PREFACE
1 Woolston, Howard B. Prostitution in the United States Prior to the Entrance of the United States in World War. (Originally published by Century Press, 1921.) Reprinted in Publication No. 29, Patterson Smith Reprint Series in Criminology, Law Enforcement and Social Problems. Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith, 1969, pp 19-20.
INTRODUCTION
1 Warren, Father William. Interview with the author, Fairbanks Episcopal Church, spring 1972. For the genesis of the Fairbanks Line, see the Grand Jury Report, Fairbanks Evening News, September 8, 1906.
2 Fairbanks Ordinance 177, December 13, 1912.
3 Frey, Richard C. Jr. "A.M. & Company: A Klondike Venture," Call Number, Vol. 24 #1, p 4. Portland: University of Oregon. This source offers a good estimate of how many stampeders came north.
4 Rosen, Ruth. The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America 1900-1981. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. Introduction, p. xi.
5 O'Connor, Richard. High Jinks on the Klondike. Indianapolis, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1935, pp. 12-16.
6 Brooks-Vincent, Mrs. La Belle. The Scarlet Life of Dawson and the Roseate Dawn of Nome. Copyrighted by M. R. Mayor, A. D. in the United States, in England, and all Foreign Countries, 1900, p.72. This book is not available in libraries or archives in the western United States. I owe Candice Waugaman of Fairbanks a debt of gratitude for loaning me a copy from her wonderful private collection.
7 Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood, p. xi.
8 Alberts, Laurie. "Petticoats and Pickaxes," Alaska Journal, Summer 1977, p. 146.
9 O'Connor, High Jinks, p. 14.
10 Backhouse, Frances H. "Women of the Klondike," The Beaver, December 1988-Jan. 1989, pp. 30-32.
11 Guest, Hal J. A History of the City of Dawson, Yukon Territory, 1896-1920. Microfiche Reporter Series No. 7, Canadian Parks Service, 1981. Guest cites La Belle Brooks-Vincent on the high number, and articles in the Klondike Nugget, Sept. 14 and 17, 1898, p. 1. for stories on the arrest of ladies of the evening. Police records also bear him out.
12 Lynch, Jeremiah. Three Years in the Klondike. Chicago: R. R. Donnelley & Sons, 1967, p. 58.
13 Langum, David J. Crossing Over the Line-. Legislating Morality and the Mann Act. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1994, pp. 5, 15-47.
14 Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood, p. xvii.
15 Mulrooney got a lovely puff piece in the Klondike News, April 1, 1898. Martha Black tells her own story in My Seventy Years (London, Edinburgh, Paris, Melbourne, Toronto, and New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1938). Francis Backhouse offers a "laundry list" of successful scrub women in Women of the Klondike, p. 78-82.
16 Brooks, Alfred H. Blazing Alaska's Trails. (Second Edition) Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, 1953, p. 363.
17 Berton, Laura B. I Married the Klondike. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Inc., 1967, pp. 28-29.
18 DeGraf, Anna. Pioneering on the Yukon-. 1892-1917. Edited by Roger S. Brown. Hamden, Connecticut: The Shoestring Press, Inc., Archon Books, 1992, p. 6. Census figures that back DeGraf are offered in Barbara Kensey's master's thesis, "Lost in the Rush: the Forgotten Women of the Klondike Gold Rush," (Victoria, B.C.: University of Victoria, 1987), pp. 91-142.
19 Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood, p. xvii.
20 Trelawney-Ansell, E. C. I Followed Gold. London: Peter Davies, 1938, p. 171.
21 Martin, Cy. "Klondike Gold Rush Girlies," Real West, vol. XI, no. 60 (June 1968), p. 45.
22 Wickersham, James A. Old Yukon. Washington, D. C.: Washington Law Book Co., 1938, p. 408.
23 Parrish, Maud. Nine Pounds of Luggage. J. B. Lippincott, 1939. Erwin, Carol "Tex." The Orderly Disorderly House. New York: Doubleday, 1960.
24 Reporter/biographer R. N. DeArmond came across this quote in Yukon Star, Feb. 2, 1912, after his wonderful collection of Elmer John "Stroller" Whites columns and editorials was published in Klondike Newsman, Lynn Canal Publishing, 1989. We thank him for sharing it with us, for it neatly sums up the spirit of the day.
1. PIONEERING PROSTITUTES
1 Hayne, M. H. E. Pioneers of the Klondike. Being an Account of Two Years Police Service on the Yukon. London: Sampson Low, Marsten, & Co., 1897, p. 45.
2 Gates, Michael. Gold at Fortymile Creek. Early Days in the Yukon. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1994, p. 83.
3 Cody, H. A. An Apostle of the North. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1908, p. 268.
4 Brooks, Alfred. Blazing Alaska Trails. Fairbanks: University of Alaska, 1953. On p. 333 Brooks cites the notes of "William McFee of Fairbanks" in crediting Kate with traveling the pass in 1888. The two sources that follow place her in the country a year earlier.
5 The Daily Alaskan, November 23, 1889, Editorial,6 p. 3.
6 Shalkop, Antoinette. "Stepan Uskin: Citizen by Purchase," Alaska Journal, Spring 1977, p. 103. Her citation of the Russian source is Ushin, Stepan, Journal 1874-1895, ms. in the Alaska Church Collection, Library of Congress.
7 Wright, Allen A. Prelude to Bonanza. Whitehorse: Studio North Ltd., 1992, copyrighted 1976, p. 121.
8 Hunt, William. North of 53°. The Wild Days of the Alaska-Yukon Mining Frontier 1870-1914. New York and London: Macmillan Publishing Company and Collier Macmillan, 1974, p. 7.
9 Senate Report 457, April 21,1881, 47th Congress, First Session. Source: Andersen, Thayne I. Alaska Hooch. The History of Alcohol in Early Alaska. Fairbanks: Hoo-Che-Noo, 1988, p. 79.
10 McCarley, Laura. Histories of Downtown Buildings in Juneau, Alaska. Juneau, 1978. File .0004VF, Alaska State Library, Juneau.
11 Simpson, Sherry, "Women on the Last Frontier," Juneau Alaska Empire, March 20, 1991.
12 Wright, Prelude to Bonanza, pp. 135-139.
13 Gates, Gold at Fortymile Creek, p. 8.
14 Wright, Prelude to Bonanza, p. 162.
15 Gates, Gold at Fortymile Creek, p. 38.
16 Bettles, Gordon. "Why I came to Alaska," Heartland, Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, July 21, 1996, p. H-8.
17 Gates, Gold at Fortymile Creek, p. 38.
18 Bettles, "Why I came to Alaska," p. H-10.
19 The Daily Alaskan, Nov. 23, 1889, Editorial, p. 3.
20 Simpson, "Women on the Last Frontier."
21 Wickersham Collection, Alaska State Library, Scrapbook #1, photo of the "Dutch Kid."
22 Gates, Michael, personal correspondence, Feb. 1, 1998.
23 Gates, Gold at Fortymile Creek, p. 80.
25 DeGraf, Anna. Pioneering on the Yukon. 1892-1917. Hamden, Connecticut: The Shoestring Press, Inc., Archon Books, 1992, p. 21.
27 Evans, Frontier Theatre, p. 229.
28 Cole, Terrence. Swiftwater Bill Gates. Unpublished manuscript, 1994, pp. 9-10.
29 Davids, Henry. "Recollections." In Sourdough Sagas, edited by Herbert L. Heller. Cleveland: World Publishing, 1967, p. 76.
30 Wright, Prelude to Bonanza, p. 293.
31 Beebe, Iona. The True Story of Swiftwater Bill Gates. Iona Beebe, 1908, pp. 14-19.
32 Berton, Pierre. Klondike. The Last Great Gold Rush 1896-1899. Toronto/Ottawa: McClelland and Stewart, p. 79.
33 Evans, Frontier Theatre, p. 232.
34 Tewkesbury, David and William. Tewkesbury’s Who’s Who in Alaska and Alaska Business Index. Juneau: Tewkesbury Publishers, 1947. Atwood, Evangeline. Who s Who in Alaska Politics. Portland, Oregon: Binford and Mort, 1979.
35 Gates, Gold at Fortymile Creek, p. 125.
36 Backhouse, Frances. Women of the Klondike. Vancouver/ Toronto: Whitecap Books, 1995, p. 64.
37 The verse was first presented by George Snow's group of dance hall girls, searching desperately for new material after miners, bored with viewing the same play, badly acted, night after night, began to howl like malamutes from the audience. Hamlin, C. H. Old Times on the Yukon. Los Angeles: Wetzel Publishing Co., Inc., 1928, p. 5. Wickersham credits this verse to Hamlin, who was a federal lawman.
38 "Lotta Burns in Seattle: Mother of the Klondike Returns to Civilization," Seattle- Post Intelligencer, September 29, 1898.
2. THE GREAT KLONDIKE STAMPEDE
1 Parrish, Maud. Nine Pounds of Luggage. Philadelphia, New York, London, Toronto: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1939, p.23.
2 Johnson, James Albert. Carmack of the Klondike. Fairbanks, Alaska: Epicenter Press, 1990, pp. 65-86, 96. Just who in the party actually discovered the gold has been long debated, but all official documentation definitely names Carmack himself. And it is to Carmack's credit that he made certain his Native partners had legal claims they could profit from. This was not the case with the Native prospectors who started the rush at Circle but were cheated out of their discovery claims because they didn't do the proper paperwork.
3 Innis, Harold A. Settlement and the Mining Frontier. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada Limited at St. Martin's House, 1936, p. 183.
4 The Australian Mining Record, August 19, 1897, published excerpts from San Francisco newspapers reporting the arrival of the Excelsior and the Portland with their gold-laden miners. James Albert Johnson cites this clipping in Carmack of the Klondike, p. 113-4.
5 Stampede figures are debatable. Estimates range from 30,000 to 100,000 actual participants. I've chosen to go with Alfred Brooks, a no-nonsense scientist who was present not only in Dawson but also in Skagway, Wrangell, and Juneau, as well as for subsequent rushes in Nome and Fairbanks. Brooks, Alfred Hulse. Blazing Alaska’s Trails. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 1953, p. 346. Brooks reasoned it would "be conservative to assume that every Klondiker had at least two dependents or financial backers. About 60,000 were thought to have started for the Klondike in 1897 and 1898. Therefore, there would be nearly 200,000 who had more or less direct financial interest in the gold rush."
6 Parrish, Nine Pounds of Luggage, pp. 22-26.
7 "She Reached Dawson and Sang Her Way to Fame and Fortune," Daily Klondike Nugget, Oct. 24, 1900. Robinson's account of the storm is corroborated by Edward Lung as told to Ella Lung Martinsen. Black Sand and Gold. New York: Vantage Press, 1956, pp. 43-44.
8 Oliver, Lillian Agnes. "My Klondike Mission," Wide World Magazine, Apr.-Sept. 1899, p. 48.
9 McKeown, Martha Ferguson. The Trail Led North. Mont Hawthorne’s Story. Portland, Oregon: Binford and Mort, 1960, p. 118.
10 Meadows, Mae McKamish. Letter of September 28, 1897, printed in the (Santa Cruz, California) Daily Sentinel, Oct. 24, 1897, p. 1. Her account is confirmed by her husbands diaries in an account published by his niece, Jean Beach King. Arizona Charlie. A Legendary Cowboy, Klondike Stampeder and Wild West Showman. Phoenix, Arizona: A Heritage Publisher's Book, 1989.
11 Secretan, J. H. E. To the Klondyke and Back. New York: Hurst and Blackett, 1898, p. 52.
12 Wold, Jo Anne. The Andrew Nerland Legacy, from Nerland's diary, August 20, 1898. Privately printed, 1988.
13 Stevens, Gary L. "Gold Rush Theater in the Alaska-Yukon Frontier." Dissertation for the Department of Speech and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon, 1984. Ann Arbor Michigan: University Microfilms International, 1985, p. 63.
14 Sinclair, John. Papers, Provincial Archives of British Columbia, May 30, 1898.
15 Hartshorn, Mrs. H. (Florence). Along the Golden Trail, Being the Chronicles of the Hartshorn Family. Edited by Janet Monro. National Archives, MG 30 D 46, vol. 2, p. 13.
16 Trelawney-Ansell, E. C. I Followed Gold. London: Peter Davies, 1938, pp. 140-141.
17 O'Connor, Richard. High Jinks on the Klondike. Indianapolis, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1935, p. 72.
18 Black, Martha. My Seventy Years. London, Edinburgh, Paris, Melbourne, Toronto, and New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1938, p. 94.
19 McKeown, The Trail Led North, p. 98.
20 Armstrong, Nevill A. D. Yukon Yesterdays. Thirty Years of Adventure in the Klondike. London: John Long Ltd., 1936, pp. 20-21.
21 Gates, Michael. Gold at Fortymile. Early Days in the Yukon. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1994, pp. 142-3.
22 Innis, Settlement, pp. 190-1.
23 Brooks, Blazing Alaska’s Trails, p. 346.
24 Riggs, Thomas, Christmas Collection 1873-1945, #61. Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks, University of Alaska Archives.
25 Armstrong, Yukon Yesterdays, p. 26-27.
26 Hunt, William. North of53°. The Wild Days of the Alaska-Yukon Mining Frontier 1870-1914. New York and London: Macmillan Publishing Company and Collier Macmillan, 1974, p. 80.
27 Armstrong, Yukon Yesterdays, p. 44.
29 McKay, Mrs. J. J. "How I Went Through Chilkoot Pass in the Dead of Winter," Examiner Sunday Magazine, February 20, 1898, pp. 1-2. McDonald, Alice. "As Well as Any Man: A Swedish Immigrant in Alaska," The Alaska Journal, Summer 1984, p. 41.
30 "Of More Value Than Gold," Atlin News Miner, May 25, 1973, p. 6.
31 Romig, Emily Craig. A Pioneer Woman in Alaska. Caldwell, Ohio: The Caxton Press, 1948, p. 109.
32 Evans, Chad. Frontier Theatre. Victoria: Sono Nis Press, 1983, p. 236.
33 Sinclair, John Alexander. Papers, Provincial Archives of British Columbia, Letter to his wife from Skagway, Jan. 5, 1899. His suggestion of "respectable jobs dancing" was an oxymoron in 1899.
34 McKeown, The Trail Led North, p. 170.
36 Klondike Nugget, August 6, 1898.
37 DeGraf, Anna. Pioneering on the Yukon. 1892-1917. Hamden, Connecticut: The Shoestring Press, Inc., Archon Books, 1992, p.79.
38 Riggs, Christmas Collection 1873-1945, #61.
39 Clark, John A. Collection, Correspondence, KOC-4, Jan. 29, 1923. Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
40 If one pan produced this much gold, miners considered the area worth pursuing.
41 DeArmond, R. N. Klondike Newsman-. "Stroller" White. Skagway: Lynn Canal Publishing, 1989, pp. 168-9. The "long, juicy waltz" was a favorite Klondike expression and one used by square dance callers of the era.
42 Wickersham, James A. Old Yukon. Washington, D.C.: Washington Law Book Co., 1938, p.409.
43 Johnson, Carmack of the Klondike, pp. 29-49.
44 Seattle Times, July 27, 1899, from an undated clipping in the Bennett Sun.
45 Johnson, Carmack of the Klondike, pp. 112-115.
46 Johnson, Carmack of the Klondike, p. 113. LeGrande later purchased property in the Fairbanks red light district and was subsequently arrested for running a house of ill fame (May 4, 1908, Case #305) and for bootlegging (September 4, 1906, Case #724). Marguerite's testimony is from the record of the Supreme Court of the State of Washington, "In the Matter of the Estate of George Washington Carmack," Case #18829, Brief of Respondent, pp. 14-15.
47 Johnson, Carmack of the Klondike, pp. 115-116 and 146-151. \
3. MINING THE KLONDIKE KINGS
1 Hunt, William. North of53°. The Wild Days of the Alaska-Yukon Mining Frontier, 1870-1814. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.; London: Collier Macmillian Publishers, 1974, p. 80. (A good summation of many other accounts.)
2 Lucia, Ellis. Klondike Kate-. The Life of the Queen of the Klondike. New York: Ballantine Books, Inc., 1962, pp. 12-13.
3 Ryley, Bay. "The Bawdy Language of Gold Digging: Regulating Prostitution in Dawson City, Yukon, 1898-1903." Paper for Nancy Forestell and Ian McKay, Kingston, Canada: Queens University, July 14, 1993.
4 Brooks-Vincent, La Belle. The Scarlet Life of Dawson and the Roseate Dawn of Nome. Seattle: M. R. Mayor, 1900, pp. 66 and 68.
5 Lucia, Ellis. Klondike Kate. New York: Ballantine Books, 1982, p. 98.
6 Tigstad, Karl Johan Andersson. "Lucky Swede," produced for Hemmets Journal Vol. 30 24 7 75 from a manuscript in the Dawson Museum.
7 "Charley Anderson Writes his Troubles with his Mercenary Wife." Daily Klondike Nugget, March 9, 1901.
8 Vancouver Providence, Feb. 15, 1939. Tigstad, "Lucky Swede," produced for Hemmets Journal Vol. 30 and 31, the Dawson Museum. The latter is backed by numerous newspaper accounts on the feuding Andersons.
9 An undated article from the Skagway Daily Alaskan that was picked up by an area newspaper, Jan. 3, 1901. I have the clipping but the name of the paper is missing.
10 "Are All Marriages Void?" Editorial Page, Dawson Daily News, Dec. 9, 1899.
11 "Protected from Himself," Dawson Daily News, December 9, 1899, p. 1.
12 Porsild, Charlene. "Culture, Class and Community: New Perspectives on the Klondike Gold Rush, 1898-1905." Thesis, Ottawa, Ontario: Carleton University, 1994, p. 205.
13 The Klondike News, April 1, 1899, p. 1.
14 The Dawson Daily News, Mining Edition, Sept. 1899, p. 14.
15 Berton, Pierre. Klondike. The Last Great Gold Rush, 1896-1899. Toronto, Ontario: Penguin Books Ltd., 1958, revised 1972, pp. 230, 507, and 524.
16 Klondike News, April 1, 1898.
17 Berton, Klondike, pp. 507 and 524. Berton quotes the Examiner.
18 DeArmond, R. N. Interview with the author in Sitka, April 1995.
19 McCurdy, H. W. The H. W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest, 1969-1976, p. 130.
20 "End of the Trail," Alaska Sportsman, Oct. 1963, p. 45.
21 Alaska Life, Feb. 1942, p. 10.
22 McCurdy, Marine History, p. 130.
23 Klondike Nugget, August 31, 1898.
24 Thacker, Jan. Heartland, Fairbanks Daily News Miner, July 14, 1966. The caption under the photo of Ester Duffy's whorehouse, University of Alaska Archives, notes that Babe Wallace bought her prized piano when Ester went broke. A note on a photo of Babe Wallace in the Wickersham Collection, Alaska State Library, Juneau, notes Wallace married Capt. Barrington and later died of tuberculosis. In an interview with Hill's son, Bill Barrington, in Anchorage on June 22, 1996, he questioned the Dawson record of Sid's marriage to Dirty Maud, believing officials might have confused the sisters. However, the family was not aware of Hill's marriage to Babe Wallace, which was well documented, so the brothers may not have been completely open with their heirs about their early history.
25 Thacker, Fairbanks Daily News Miner, July 14, 1966.
26 Interview with Bill Barrington, June 22, 1996.
27 Beebe, Iola. The True Life Story of Swiftwater Bill Gates. Iola Beebe, 1908; Seattle: Facsimile Reproduction, 1967, p. 22.
29 Evans, Chad. Frontier Theatre. Victoria: Sono Nis Press, 1983, pp. 235.
30 "The Girl Who Danced at Dawson," San Francisco Examiner, Sept 26, 1897, p. 7.
31 Seattle Daily Times, Feb. 2, 1898.
33 Daily Klondike Nugget, Nov. 14, 1898.
35 Clark, John. A. "Nicknames," in Random Reminiscences of22 Years in Alaska, Vol. 1. Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Box 1.
36 Lung, Edward, as told to Ella Lung Martinsen. Black Sand and Gold. New York: Vantage Press,
37 Dawson Daily News, Jan. 11, 1900, p. 2.
38 Berton, Laura Beatrice. I Married the Klondike. Ontario: McClelland & Steward, Inc., 1993, p. 122.
39 Dawson Daily News, March 1, 1917.
40 Martinsen, Ella Lung, as told to her by her mother, Velma D. Lung. Trail to North Star Gold. True Story of the Alaska-Klondike Gold Rush. Portland, Oregon: Metropolitan Press, 1969, p. 77.
41 Helen Wilson in Skagway to her sister Alice Wilson Bair in Pennsylvania, (undated) written at close of World War I in 1918. Alaska State Library, Alaska Historical Collections.
42 Porsild, "Culture, Class and Community," pp. 202-3.
43 Dawson Klondike Nugget, Nov. 16, 1901.
44 Berton, Laura, I Married the Klondike, p. 40.
45 National Archives Yukon Territorial Records, RG 91, vol. 74, file 78.
46 Vancouver Daily Providence, Oct. 30, 1918.
47 Alaska State Library, US District Court, Commissioners Probate Records RG 506, Series 58, Box 4635.
48 Evans, Frontier Theatre, p. 243.
49 Martinsen, Trail to North Star Gold, p. 187. The author, who calls her Diamond Tooth Gertie, has a right to be confused because there were not only two headliners with diamond fillings but also "Diamond Lil" Davenport, who was a high-profile hooker.
50 Alaska Sportsman, June 1961. Seattle Post Intelligencer, June 20, 1975.
51 Klondike Nugget, Oct. 5, 1898.
52 Sheet music courtesy of Jean Murray of Clear, Alaska, who is writing the definitive book on gold rush music. Written and composed by Arthur Sheldon. Words revised by Hattie Anderson, copyright 1892 by Charles Shard & Co.
53 McKeown, Martha Ferguson. The Trail Led North. Mont Hawthorne’s Story. Portland, Oregon: Binford and Mort, 1960, p. 171.
55 Klondike Nugget, April 19, 1899.
56 McKeown, The Trail Led North, p. 176.
57 Berton, Pierre, Klondike, p. 488.
58 Klondike Nugget, Oct. 14, 1899.
59 Dawson Daily News, Jan. 9, 1900.
60 Herald Tribune, undated clip; Elizabeth Daily Journal, October 28, 1932; and Herald Tribune, February 3, 1939. In Esther Lyons file, Theatre Library, The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, Lincoln Center, New York City.
61 Clips in files of Esther Lyon and Essie Lyons, Theatre Library, The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, Lincoln Center, New York City.
62 Dawson Daily Nugget, Jan. 17, 1900.
63 Dawson Daily Nugget, November 8, 1890.
64 Dawson Daily News, March 13, 1900.
66 Nome News, September 8, 1900.
67 Stroller's Column, Daily Klondike Nugget, March 2, 1901.
4. THE REAL WORKING GIRLS
1 Yukon Archives, King Vs. Benoit, GR Series 11, Vol. 1455, File 214.
2 Stevens, Gary L. "Gold Rush Theater in the Alaska-Yukon Frontier." Dissertation, Department of Speech, University of Oregon, August 1984, p. 533.
3 Booth, Michael R. "Gold Rush Theaters of the Klondike," Beaver, Spring 1962, pp. 33-34.
4 Trelawney-Ansell, E. C. I Followed Gold. New York: Lee Furman, Inc., 1939, p.171.
5 During this period my grandfather in Vermont paid his farm workers one dollar per day. For Dawson prices I used correspondence from John Clark to James Oliver, Jan. 29, 1923. Clark, John A., Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Box 1, #44. The letter agrees with several published accounts.
6 McKeown, Martha Ferguson. The Trail Led North. Mont Hawthorne’s Story. Portland: Binford & Mort, 1960, p. 183.
7 Hunt, William. Distant Justice. Policing the Alaskan Frontier. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987, pp. 60-61. Seattle Times, June 3, 1898.
8 Martin, Cy. Whisky and Wild Women. An Amusing Account of the Saloons and Bawds of the Old West. New York: Hart Publishing Co., 1986, p. 223.
9 Collier, William Ross, and Westgate, Edwin Victor. The Reign of Soapy Smith. Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, Doran & Company, 1935, p 248.
10 Martinsen, Ella Lung, as told to her by her mother, Velma D. Lung. Trail to North Star Gold. True Story of the Alaska-Klondike Gold Rush. Portland, Oregon: Metropolitan Press, 1969, pp. 11-12, 16-17.
11 Collier and Westgate, Reign of Soapy Smith, pp. 248-49.
12 Klondike Nugget, Nov. 4, 1899.
13 Martin, Whisky and Wild Women, p. 230.
14 Porsild, Charlene L. "Culture, Class and Community: New Perspectives on the Klondike Gold Rush: 1896-1905." Thesis, Ottawa, Ontario: Carleton University, 1994, p. 170.
14 Coates, Kenneth, and Morrison, William R. Land of the Midnight Sun. A History of the Yukon. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1988, p. 107.
15 Porsild, "Culture, Class and Community," p. 193.
16 Black, Martha, as told to Elizabeth Bailey Price. My Seventy Years. London, Edinburgh, Paris, Melbourne, Toronto, and New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., pp. 134-5.
17 Yukon Archives, Series 11, Vol. 1447, File 67. Klondike Nugget, August 12, 1899.
18 Klondike Daily Nugget, March 16 and 18, 1901.
19 "Frugal Pearl Mitchell," Klondike Nugget, Oct. 24, 1900. "Bleeker Objects to the Testimony of Josie Gordon in the Slorah Murder Trial," Klondike Nugget, Nov. 16, 1900.
20 Black, My Seventy Years, p. 134.
21 Dawson Daily News, Nov. 14, 1899.
22 Klondike Nugget, April 22, 1899 and November 18, 1899.
23 Daily Klondike Nugget, May 11, 1903. National Archives of Canada, RCMP RG 18 D4, v. 1. Dawson Goal Register, May 12, 1903.
24 National Archives of Canada, RCMP RG 18 D4, v. 1, Police Goal Record, 1902. Klondike Daily Nugget, May 11, 1903. Dawson Daily News, May 12, 1903.
25 Klondike Nugget, July 3, 1903.
26 Dawson Daily News, May 27, 1903.
27 Parrish, Maud. Nine Pounds of Luggage. Philadelphia, New York, London, Toronto: J.B. Lippincott, 1939, p. 25.
28 Trelawney-Ansell, I Followed Gold, pp. 176-179.
29 "She Blew Out Her Brains," Klondike Nugget, Dec. 14, 1898. "The Stroller's Column," Klondike Nugget, Oct. 21, 1899.
30 Klondike Nugget, March 29, 1899.
31 Evans, Chad. Frontier Theatre. Victoria: Sono Nis Press, 1983, p. 243. Evans quotes an article in the Klondike Nugget.
32 Klondike Nugget, Nov. 4, 1899.
33 DeGraf, Anna. Pioneering on the Yukon, 1892-1917. Edited by Roger S. Brown. Hamden, Connecticut: The Shoestring Press, Inc., Archon Books, 1992, pp. 79-81.
34 Berton, Laura Beatrice. I Married the Klondike. Toronto, Ontario: McClelland & Stewart Inc., 1954, pp. 65-7. Whyard, Flo, "It Must Have Been Quite A Party," Yukon News, Feb 8, 1995, p. 20 from undated Dawson police records.
35 Backhouse, Frances. "Women of the Klondike," The Beaver, Dec. 1988, p. 32.
36 Walkowitz, Judith. Prostitution and Victorian Society. Women, Class and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980, p.1.
37 Guest, Hal J. A History of the City of Dawson, Yukon Territory, 1896-1920. Microfiche Reporter Series No. 7, Canadian Parks Service, 1981, pp. 221. Cites PAC, RCMP Records, v. 3055, Oct. 12, 1898.
38 Letter from Ogilvie to officer commanding NWMP, Jan. 15, 1900. Yukon Archives, YTR, CLB v.77, pp. 738.
39 Anonymous. Madeleine. An Autobiography. New York: Persea Books, 1986 ( Original edition 1919), p. 180.
40 DeGraf, Pioneering, pp. 81-82.
41 John H. McDougal to W. C. E. Stewart, Sept. 10, 1899. W. C. E. Stewart Papers NA MG29 C 90 File # 4,Canadian National Archives, Ottawa.
42 Klondike Nugget, June 25, 1902 (A reprint from the Seattle Washingtonian). DeArmond, R. N. Klondike Newsman-. "Stroller" White. Skagway: Lynn Canal Publishing, 1989, pp. 125-130.
43 National Archives of Canada, RCMP RG 18 D4, v.1. Dawson Goal Register, July 11, 1902. Riggs, Thomas C., Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks, #61.
44 Yukon Archives, Royal Northwest Mounted Police Town Station, Dawson, Y.T., July 25, 1905.
45 Backhouse, "Women of the Klondike," p. 31.
46 Black, My Seventy Years, p. 138.
47 Hamlin, C. S. Old Times on the Yukon. Los Angeles: Wetzel Publishing Co, Inc., 1928, pp. 14 and 18.
48 "Where The Great Fire Started," Klondike Nugget, May 6, 1899.
49 Report of S. B. Steele, May 1899, PA, RCMP Records, Vol. 1444, f 181, p. 3.
50 Klondike Nugget, April 12, 1899.
51 Klondike Nugget, Oct. 29, 1898.
52 "The New Tenderloin," Klondike Nugget, May 12, 1899. "Third Street Girls Given Twenty-four Hours in Which to Get Into the Confines of the Tenderloin District," Klondike Nugget, August 9, 1899.
53 A number of researchers have unsuccessfully attempted to discover who actually profited from this venture: Guest, History of the City of Dawson, pp. 223-4. Also Ryley, Bay. "The Bawdy Language of Gold Digging: Regulating Prostitution in Dawson City, Yukon, 1898-1903." Paper for Nancy Forestell and Ian McKay, Kingston: Queen's University, 1993, pp. 34-35. Steele never revealed with whom he made the arrangements for the move, but they must have been major political and economic players in Yukon Territory.
54 Armstrong, Nevill A. D. Yukon Yesterdays. Thirty Years of Adventure in the Klondike. London: John Long Ltd., 1936, pp. 53-54. His figures agree with other independent accounts including La Belle Brooks-Vincent's Scarlet Life of Dawson and the Roseate Dawn of Nome. Seattle: M.R. Mayor, 1900, p. 77.
55 McPhail Report, Provincial Archives of Alberta, RCMP Records, v. 1445, f181,pt. 6.
56 "Yesterday's Big Fire: Correct Story of How the Fire Originated," Dawson Daily News, Jan. 12, 1900.
57 Booth, "Gold Rush Theaters of the Klondike," p. 33. Stevens, "Gold Rush Theater in the Alaska-Yukon Frontier," pp. 66-7.
58 Dawson Daily News, March 8, 1900.
59 Klondike Nugget, Oct. 21, 1902.
60 Guest, History of the City of Dawson, p. 232.
61 Klondike Nugget, March 18, 1901.
62 Berton, Laura, I Married the Klondike, pp. 76-7.
5. MAE FIELD
1 Berg, Helen. "The Doll of Dawson." Alaska Sportsman, Feb. 1944, pp. 8-9.
2 Berg, "Doll of Dawson," p. 9.
3 Hot Springs Docket Books 1890-98, researched by Helen Magee, Hot Springs, S.D.
4 Rapid City Tri Star Weekly, March 19, 1895.
5 Marriage License issued September 6, 1897, on file with Clerk of Courts, Hot Springs, South Dakota. Hot Springs Star, Sept. 10, 1897.
6 Northwest Mounted Police records at Lake Bennett, May 31, 1898. "Pan For Gold" database, Yukon Territory: Http://www.goldrush. org/ghost-07.htm. Berg, "Doll of Dawson," p. 25.
7 Berg, "Doll of Dawson," pp. 25-26.
8 Berg, "Doll of Dawson," p. 26. Hot Springs Star, Jan. 21 and July 21, 1899.
9 Berg, "Doll of Dawson," p. 30.
10 Peterson, Art, and Williams, D. Scott. Murder, Madness and Mystery. An Historical Narrative of Mollie Walsh Bartlett From the Days of the Klondike Gold Rush. Williams, Oregon: Castle Peak Editions, pp. 25-26 and 32-33.
11 Berg, "Doll of Dawson," p. 26.
14 Klondike Nugget, Oct. 28, 1899.
15 Klondike Nugget, Nov. 8, 1899.
16 Berg, "Doll of Dawson," p. 29. Klondike Nugget, Nov. 11, 1899.
17 Berg, "Doll of Dawson," p. 30.
18 Polk Directories, 1901-1912. The Fairbanks Genealogical Society database, http://www.polarnet.com/users/fgs/db/polk.htm.
19 "In Territorial Court: May Fields Compelled to Pay Her Laundry Bill. A Case That Was Not Devoid of Funny Incidents," Klondike Nugget, February 15, 1900, p. 5.
20 Hot Springs Star, November 11, 1900 andJuly5, 1901.
21 Hot Springs Land Records, researched by Helen Magee. Polk Directories, 1901-1912.
22 Klondike Nugget, Feb. 2-3, 1903.
23 Dawson Daily News, June 18, 1903. Klondike Nugget, June 18, 1903.
24 Letter from J.W. Falconer to Chief Inspector, May 2, 1904, Yukon Archives Gov 1619 XRG1, Series Vol 9, 1443, folder 2/3in.
25 Research by Helen Magee, Hot Springs, S.D. Polks Directories for Dawson, 1903-1911.
26 Rex v May Fields, Yukon Archives, Series ll, Vol 1431, File #10.
27 Post office worker Clary Craig's list of people dying or leaving the Klondike. "Pan for Gold" database.
28 Berg, "Doll of Dawson," p. 30-31.
30 Polk Directories database. Charles, Pat, of Ketchikan. Interview with the author, Jan. 1997.
6. CORRINE B GRAY
1 1880 U.S. Census, Stark County, Ohio. Letter from Miss Laureen K. Landis, Genealogy Div. Head, to Neal Thompson Gardner, Stark County District Library, Canton, Ohio, Jan. 8, 1966, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus.
2 "Corrine Has More Trouble: Two of Her Favorites Clash at Bennett." Dawson Daily News, Nov. 22, 1899, p. 1.
3 Berton, Pierre. Klondike. The Last Great Gold Rush, 1896-1899. Toronto, Ontario: Penguin, 1990, p. 476 and 549.
4 Dawson Daily News, Nov. 22, 1899.
5 Klondike Nugget, Oct. 14, 1899.
6 Dawson Daily News, Nov. 22, 1899.
7 Klondike Nugget, Oct. 18, 1899.
8 Klondike Nugget, Nov. 18, 1899.
9 Original reprinted undated in the Dawson Daily News, Nov. 22, 1899.
10 The Dawson Daily News, March 27, 1900. Also the Klondike Nugget of the same date.
11 Annual Report of the North-West Mounted Police, 64 Victoria, A, 1901, p. 38, National Archives of Canada.
12 Letter from William Ballou to his brother Walt, Dec.10, 1901, William Ballou Collection, University of Alaska Archives.
14 Ibid., Sept. 25, 1901. Population figure comes from Orth, Donald J. Dictionary of Alaska Place Names. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986, p. 791.
15 Letter from William Ballou to his mother, Sept. 25, 1901, William Ballou Collection, University of Alaska Archives.
16 Letter from William Ballou to his brother Walt, Nov. 1, 1901, William Ballou Collection, University of Alaska Archives.
19 Obituary of William Ray Durfee, Ashland Daily Press, May 4, 1915. Obituary of Eugenia Durfee, Ashland Daily Press, April 10, 1930. The Descendants of Thomas Durfee of Portsmouth, R. I. Washington, D. C.: Press of Gibson Brothers, 1905, pp. 372-3.
20 Letter from William Ballou to his brother Walt, May 28, 1902, William Ballou Collection, University of Alaska Archives.
22 Letter from William Ballou to his mother, December 3, 1902.
23 Letter from William Ballou to his brother Walt, February 13, 1903.
24 The Alaska Forum, March 14, 1903.
25 Letter from William Ballou to his brother Walt, May 15, 1903.
26 The Alaska Forum, March 14, 1903.
27 Rampart Probate Records, March 18, 1903, now in the Record's Office, Fairbanks, Alaska.
28 Letter from William Ballou to his brother Walt, May 19, 1903.
29 Undated clipping in the William Ballou collection.
30 Letter from William Ballou to his brother Walt, May 19, 1903.
31 Undated clipping in the William Ballou collection. The (Skagway) Daily Alaska, July 9, 1903.
32 Hudson, Sally. Interview with the author in Fairbanks, Alaska, March 1995.
33 Rampart Probate Records, March 18, 1903, now in the Records Office, Fairbanks, Alaska.
34 (Rampart) Yukon Valley News, August 3, 1904. Hunt, William R. "Judge Ballou of Rampart." The Alaska Journal, Winter 1972, pp. 41-47.
7. KLONDIKE KATE ROCKWELL
1 Evans, Chad. Frontier Theatre. A History of Nineteenth-Century Theatrical Entertainment in the Canadian Far North West and Alaska. Victoria, British Columbia: Sono Nis Press, 1983, p. 241.
2 Matson, Kate Rockwell, as told to Mary Mann. "I Was Queen of the Klondike." Alaska Sportsman, Aug. 1944, p. 10. Lucia, Ellis. Klondike Kate, 18731957. New York: Ballantine Books, Inc., 1962, pp. 74-75.
3 Lucia, Klondike Kate, pp. 21-28.
4 Schillios, Rolv. "Dance Hall Girl." Alaska Magazine, March 1956, p. 9. Matson, "I Was Queen," pp. 9-11.
5 Matson, "I Was Queen," p. 44 and 53-56. Schillios, "Dance Hall Girl," pp. 10-11. Obituary for Danny Allmon, Vancouver Daily Province, Nov. 2, 1901, taken from Kate Rockwell's personal scrapbook, Archives, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
6 Interview with Laura McCarley, 1949. Notes 0004VF included in Histories of Downtown Buildings, "The Imperial Saloon," Juneau, Alaska, 1978, State Historical Library.
7 Lucia, Klondike Kate, p. 76.
8 Matson, "I Was Queen," p. 29.
9 Lombard, Charles. "The Little Parson. . . ." Alaska Life, December 1939.
10 NWMP Records at Chilkoot Checkpoint, June 4, 1900. "Ghosts of the Gold Rush" database, Yukon Territory: http://www.gold-rush.org/ghost-07.htm.
11 Schillios, "Dance Hall Girl," p. 11.
12 Matson, "I Was Queen," p. 29. Lucia, Klondike Kate, p. 69. Kate saved photos of Allmon and his obituary until her own death.
13 King, Jean Beach. Arizona Charlie-. A Legendary Cowboy, Klondike Stampeder and Wild West Showman. Phoenix, Arizona: A Heritage Publishers Book, 1989, p. 219.
14 Schillios, "Dance Hall Girl," pp. 30-31.
15 Lucia, Klondike Kate, pp. 74-5.
16 Martinson, Ella Lung, as told to her by her mother, Velma D. Lung. The Trail to North Star Gold. True Story of the Alaska-Klondike Gold Rush. Portland, Oregon: Metropolitan Press, 1996, p. 186-7.
17 Matson, "I Was Queen," p. 31.
18 "The Queen of the Klondike." Frontier Days in the Yukon. Edited by Garnet Basque. Dawson City, 1902.
19 Schillios, "Dance Hall Girl," p. 31.
20 Lucia, Klondike Kate, pp.79-80.
21 Saloutos, Theodore. "Alexander Pantages, Theater Magnate of the West." Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Oct. 1966, pp. 237-38. Saloutos cites an interview with Rodney Pantages, Dec. 3, 1965; Morgan, Murray, Skid Row, New York: 1951, p. 151-2; Crane, Warren E. "Alexander Pantages," System, Vol. 28, March 1920, p. 502; Los Angeles Times, Nov. 28, 1929.
22 Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 9, 1926.
23 King, Arizona Charlie, p. 209.
24 Schillios, "Dance Hall Girl," p. 32.
25 Matson, "I Was Queen," p. 30. Martinsen, Trail to North Star Gold, p. 187-9.
26 Matson, "I Was Queen," p. 31.
27 Elliott, Eugene Clinton. A History of Variety-Vaudeville in Seattle from the Beginning to 1914. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1944, p. 107.
28 Hall, Warren. Esquire, May 1951, p. 145.
29 Alexander Pantages Letters 1902-3 and 1922, University of Washington Archives, ACC 331-001.
30 Lucia, Klondike Kate, p. 106.
31 Letters from Alexander Pantages to Kate Rockwell, March 4, 1903, and July 12, 1903.
32 Post office worker Clary Craig's list of people dying or leaving the Klondike, "Pan For Gold" database.
33 Matson, "I Was Queen," p. 30.
34 Lucia, Klondike Kate, pp. 108-9.
36 Schillios, "Dance Hall Girl," p. 32. Docket No. 47,301, King County, Washington.
37 Lucia, Klondike Kate, p. 121.
38 Schillios, Rolv. "Dreams and Reality." The Alaska Sportsman, April 1956, p. 16.
39 Lucia, Klondike Kate, pp. 117-120.
40 Saloutos cites Seattle Argus, Feb. 12 and 19, 1910, and April 2, 1910.
41 Schillios, "Dreams and Reality," p. 16.
43 Lucia, Klondike Kate, p. 137-41.
44 Schillios, "Dreams and Reality," p. 17.
45 Letter from Rockwell to lawyer Thomas D. Page, from Princeville, Oregon, Jan. 30, 1920 and May 27, 1922, University of Washington.
46 Saloutos, "Alexander Pantages," pp. 141 and 146.
47 Lucia, Klondike Kate, pp. 145 and 153.
48 Saloutos, "Alexander Pantages," p. 146. Lucia, Klondike Kate, p. 173.
49 Lucia, Klondike Kate, p. 186.
50 Schillios, "Dreams and Reality," p. 39.
52 New York Times, Feb. 1, 1943.
53 Schillios, "Dreams and Reality," p. 39.
54 Lucia, Klondike Kate, pp. 222-23. Schillios, "Dreams and Reality," pp. 39-40.
55 Schillios, "Dreams and Reality," p. 40.
56 Matson, "I Was Queen," p. 31. Lucia, Klondike Kate, p. 191.
8. NOME'S CROOKED GOLD RUSH
1 Berton, Pierre. Klondike. The Last Great Gold Rush 1896-1899. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Penguin, 1958, p. 486.
2 "Blanche Lamonte Murder/Suicide." Klondike Nugget, Aug. 12, 1899.
3 Porsild, Charlene L. "Culture, Class and Community: New Perspectives on the Klondike Gold Rush, 1896-1905." Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 1994, p. 199. Cites R. W. Cauley Papers, Yukon Territory Archives.
4 Riggs, Thomas, Christmas Collection, 18731945, #61. Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
5 Dawson Daily News, Sept. 20, 1899.
6 Cole, Terrence. Nome-. City of the Gulden Beaches. Anchorage, Alaska: Alaska Geographic, Vol 11, No. 1, 1894, pp. 20-23.
7 Brooks, Alfred Hulse. Blazing Alaska’s Trails. Second Edition. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 1973, pp. 387-89.
8 Denison, Merrill. Klondike Mike. An Alaskan Odyssey. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1943, pp. 260 and 275-6.
9 Evans, Chad. Frontier Theatre-. A History of Nineteenth-Century Theatrical Entertainment in the Canadian Far North and Alaska. Victoria, B.C.: Sono Nis Press, 1983, p. 249. Major P.H. Ray to the Commanding Officer, Fort Gibbon, 10 November 1899, National Archives, Washington, D. C., District of North Alaska-Letters of P. H. Ray, Part 3, Engry 533, RG 393.
10 Dawson Daily News, Dec. 28, 1899.
11 Hunt, William. Distant Justice. Policing the Alaska Frontier. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987, pp. 87-88.
13 Brooks, Blazing Alaska’s Trails, pp. 376-77.
14 Dunham, Samuel C. The Yukon and Nome Gold Regions. U.S. Department of Labor, Vol. 5, Bulletin no. 29, July 1900, p. 845.
15 Brooks, Blazing Alaska’s Trails, p. 379. Hunt, William R. Golden Places. The History of Alaska-Yukon Mining with Particular Reference to Alaska’s National Parks. Anchorage: National Park Service, 1990, p. 118.
16 Brooks, Blazing Alaska’s Trails, p. 389.
18 Trelawney-Ansell, E. C. I Followed Gold. New York: Lee Furman, Inc., 1939, pp. 223-224.
19 Wallace, John B. "Three Strikes Was Out!" The Alaska Sportsman, Nov. 1939.
20 Nome Weekly News, Oct. 6, 1901. Trelawney-Ansell, I Followed Gold, p. 224.
21 Brooks, Blazing Alaska’s Trails, p. 385.
22 Letter from William Ballou to his brother Walt, June 22, 1900, William Ballou Collection, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
23 Brooks, Blazing Alaska’s Trails, p. 397.
24 Hunt, Distant Justice, p. 348, Chapter 7, note 2.
26 Hunt, William. North of 53°The Wild Days of Alaska-Yukon Mining Frontier 1870-1914. New York and London: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. and Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1974, p. 126. Reed, Elmer. "The Mayor." The Alaska Sportsman, Dec. 1948, p. 11.
27 Hunt, Distant Justice, p. 137.
28 Trelawney-Ansell, I Followed Gold, pp. 221-224.
30 Parrish, Maud. Nine Pounds of Luggage. New York, London, Toronto: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1939, pp. 28.
31 Wallace, John B. "Nome Was Like That." Alaska Sportsman, Oct. 1939, p. 33.
32 Fairbanks Sunday Times, Oct. 1, 1911, courtesy of the Rex Fisher Collection.
33 Reed, "The Mayor," p. 10-11.
34 Ibid., p. 26. Evans, Chad. Frontier Theatre. A History of Nineteenth-Century Theatrical Entertainment in the Canadian Far West and Alaska. Victoria, B.C.: Sono Nis Press, 1983, p. 249.
35 Trelawney-Ansell, I Followed Gold, pp. 227-8.
36 Dawson Daily Nugget, Jan. 17, 1900. Earp, Josephine Sarah Marcus. I Married Wyatt Earp. Collected and edited by Glenn C. Boyer. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1990, pp. 148 and 199.
37Earp, I Married Wyatt Earp, pp. 198-9.
38 Ibid., pp. 160-1 and 200-20.
40 Nome Daily Chronicle, Aug. 21, 1900.
41 Nome Daily News, July 31, 1900.