I have spent a great deal of time at Red Lake over the past thirty years, much of it in Ponemah, helping Thomas Stillday Jr. and Anna Gibbs at ceremonies. My passion for Red Lake history and language is lifelong. But I did not decide to write a book on Red Lake by myself. Floyd “Buck” Jourdain (who was tribal chairman at the time), Donald “Dude” May, Harlan Beaulieu, and Sam Strong approached me and asked me to take on the project on behalf of the tribe. I then had a sustained working relationship with the tribal council through the duration of Jourdain’s administration and the beginning of Darrell Seki’s tenure as chairman. The entire tribal council and many staff members at Red Lake commented on and participated in editorial decisions about the book, although any mistakes or omissions are my own.
The tribal council at Red Lake wanted Warrior Nation to identify and document the evolution of Red Lake’s political culture. They want their tribal citizens to have a new and powerful tool for understanding their political patrimony, history, and culture. They also wanted to document not just stories of loss and trauma, but the collective achievements of their people. I organized Warrior Nation in seven main chapters, each a biography of an important Red Lake leader at a different point in time. Red Lake had hundreds of important leaders, and the decisions to focus on seven were designed to accomplish the objectives stated by the council rather than to diminish any other historical figures. Each biographical feature should be seen not as the most important person of his or her time, but as a window into the evolving political culture of the Red Lake nation.
Women and men shared equally in making Red Lake what it is, but most of Red Lake’s early politicians were men. That posed special challenges in trying to balance the contributions of both men and women without straying from the goal established by the council to write a political history rather than a social, cultural, or labor history. Warrior Nation tries to navigate this by drawing upon the political contributions of women wherever possible, and most powerfully in the chapter on Anna Gibbs, which includes not just her narrative, but those of many other women who shaped Red Lake’s polity.
Red Lake has an amazing history. Researching it is a challenge. Red Lake opened its tribal archives for this project and it made a huge difference. In the Red Lake Archives are some documents that can only be found there: Jim Walker’s survey analysis from the 1889 Nelson Act, the Peter Graves Papers, 1930 Indian Claims Commission depositions of 1889 Nelson Act witnesses, three major oral-history projects, all resolutions from the General Council of the Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians (1918–57), all resolutions from the Red Lake Tribal Council (1958–present), correspondence files with Red Lake’s attorneys (1920–present), dozens of video recordings of tribal leaders, and hundreds of original photographs. These documents made it possible for me to do two things. First, I used as many quotes and stories as I could from Red Lakers like Dan Needham Sr., Nodin Wind, Vernon Whitefeather, Anna Gibbs, and Thomas J. Stillday Jr. to tell this history. The goal was to have the book reflect authentic Red Lake perspective as much as the records allow. The second thing that these records did for the book was to show and give reliable evidence that explains how Upper Red Lake was illegally excluded from the reservation. All of the depositions for Court of Claims should be in at least a few major archives but were not always where they should be. The documents in Red Lake helped validate and support the history as it is written here in a way not otherwise possible.
There are also records that I placed in the archives at Red Lake that I uncovered in the course of this work. The most significant of these are some of the oral histories I gathered from Red Lake elders. I interviewed dozens of tribal elders for this project and have spent more than twenty-five years collecting oral histories, including many from Red Lake elders that have informed this work. Some were published in the Oshkaabewis Native Journal or other places, but some were unique to this project. Also of great importance for this work were numerous oral histories with tribal members gathered by others. Red Lake High School students published two collections of oral histories that were also very helpful for this book: To Walk the Red Road and We Choose to Remember. Three major oral-history projects in the Red Lake Archives also contained very useful historical material.
My father, Robert Treuer, began research on Red Lake history many years ago, and in his papers, which are now archived at Red Lake, were the only copies I was able to locate of an incomplete rough draft autobiography by Roger Jourdain, given in dictation to Don Allery. Robert Treuer also kept his personal correspondence files, some of which I placed in the Red Lake Archives. His letters from Walter Mondale are the only evidence I found documenting Mondale’s consideration of nominating Roger Jourdain for a Nobel Peace Prize. His own biographical essays were useful in supplementing research and perspectives on Jourdain since he spent so much time working with and for the chairman as an employee of the BIA, the tribe, and the Office of Economic Opportunity.
Most of the primary research for this book came from classic archival work at the Minnesota Historical Society, the National Archives (Washington, Chicago, and Kansas City branches), Oberlin College, and the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. The Bemidji Pioneer and other periodicals have a great deal of information on the Peter Graves and Roger Jourdain eras as well.
Secondary sources on Red Lake history are pretty scant. The most useful is Erwin F. Mittelholtz’s Historical Review of the Red Lake Reservation: Centennial Souvenir Commemorating a Century of Progress, 1858–1958. Charles Brill’s Red Lake Nation: Portraits of Ojibway Life has some original interview material and many gorgeous pictures. Francis Blake’s We Have the Right to Exist had some important personal recollections on Red Lake history. Brenda Child’s Holding Our World Together: Ojibwe Women and the Survival of Community and My Grandfather’s Knocking Sticks: Ojibwe Family Life and Labor on the Reservation are impactful works on Ojibwe women, labor, and family life that include a great archival history of the Red Lake Fisheries. William W. Warren’s History of the Ojibway People is the most thorough collection of Ojibwe oral history recorded and published in the nineteenth century, and there is plenty on Red Lake in his work.
Warrior Nation is an attempt to tell Red Lake’s story and illuminate the contributions of pivotal leaders, with an eye on how the Red Lake Nation has and continues to evolve. The research and documentary process I employed merges the archives and the Indians. As much as possible, I try to tell this story with native sources and perspectives, and then try to exhaust the archives for a well-rounded, authentic, and reliable history. Historians usually let the archives do all the talking, and this often makes Indian voices scarce in history books. Doing both has been a challenge but is also a great contribution of Warrior Nation. It doesn’t just tell Red Lake’s stories. It shows historians a better way to research tribal history.
National Archives
Congressional Record
Files of the Department of the Interior
Commissioner of Indian Affairs Correspondence Files
Commissioner of Indian Affairs Reports
Indian Agent Report Files
Office/Bureau of Indian Affairs Classified Files
Office/Bureau of Indian Affairs Correspondence Files
Office/Bureau of Indian Affairs Segregated Files
House Correspondence Files
House Executive Documents
Presidential Correspondence Files
Senate Correspondence Files
Senate Executive Documents
Works Progress Administration Papers
Library of Congress
Henry Rowe Schoolcraft Papers
Minnesota Historical Society
Alexander Ramsey Papers
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions Papers
American Fur Company Papers
Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society (published series)
Edwin Clark Papers
Grace Lee Nute Papers
Manuscripts Relating to Northwest Missions
Henry Benjamin Whipple Papers
Henry H. Sibley Papers
Joel Basset Papers
Julia Warren Spears Papers
Mary Spears Papers
Moses N. Adams Papers
Protestant Episcopal Church Papers
Ransom Judd Powell Papers
North Dakota Historical Society
North Dakota Historical Collections (published series)
Oberlin College
Rev. Sela G. Wright Papers
State Historical Society of Wisconsin
Charles Francis Xavier Goldsmith Papers
Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin (published series)
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