1. Albin J. Kowalski, “The Storm That Nearly Lost the War,” New York Times, November 2, 2011.
2. “Arrival of Regulars from California,” New York Evening Post, November 15, 1861.
3. “Splendid Military Sight,” New York Herald, November 16, 1861.
4. Stiles, First Tycoon, 319.
5. McArthur, Man Who Was Rip Van Winkle, 184–85.
6. Manifest of the Champion, November 15, 1861, in New York Passenger Lists, 1820–1957, accessed at Ancestry.com. Although the ship’s manifest recorded William A. as a captain, he left Alcatraz as a first lieutenant. Thus, he would have received notice of his promotion to captain when his ship reached Aspinwall, where official mail would have been picked up.
7. “Arrival of Regulars from California,” New York Evening Post, November 15, 1861.
8. Stewart, Wreck of the “San Francisco,” 201.
9. Hill, “Winder’s Reminiscences of Early Days.”
10. Matthews, Golden State in the Civil War, 109.
11. Matthews, Golden State in the Civil War, 192.
12. Matthews, Golden State in the Civil War, 193.
13. Matthews, Golden State in the Civil War, 193.
14. Matthews, Golden State in the Civil War, 192.
15. Matthews, Golden State in the Civil War, 193; Ron Soodalter, “The Day New York City Tried to Secede,” History.net, October 26, 2011, http://www.historynet.com/the-day-new-york-tried-to-secede.htm.
16. Soodalter, “Day New York City Tried to Secede.”
17. Strong, Diary of George Templeton Strong, 3:363.
18. Abraham Lincoln, “First Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1861, History Now, Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, https://www.gilderlehrman.org/content/president-lincoln%E2%80%99s-first-inaugural-address-1861.
19. Blakey, General John H. Winder, C.S.A., 48.
20. Jones, Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 60.
21. Blakey, General John H. Winder, C.S.A., 25, 27.
22. “Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis Message to Congress,” April 29, 1861, Avalon Project, Lillian Goldman Library, Yale University Law School, New Haven, Connecticut.
23. Blakey, General John H. Winder, C.S.A., 47.
24. Casstevens, George W. Alexander and Castle Thunder, 39; Blakey, General John H. Winder, C.S.A., 120.
25. Blakey, General John H. Winder C.S.A., 142.
26. “An Act Respecting Alien Enemies,” in War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 2:1361–62.
27. Golden, “Castle Thunder,” 21.
28. Blakey, General John H. Winder, C.S.A., 122.
29. Kelly, Sarah—Her Story, 195.
30. “New Hampshire Appointments,” New Hampshire Sentinel, April 11, 1861.
31. Ichabod Goodwin to Abraham Lincoln, June 24, 1861 (see below); Charles G. Brooks, “Historic Find for 50c,” Evening Star (Washington DC), August 9, 1960. The article in the Evening Star reported that this Goodwin letter with Lincoln’s response on it was among several valuable old documents—letters from Ulysses Grant to Secretary Stanton and others—discovered by Joseph F. Thompson of Arlington, Virginia. The Lincoln endorsement was deemed authentic by Dr. Percy Powell of the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress. The Goodwin letter with the Lincoln endorsement was auctioned in 2010 and to this author’s knowledge has never before been published with the exception of the transcript made available on the auction site, which is no longer accessible. Of interest, it appeared that Lincoln knew William A. was a captain, not a first lieutenant. Neither William A. nor Ichabod Goodwin had yet been informed of the promotion, although the United States War Department, General Orders of the War Department, 1:184, does record William A. as a captain, Third Regiment of Artillery, on May 14, 1861. He is also listed as captain in United States Adjutant General’s Office, Official Army Register for 1866, 35, 85. President Lincoln must have been informed by his secretary of war, Simon Cameron, or another official, that William A. had been promoted.
32. Teschemacher quoted in “The Overland Telegraph,” New York Times, October 26, 1861.
33. “Suspected and Disloyal Persons,” in War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 2:721.
34. E. J. Allen, interrogation of Charles H. Winder, September 9, 1861, Union Provost Marshal’s File of Papers Relating to Individual Civilians, 1861–67, Record Group 109, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC (hereafter cited as Union Provost Marshal’s File, NARA-DC).
35. Charles H. Winder to John H. Winder, August 20, 1861, Union Provost Marshal’s File, NARA-DC. Although Charles H. Winder denied having had any correspondence with his brother or any other Southern acquaintances, the letter the provost marshal had in hand may well have been a copy of a letter Charles H. Winder did send.
36. Charles H. Winder to William H. Winder, April 17, 1861, in War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 2:721.
37. Statement of George McGlue, September 10, 1861, Union Provost Marshal’s File, NARA-DC.
38. Statement of W. H. Parker, September 10, 1861, Union Provost Marshal’s File, NARA-DC.
39. William Seward to Andrew Porter, in War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 2:734.
40. Secretary [of War] Simon Cameron to William Millward, September 11, 1861, in War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 2:725.
41. George A. Coffey to Simon Cameron, September 11, 1861, in War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 2:725.
42. Speer, Portals to Hell, 35, 38.
43. “Splendid Military Sight,” New York Herald, November 16, 1861.
44. “Military and Naval Intelligence,” New York Commercial Advertiser, November 16, 1861.
45. “A Rare and Most Brilliant Sight,” New York Evening Post, November 16, 1861.
46. “The Champion’s Passengers; Particulars of the Arrests,” New York Times, November 16, 1861.
1. “Sick and Wounded Soldiers in Hospitals,” Evening Star (Washington DC), November 16, 1861.
2. “Entertainments,” Daily National Republican (Washington DC), November 25, 1861.
3. “Dr. Johnston: Baltimore Lock Hospital,” Evening Star, November 16, 1861.
4. Furguson, Freedom Rising, 144.
5. George McClellan to Mary Ellen McClellan, November 2, 1861, in Sears, Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, 123.
6. George McClellan to Mary Ellen McClellan, November 17, 1861, in Sears, Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, 123.
7. George McClellan to Samuel L. M. Barlow, November 9, 1861, in Sears, Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, 128.
8. Cameron Addis, “Secession Winter,” History Hub, accessed July 23, 2016, http://sites.austincc.edu/caddis/secession-winter.
9. Pinkerton, Spy of the Rebellion, 95–98. While Pinkerton often confabulated or embellished the escapades of his operatives, and though portions of his works should be viewed with skepticism, there are ample primary sources to confirm or disprove many of his claims. In the cases of the aforementioned quotes as well as the ones that follow from Pinkerton’s extant letters to Gen. George B. McClellan, it is safe to assume facts prevail.
10. Pinkerton, Spy of the Rebellion, 245.
11. “Beware of Telegraphic Inventions,” Washington National Republican, July 24, 1861. The newspaper condemned the “whole world of outside barbarians” who lurked in the city and favored slavery.
12. “Captain William A. Winder[,] accompanied by wife and child, January 9, 1862,” #4291, in U.S. Passport Applications, 1795–1925, accessed at Ancestry.com. Parts of this description are also taken from portraits of Winder viewed by the author as well as an original portrait in her possession.
13. Captain Winder to Brigadier General Thomas, November 22, 1861, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
14. Birkheimer, “History of the 3rd U.S. Artillery,” 347.
15. Horatio Nelson Taft, “Washington during the Civil War: Diary of Horatio Nelson Taft, 1861 to 1865,” entry for January 11, 1861, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington DC (hereafter cited as LOC).
16. Pinkerton, Spy of the Rebellion, 247.
17. Abraham Lincoln, “First Annual Message,” December 3, 1861, The American Presidency Project, compiled by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29502.
18. William F. Barry to George McClellan, December 3, 1861, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
19. Casstevens, George W. Alexander and Castle Thunder, 46.
20. Pinkerton, Spy of the Rebellion, 110.
21. Recko, Spy for the Union, 6.
22. “Memoirs of Pryce Lewis as told to Major David E. Cronin,” 55, in Pryce Lewis Collection, St. Lawrence University Archives, Owen D. Young Library, St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York.
23. Pinkerton, Spy of the Rebellion, 480.
24. Pinkerton to McClellan, December 27, 1861, in George Brinton McClellan Papers, LOC.
25. Assistant Adjutant General Townsend to Lieutenant General Grant, December 22, 1865, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC. This is one of several records of W. A. Winder’s U.S. Army service.
26. Pinkerton to McClellan, December 27, 1861, McClellan Papers, LOC.
27. Pinkerton to McClellan, January 31, 1862, McClellan Papers, LOC.
28. Pinkerton to McClellan, December 27, 1861, McClellan Papers, LOC. Pinkerton’s emphases and punctuation are reproduced as in the original document.
29. Pinkerton to McClellan, December 27, 1861, McClellan Papers, LOC.
30. U.S. Military Academy Cadet Application Papers, 1840–45, within Application Papers, 1805–66, M688, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, 1780s–1917, Record Group 94, NARA-DC.
31. Pinkerton to McClellan, December 27, 1861, McClellan Papers, LOC.
32. Pinkerton to McClellan, December 27, 1861, McClellan Papers, LOC.
33. Pinkerton to McClellan, December 27, 1861, McClellan Papers, LOC.
34. William Winder to Lieutenant General Sherman, December 15, 1884, William T. Sherman Papers, LOC.
35. Captain Winder to Colonel Colburn, December 27, 1861, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC. The emphasis in the initial quotation from the letter is Winder’s, but the exact nature of the “urgent personal business” is unknown.
36. Speer, Portals to Hell, 41.
37. W. H. Winder, Secrets of the American Bastille, 26.
38. Frederick Seward to Col. Justin Dimick, January 11, 1862, War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 2:736, 737.
39. W. H. Winder, Secrets of the American Bastille, 28.
40. Frederick Seward to Col. Justin Dimick, January 17, 1862, War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 2:736, 737.
41. W. H. Winder, Secrets of the American Bastille, 39.
42. Charles H. Winder’s parole statement and pledge, War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 2:739.
43. Assistant Secretary of State Frederick Seward to Brig. Gen. Andrew Porter, “Suspected and Disloyal Persons,” January 14, 1862, War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 2:737. The aforementioned memorandum, according to an afterword on the same page in the War of the Rebellion official records was not located. It might be assumed that it contained a portion of Pinkerton’s letter to McClellan or a note from McClellan himself.
44. “Arrival of the ‘Orizaba,” San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, February 15, 1862. Details of the stops of the Champion are recorded in this article.
45. “On Equal Terms,” Milwaukee Sentinel, April 12, 1889.
46. E. J. Allen to McClellan, January 31, 1862, McClellan Papers, LOC.
1. Hayes et al., Emigrant Notes, 281.
2. Dana, Two Years before the Mast, 111.
3. Graves, “A Doctor Comes to San Diego,” July 1970.
4. Engstrand, San Diego, 78.
5. Lt. William Winder to Maj. W. W. Mackall, August 23, 1856, quoted in Heizer, Destruction of California Indians, 105. John Ellis Wool was an Indian fighter and advocate of their extermination. During the Civil War he was in command of the Department of the East. William Whann Mackall resigned from the U.S. Army and became a Confederate general.
6. Lt. William Winder to Capt. H. S. Burton, Old Mission, San Diego, April 29, 1856, quoted in Heizer, Destruction of California Indians, 87.
7. Hayes, Pioneer Notes from the Diaries of Judge Benjamin Hayes, ix, 163.
8. Dana, Two Years before the Mast, 173.
9. Quoted in Matthews, Golden State in the Civil War, 187.
10. Chandler, “Velvet Glove,” 38.
11. Quotations from Chandler, “Democratic Turmoil,” 36.
12. Chandler, “Uncertain Influence,” 225.
13. Martini, Alcatraz at War, 13.
14. Hunt, Army of the Pacific, 1860–1866, 301, 303.
15. Harpending, Great Diamond Hoax, 24. The passionate secessionist and would-be Confederate pirate and privateer Asbury Harpending allegedly heard Johnston declare his full-throated opposition to a conspiracy helmed by the secret and seditious Knights of the Golden Circle. Their goal was to arm like-minded citizens who would overtake Alcatraz and create a separate nation, the Pacific Republic. For a good explanation of Johnston’s dilemma, see Martini, Fortress Alcatraz, 36–39. Johnston’s loyalty to the Union until his resignation was common knowledge to those who served under his command, including William A., one of his most passionate defenders, as will be seen. Even though Johnston ordered the removal of tons of ordnance to Alcatraz in an effort to protect it, his very presence in California at the beginning of the war caused rumors and suspicion, as he was born in Kentucky and raised in Texas. Fearing arrest, Johnston made his way to Los Angeles and subsequently fled to Texas to join the Confederacy. Highly valued by Robert E. Lee, General Johnston was killed at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6, 1862.
16. Matthews, Golden State in the Civil War, 87.
17. Kroll, Friends in Peace and War, xii, xiii.
1. Martini, Fortress Alcatraz, 11.
2. “Civil War at Alcatraz,” National Park Service, accessed March 19, 2015, https://www.nps.gov/goga/learn/historyculture/civil-war-at-alcatraz.htm.
3. Martini, Fortress Alcatraz, 28; Strobridge, “California Letters of Major General James McPherson, 1858–1860,” 38.
4. Gordon Chappell, “The Citadel of Alcatraz,” Historic California Posts, Camps, Stations and Airfields, 1981, www.militarymuseum.org/Alcatrazcitadel.html.
5. “The Army of the Pacific,” Sacramento Daily Union, February 19, 1861.
6. Martini, Alcatraz at War, 26–27. My visits deep underground to what remains of the Citadel basement were both memorable and unnerving. Hardhat in place and with trusty guide, the historian John A. Martini, leading the way, we went down a steep flight of stairs into a world of buckling concrete and hanging metal rods. John Martini pointed out the original herringbone-patterned brick floors, thick walls growing thicker along dark passageways to the dungeons, where the sound of waves or anything else could not be heard, then or now.
7. Twain, Gold Miners & Guttersnipes, 5.
8. “Platt’s Music Hall,” San Francisco Bulletin, May 27, 1862.
9. Martini, Alcatraz at War, 20, 26.
10. W. H. Winder, Secrets of the American Bastille, 28–30.
11. Speer, Portals to Hell, 91.
12. Putnam, Richmond during the War, 113. Originally the title page of this source identified the author as “A Richmond Lady”; her name at the time was Sallie A. Brock. Later she wrote under her married name, Sallie Brock Putnam.
13. “Local Matters,” Richmond (VA) Dispatch, April 30, 1862.
14. Pinkerton, Spy of the Rebellion, 496.
15. Casstevens, George W. Alexander and Castle Thunder, 122; “First Minority Report on the Management of Castle Thunder,” War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 5:919–24.
1. “The Court Martialed,” Sacramento Daily Union, May 3, 1862.
2. “Alcatraz Island,” San Francisco Bulletin, June 12, 1862.
3. Chandler, “Uncertain Influence,” 248.
4. Wright quoted in Schlicke, General George Wright, 211, 228.
5. Cutler, “Your Nations Shall Be Exterminated,” 3.
6. “The Battle between Gen. Banks and Jackson, Gen. Winder Killed,” Sacramento Daily Union, August 14, 1862.
7. “Remains of Brig. Gen. Charles S. Winder,” Richmond (VA) Dispatch, August 19, 1862.
8. Matthews, Golden State in the Civil War, 185.
9. Chandler, “Uncertain Influence,” 248.
10. Capt. William A. Winder to Maj. Richard Coulter Drum, September 10, 1862, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
11. Martini, Fortress Alcatraz, 51.
12. Asst. Adj. Gen. R. C. Drum to Lt. Col. Harvey Lee, September 12, 1862, Correspondence, Orders and Returns relating to Operations on the Pacific Coast from July 1, 1862 to June 30, 1865, War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, vol. 50, part 2.
13. “General Wright and His Late Orders—A Military Prison to Be Erected; Captain Winder under a Ban of Suspicion,” Sacramento Daily Union, September 13, 1862.
14. “Captain Winder of That Post,” San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, September 13, 1862.
15. Col. R. C. Drum to Lt. Col. Caleb Chase Sibley, with “fair copy” sent to Captain W. A. Winder, September 12, 1862, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
16. Cullum, Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy, 2:331–32, 3:71.
17. “General Wright and His Late Orders—A Military Prison to Be Erected; Captain Winder of That Post,” Sacramento Daily Union, September 13, 1862.
18. Capt. William A. Winder to Asst. Adj. Gen. R. C. Drum, September 13, 1862, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
19. “City Items—Disloyalty Disproven,” Daily Alta California, September 17, 1862.
20. “City Items—Disloyalty Disproven,” Daily Alta California, September 17, 1862.
21. Brig. Gen. George Wright to Asst. Adj. Gen. R. C. Drum, October 8, 1864, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
22. Capt. W. A. Winder to Asst. Adj. Gen. R. C. Drum, September 10, 1862, War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 2:108.
23. Quoted in “City Items,” Daily Alta California, September 16, 1862.
24. Capt. W. A. Winder to Brig. Gen. R. C. Drum, September 28, 1862, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
25. Capt. W. A. Winder to Brig. Gen. R. C. Drum, September 28, 1862, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
26. Brig. Gen. George Wright to Asst. Adj. General R. C. Drum, October 20, 1862; Capt. W. A. Winder to Brig. Gen. R. C. Drum, September 28, 1862, both in Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
27. “Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation,” September 22, 1862, 1, Abraham Lincoln Papers, LOC.
28. “City Items,” Daily Alta California, September 16, 1862.
29. “Effect of the Order—The First Arrest,” Santa Cruz Weekly Sentinel, September 20, 1862.
30. “Disloyalty Disproven,” Daily Alta California, September 17, 1862.
31. Chandler, “Uncertain Influence,” 248.
32. “Another Rebel under Arrest,” Daily Alta California, October 11, 1862.
33. “News of the Morning,” Sacramento Daily Union, October 16, 1862.
34. “What Is Treason?,” Sacramento Daily Union, October 21, 1862.
35. War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 4:359; Chandler, “Uncertain Influence,” 249. There are no recorded lists of the number of prisoners sent to Alcatraz during the war, but it is safe to assume there were many unrecorded arrests and short stays after the oaths of allegiance were taken.
36. W. H. Winder, Secrets of the American Bastille, 43, 47.
37. Blakey, General John H. Winder, C.S.A., 50.
38. Mary Lincoln to Abraham Lincoln, November 2, 1862, Lincoln Papers, LOC.
39. U.S. Returns from Military Posts, December 1862, from information in Returns from U.S. Military Posts, 1800–1916, Microfilm Publication M617, 1,550 rolls, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, 1780s–1917, Record Group 94, NARA-DC, accessed at Ancestry.com.
1. Harpending, Great Diamond Hoax, 53.
2. Matthews, Golden State in the Civil War, 191.
3. “Piratical Chivalry,” Sacramento Daily Union, March 18, 1863.
4. Harpending, Great Diamond Hoax, 16.
5. “Case of the ‘Chapman’: Culpableness of Parties Selling Munitions of War,” San Francisco Evening Bulletin, March 16, 1863.
6. “Examination of Prisoners,” Marysville (CA) Daily Appeal, March 20, 1863.
7. Harpending, Great Diamond Hoax, 55.
8. San Francisco Morning Call, March 24, 1863. Issues of this newspaper unfortunately are no longer extant for this period, including the date of March 24, 1863, but William A. enclosed the incendiary piece of the article in a communication to Brigadier General Wright and Assistant Adjutant General Drum. Capt. William A. Winder to Asst. Adj. Gen. Richard Drum [and Brig. Gen. George Wright], March 24, 1863, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
9. Asst. Adj. Gen. R. C. Drum to Capt. Wm. A. Winder, March 27, 1863, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
10. Brigadier General Wright to Capt. W. A. Winder, March 28, 1863, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
11. San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, October 5, 1863, October 19, 1863; Harpending, Great Diamond Hoax, 61.
12. “Headquarters Department of the Pacific—Winder Offered Colonelcy,” Sacramento Daily Union, May 28, 1863.
13. “Rebel Retaliation, Proposed Hanging of Federal Prisoners at Richmond Drawing the Lots,” San Francisco Bulletin, August 10, 1863.
14. Daughtry, Gray Cavalier, 147.
15. W. A. Winder to Montgomery Blair, August 7, 1863, Lincoln Papers, LOC.
16. Montgomery Blair to Abraham Lincoln, August 8, 1863, Lincoln Papers, LOC.
17. W. H. Winder to Edwin Stanton, August 8, 1863, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
1. Kroll, Friends in Peace and War, 37–38.
2. Kroll, Friends in Peace and War, 51.
3. “British Man of War at the Bay,” Marysville (CA) Daily Appeal, October 4, 1863.
4. Capt. Thomas O. Selfridge to Gen. George Wright, February 10, 1863, and Capt. Thomas O. Selfridge to Navy Secretary Gideon Welles, February 10, 1863, both in Operations of the Cruisers–Union, from January 1, 1863, to March 31, 1864, War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 2:112–15.
5. Rear Adm. John Kingcome to Gen. George Wright, October 1, 1863, War of the Rebellion, ser.1, 50:633.
6. Gen. George Wright to Rear Adm. John Kingcome, October 3, 1863, War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 50:638.
7. Asst. Adj. Gen. R. C. Drum to W. A. Winder, October 5, 1862, War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 50:639.
8. Capt. W. A. Winder to Adjutant General Drum, October 6, 1862, War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 50:640.
9. Rear Adm. John Kingcome to Gen. George Wright, October 15, 1863, War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 50:641.
10. John Martini, author of Alcatraz at War and Fortress Alcatraz, email to author, November 24, 2010.
11. Brig. Gen. George Wright to Rear Adm. John Kingcome, October 15, 1863, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
12. Lieber, Instructions for the Government of the United States in the Field, Article 58, originally issued April 24, 1863. The article reads in full, “The law of nations knows of no distinction of color, and if an enemy of the United States should enslave and sell any captured persons of their army, it would be a case for the severest retaliation, if not redressed upon complaint. The United States cannot retaliate by enslavement; therefore death must be the retaliation for this crime against the law of nations.”
13. Blakey, General John H. Winder, C.S.A., 159.
14. “Horrors of the Libby Prison at Richmond–Belle Isle,” San Francisco Bulletin, December 1, 1863.
15. “Colonel Fish’s Detectives,” Baltimore Gazette, November 23, 1863.
1. Gov. John Goodwin to President Lincoln, February 8, 1864, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
2. Gov. John Goodwin to President Lincoln, February 8, 1864, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
3. Delos Lake, Ogden Hoffman [Judge], Port Surveyor McLean, U.S. Attorney Sharpe, and others to President Lincoln, April 12, 1864, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
4. Ichabod Goodwin to Abraham Lincoln, April 29, 1864, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
5. Martini, “Search and Destroy,” 1.
6. [Mark Twain], “Inspection of the Fortifications,” San Francisco Daily Morning Call, July 14, 1864.
7. Martini, “Search and Destroy,” 2.
8. Eliot quoted in Martini, “Search and Destroy,” 2.
9. Delafield quoted in Martini, “Search and Destroy,” 2.
10. Maj. Gen. Henry Wager Halleck to Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell, August 1, 1864, War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 50:925.
11. “Fort Alcatraz Taken!,” San Francisco Bulletin, August 4, 1864.
12. “Fort Alcatraz Taken!,” San Francisco Bulletin, August 4, 1864.
13. “Civil War at Fort Mason,” National Park Service, accessed March 19, 2015, https://www.nps.gov/goga/learn/historyculture/civil-war-at-fort-mason.htm.
14. Testimony of Private Timothy Moran, August 22, 1864, Court Martial Trial of Pvt. Simon Kennedy, Court Martial File NN3499, Record Group 13 7E3/14/12/3, NARA-DC (hereafter cited as Kennedy Court Martial, NARA-DC).
15. [Mark Twain,] “Soldier Murdered by a Monomaniac: Escape and Subsequent Arrest of the Murderer,” San Francisco Morning Call, August 5, 1864.
16. “The Fitzgerald Inquest,” Sacramento Daily Union, August 6, 1864.
17. “The Fitzgerald Inquest,” Sacramento Daily Union, August 6, 1864.
18. Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell to Adjutant General, U.S. Army, Lorenzo Thomas, August 5, 1864, War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 50:929.
19. “Inducement of General Mason: Statement of Mr. Rulofson,” San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, March 31, 1865.
20. Proceedings of a General Court Martial convened at Point San Jose, August 7, 1864, Kennedy Court Martial, NARA-DC.
21. Second Day’s Proceedings, August 20, 1864, Kennedy Court Martial, NARA-DC.
22. Defense counsel William A. Winder’s summation, August 29, 1864, Kennedy Court Martial, NARA-DC. Quotations in subsequent paragraphs are from this source until noted otherwise.
23. Judge Advocate George M. Wright for the prosecution, August 29, 1864, Kennedy Court Martial, NARA-DC.
24. Statement of Irvin McDowell, November 22, 1864, Kennedy Court Martial, NARA-DC.
25. Record of Simon Kennedy, vol. 03-04, 1862–70, 358, in Stockton State Hospital Commitment Registers, California State Hospital Records, 1856–1923, accessed at Ancestry.com.
26. Taylor, “Mining Boom in Baja California.”
27. McGhee, “E. W. Morse, Pioneer Merchant and Co-Founder of San Diego.”
28. W. A. Winder to E. W. Morse, April 7, 1864, Ephraim W. Morse Papers, San Diego History Center, San Diego, California (hereafter cited as SDHC).
29. W. A. Winder to E. W. Morse, September 14, 1864, Morse Papers, SDHC. Quotations in subsequent paragraphs are from this source until noted otherwise.
30. Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell to Maj. Gen. Henry Halleck, August 1, 1864, War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 50:1083.
31. Davis, Ghosts and Shadows of Andersonville, xvii.
1. Putnam, Richmond during the War, 263.
2. Adj. Gen. J. W. Pegram to Capt. W. S. Winder, November 24, 1863, War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 6:558; Lynn, 800 Paces to Hell, 2.
3. Marvel, Andersonville, 14–15.
4. Davis, Ghosts and Shadows of Andersonville, 6.
5. Davis, Ghosts and Shadows of Andersonville, 6–7.
6. Blakey, General John H. Winder, C.S.A., 176.
7. Spencer, Narrative of Andersonville, 20. Ambrose Spencer, a self-declared Unionist and witness at the trial of Henry Wirz, may not have been present to hear Sidney Winder’s order, and it is a matter of debate as to whether his writings are reliable.
8. Hopkins, “Hell and the Survivor,” 4.
9. “First Prisoners of War en Route to Andersonville,” February 18, 1864, Timeline: Record of Activity-Camp Sumter, http://www.angelfire.com/ga2/Andersonvilleprison/diary.html.
10. McLean, “Detail of Prison Life at Andersonville,” 1. McLean’s recollections were written not long after the war ended and should thus be viewed as entirely credible.
11. McLean, “Detail of Prison Life at Andersonville,” 2.
12. Sneden, Eye of the Storm, 202–3.
13. “General Winder Ordered to Americus, Georgia,” Richmond (VA) Examiner, June 9, 1864.
14. Goss, Soldier’s Story of His Captivity at Andersonville, 159.
15. Gooding, On the Altar of Freedom, xxxiii.
16. Gooding, On the Altar of Freedom, 118–20.
17. John H. Winder quoted in Blakey, General John H. Winder C.S.A., 185.
18. Blakey, General John H. Winder C.S.A., 185.
19. Davis, Ghosts and Shadows of Andersonville, 110.
20. Spencer, Narrative of Andersonville, 71. Although the actual order to open fire on the prisoners has not been found, it is often recorded in memoirs by Andersonville survivors. The order was deemed a forgery by some researchers, but as many Confederate records were partially destroyed when Richmond fell, it is probable that such an order was found by a clerk salvaging scattered documents and thus did exist.
21. General Sherman to General Grant, August 4, 1864, War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 1:350.
22. General Grant to General Sherman, August 4, 1864, War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 1:350.
23. Marvel, Andersonville, 161.
24. D. T. Chandler to R. H. Chilton, August 5, 1864, War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 7:546–49. Quotations in subsequent paragraphs are from this source until noted otherwise.
25. R. H. Chilton to Secretary James A. Seddon, August 18, 1864, War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 7:550.
26. Prof. Robert Scott Davis, author of Ghost and Shadows of Andersonville, email to author, August 17, 2010.
27. Blakey, General John H. Winder, C.S.A., 190.
28. Henry Wirz to Gen. J. H. Winder (with recalled quote from Chandler), September 24, 1864, War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, 7:758–60.
29. McElroy, Andersonville, 561. These alleged last words, whether rumor, gossip, or actually heard by McElroy, were widely read by many thousands of the public.
1. “Eastern Telegraph Still Out of Order,” San Francisco Evening Bulletin, February 9, 1865.
2. “Sudden Death of General John H. Winder,” Wilmington (NC) Journal, February 16, 1865.
3. “Gen. John H. Winder—This Monster,” Providence Evening Press, February 15, 1865.
4. “Sketch of Rebel General Winder,” Beverly (MA) Citizen, February 18, 1865.
5. “Hog Winder,” Milwaukee Sentinel, February 21, 1865.
6. “The Death of the Rebel General by Apoplexy Is Reported,” Daily Alta California, March 19, 1865.
7. “Grand Military Review,” Daily Alta California, March 19, 1865.
8. “The Notorious Rebel General,” Marysville (CA) Daily Appeal, March 23, 1865.
9. “Magnanimity,” Sacramento Daily Union, March 25, 1865.
10. Gov. John Goodwin to Secretary Stanton, March 13, 1865, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
11. Breed and Chase to E. W. Morse, April 1, 1865, Box 1, Ephraim W. Morse Papers, SDHC.
12. Martini, Fortress Alcatraz, 52.
13. W. A. Winder to E. W. Morse, April 18, 1865, Morse Papers, SDHC.
14. Breed & Chase to E. W. Morse, April 29, 1865, Morse Papers, SDHC.
15. Whitman, Specimen Days and Collect, 70.
16. Robinson, “Ordeal of General Wright,” 168.
17. Engstrand, San Diego, 78.
18. Pourade, Glory Years, 5.
19. Mary C. [Chase Walker] Morse, “Recollections of Early Times in San Diego,” 7, Biographical Archives, SDHC.
20. Mary C. [Chase Walker] Morse, “Recollections of Early Times in San Diego,” 7, Biographical Archives, SDHC.
21. Morse diary entries, May 10, June 1, June 4, 1866, Register of Ephraim W. Morse Family Papers, University of California, San Diego (hereafter cited as UCSD).
22. Quoted in Cleary, Quiet, Hard, and Desolated Place, 16–18.
23. Chipman, Tragedy of Andersonville, 28.
24. Lieber, Instructions for the Government of the United States in the Field, Article 71, April 24, 1863.
25. Chipman, Tragedy of Andersonville, 32–35.
26. Rockwood, Walking Away from Nuremberg, 42.
27. Chipman, Tragedy of Andersonville, 422.
28. “Trial of Capt. Wirz; Argument at the Closing Scenes,” New York Times, October 20, 1865.
29. “Another Chapter of Horrors,” Weekly Alta California, October 28, 1865.
30. Brian P. Luskey, “Men Is Cheap,” New York Times, February 4, 2015.
31. Capt. W. A. Winder to Gen. Lorenzo Thomas, December 12, 1865, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
32. William H. Winder to E. M. Stanton, December 29, 1865, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
33. U. S. Grant signature on Winder’s service record and leave request, along with a note from Asst. Adj. Gen. E. D. Townsend, December 26, 1865, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
34. Wm. A. Winder to Col. T. S. Bowers, December 28, 1865, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch, NARA-DC.
35. Ichabod Goodwin to Hon. E. M. Stanton, December 29, 1865, Letters and Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
1. Grant’s docketed approval noting Capt. W. A. Winder’s Application for Leave of Absence, January 4, 1866, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
2. W. M. Stewart to Edwin Stanton, January 9, 1866, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
3. Kelly, Sarah—Her Story, 182.
4. Breed and Chase to E. W. Morse, February 2, 1866, Box 1, Ephraim W. Morse Papers, SDHC.
5. “Lower California Matters,” Daily Alta California, February 18, 1866.
6. Breed and Chase to E. W. Morse, February 17, 1866, Box 1, Morse Papers, SDHC.
7. Breed and Chase to E. W. Morse, March 19, 1866, Box 1, Morse Papers, SDHC.
8. “Mines of the Southern Frontier,” San Francisco Daily Bulletin, March 24, 1866.
9. Pourade, Glory Years, 21.
10. “State Correspondence: Letter from San Diego,” Daily Alta California, April 22, 1866.
11. “Mines of the Southern Frontier,” San Francisco Daily Bulletin, April 27, 1866.
12. “San Diego Matters,” Salt Lake (UT) Telegraph, May 5, 1866; San Diego Daily Union, May 11, 1866.
13. William A. Winder to William S. Rosecrans, May 29, 1866, Folder 25, Box 11, William S. Rosecrans Papers, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
14. Anthony Gilkison to Secretary of War E. M. Stanton, June 13, 1866, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
15. Order of the Secretary of War [Stanton] to W. A. Winder, June 18, 1866, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
16. “Mines of the Southern Frontier,” San Francisco Daily Bulletin, August 11, 1866.
17. “Mines of the Southern Frontier,” San Francisco Daily Bulletin, September 3, 1866.
18. W. A. Winder to Edward D. Townsend, September 10, 1866, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC. Richard H. Linton was a San Francisco real estate broker.
19. Approval docketed by Grant and Stanton, October 13, 16, 1866, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
20. Wm. A. Winder to Gen. E. D. Townsend, dated October 5, 1866, and forwarded to the general on October 19, 1866, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, NARA-DC.
21. J. C. Kelton to E. D. Townsend, October 23, 1866, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
22. Breed to E. W. Morse, Box 1, Morse Papers, SDHC (underscoring as written in original document).
23. Delos Lake to the Secretary of War, October 27, 1866, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC. In 1863 Lake defended Harpending, Rubery, and Greathouse during the trial of the J. M. Chapman privateers.
24. Breed and Chase to E. W. Morse, November 30, 1866, Box 1, Morse Papers, SDHC (underscoring as written in original document).
25. Wm. A. Winder to President Andrew Johnson, January 15, 1867, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC. Quotations in subsequent paragraphs are from this source until noted otherwise.
26. Johnson’s referral to Stanton and Kelton’s report, February 15, 1867, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
27. Breed and Chase to E. W. Morse, February 19, 1867, Box 1, Morse Papers, SDHC.
28. Chase to E. W. Morse, May 7, 1867, Box 1, Morse Papers, SDHC. Breed and Chase refer to Winder as “Captain.” They clearly do not know of his army resignation or his immediate request for reinstatement.
29. Nicholas R. Cataldo, “The Serrano’s [sic]: The First San Bernardinians,” City of San Bernardino, California, 2005, http://www.ci.san-bernardino.ca.us/about/history/the_first_san_bernardinians.asp.
30. “San Bernardino Items,” San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, May 22, 1867.
31. Tucker and Waring, Mines and Mineral Resources of the Counties of Butte, 19.
32. Harpending, Great Diamond Hoax, 74. Along with Harpending’s dramatic account of the J. M. Chapman affair and his devotion to the Confederacy, The Great Diamond Hoax contains Harpending’s account of a brazen and costly fraud that began with the supposed find of piles of diamonds and rubies scattered across a vast property in Wyoming. After a proper assay of the land, it was revealed that the area was “salted” with inferior stones. Ruin came to many, but not Harpending, a shareholder in the company that financed the operation.
33. Harpending, Great Diamond Hoax, 100.
34. Mark Muckenfuss, “San Bernardino,” Riverside (CA) Press-Enterprise, July 31, 2012.
35. Fogelson, Fragmented Metropolis, 62.
36. Price, “Railroad Stations of San Diego County.”
37. W. A. Winder to E. W. Morse, October 20, 1867, Box 6, Morse Papers, SDHC.
38. U. S. Grant to Secretary of State William H. Seward, September 27, 1868, referring to a letter of September 21, 1868, “respecting the return of [William H. Winder’s] nephew to this country.” Simon, Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 598.
39. President of the United States of America, “A Proclamation: Granting full pardon and amnesty to all persons engaged in the late rebellion,” December 25, 1868, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.23602600/.
40. “Land Agency,” Daily Alta California, May 14, 1868.
41. Smythe, History of San Diego, 340.
42. Pourade, Glory Years, 11–14.
43. Engstrand, San Diego, 88.
44. “A Little Copper Stain in the Rocks,” San Francisco Daily Bulletin, April 14, 1869.
45. W. A. Winder to E. W. Morse, August 30, 1868, Box 6, Morse Papers, SDHC.
46. San Diego Union, October 10, 1868.
47. Smythe, History of San Diego, 479.
48. “Salutatory,” San Diego Union, October 10, 1868.
49. “A Railroad Meeting,” San Diego Union, October 10, 1868.
50. San Diego Union, October 10, 1868.
1. “American Hotel,” San Diego Union, October 10, 1868.
2. E. W. Morse to Mary Walker [the future Mrs. Morse], September 19, 1866, Box 6, Register of Ephraim W. Morse Family Papers, UCSD.
3. Engstrand, San Diego, 88.
4. Pourade, Glory Years, 48.
5. “Hon. J. H. Ella, M.C.,” Farmer’s Cabinet (Amherst NH), August 19, 1869.
6. Van Dyke, City and County of San Diego, 101.
7. “Wm. Winder,” census record, United States Federal Census, 1870, San Diego, California, roll M593_78, accessed at Ancestry.com.
8. “Justice of the Peace,” San Diego Union, January 13, 1870.
9. “San Diego Bay Shore Railroad,” Sacramento Daily Union, January 14, 1870.
10. Engstrand, San Diego, 93.
11. Pourade, Glory Years, 74.
12. “Old Town Has Seceded,” San Diego Daily Union, July 18, 1871.
13. Pourade, Glory Years, 75.
14. “San Diego,” Daily Alta California, December 22, 1870.
15. “Old Town Agent,” San Diego Weekly Bulletin, January 5, 1871.
16. J. Rowland Hill, “Winder’s Reminiscences of Early Days,” 1936, Winder Folder, SDHC. This text is based on an article of the same title that was published in Golden Era magazine on December 1, 1888.
17. “Impositions in the Healing Arts,” San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, February 14, 1868.
18. Freeman, “Early Western Physicians.”
19. Jane Dumas, “Local Edible and Medicinal Plants,” Kumeyaay.com, 2017, https://www.kumeyaay.com/local-edible-and-medicinal-plants.html.
20. Smythe, History of San Diego, 601.
21. “W. A. Winder Asked to Give an Opinion of Pendleton’s Health,” San Diego Union, January 12, 1871. Pendleton was a member of the county’s board of supervisors.
22. Harpending v. Winder, October 17, 1871, PR3.38 District Court, Case Files—Civil and Criminal,
1850–1880, District Court of 17th Judicial District for the County of San Diego, SDHC. Papers contained in typical case files include complaints, subpoenas, affidavits of witnesses, receipts, arrest warrants, testimony, verdicts, and other documents.
23. “Pioneer Society,” San Diego Daily Union, January 19, 1872.
24. “Old Town Items,” San Diego Daily Union, January 30, 1872.
25. Medical Care for Estate of C. J. Couts paid to Wm. A. Winder, September 19, 1874, Cave Johnson Couts File, SDHC.
26. “Destructive Fire in Old Town,” San Diego Daily Union, April 21, 1872.
27. Liberal Republican Party, Proceedings of the Liberal Republican Convention, Cincinnati, May 1st, 2d and 3d, 1872, 19.
28. “Democratic Meeting at Old San Diego,” San Diego Daily Union, June 19, 1872.
29. “Wilmington Breakwater,” Weekly World (San Diego), August 16, 1872.
30. “Courts,” Weekly World, August 24, 1872.
31. “A Beautiful Young Lady,” Weekly World, September 14, 1872.
32. Pourade, Glory Years, 83.
33. “Railroad,” San Diego Daily Union, March 4, 1871.
34. Pourade, Glory Years, 102.
35. Pourade, Glory Years, 103.
36. “Who Would Have Thought It? A Literary Incognito,” Weekly Alta California, September 21, 1872.
37. Burton, Who Would Have Thought It?, vii.
38. “Who Would Have Thought It? A Literary Incognito,” Weekly Alta California, September 21, 1872.
39. “Serious Accident,” Daily San Diego Union, September 10, 1872.
40. “Better,” Daily San Diego Union, September 11, 1872.
41. “Out of Danger,” Daily San Diego Union, September 13, 1872.
42. “All Sorts,” Weekly World, September 14, 1872.
43. “Patient Is Convalescing,” Weekly World, September 14, 1872.
44. Weekly World, October 5, 1872.
45. “Bountiful Supply of Water,” Weekly World, October 26, 1872.
46. “Picturesque Chapter from Florida,” Weekly World, November 9, 1872. Quotations in subsequent paragraphs are from this source until noted otherwise.
47. Stanford, “San Diego’s Medico-Legal History,” 57.
48. “All Sorts,” Weekly World, December 14, 1872.
49. Quoted in Kelly, Sarah—Her Story, 241.
50. Fogelson, Fragmented Metropolis, 50.
51. “Physicians and Lawyers,” Daily World, February 6, 1873.
52. “All Sorts,” Daily World, March 29, 1873.
53. “Notes,” Weekly World, April 5, 1873.
54. “New Town,” San Diego Union, April 22, 1873.
55. “Signs of the Times,” San Diego Union, April 24, 1873.
56. “Graduates,” Portsmouth Journal of Literature and Politics, May 31, 1873.
57. Kelly, Sarah—Her Story, 243.
58. Estate of C. J. Couts to Wm. A. Winder, Dr., Cave Johnson Couts File, SDHC.
59. Cheryl Anne Stapp, “Pioneer Governors: Newton Booth 1871–1875,” California’s Olden Golden Days, October 28, 2014, http://cherylannestapp.com/pioneer-governors-newton-booth.
60. Pourade, Glory Years, 111–12.
61. Pourade, Glory Years, 112, 121.
62. “Mr. Wm. Winder, U.S.N., Son of Captain Winder, Who Has Been Visiting His Father,” San Diego Union, December 17, 1873.
63. “Passengers per Orizaba,” San Diego Union, December 23, 1873.
1. “Old Town Items,” San Diego Union, January 25, 1874.
2. San Diego City Directory, 1874, 48, in SDHC.
3. “Local Intelligence,” San Diego Weekly Union, July 23, 1874.
4. Pourade, Glory Years, 122–26.
5. “Incorporations,” Sacramento Daily Union, February 18, 1875.
6. Cited in Pourade, Glory Years, 122.
7. Diploma from College of Physicians and Surgeons, Certificate no. 423, for Wm. A. Winder, San Diego, February 17, 1875, “Official Graduates of Keokuk Physicians & Surgeons School of Medicine,” Registrar’s Office, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
8. Stanford, “San Diego’s Medico-Legal History.”
9. “A Serious Accident Befell Mrs. S. W. Craigue,” San Diego Union, April 15, 1875.
10. “San Diego Items,” Los Angeles Herald, May 18, 1875.
11. “The Regatta,” Daily Alta California, July 6, 1875. As there is no record of William A. ever owning this beautiful vessel, perhaps an admirer had outfitted the craft and christened it in his honor.
12. “War Department Contract: Dr. Winder Does Not Contemplate Removing from San Diego,” San Diego Union, September 4, 1875.
13. “Ambitious Little Burgh,” San Bernardino Guardian, September 6, 1876.
14. William A. Winder to Alexander M. Kenaday, May 3, 1876, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC. Underscores are Winder’s own.
15. Adjutant General Townsend to A. M. Kenaday, May 27, 1876, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
16. “Democratic County Convention,” San Diego Weekly Union, August 9, 1877.
17. “A Serious and Painful Accident,” San Diego Weekly Union, June 7, 1877.
18. Frederick Low to John W. Satterwhite, March 22, 1878, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
19. John W. Satterwhite and others to Rutherford Hayes, March 23, 1878, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
20. E. W. Morse to W. A. Winder, March 24, 1878, Box 5, Ephraim W. Morse Papers, SDHC. Winder’s letter to Morse is not extant.
21. John W. Satterwhite to Peter D. Wigginton, March 25, 1878, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
22. Peter D. Wigginton to Honorable R. B. Hayes, April 2, 1878, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
23. W. A. Winder to P. D. Wigginton, April 9, 1878, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
24. “Local Brevities,” Los Angeles Herald, July 25, 1878.
25. W. A. Winder to A. Wilcox, February 2, 1879, Box 3, Alfred Wilcox Collection, Local California and Western History Collections, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, California (hereafter cited as APU). The painting has been lost to history, as have many of the works of William A. that were described and admired in newspapers over the years in which he painted them.
26. W. A. Winder to A. Wilcox, February 2, 1879, Box 3, Wilcox Collection, APU.
27. W. A. Winder to Rutherford B. Hayes, March 19, 1879, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC (underscoring as written in original document).
28. “How Lincoln Relieved Rosecrans,” Toledo (OH) Journal, March 7, 1879.
29. “Death of William H. Winder,” Evening Star (Washington DC), October 20, 1879.
30. Ronald Baumgarten, “Civil War History of the Winder Building,” Tradewinds (official blog of the United States Trade Representative), April 2011, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/blog/2011/april/civil-war-history-winder-building.
31. W. A. Winder to Henry Worthington, November 23, 1879, Box 3, Wilcox Collection, APU.
32. Morse, “On the Use of the Sub-Nitrate of Bismuth as a Surgical Dressing,” 50.
33. Horace Bradt to Winifred Davidson, August 22, 1937, Winifred Davidson Collection, SDHC.
1. “Local News,” San Diego Union, February 29, 1880, referring to an item of January 4, 1880, the date of William A.’s accident.
2. I. McDowell to W. A. Winder, March 19, 1880, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
3. Robert S. Williamson to W. A. Winder, January 27, 1880, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
4. George H. Elliot to Honorable Henry W. Blair, January 16, 1880, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
5. Gen. John Logan in response to Henry William Blair, 46th Cong., 2nd sess., February 24, 1880, General Records of the U.S. Government, Record Group 11, NARA-DC.
6. “What His Brother Officers Think of Him,” Los Angeles Herald, August 25, 1880.
7. “Winfield Scott Hancock,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/people/winfield-scott-hancock.htm.
8. W. A. Winder to A. Wilcox, November 25, 1880, Box 3, Alfred Wilcox Collection, Local California and Western History Collections, APU.
9. Pourade, Glory Years, 157.
10. Pourade, Glory Years, 159–61.
11. “Died,” Baltimore Sun, April 12, 1881. See also “Funerals,” Baltimore Sun, April 13, 1881.
12. “President of Veterans of Mexican War,” San Diego Union, September 23, 1881.
13. “Dr. William A. Winder Busily Engaged,” San Diego Sun, September 24, 1881.
14. “Dr. Winder Has Kindly Donated,” San Diego Sun, October 19, 1881.
15. Smythe, History of San Diego, 175–76.
16. Dorris, introduction to Ramona, xiv–xv.
17. “New Year Greeting,” San Diego Union, January 1, 1882.
18. W. A. Winder to A. Wilcox, March 13, 1882, Box 3, Wilcox Collection, APU.
19. “Dr. Winder Who Has Been Indisposed,” San Diego Sun, March 29, 1882.
20. “We Saw at the Office of Dr. Winder Yesterday Two Very Striking Paintings,” San Diego Union, May 27, 1882.
21. Kelly, Sarah—Her Story, 247.
22. W. A. Winder, late Capt. 3rd Art. Pension Case #6614, Letters and Their Enclosures Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office, NARA-DC.
23. “Local Brevities,” San Diego Union, December 19, 1882.
24. “Sudden Death of Don Miguel Pedrorena,” San Diego Union, December 27, 1882.
25. “Reminiscences of an Old Army Officer,” San Diego Union, January 5, 1883. Quotations in subsequent paragraphs are from this source until noted otherwise.
26. Pourade, Glory Years, 160–61.
27. W. A. Winder to A. Wilcox, June 9, 1883, Box 3, Wilcox Collection, APU.
28. “Local Brevities,” San Diego Union, May 25, 1884.
29. “Local Brevities,” San Diego Union, July 31, 1885.
30. “Beginning of the War,” San Diego Union, December 17, 1884.
31. W. A. Winder to W. T. Sherman, November 21, 1884, William T. Sherman Papers, LOC.
32. W. T. Sherman to W. A. Winder, November 30, 1884, Sherman Papers, LOC.
33. W. A. Winder to W. T. Sherman, December 15, 1884, Sherman Papers, LOC. Quotations in subsequent paragraphs are from this source until noted otherwise.
34. “A Chronology of Key Events in the Life of William T. Sherman, 1820–1891,” Sherman Papers, LOC.
35. “With All the Coldness and Selfishness in the World,” San Diego Union, December 25, 1884; Pourade, Glory Years, 165.
36. Naomi Baker, “San Diegans Still Fighting toward Early Writer’s Goal,” San Diego Union, August 11, 1949.
37. Naomi Baker, “San Diegans Still Fighting toward Early Writer’s Goal,” San Diego Tribune Sun, August 11, 1949.
38. Sánchez and Pita, introduction to The Squatter and the Don, 13.
39. “The Squatter and the Don,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 11, 1885.
40. “Recent Publications,” San Diego Union, February 8, 1885.
41. Burton, The Squatter and the Don, 314.
42. Winifred Davidson, “When William A. Winder Started for California,” San Diego Union, August 22, 1937; Naomi Baker, “San Diegans Still Fighting toward Early Writer’s Goal,” San Diego Tribune Sun, August 11, 1949.
43. “Local Brevities,” San Diego Union, July 1, 1885.
44. Maxwell’s Directory of San Diego City and County, 1887–1888, San Diego Public Library, San Diego, California.
45. Pourade, Glory Years, 166.
46. “Medical Society,” San Diego Union, August 8, 1886.
47. Pourade, Glory Years, 193.
48. “Finest View in San Diego,” San Diego Daily Bee, June 3, 1887.
49. “His Family Were Disloyal,” Washington Post, April 12, 1889; Julian Allen Scrapbook, 1860–78, Southern History Collection, Louis Round Wilson Special Collections Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
50. “His Family Were Disloyal,” Washington Post, April 12, 1889.
51. “A Grave Grievance,” Los Angeles Herald, April 12, 1889.
52. Preston H. Bailhache, Surgeon, U.S. Marine Hospital Service (San Francisco), to John B. Hamilton, Surgeon, U.S. Marine Hospital Service, June 25, 1889, in United States Public Health Service, Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon General of the Marine Hospital Service of the U.S for the Fiscal Year 1889, 117.
53. “Coast Marine Hospital,” San Francisco Bulletin, June 27, 1889.
54. “Held by the Enemy,” San Diego Union, December 7, 1889.
55. “Farming Out Sick Seamen,” San Diego Union, December 19, 1899.
56. H.R. 9057, in United States, Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the First Session of the Fifty-First Congress, April 7, 1890.
57. Mr. Bowers to the House Committee on Military Affairs, regarding H.R. 704, in United States, Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the First Session of the Fifty-Second Congress, 1891–1892, January 7, 1892. The subjunctive language, “be it enacted” might be confusing, though it is still used today. In fact, and with the president’s silence, nothing happened.
58. Representative Belknap to the House Committee on Military Affairs, regarding H.R. 704, in United States, Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the First Session of the Fifty-Second Congress, 1891–1892, February 10, 1892.
59. “Personals,” Los Angeles Herald, September 15, 1892.
60. H.R. 450, in United States, Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty-Third Congress, 1893–1894, September 6, 1893.
61. H.R. 450, in United States, Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty-Third Congress, 1893–1894, January 23, 1894.
1. “Winder Appointed to Be a Special Government Agent,” Washington Post, January 30, 1894.
2. “An Act to Provide for the Allotment of Lands in Severalty to Indians on the Various Reservations (General Allotment Act or Dawes Act),” 49th Cong., 2nd sess., February 8, 1887, General Records of the U.S. Government, Record Group 11, NARA-DC.
3. Bauer, We Were All Like Migrant Workers Here, 12.
4. Jeff Elliott, “The Dark Legacy of Nome Cult,” Albion Monitor, September 2, 1995, http://albionmonitor.com/9-2-95/history.html.
5. McDonnell, Dispossession of the American Indian, 7.
6. Bauer, We Were All Like Migrant Workers Here, 117; William Winder to Daniel Browning, May 9, 1894, “Special Cases,” 1821–1907, Box 49, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, NARA, San Bruno, California (hereafter cited as NARA-SB).
7. Bauer, We Were All Like Migrant Workers Here, 117; William Winder to Daniel Browning, May 20, 1894, “Special Cases,” 1821–1907, Box 49, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, NARA-SB.
8. Bauer, We Were All Like Migrant Workers Here, 118.
9. Bauer, We Were All Like Migrant Workers Here, 118; William Winder to Daniel Browning, May 20, 1894, NARA-SB.
10. Bauer, We Were All Like Migrant Workers Here, 118; William Winder to Daniel Browning, May 20, 1894, NARA-SB.
11. Bauer, We Were All Like Migrant Workers Here, 118; William Winder to Daniel Browning, May 20, 1894, NARA-SB.
12. Blakey, General John H. Winder, C.S.A., 203.
13. United States, Office of Indian Affairs, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1895), 21.
1. The Travelers’ Official Guide of the Railroad and Steam Navigation Lines of the United States and Canada, August 1895, 517, in Bruce C. Cooper Collection, Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum, http://CPRR.org.
2. Nostwick, “Nellie Bly’s Account of Her 1895 Visit to Drouth-Stricken Nebraska and South Dakota,” 41.
3. Roberts, Encyclopedia of Historic Forts, 485.
4. “About Us,” Rosebud Sioux Tribe, South Dakota, https://www.rosebudsiouxtribe-nsn.gov/.
5. Quoted in Hyde, Spotted Tail’s Folk, xvi.
6. Hyde, Sioux Chronicle, 247.
7. Hamilton and Hamilton, Sioux of the Rosebud, 53.
8. Hamilton and Hamilton, Sioux of the Rosebud, 53.
9. Hamilton and Hamilton, Sioux of the Rosebud, 141.
10. Hamilton and Hamilton, Sioux of the Rosebud, 81, 113.
11. Hamilton and Hamilton, Sioux of the Rosebud, 141.
12. Hamilton and Hamilton, Sioux of the Rosebud, 218.
13. Hamilton and Hamilton, Sioux of the Rosebud, 91.
14. Hyde, Sioux Chronicle, 7.
15. Russell Eagle Bear, tribal historic preservation officer of the Rosebud Sioux Tribe, telephone interview by author, March 1, 2017.
16. United States, Office of Indian Affairs, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1895), 21.
17. “Colonel Scott’s Appointment,” San Francisco Call, April 7, 1895.
18. United States, Office of Indian Affairs, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1895), 39.
19. “Uncle Sam Is Generous,” Valentine (NE) Democrat, April 16, 1896.
20. Meyn, “Mutual Infatuation,” 30, 31.
21. United States, Office of Indian Affairs, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1896), 298.
22. “This and That,” Valentine Democrat, February 11, 1897.
23. “This and That,” Valentine Democrat, August 19, 1897.
24. Hamilton and Hamilton, Sioux of the Rosebud, 187–88.
25. United States, Office of Indian Affairs, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1897), 23.
26. United States, Office of Indian Affairs, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1898), 42.
27. Hamilton and Hamilton, Sioux of Rosebud, 5–6.
28. “For Riverview Park,” Omaha World-Herald, August 1, 1899.
29. “Brother-in-Law of Dewey,” Sioux City Journal, August 12, 1899. Quotations in subsequent paragraphs are from this source until noted otherwise.
30. “Hopes to See Admiral Dewey: General Wider [sic] Brother-in-Law of the Admiral Goes East,” Duluth News Tribune, September 30, 1899.
31. Charles H. Bates to W. A. Winder, November 14, 1899, Letters Received by the Special Allotting Agent from the Office of Indian Affairs, 1893–1901, Volume 2, 2/15/1899-1/5//1901, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (Rosebud Agency), Department of the Interior, Record Group 75, National Archives and Records Administration, Kansas City, Missouri (hereafter cited as NARA-KC).
32. Charles H. Bates to W. A. Winder, November 14, 1899, Letters Received by the Special Allotting Agent from the Office of Indian Affairs, 1893–1901, NARA-KC.
33. “Talk of the Town,” Valentine Democrat, May 17, 1900.
34. “Personals,” Portsmouth (NH) Herald, June 20, 1900.
35. “Talk of the Town,” Valentine Democrat, November 1, 1900.
36. Charles E. McChesney to Dr. Wm. A. Winder, November 14, 1900, Copies of Letters Sent, 1878–1910, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, NARA-KC.
37. “Talk of the Town,” Valentine Democrat, June 13, 1901.
38. “Personals,” Portsmouth Herald, December 17, 1901.
39. Charles Reiter to W. A. Winder, January 14, 1902, Folder “1902,” Box 9, Letters Received, 1878–1913, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, NARA-KC.
40. “Card of Thanks,” Valentine Democrat, April 30, 1902.
41. “Major J. C. Minor Dead,” Valentine Democrat, May 1, 1902.
42. “To Clear a Soldier’s Name,” Omaha Daily Bee, June 29, 1902. Quotations in subsequent paragraphs are from this source until noted otherwise.
43. Charles Reiter to W. A. Winder, May 31, 1902, Box 9, Letters Received, 1878–1913, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, NARA-KC.
44. “Talk of the Town,” Valentine Democrat, August 14, 1902.
45. “Talk of the Town,” Valentine Democrat, September 4, 1902.
46. “Talk of the Town,” Valentine Democrat, October 2, 1902.
47. “Additional Local,” Valentine Democrat, November 6, 1902.
48. “Says Indians Are Increasing,” Daily Deadwood Pioneer-Times, January 9, 1908.
49. Abby Winder to Elizabeth Blanchard, February 26, 1903, Box 2, Nathan W. Blanchard Collection, MVC034, Museum of Ventura County, Ventura, California. Quotations in subsequent paragraphs are from this source until noted otherwise.
50. “Captain Winder Is Dead,” Omaha Daily Bee, March 7, 1903.
51. “One of the Pathfinders Dies at the Millard,” Omaha Morning World-Herald, March 7, 1903.
52. “Death of Dr. William A. Winder at Omaha,” San Diego Union, March 7, 1903.
53. Telegram text reprinted in “Death of Dr. William A. Winder at Omaha,” San Diego Union, March 7, 1903.
54. “Captain William A. Winder Formerly of This City,” Baltimore American, March 7, 1903.
55. “The Body of Dr. William A. Winder,” Omaha World-Herald, March 9, 1903.
56. “The Funeral of Capt. William E. [sic] Winder Was Held Today,” Portsmouth Herald, March 12, 1903.
57. “Touching Feature of Captain Winder’s Life and Death,” Omaha Sunday World-Herald, March 15, 1903.
58. A. G. Tonner to Charles E. McChesney, March 28, 1903, Letters Received from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1895–1908, Volume 13, 2/28/1903-7/28/1903, NARA-DC.
1. Blakey, General John H. Winder, C.S.A., 207.
2. “Was 71 and Shot Himself,” Baltimore Sun, February 26, 1905.
3. “Obituary,” Portsmouth (NH) Herald, May 9, 1906. Quotations in subsequent paragraphs are from this source until noted otherwise.
4. “Capt. Winder a Suicide at Brookline,” Portsmouth Herald, October 5, 1922.