, 2017, http://www.theroot.com/fla-charter-school-principal-under-fire-for-racist-fac-1798492705?utm_medium=sharefromsite&utm_source=The_Root_facebook.
46. Ibid.
47. Edwin Rios, “Bullying in Schools Is Out of Control Since Election Day,” Mother Jones, November 16, 2016, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/11/schools-racism-trump-effect-harassment-bullying.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.
52. Kerry Burke, Esha Ray, and Ben Chapman, “Bronx Teacher Sparks Outrage for Using Black Students in Cruel Slavery Lesson,” Daily News (NY), February 1, 2018, http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/education/bronx-teacher-sparks-outrage-cruel-slavery-lesson-article-1.3793930.
53. Christopher Petrella and Justin Gomer, “White Supremacy Is Not an Illness,” Black Perspectives, December 15, 2016, https://www.aaihs.org/White-supremacy-is-not-an-illness.
54. Ibid.
55. Patricia Williams, “Spirit-Murdering the Messenger: The Discourse of Fingerpointing as the Law’s Response to Racism,” University of Miami Law Review 42 (1987): 127.
56. Bettina L. Love, “‘I See Trayvon Martin’: What Teachers Can Learn from the Tragic Death of a Young Black Male,” Urban Review 46, no. 2 (2014): 292–306.
57. Patricia Hill Collins and Sirma Bilge, Intersectionality (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2016).
58. Ibid., 3.
59. Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (London: Hachette UK, 2016).
60. Coates, Between the World and Me.
61. Anyon, Ghetto Schooling, 3.
CHAPTER 3: MATTERING
1. Toni Morrison, Song of Solomon (New York: Random House, 2004).
2. Gary Younge, “Eduardo Galeano: ‘My Great Fear Is That We Are All Suffering from Amnesia,’” Guardian, July 23, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/23/eduardo-galeano-children-days-interview.
3. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, “The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (1965),” African American Male Research (1997). Also, Lee Rainwater, William L. Yancey, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy: A Transaction Social Science and Public Policy Report (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1967).
4. Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti, The Subculture of Violence: Towards an Integrated Theory in Criminology (London: Tavistock, 1967).
5. Daniel Geary, “The Moynihan Report Is Turning 50. Its Ideas on Black Poverty Were Wrong Then and Are Wrong Now,” In These Times, June 20, 2015, http://inthesetimes.com/article/18132/moynihan-report-Black-poverty.
6. bell hooks, Teaching to Transgress (New York: Routledge, 1994).
7. Ibid., 2.
8. Ibid., 65.
9. Brittney C. Cooper, Beyond Respectability: The Intellectual Thought of Race Women (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2017).
10. Jill Rosen, “With Just One Black Teacher, Black Students More Likely to Graduate,” Johns Hopkins University news release, April 5, 2017, http://releases.jhu.edu/2017/04/05/with-just-one-Black-teacher-Black-students-more-likely-to-graduate.
11. Barbara Ransby, Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).
12. Edward Telles and Liza Steele, “The Effects of Skin Color in the Americas,” Americas Quarterly (February 21, 2012), http://americasquarterly.org/the-effects-of-skin-color-in-the-americas.
13. Jonathan White, “Fifty Years Since the Rochester, New York Riots,” World Socialist Web Site, September 5, 2014, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/09/05/roch-s05.html.
14. Peter Applebome, “Despite Long Slide by Kodak, Company Town Avoids Decay,” New York Times, January 16, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/nyregion/despite-long-slide-by-kodak-rochester-avoids-decay.html.
15. Sentencing Project, “Criminal Justice Facts,” https://www.sentencingproject.org/criminal-justice-facts, accessed August 22, 2018.
16. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, “Criminal Justice Fact Sheet,” http://www.naacp.org/criminal-justice-fact-sheet, accessed August 19, 2018.
17. American Civil Liberties Union, “Facts About the Over-Incarceration of Women in the United States,” https://www.aclu.org/other/facts-about-over-incarceration-women-united-states, accessed July 25, 2018.
18. Prison Policy Initiative, Women’s Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2017, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2017women.html, accessed July 23, 2018.
19. OpenInvest, “Who’s in Prison in America,” https://www.openinvest.co/blog/statistics-prison-america, accessed July 27, 2018.
20. Jennifer Gonnerman, “Before the Law,” New Yorker, October 6, 2014, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/06/before-the-law.
21. Human Rights Watch, “Not in It for Justice,” https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/04/11/not-it-justice/how-californias-pretrial-detention-and-bail-system-unfairly, accessed July 17, 2018.
22. David Riley, “Report: Rochester Tops ‘Extreme Poverty’ List,” Democrat & Chronicle (Rochester, NY), January 8, 2015, https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2015/01/08/rochester-poverty-act-community-foundation-report/21452093.
23. Emily Badger and Kevin Quealy, “How Effective Is Your School District? A New Measure Shows Where Students Learn the Most,” New York Times, December 5, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/05/upshot/a-better-way-to-compare-public-schools.html?smid=fb-share.
24. hooks, Teaching to Transgress.
25. Ransby, Ella Baker.
26. John Britton, “Interview with Ella Baker: June 19, 1968,” Civil Rights Oral History Project, Moorland-Spingarn Collection, Howard University.
27. Ransby, Ella Baker.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
CHAPTER 4: GRIT, ZEST, AND RACISM (THE HUNGER GAMES)
1. Michael Watz, “An Historical Analysis of Character Education,” Journal of Inquiry and Action in Education 4, no. 2 (2011): 3.
2. Ibid.
3. Elizabeth Levesque, “What Does Civics Education Look Like in America?,” Brookings, July 23, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brown-center-chalkboard/2018/07/23/what-does-civics-education-look-like-in-america.
4. Ibid.
5. Devon Black, “The Importance of Civics Education in Local Politics,” Harvard Political Review (January 15, 2018), http://harvardpolitics.com/united-states/the-importance-of-civics-education-in-local-politics.
6. Meira L. Levinson, “The Civic Empowerment Gap: Defining the Problem and Locating Solutions,” Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard, 2010, https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/8454069/Levinson%20The%20Civic%20Empowerment%20Gap.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
7. Carnegie Corporation of New York and CIRCLE, The Civic Mission of Schools (New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, 2003).
8. Character LAB, “Character Strengths,” https://www.characterlab.org.
9. Rene Stutzman and Bianca Prieto, “Trayvon Martin Shooting: Screams, Shots Heard on 911 Call,” Orlando Sentinel, March 12, 2012, http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/seminole/os-trayvon-martin-shooting-911-call-20120316-story.html.
10. Character LAB, “Character Strengths.”
11. Ty Tagami, “New Georgia Analysis: See If Your School ‘Beat the Odds,’” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, December 21, 2017, https://www.ajc.com/news/state–regional-education/georgia-releases-new-analysis-school-performance/lDKeAaHqyvnmFZR22NUoPI.
12. Ibid.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Adverse Childhood Experiences,” https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/index.html, accessed February 19, 2018.
14. American School Counselor Association, “State-By-State Student-to-Counselor Ratio Report: 10 Year Trends,” https://www.schoolcounselor.org/asca/media/asca/home/Ratios14–15LowestToHighest.pdf, accessed August 1, 2018.
15. Ibid.
16. Laura Pappano, “‘Trauma-Sensitive Schools’: A New Framework for Reaching Troubled Students,” Harvard Education Letter 30, no. 3 (May/June 2014), http://hepg.org/hel-home/issues/30_3/helarticle/trauma-sensitive-schools.
17. Jeffrey A. Snyder, “Teaching Kids ‘Grit’ Is All the Rage. Here’s What’s Wrong With It,” New Republic, May 6, 2014, https://newrepublic.com/article/117615/problem-grit-kipp-and-character-based-education.
18. Robert G. Lee, Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999).
19. Ellen McGirt, “The Model Minority Myth,” Fortune, April 17, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/04/17/the-model-minority-myth.
20. Kat Chow, “‘Model Minority’ Myth Again Used as a Racial Wedge Between Asians and Blacks,” Code Switch, National Public Radio, April 19, 2017, https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/04/19/524571669/model-minority-myth-again-used-as-a-racial-wedge-between-asians-and-BlacksChow.
21. Angela Duckworth, Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance (New York: Scribner, 2016).
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Natasha Bertrand, “Atlanta Is the Most Unequal City in America—Here’s Why,” Business Insider, March 20, 2015, http://uk.businessinsider.com/atlanta-is-the-most-unequal-city-in-america–heres-why-2015-3?IR=T.
25. David Leonhardt, “In Climbing Income Ladder, Location Matters,” New York Times, July 22, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/business/in-climbing-income-ladder-location-matters.html.
26. Bertrand, “Atlanta Is the Most Unequal City in America.”
27. Max Blau, “Has Intown Atlanta Lost Affordable Housing for Good?,” Atlanta Magazine, March 1, 2016, http://www.atlantamagazine.com/homeandgarden/has-intown-atlanta-lost-affordable-housing-for-good.
28. Annie E. Casey Foundation blog, “As Atlanta’s Economy Thrives, Many Residents of Color Are Left Behind,” June 24, 2015, http://www.aecf.org/blog/as-atlantas-economy-thrives-many-residents-of-color-are-left-behind.
29. Ty Tagami, “Atlanta’s New ‘Chronically Failing’ Schools,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, January 17, 2017, https://www.ajc.com/news/local-education/atlanta-new-chronically-failing-schools/Jn3sGxJ0tobMnmxAwmK9ZJ.
30. Maurice J. Hobson, The Legend of the Black Mecca: Politics and Class in the Making of Modern Atlanta (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017).
31. Morris, Pushout.
32. Deb Belt, “Atlanta Ranked No. 1 for Sex Trafficking; Conventions to Blame?” Buckhead Path, March 13, 2014, https://patch.com/georgia/buckhead/atlanta-ranked-no-1-for-sex-trafficking-conventions-to-blame.
33. Melinda D. Anderson, “Why the Myth of Meritocracy Hurts Kids of Color,” Atlantic, July 27, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/07/internalizing-the-myth-of-meritocracy/535035.
34. Ibid.
CHAPTER 5: ABOLITIONIST TEACHING, FREEDOM DREAMING, AND BLACK JOY
1. Baldwin, The Price of the Ticket.
2. Claudia Rankine, Citizen: An American Lyric (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2014).
3. Nick Wing, “Our Bail System Is Leaving Innocent People to Die in Jail Because They’re Poor,” Huffington Post, July, 14, 2016, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/cash-bail-jail-deaths_us_57851f50e4b0e05f052381cb.
4. Ibid.
5. Angela Y. Davis, Abolition Democracy: Beyond Empire, Prisons, and Torture (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005).
6. Harvard Square Library, “Garrison, Williams Lloyd (1805-1879),” http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/william-lloyd-garrison, accessed March 3, 2018.
7. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning.
8. “For Stanton, All Women Were Not Created Equal,” All Things Considered, National Public Radio, July 13, 2011, https://www.npr.org/2011/07/13/137681070/for-stanton-all-women-were-not-created-equal.
9. Carol Faulkner, Lucretia Mott’s Heresy: Abolition and Women’s Rights in Nineteenth-Century America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011).
10. Henry Box Brown, Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2002), 60.
11. C. B. Dillard, “Learning to (Re)member the Things We’ve Learned to Forget,” Qualitative Inquiry and Global Crises (2011): 226.
12. Tom Feelings, The Middle Passage: White Ships/Black Cargo (New York: Dial Books, 2018).
13. Robin D. G. Kelley, Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002).
14. Kagiso Mnisi, “The Promise of Futurism Part 3: Content in the Digital Age, a Conversation with Lindokuhle Nkosi,” This Is Africa, July 31, 2015, https://thisisafrica.me/%E2%80%A8the-promise-futurism-part-3-content-digital-age-conversation-lindokuhle-nkosi.
15. Kelley, Freedom Dreams.
16. Ibid.
17. Maxine Greene, Releasing the Imagination: Essays on Education, the Arts, and Social Change (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995).
18. Clayborne Carson and Kris Shepard, eds., A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2001).
19. Joyce E. King, ed., Black Education: A Transformative Research and Action Agenda for the New Century (New York: Routledge, 2006).
20. Julie Depenbrock, “Federal Judge Finds Racism Behind Arizona Law Banning Ethnic Studies,” All Things Considered, National Public Radio, August 22, 2017, https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2017/08/22/545402866/federal-judge-finds-racism-behind-arizona-law-banning-ethnic-studies.
21. Darrin Hoop, “Why the Seattle Strike Matters,” Jacobin, September 11, 2015, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/09/seattle-teachers-strike-standardized-testing-racial-justice.
22. Lydia O’Connor, “Many Seattle Parents Come Out in Support of Striking Teachers,” Huffington Post, September 9, 2015, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/seattle-teacher-strike-brings-out-concerned-parents_us_55f05a2be4b002d5c077859b.
23. Jesse Hagopian, “Standardized Testing Battle in Seattle: Union Votes for a Complete Moratorium on All Standardized Tests!,” I Am an Educator, June 14, 2018, https://iamaneducator.com/2018/06/14/standardized-testing-battle-in-seattle-union-votes-for-a-complete-moratorium-on-all-standardized-tests.
24. Michael Hansen, “Which States Might Experience the Next Wave of Teacher Strikes?,” Brookings, April 13, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brown-center-chalkboard/2018/04/13/which-states-might-experience-the-next-wave-of-teacher-strikes.
25. United We Dream, “Our Mission,” https://unitedwedream.org/heretostay, accessed April 2, 2018.
26. Taryn Finley, “This Kid’s Letter to His Teacher for ‘Lying’ About Christopher Columbus Needs to Be Framed,” Huffington Post, January 24, 2018, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/journal-entry-lying-christopher-columbus_us_5a675a1fe4b0dc592a0cf121.
27. Lindsey Ellefson, “Parkland Survivors Rip Politician’s ‘Pathetic’ Responses,” CNN.com, February, 20, 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/19/politics/parkland-survivors-cnntv/index.html.
28. Ibid.
29. Black Youth Project 100, “Agenda to Build Black Futures,” http://agendatobuildBlackfutures.org, accessed August 23, 2018.
30. Dream Defenders, “Freedom Papers,” https://www.dreamdefenders.org, accessed June 17, 2018.
31. Prince George’s County Board of Education, “Resolution Regarding Black Lives Matter at School,” http://educationvotes.nea.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Black-Lives-Matter-at-Schools-Week.pdf, accessed June 19, 2018.
32. DC Area Educators for Social Justice: A Project for Teaching Change, “Black Lives Matter Week of Action,” https://www.dcareaeducators4socialjustice.org/Black-lives-matter-week-faq, accessed June 17, 2018.
33. List compiled by Lynnette Mawhinney.
34. Justin Murphy, “‘They’re Like My Kids’: RCSD Teacher Helps Transform Her Students with Nurturing Approach,” Democrat & Chronicle (Rochester, NY), May 19, 2018, https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2018/05/19/rcsd-students-attendance-victorious-minds-academy-school-39-rochester-school-greenaway/547305002.
35. Ibid.
36. Astead W. Herndon, “This Former ‘Teacher of the Year’ Wants to Be Connecticut’s First Black Democrat in Congress,” New York Times, August 14, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/14/us/politics/jahana-hayes-teacher-connecticut.html.
37. Ewan Palmer, “Who Is Mandy Manning? Teacher of the Year Who Handed Trump Letters from Refugee Students During Silent Protest,” Newsweek, May 3, 2018, https://www.newsweek.com/who-mandy-manning-teacher-year-who-handed-trump-letters-refugee-students-909114.
38. Robin D. G. Kelley, “Coates and West in Jackson,” Boston Review, December 22, 2017, http://bostonreview.net/race/robin-d-g-kelley-coates-and-west-jackson.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Ann Helms, “Bree Newsome, James Tyson Talk About SC Confederate Flag Grab,” Charlotte Observer, July 6, 2015, http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article26578984.html.
43. Allies for Change, “Who We Are,” http://www.alliesforchange.org/intro.html, accessed July 5, 2018.
44. Emily Chiariello, “Why Talk About Whiteness?,” Teaching Tolerance (Summer 2016), https://www.tolerance.org/magazine/summer-2016/why-talk-about-Whiteness.
45. Ibid.
46. Brittney Cooper, Eloquent Rage: A Black Feminist Discovers Her Superpower (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2018), 275.
47. National Research Council, Preparing Teachers: Building Evidence for Sound Policy (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2010).
48. Audre Lorde, “Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference,” Copeland Colloquium, Amherst College, April 1980, reprinted in Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches (Freedom, CA: Crossing Press, 1984).
CHAPTER 6: THEORY OVER GIMMICKS
1. hooks, Teaching to Transgress.
2. Barry M. Goldenberg, “White Teachers in Urban Classrooms: Embracing Non-White Students’ Cultural Capital for Better Teaching and Learning,” Urban Education 49, no. 1 (2014): 111–44.
3. US Census Bureau, “State and County Quick Facts.” Data derived from population estimates, American Community Survey, Census of Population and Housing, County Business Patterns, Economic Census, Survey of Business Owners, Building Permits, Census of Governments (2010).
4. Poppy Harlow and Hatley Draznin, “Mellody Hobson on Race: ‘We Must Be Color Brave,’” CNN.com, January 22, 2018, http://money.cnn.com/2018/01/22/news/mellody-hobson-boss-files/index.html.
5. Jennifer Calfas, “Was Starbucks’ Racial Bias Training Effective? Here’s What These Employees Thought,” Time, May 30, 2018, http://time.com/5294343/starbucks-employees-racial-bias-training.
6. Ibid.
7. Michael Eric Dyson, in foreword to Robin DiAngelo, White Fragility: Why It’s So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism (Boston: Beacon Press, 2018), ix.
8. Leigh Patel, “Trump and Settler Colonialism,” CTheory (December 1, 2017), http://ctheory.net/ctheory_wp/trump-and-settler-colonialism.
9. NYC Stands with Standing Rock, “#Standing Rock Syllabus,” https://nycstandswithstandingrock.wordpress.com/standingrocksyllabus, accessed June 19, 2018.
10. Scott Morgensen, “Standing Rock Solidarity Toolkit,” Standing Up for Social Justice, http://nb.showingupforracialjustice.org/standing_rock_solidarity, accessed August 23, 2018.
11. Alleen Brown, “Five Spills, Six Months in Operation: Dakota Access Track Record Highlights Unavoidable Reality—Pipeline Leak,” Intercept, January 9, 2018, https://theintercept.com/2018/01/09/dakota-access-pipeline-leak-energy-transfer-partners.
12. Morgensen, “Standing Rock Solidarity Toolkit.”
13. Christine E. Sleeter, “Critical Race Theory and Education,” in Encyclopedia of Diversity in Education, ed. James A. Banks (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2012), 491–95.
14. María C. Ledesma and Dolores Calderón, “Critical Race Theory in Education: A Review of Past Literature and a Look to the Future,” Qualitative Inquiry 21, no. 3 (2015): 206–22.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Victoria M. Massie, “White Women Benefit Most from Affirmative Action—and Are Among Its Fiercest Opponents,” Vox, June 23, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/5/25/11682950/fisher-supreme-court-White-women-affirmative-action.
18. Ibid.
19. Subini Ancy Annamma, The Pedagogy of Pathologization: Dis/abled Girls of Color in the School-Prison Nexus (New York: Routledge, 2017).
20. Tara J. Yosso, “Whose Culture Has Capital? A Critical Race Theory Discussion of Community Cultural Wealth,” Race Ethnicity and Education 8, no. 1 (2005): 69–91.
21. Angela Locks, “Summary of Yosso’s Cultural Wealth Model,” California State University Long Beach, http://web.csulb.edu/divisions/aa/personnel/fcpd/workshops/documents/WrkiEditedYossoCulturalWealthSummary.pdf.
22. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (New York: Routledge, 2002).
23. Yolanda Sangweni, “Amen! Beyoncé’s Coachella Performance Was the Ultimate Celebration of HBCs and Black Women,” Essence, April 15, 2018, https://www.essence.com/entertainment/beyonc%C3%A9-coachella-performance-2018.
24. Taylor, How We Get Free, 3.
25. Ibid., 4.
26. Lisa Duggan, “The New Homonormativity: The Sexual Politics of Neoliberalism,” in Materializing Democracy: Toward a Revitalized Cultural Politics, ed. Russ Castronovo and Dana D. Nelson (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 175–94.
27. Jasbir Puar, “In the Wake of It Gets Better,” Guardian, November 16, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/nov/16/wake-it-gets-better-campaign.
28. Michael Johnson, “The It Gets Better Project: A Study in (and of) Whiteness—in LGBT Youth and Media Cultures,” in Queer Youth and Media Cultures, ed. Christopher Pullen (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 279.
29. Ibid.
30. Cathy J. Cohen, “Punks, Bulldaggers, and Welfare Queens: The Radical Potential of Queer Politics?,” GLQ 3 (1997): 437–65.
31. E. Patrick Johnson, “‘Quare’ Studies, or (Almost) Everything I Know About Queer Studies I Learned from My Grandmother,” Text and Performance Quarterly 21, no. 1 (2001): 1–25.
32. Ibid.
33. Joyce E. King, “Dysconscious Racism: Ideology, Identity, and the Miseducation of Teachers,” Journal of Negro Education 60, no. 2 (1991): 133–46.
34. Ibid.
35. Robin DiAngelo, “White Fragility,” International Journal of Critical Pedagogy 3, no. 3 (2011).
36. Cheryl E. Matias, Feeling White: Whiteness, Emotionality, and Education (Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016).
37. Move to End Violence: Building Movement for Social Change, “Ally or Co-Conspirator? What It Means to Act #InSolidarity,” https://www.movetoendviolence.org/blog/ally-co-conspirator-means-act-insolidarity, accessed July, 25, 2018.
38. Elizabeth Martinez and Arnoldo Garcia, “What Is Neoliberalism?” CorpWatch, January 1, 1997, https://corpwatch.org/article/what-neoliberalism.
39. Matthew Cunningham-Cook, “Chicago Teachers Push Back Against Neoliberal Education Reform,” Nation, September 11, 2012, https://www.thenation.com/article/chicago-teachers-push-back-against-neoliberal-education-reform.
40. Chicago Teachers Union, “The Schools Chicago’s Students Deserve,” https://www.ctunet.com/blog/schools-chicagos-students-deserve-presents-comprehensive-plan-to-improve-student-academic-performance-and-strengthen-neighborhood-schools, accessed June 23, 2018.
41. Ibid.
42. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism (New York: Routledge, 2004).
43. James Baldwin, “If Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is?,” New York Times, July 29, 1979, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/29/specials/baldwin-english.html?_r=1.
CHAPTER 7: WE GON’ BE ALRIGHT, BUT THAT AIN’T ALRIGHT
1. Ralph Ellison, “The World and the Jug,” 1963, in The Cambridge Companion to Ralph Ellison, ed. Ross Posnock (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 31.
2. Linda Villarosa, “Why America’s Black Mothers and Babies Are in a Life or Death Crisis,” New York Times, April 11, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/11/magazine/Black-mothers-babies-death-maternal-mortality.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=7C4E5845F2BB0E38C290C6D487979B54&gwt=pay.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Gillian B. White, “Escaping Poverty Requires Almost 20 Years with Nearly Nothing Going Wrong,” CityLab, April 28, 2017, https://www.citylab.com/life/2017/04/escaping-poverty-requires-almost-20-years-with-nearly-nothing-going-wrong/524727.
7. Emanuella Grinberg and Sheena Jones, “Georgia Officer Who Said ‘We Only Kill Black People’ to Retire,” CNN.com, September 1, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/31/us/georgia-cobb-county-officer-racial-comment-trnd/index.html.
8. Toni Cade Bambara, The Salt Eaters (New York: Vintage, 1980).
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Kevin Quashie, The Sovereignty of Quiet: Beyond Resistance in Black Culture (Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2012).
12. Daughters of the Dust, dir. Julie Dash, American Playhouse, 1991.
13. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1903).
14. Bakari Kitwana, The Hip-Hop Generation: Young Blacks and the Crisis in African American Culture (New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2003), 23.
15. Pat Parker, An Expanded Edition of Movement in Black (Ann Arbor, MI: Firebrand Books, 1999).
16. Wendy Kohli, “Teaching in the Danger Zone: Democracy and Difference,” in Democratic Social Education: Social Studies for Social Change, ed. David W. Hurst and E. Wayne Ross (New York: Falmer Press, 2000), 23–42.
17. W. E. B. Du Bois, “My Evolving Program for Negro Freedom,” Clinical Sociology Review 8, no. 1 (1990): 5.
18. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning.
19. Nikki Giovanni, Black Feeling, Black Talk/Black Judgement (Detroit: Broadside Press, 1970).
20. W. E. B. Du Bois, “A Negro Nation Within the Nation,” Current History and Forum 42, no. 3 (1935): 265.