Notes
Introduction
1. Adrian Grant, Michael Jackson: Making History (London: Omnibus Press, 1998). When this song is remembered, it’s usually for its unfortunate use of anti-Semitic phrases like “Jew me” and “kike me” in the lyrics (which Jackson later changed and apologized for). Bigotry aside, that “They Don’t Care about Us” has been forgotten is a damn shame.
2. Diana Jean Schemo, “Rio Frets as Michael Jackson Plans to Film Slum,” New York Times, February 11, 1996, www.nytimes.com/1996/02/11 /world/rio-frets-as-michael-jackson-plans-to-film-slum.html.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Larry Rohter, Brazil on the Rise: The Story of a Country Transformed (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
6. Amnesty International, “Focus on Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and Police Violence in Brazil,” August 5, 2013, www.amnestyusa.org/news/news-item /focus-on-indigenous-peoples-rights-and-police-violence-in-brazil.
7. Wright Thompson, “Generation June,” ESPN: The Magazine, December 5, 2013.
Chapter 1
1. Eduardo Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pilage of a Continent (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1997), 248.
2. Rohter, Brazil on the Rise, 7.
3. Economist, “Brazil Takes Off,” November 12, 2009, www.economist.com /node/14845197.
4. Ibid.
5. Silvia Salek, “Brazil: No Longer ‘Country of the Future,’” BBC News, March 6, 2012, www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17270649.
6. Rohter, Brazil on the Rise, 223.
7. Economist, “Has Brazil Blown It?” September 28, 2013, www.economist .com/news/leaders/21586833-stagnant-economy-bloated-state-and-mass -protests-mean-dilma-rousseff-must-change-course-has.
8. Gerard Aziakou, “Two Dead in Brazil World Cup Stadium Accident,” Agence France-Presse, November 27, 2013, www.google.com/hostednews /afp/article/ALeqM5iu9pX6v9R3al0ALLHV8UlBVk6bzw?docId=5f7d23ce -5cf7-49c9-81b0-8158c56a85f1.
9. Jonathan Watts, “Two Killed as Crane Collapses at Brazilian World Cup Stadium,” Guardian, November 27, 2013, www.theguardian.com/football /2013/nov/27/crane-collapse-corinthians-brazil-three-killed.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Sam Borden, “Romário, a World Cup Champion, Is Now a World Cup Dissenter,” New York Times, October 15, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/10 /16/sports/soccer/romario-a-world-cup-champion-is-now-a-world-cup -dissenter.html?_r=0.
13. Reuters, “Construction Accident at Brazil World Cup Stadium Kills Two,” November 27, 2013, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/11/27/uk-soccer -brazil-stadium-idUKBRE9AQ0UT20131127.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. ESPN.com, “2014 World Cup Guide: Curitiba,” December 2, 2013, http://espnfc.com/news/story/_/id/1584760/venue-guide-arena-da- baixada-curitiba-2014-world-cup-stadium-brazil?cc=5901.
17. Associated Press, “Labor Slaves, Prisoners Helping WC Prep,” February 22, 2012, http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/story/_/id/7600446/brazil -using-prisoners-labor-slaves-prep-2014-world-cup-venues.
18. Rob Walker, “Brazil World Cup Host City Natal Seethes at Cost,” Guardian, November 28, 2013, www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/28 /brazil-world-cup-natal-cost.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. David Biller, Christiana Sciaudone, and Taís Fuoco, “Singapore Changi, Odebrecht to Buy Rio Airport for $8.3 Billion,” Bloomberg News, November 23, 2013, www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-22/singapore-munich -operators-to-pay-9-1-bln-for-brazil-airports.html.
23. Walker, “Brazil World Cup Host City Natal Seethes.”
24. Rohter, Brazil on the Rise, 225.
25. Borden, “Romário, a World Cup Champion.”
26. Guilherme Cruz, “Brazil Running Out of Time to Get Things Done for World Cup 2014,” SB Nation, December 4, 2013, www.sbnation.com /soccer/2013/12/4/5174850/world-cup-2014-brazil-stadiums.
27. Bryan McCann, Hard Times in the Marvelous City: From Dictatorship to Democracy in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro (Durham, NC: Duke Press, 2014), 2.
28. Renato Cosentino, “Largo do Tanque: One More Summary Removal for the Rio Olympics,” Rio on Watch, February 26, 2013, http://rioonwatch .org/?p=6980.
29. Rohter, Brazil on the Rise, 40.
30. Michael Kimmelman, “A Divided Rio de Janeiro, Overreaching for the World,” New York Times, November 25, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013 /11/26/world/americas/a-divided-rio-de-janeiro-overreaching-for-the -world.html.
31. For the sake of clarity, figures are given in US dollars.
32. Simon Romero and Taylor Barnes, “Police Storm Squatters at Rio Stadium Site,” New York Times, March 22, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013 /03/23/world/americas/brazilian-police-storm-indigenous-squatters-at -maracana.html.
33. World Wildlife Fund, “Amazon,” 2014, http://worldwildlife.org/places /amazon.
34. Rohter, Brazil on the Rise, 221.
35. Rainforest Foundation, “25 Years: In Honor of Chico Mendes,” December 20, 2013, www.rainforestfoundation.org/article/25-years-honor-chico-mendes.
36. Sam Borden, “Building a World Cup Stadium in the Amazon,” New York Times, September 24, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/09/25/sports/soccer /in-building-world-cup-stadium-in-amazon-rain-is-just-one-challenge.html.
37. See Dave Zirin, “Soccer on Chile’s Killing Field,” Los Angeles Times, December 12, 2006, www.latimes.com/news/la-oe-zirin12dec12,0,4806850 .story#axzz2qrw776fX.
38. Anna Jean Kaiser, “Can Brazil Deliver on Safety for World Cup, Olympics?” USA Today, July 24, 2013, www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2013 /07/24/brazil-sports-security/2584905/.
39. Owen Gibson and Jonathan Watts, “Brazil Plans ‘World Cup Courts,’” Guardian, December 4, 2013, www.theguardian.com/football/2013/dec /04/brazil-world-cup-courts.
40. Travis Waldron, “As Attention Turns to World Cup, Brazil Ramps Up Security to Prepare for More Protests,” Think Progress, December 4, 2013, http://thinkprogress.org/sports/2013/12/04/3020751/attention-turns -world-cup-brazil-ramps-security-prepare-protests.
41. A video of the massacre is online at OVGuide, “Watch Complexo Do Alemão Massacre Video,” undated post, www.ovguide.com/complexo-do -alemao-massacre-9202a8c04000641f8000000006bbbbdf.
42. PBS, “Q&A with Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr.,” Black in Latin America website, 2011, www.pbs.org/wnet/black-in-latin-america/featured/qa -with-professor-henry-louis-gates-jr/164/.
Chapter 2
1. Quoted in Saleem Badat, The Forgotten People: Political Banishment under Apartheid (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2013), xxvi.
2. E. Bradford Burns, A History of Brazil, 3rd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 1.
3. Ibid., 1.
4. Hans Staden, Hans Staden’s True History: An Account of Cannibal Captivity in Brazil, ed. Neil L. Whitehead, trans. Michael Harbsmeier (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008).
5. James Minahan, Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2013), 49.
6. Thomas E. Skidmore, Brazil: Five Centuries of Change, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 15.
7. James Holston, The Modernist City: An Anthropological Critique of Brasília (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 16.
8. Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America, 47.
9. Kátia M. de Queirós Mattoso, Arthur Goldhammer, and Stuart Schwartz, To Be a Slave in Brazil: 1550–1888 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987).
10. Stuart B. Schwartz, Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550–1835 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 369.
11. Atlanta Black Star, “Afro-Brazilian Story II: Slavery, Identity and the Question of Racism,” November 18, 2013, http://atlantablackstar.com /2013/11/18/afro-brazilian-story-ii-slavery-identity-question-racism.
12. Mattoso, Goldhammer, and Schwartz, To Be a Slave in Brazil, 10.
13. Skidmore, Brazil, 26.
14. Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America, 57.
15. PBS, “Q&A with Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr.”
16. Henry Louis Gates, Black in Latin America (New York: NYU Press, 2011), 43.
17. Mattoso, Goldhammer, and Schwartz, To Be a Slave in Brazil, 41.
18. Gloria Kaiser, “January 9, 1822: Fico—I Am Staying,” The World of the Habsburgs, 2011, www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/january-9-1822-fico-i -am-staying.
19. Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America, 178.
20. Herbert S. Klein and Francisco Vidal, Slavery in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), chapter 5.
21. Skidmore, Brazil, 39.
22. Ibid., 39.
23. Rohter, Brazil on the Rise, 14.
24. Skidmore, Brazil, 18.
25. Atlanta Black Star, “Afro-Brazilian Story II.”
26. Skidmore, Brazil, 69.
27. Antônio de Castro Alves, “O Navio Negreiro (Slave Ship),” 1880, available with English translation at AllPoetry.com, http://allpoetry.com/poem /8560731-O-Navio-Negreiro-Part-1.—With-English-Translation—wbr —by-Antonio-de-Castro-Alves.
28. Neill Macaulay, Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798–1834 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986), 147.
29. Skidmore, Brazil, 68.
30. Ibid., 70.
31. Manu Herbstein, Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, digital ed. (ereads.com, 2000).
32. Rohter, Brazil on the Rise, 22.
33. Boris Fausto and Arthur Brakel, A Concise History of Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 158.
34. Skidmore, Brazil, 77.
35. Ibid., 86.
36. Ibid., 87.
37. Richard Bourne, Getúlio Vargas of Brazil, 1883–1954: Sphinx of the Pampas (London: C. Knight, 1974), 195.
38. June Edith Hahner, Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women’s Rights in Brazil (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990), xvi.
39. Louise Sherwood, “Brazilian World War II Workers Fight for Recognition,” BBC News, August 8, 2010, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america -10787714.
40. Skidmore, Brazil, 118.
41. Bourne, Getúlio Vargas of Brazil, 195.
42. Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America, 99.
43. Economist, “A Giant Stirs,” June 10, 2004, www.economist.com/node /2752700.
44. Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America, 216.
45. David Goldblatt, The Ball Is Round: A Global History of Soccer (New York: Riverhead Books, 2008), 368.
46. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Jânio da Silva Quadros,” accessed February 2, 2014, www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/485946/Janio -da-Silva-Quadros.
47. Tanya Ogilvie-White and David Santoro, eds., Nuclear Dragon: Disarmament Dynamics in the Twenty-First Century (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012), 152.
48. Peter Kornbluh, ed., “Brazil Marks 40th Anniversary of Military Coup,” National Security Archive, March 31, 2004, www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv /NSAEBB/NSAEBB118.
49. Ibid.
50. Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America, 155.
51. Ibid., 212.
52. Ibid., 212.
53. Ibid., 138.
54. Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism (Boston: South End Press, 1979), 48.
55. McCann, Hard Times in the Marvelous City, 5.
56. Skidmore, Brazil, 160.
57. Rohter, Brazil on the Rise, 143.
58. McCann, Hard Times in the Marvelous City, 5.
59. Paul Chevigny, Edge of the Knife: Police Violence in the Americas (New York: New Press, 1997), chapter 6.
60. McCann, Hard Times in the Marvelous City, 5.
61. Palash Ghosh, “Candelaria Church Massacre: Brazil Marks 20th Anniversary of Police Murders of Homeless Street Children,” International Business Times, July 25, 2013, www.ibtimes.com/candelaria-church-massacre -brazil-marks-20th-anniversary-police-murders-homeless-street-children.
62. John Lyons, “As Crime Rattles Brazil, Killings by Police Turn Routine,” Wall Street Journal, July 12, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles /SB10001424127887323836504578553643435119434.
63. Rohter, Brazil on the Rise, 142–45.
64. Ibid.
65. Kenneth Maxwell, “The Two Brazils,” Wilson Quarterly, Winter 1999, www.wilsonquarterly.com/essays/two-brazils.
66. Index Mundi, “Brazil – Population below Poverty Line,” 2010, www .indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=br&v=69.
67. Kenneth Maxwell, Naked Tropics: Essays on Empire and Other Rogues (New York: Routledge, 2003), 254.
Chapter 3
1. Perry Anderson, “Lula’s Brazil,” London Review of Books, March 31, 2011, www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n07/perry-anderson/lulas-brazil.
2. Ibid.
3. Rohter, Brazil on the Rise, 140.
4. Ibid., 166.
5. Luis Fleischman,“Brazil’s Tilt Towards Chavez and Iran,” Center for Security Policy, October 8, 2009, www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/2009 /10/08/brazils-tilt-towards-chavez-and-iran-2.
6. Robert Minto, “Lula For World Bank,” Financial Times, February 17, 2012, http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/02/17/guest-post-how-about -lula-for-world-bank.
7. Rohter, Brazil on the Rise, 275.
8. Ibid., 146.
9. Ibid., 153.
10. Al Jazeera English, “Lula Bids a Tearful Goodbye,” December 30, 2010, www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2010/12/2010123054815679161.html.
11. Anderson, “Lula’s Brazil.”
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Tom Lewis, “What Change Will Lula Bring?” International Socialist Review 26 (November 2002), www.isreview.org/issues/26/Lula.shtml.
20. Daniel Bell, quoted in Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007), 51.
21. Klein, Shock Doctrine, 51.
22. Ibid., 15.
23. Ibid., 17.
24. Sarah LeBlanc Goff, “When Education Ceases to Be Public: The Privatization of the New Orleans School System after Hurricane Katrina,” master’s thesis, University of New Orleans, 2009.
25. Kevin Sullivan, “Brazil Brings Haiti a Joyful Respite,” Washington Post, August 19, 2004.
26. Tom Phillips, “Brazil Announces Troop Pullout of Haiti,” Guardian, September 30, 2011.
27. Mark Doyle, “Haiti Cholera Epidemic ‘Most Likely’ Started at UN Camp—Top Scientist,” BBC News, October 22, 2012, www.bbc .co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20024400; BBC News, “Haiti Protestor Shot Dead by UN Peacekeepers,” November 16, 2010, www.bbc .co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20024400.
28. Taylor Barnes, “Brazil’s Bolsa Família: Welfare Model or Menace?” Christian Science Monitor, November 17, 2013.
29. Anderson, “Lula’s Brazil.”
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Andre Soliani and Helder Marinho, “Brazil’s Pre-Salt May Hold 25–100 Billion Barrels,” Bloomberg News, September 29, 2009.
36. James Petras, “Don’t Cry for Lula: The Politics of a Decaying Workers’ Regime,” blog post, July 30, 2005, http://petras.lahaine.org/?p=26.
37. Anderson, “Lula’s Brazil.”
38. Ibid.
39. Beth McLoughlin, “Rio Lawmaker Marcelo Freixo ‘to Flee’ Rio after Threats,” BBC News, November 1, 2011, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world -latin-america-15466647.
40. Ibid.
41. Max Ajl, “Brazil: New Challenge from the Left?” North American Congress on Latin America website, February 23, 2009, http://nacla.org /news/brazil-new-challenge-left.
42. The Dark Knight, Warner Brothers, directed by Christopher Nolan, 2008.
43. Anderson, “Lula’s Brazil.”
44. Economist, “Has Brazil Blown It?”
45. Economist, “A Rough Ride for Rousseff,” September 28, 2013, http://www .economist.com/news/special-report/21586677-much-could-still-change -year-next-election-rough-ride-rousseff.
46. Robert M. Levine, “Sport and Society: The Case of Brazilian Futebol,” Luso-Brazilian Review 17, no. 2 (Winter 1980): 233–52.
47. Associated Press, “Reagan ‘Burned’ During Toast,” December 2, 1982.
Chapter 4
1. Eduardo Galeano, Soccer in Sun and Shadow (New York: Nation Books, 2013), 31.
2. Alex Bellos, Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life (London: Bloomsbury, 2009), 27–28.
3. Ibid.
4. BBC News, “Census Records Show Scot ‘Started Football in Brazil,’” March 27, 2011, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-12874090.
5. Bellos, Futebol, 29.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., 32.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 33.
11. Bellos, “On a Glorious Bender,” Guardian, April 27, 2002, www.theguardian .com/football/2002/apr/27/sport.features.
12. Bellos, Futebol, 33.
13. Quoted in Bellos, Futebol, 40.
14. Bellos, Futebol, 34.
15. Ibid., 45.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid., 54.
18. Ibid., 101.
19. Ibid., 56.
20. Ibid., 97.
21. Alex Bellos, “For 50 Years One Moment Has Haunted Brazil. Why?” Guardian, July 15, 2000, www.theguardian.com/football/2000/jul/15 /newsstory.sport.
22. Quoted in Bellos, Futebol, 111.
23. Goldblatt, Ball Is Round, 370.
24. Ibid., 380.
25. Levine, “Sport and Society.”
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Goldblatt, Ball Is Round, 380.
29. Ibid., 391.
30. Ibid., 381.
31. Ibid., 391.
32. Quoted in Goldblatt, Ball Is Round, 394. On Medici’s tenure see Associated Press, “Brazil’s Former President Medici Dies,” Los Angeles Times, October 10, 1985, http://articles.latimes.com/1985-10-10/news/mn-15636 _1_southern-brazil.
33. Quoted in Kevin Foster, “Dreaming of Pelé: Football and Society in England and Brazil in the 1950s and 1960s,” Football Studies 6, no. 1 (2003).
34. Levine, “Sport and Society.”
35. Ibid.
36. Callum Fox, “Seleção Legend Romário Slams ‘Imbecile’ Pelé,” Sambafoot, April 28, 2013, www.sambafoot.com/en/news/46232_selecao_legend _romario_slams__imbecile__pele.html.
37. Goldblatt, Ball Is Round, 792.
38. Levine, “Sport and Society.”
39. Richard Sandomir, “Turning Pelé’s Appeal into Profit,” New York Times, June 22, 2006, www.nytimes.com/2006/06/22/sports/22iht-wcpele .html?_r=0.
40. Todd Benson, “Brazilians Mock Pelé Appeal to End Protests,” Reuters, June 20, 2013, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/06/20/uk-brazil-protests -pele-idUKBRE95J03O20130620.
41. Goldblatt, Ball Is Round, 792.
42. Bellos, Futebol, 112.
43. Ibid., 346.
44. Quoted in Bellos, Futebol, 346.
45. Quoted in Goldblatt, Ball Is Round, 794.
46. The following passage is adapted from Dave Zirin and Zach Zill, “The Death of Sócrates,” Nation, December 12, 2011, www.thenation.com/article/165098 /death-socrates-celebrating-sportspolitics-soccer-legend.
47. Quoted in Goldblatt, Ball Is Round, 632.
48. Alex Bellos, “Sócrates: ‘Everyone Who Comes to Brazil Falls in Love with Someone,’” Guardian, June 12, 2010, www.theguardian.com/theobserver /2010/jun/13/socrates-brazil-football-world-cup.
49. Ibid.
50. It must be noted that with the play of the great Neymar, many are saying that Brazil is trending back toward the beautiful—although it is an open discussion.
51. Interview with Sócrates in Bellos, Futebol, 361.
52. Ibid.
53. Carmen Rial, “Women’s Soccer in Brazil: Invisible but Under Pressure,” Re-Vista: Harvard Review of Latin America (Spring 2012), http://revista .drclas.harvard.edu/publications/revistaonline/spring-2012/womens-soccer -brazil.
54. Jason Margolis, “The Struggle for Female Soccer Equality in Brazil,” radio interview with transcript, Public Radio International, May 27, 2013, http://pri.org/stories/2013-05-27/struggle-female-soccer-equality-brazil.
55. Rial, “Women’s Soccer in Brazil.”
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Galeano, Soccer in Sun and Shadow, 6.
59. FIFA website, “Marta Vieira da Silva,” 2014, www.fifa.com/worldcup /organisation/ambassador/marta.html.
60. Bellos, Futebol, 126.
61. Ibid., 141.
62. CNN.com, “Another Black Eye for Brazil Ahead of World Cup as Footballers Protest,” November 15, 2013, http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/15 /sport/football/brazil-football-crossing-arms-protests.
63. Ibid.
64. Bellos, Futebol, 21.
65. Quoted in Bellos, Futebol, 21.
66. Bellos, Futebol, 340.
67. Ilan Stavans, Fútbol (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2011), 78.
68. Quoted in Eduardo Galeano, “The Finest Liars in the World,” Tom Dispatch, August 14, 2003, www.tomdispatch.com/blog/886/tomgram%3A __eduardo_galeano_on_champion_liars/print.
Chapter 5
1. Douglas Hartmann, Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete: The 1968 Olympic Protests and Their Aftermath (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 171. Some material in this chapter is drawn from Dave Zirin, “The Ghosts of Olympics Past,” in China’s Great Leap: The Beijing Games and Olympian Human Rights, edited by Minky Worden (Boston: Seven Stories Press, 2008), 73–84.
2. Simon Kuper and Stefan Szymanski, Soccernomics (New York: Nation Books, 2009), 287.
3. Associated Press, “Sepp Blatter: Brazil Protesters Shouldn’t ‘Use Football,’” June 19, 2013, http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/20130619 /brazil-protests-confederations-cup-sepp-blatter.ap.
4. Jules Boykoff, “What Is the Real Price of the London Olympics?” Guardian, April 4, 2012, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/apr /04/price-of-london-olympics.
5. Ibid.
6. Quoted in Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States: 1492–Present (New York: Harper Perennial, 2005), 292.
7. Quoted in Thierry Terret and J. A. Mangan, Sport, Militarism and the Great War (New York: Routledge, 2010), 95.
8. Avery Brundage archive, University of Illinois, Box 250, Reel 144.
9. Allen Guttmann, The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 56.
10. Jeremy Schaap, Triumph: The Untold Story of Jesse Owens and Hitler’s Olympics (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 72.
11. Quoted in Schaap, Triumph, 124.
12. Brett Popplewell, “Torch Run: Peace or Propaganda?” Toronto Star, April 12, 2008, www.thestar.com/news/world/2008/04/12/torch_run_peace_or _propaganda.html.
13. Chris Bowlby, “The Olympic Torch’s Shadowy Past,” BBC News, April 5, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7330949.stm.
14. Ibid.
15. Schaap, Triumph, 76.
16. Quoted in Schaap, Triumph, 161.
17. Ibid., 153.
18. George Orwell, “The Sporting Spirit,” 1945, available at http://orwell.ru /library/articles/spirit/english/e_spirit.
19. John Carlos and Dave Zirin, The John Carlos Story: The Sports Moment that Changed the World (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2011), 83.
20. Jan Stradling, More than a Game: When Sport and History Collide (St. Leonards, NSW, Australia: Pier 9, 2009), 71.
21. Christopher A. Shaw, Five-Ring Circus: Myths and Realities of the Olympic Games (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2008), 65.
22. Dave Zirin, Welcome to the Terrordome: The Pain, Politics, and Promise of Sports (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2007), 129.
23. Ibid., 129.
24. For a full treatment, read Andrew Jennings, Foul! The Secret World of FIFA (New York: HarperSport, 2006).
25. Kurt Badenhausen,“Mayweather Tops List of the World’s 100 Highest-Paid Athletes,”Forbes, June 18, 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen /2012/06/18/mayweather-tops-list-of-the-worlds-100-highest-paid -athletes.
26. Galeano, Soccer in Sun and Shadow, 37.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid., 95.
29. Ibid., 145.
30. Christopher R. Hill, Olympic Politics (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1992), 64.
31. Ali Abunimah, “Sepp Blatter Feeling Heat over UEFA Under 21 in Israel,” Electronic Intifada, December 23, 2012, http://electronicintifada.net/blogs /ali-abunimah/fifa-boss-sepp-blatter-feeling-heat-over-uefa-u21-israel -promises-rebuild-bombed.
32. Jonathan Liew, “England at the World Cup: Dirt, Drama and Defeat in 1950,” Telegraph, October 19, 2013, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport /football/teams/england/10390871/England-at-the-World-Cup-Dirt -drama-and-defeat-in-1950.html.
33. Marco Impiglia, “Mussolini and the 1934 FIFA World Cup: England v. Italy,” presentation at the Relevance and Impact of World Cups 1930–2010 Conference, Zurich, April 25, 2013.
34. Robert S. C. Gordon and John London, “Italy 1934: Football and Fascism,” in National Identity and Global Sports Events: Culture, Politics, and Spectacle, edited by Alan Tomlinson and Christopher Young (Binghamton, NY: SUNY Press, 2006), 50; Associated Press, “Did Dictators Fix World Cup Title for Italy, Argentina?” NDTV Sports Football (blog), April 25, 2010, http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/206855-did-dictators-fix-world-cup -title-for-italy-argentina.
35. Impilia, “Mussolini and the 1934 FIFA World Cup.”
36. Robin Hackett, “First XI: World Cup Quotes,” ESPN Soccernet, May 20, 2010, http://espnfc.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=785678&cc=5901 &ver=us.
37. Galeano, Soccer in Sun and Shadow, 153.
38. David Winner, “But Was This the Beautiful Game’s Ugliest Moment?” Financial Times, June 21, 2008, www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e6347c16-3f2a-11dd -8fd9-0000779fd2ac.html#axzz2sCmeCuF4.
39. Martin Rogers, “Argentina’s 1978 World Cup Win against Peru Was Fixed in a Brutal Political Deal, Former Senator Says,” Yahoo Sports, February 11, 2012, http://ca.sports.yahoo.com/soccer/news?slug=ro-rogers_argentina _peru_fixing_scandal_world_cup_021012.
40. Associated Press, “Dictators Said to Fix Italy, Argentina WCup Titles,” April 25, 2013, http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=soccer&id=9210733; Rogers, “Argentina’s 1978 World Cup Win.”
41. Associated Press, “Dictators Said to Fix Italy, Argentina WCup Titles.”
Chapter 6
1. Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America, 2.
2. Much of this section is based on my article “Olympic-Sized Horror in Greece,” originally published in Common Dreams, August 16, 2004, http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0816-12.htm.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Mark Golden, Greek Sport and Social Status (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2008), 135.
6. Ibid., 135.
7. Democracy Now!, “Crackdown on Homeless, Refugees and Prisoners in Athens,” August 10, 2004, http://www.democracynow.org/2004/8/10 /headlines#8107.
8. BBC News, “Greek Group ‘Behind Athens Bombs,’” May 13, 2004, http:// news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3710371.stm.
9. Ibid.
10. John Clarke, “Olympics... The Other Greek Tragedy,” Forbes, February 15, 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/johnclarke/2012/02/15/olympics-the-other -greek-tragedy.
11. Some material in this section is drawn from Zirin, “The Ghosts of Olympics Past.”
12. Xinhua News, “IOC Chief: Beijing Olympics ‘Glorious Days’ to ‘Cherish Forever,’” August 24, 2008, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08 /24/content_9691378.htm.
13. Thomas Boswell, “They Made the Buses Run on Time,” Washington Post, August 25, 2008, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008 /08/24/AR2008082400603.html.
14. Mark Magnier, “Many Eyes Will Watch Visitors,” Los Angeles Times, August 7, 2008, http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/07/world/fg-snoop7.
15. Human Rights Watch, “China: Hosting Olympics a Catalyst for Human Rights Abuses,” August 23, 2008, www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/21/china -hosting-olympics-catalyst-human-rights-abuses.
16. Ibid.
17. Some material in this section is drawn from Dave Zirin, “As Olympics Near, People in Vancouver Are Dreading Games,” Sports Illustrated, blog post, January 25, 2010, http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers /dave_zirin/01/25/vancouver/index.html#ixzz2r4woHBJX; Dave Zirin, “The Vancouver Olympic Blues,” Edge of Sports, January 27, 2010, www .edgeofsports.com/2010-01-27-494; and Dave Zirin, “When Snow Melts: Vancouver’s Olympic Crackdown,” Nation, February 9, 2010, www.thenation .com/blog/when-snow-melts-vancouver%E2%80%99s-olympic-crackdown#.
18. Greg Bishop, “Vancouver’s Former Mayor Remains Face of the Games,” New York Times, January 1, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/sports /olympics/31sullivan.html?pagewanted=all.
19. Doug Ward, “Support for Olympics on the Decline in B.C.: Poll,” Vancouver Sun, January 21, 2010.
20. CBC News, “U.S. Journalist Grilled at Canada Border Crossing,” November 26, 2009, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/u-s-journalist-grilled-at-canada-border-crossing-1.801755. See also Amy Goodman and Denis Moynihan’s book The Silenced Majority (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012), 272–73.
21. Some material in this section is drawn from Dave Zirin, “‘At Least Under Apartheid’: South Africa on the Eve of the World Cup,” Huffington Post, June 10, 2010, www.huffingtonpost.com/dave-zirin/at-least-under-apartheid_b_607823.html, and Dave Zirin, “The South Africa World Cup: Invictus in Reverse,” Huffington Post, March 10, 2010, www .huffingtonpost.com/dave-zirin/the-south-africa-world-cu_b_493802.html.
22. Simon Kuper, “The World Cup Is No Economic Boon for South Africa,” Financial Times, November 28, 2009, www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0 /2911d7f6-dbbd-11de-9424-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1x7TYE4gb.
23. Oliver Harvey, “Homeless and Away,” Sun (London), April 19, 2010, www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/2936217/Tin-Can-Town -next-to-South-Africa-World-Cup-stadium.html.
24. David Smith, “Life in ‘Tin Can Town’ for the South Africans Evicted Ahead of World Cup,” Guardian, April 1, 2010, www.guardian.co.uk /world/2010/apr/01/south-africa-world-cup-blikkiesdorp.
25. Sapa, “Mpumalanga ANC Distances Itself from Hit List,” Politics Web, February 10, 2010, http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb /en/page71619?oid=159819&sn=Detail.
26. Government of South Africa, “National Flag,” government website, March 16, 2009, www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/flag.htm.
27. Daniel Bloom and Dave Zirin, “World Cup Hangover Hits South Africa,” Nation, September 14, 2010, www.thenation.com/article/154706/world -cup-hangover-hits-south-africa#.
28. Barry Bearak, “Cost of Stadium Reveals Tensions in South Africa,” New York Times, March 12, 2010.
29. Wikiquote, “Leymah Gbowee,” Junne 29, 2013, http://en.wikiquote.org /wiki/Leymah_Gbowee.
30. Kate Griffiths, “1.3 Million Public Workers Strike to Confront South Africa’s Inequalities,” Labor Notes, September 8, 2010, http://labornotes.org/2010 /09/13-million-public-workers-strike-confront-south -africas-inequalities.
31. William Ernest Henley, “Invictus,” 1875. Available at the Poetry Foundation website: www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/182194.
32. Some material in this section is drawn from Jules Boykoff and Dave Zirin, “Protest Is Coming to the London Olympics,” Nation, May 21, 2012, www.thenation.com/blog/167979/protest-coming-london-olympics, and Dave Zirin, “‘Drones, Missiles and Gunships, Oh My!’ Welcome to the 2012 London Olympics,” Nation, May 14, 2012, www.thenation.com /blog/167874/drones-missiles-and-gunships-oh-my-welcome-2012 -london-olympics.
33. Ed Howker, “London 2012 Olympics: The Five Questions We Really Need Answered,” Guardian, May 7, 2012, www.theguardian.com /commentisfree/2012/may/07/london-2012-olympics-five-questions ?cat=commentisfree&type=article&view=mobile.
34. Stephen Graham, “Olympics 2012 Security: Welcome to Lockdown London,” Guardian, March 12, 2012, www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/mar /12/london-olympics-security-lockdown-london.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Greg McNeal, “London Olympics Security Focuses On Deterrence: Use Of Drones, Electric Fences, Missiles And More,” Forbes, July 23, 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/gregorymcneal/2012/07/23/london-olympics-security -focuses-on-deterrence-use-of-drones-electric-fences-missiles-and-more.
38. Graham, “Olympics 2012 Security.”
39. Michael Joseph Gross, “Jumping through Hoops,” Vanity Fair, June 2012, www.vanityfair.com/culture/2012/06/international-olympic-committee -london-summer-olympics.
40. Sandra Laville, “Olympics Welcome Does Not Extend to All in London as Police Flex Muscles,” Guardian, May 4, 2012, www.theguardian.com /uk/2012/may/04/olympics-welcome-london-police.
41. Reuters, “Final Cost of London 2012 Games Revealed,” October 23, 2012, http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/london-2012-final-cost-london-2012 -games-revealed-135956051.html.
42. Some material in this section is drawn from Dave Zirin, “Boycott Sochi?” Grantland, August 1, 2013, http://grantland.com/features/gay-rights -sochi-boycott-movement.
43. ESPN.com, “Putin Camp: Kraft’s Story ‘Weird,’” June 17, 2013, http://espn.go.com/boston/nfl/story/_/id/9392090/vladimir-putin-denies -stealing-new-england-patriots-owner-robert-kraft-super-bowl-ring.
44. Ibid.
45. Elizabeth Shockman, Denis Dyomkin, and Alissa de Carbonnel, “Olympic-Sized Corruption Plagues Sochi Winter Games, Report Claims,” Reuters, http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/30 /18631119-olympic-sized-corruption-plagues-sochi-winter-games-report -claims?lite.
46. Simon Shuster, “Fortress Sochi: Russia’s Security Plan Risks Killing the Olympic Spirit,” TIME, January 7, 2014, http://world.time.com/2014/01 /07/fortress-sochi-russias-security-plan-risks-the-killing-olympic-spirit /#ixzz2qd0a9y4A.
47. Joshua Yaffa, “The Waste and Corruption of Vladimir Putin’s 2014 Winter Olympics,” Businessweek, January 2, 2014, www.businessweek.com /articles/2014-01-02/the-2014-winter-olympics-in-sochi-cost-51-billion.
48. Timothy Hopkins and Maxim Shemtov, “High Stakes for Putin as His Olympic Dream Nears,” Reuters, October 9, 2013, www.reuters.com /article/2013/10/09/us-olympics-russia-idUSBRE9980EC20131009.
49. Associated Press, “Sochi Games Run-Up a Hotbed of Corruption: Kremlin Critic,” May 30, 2013, www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/sochi-games-run -up-a-hotbed-of-corruption-kremlin-critic-1.1368218.
50. Katie McDonough, “First Tourists Arrested under Russia’s Ban on ‘Gay Propaganda,’” Salon, July 22, 2013, www.salon.com/2013/07/22/first_tourists _arrested_under_russias_ban_on_gay_propaganda; Cavan Sieczkowski, “Dutch Tourists Jailed under Russia’s ‘Gay Propaganda’ Law,” Huffington Post, July 24, 2013, www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/22/dutch-tourists -jailed-russia-gay_n_3635803.html.
51. BBC News, “Arrests over ‘Anti-Gay’ Murder in Volgograd Russia,” May 13, 2013, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22509019.
52. Thomas Grove and Steve Gutterman, “Russia’s Gays Fear More Violence after Brutal Murder,” Reuters, May 13, 2013, www.reuters.com/article /2013/05/13/us-russia-gay-idUSBRE94C0AX20130513.
53. Russia Today, “Nobody Will Face Discrimination at Sochi Olympics, Putin Pledges,” January 16, 2014, http://rt.com/news/putin-sochi -olympics-discrimination-709.
54. Harvey Fierstein, “Russia’s Anti-Gay Crackdown,” New York Times, July 21, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/opinion/russias-anti-gay-crackdown.html.
55. Pete Pattisson, “Revealed: Qatar’s World Cup ‘Slaves,’” Guardian, September 25, 2013, www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/25/revealed-qatars -world-cup-slaves.
56. Ibid.
57. Robert Booth, “Qatar World Cup Construction ‘Will Leave 4,000 Migrant Workers Dead,’” Guardian, September 26, 2013, www.theguardian.com /global-development/2013/sep/26/qatar-world-cup-migrant-workers-dead.
58. Rachel Czyszczewski, “Squatter’s Rights: The Basics,” Rio on Watch, October 7, 2011, http://rioonwatch.org/?p=1987.
Chapter 7
1. Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America, 64.
2. Czyszczewski, “Squatter’s Rights.”
3. Fiona Hurrell, “Rio Favela Population Largest in Brazil,” Rio Times, December 23, 2011, http://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-politics /rios-favela-population-largest-in-brazil/#.
4. McCann, Hard Times in the Marvelous City, 35.
5. Tom Phillips, “Rio World Cup Demolitions Leave Favela Families Trapped in Ghost Town,” Guardian, April 26, 2011, www.theguardian.com /world/2011/apr/26/favela-ghost-town-rio-world-cup.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Matthew Elliot, “Vila Autódromo Community Avoids Eviction,” Rio Times, August 13, 2013, http://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio -politics/vila-autodromo-community-avoids-eviction.
9. Malte Warburg Sørensen, “Mega Events in Rio de Janeiro—The Case of Vila Autódromo: Community Planning as Resistance to Forced Evictions,” master’s thesis, Roskilde University (Roskilde, Denmark), 2013, www.academia.edu/3005429/Mega_Events_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_The _Case_of_Vila_Autodromo_Community_Planning_as_Resistance_to _Forced_Evictions.
10. See also Erica Tapley, “The Story of Dona Rita,” Rio on Watch, September 24, 2012, http://rioonwatch.org/?p=5199.
Conclusion
1. Dave Zirin, “Eduardo Galeano Speaks Out on Brazil’s World Cup Protests,” Nation, June 26, 2013, www.thenation.com/blog/174999 /eduardo-galeano-speaks-out-brazils-world-cup-protests.
2. Wright Thompson, “Generation June,” ESPN: The Magazine, December 5, 2013, http://espn.go.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/10079392 /generation-june.
3. Samantha Pearson, “Brazil: Can a Marketing Strategy Be Too Successful?” Financial Times, September 23, 2013, www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/439afd42 -1b96-11e3-b678-00144feab7de.html#axzz2qzYKavfi.
4. Jonathan Watts, “Brazil Protests Erupt over Public Services and World Cup Costs,” Guardian, June 18, 2013, www.theguardian.com/world/2013 /jun/18/brazil-protests-erupt-huge-scale.
5. Yuseph Katiya and Simon Benoit-Guyod, “Transport Fee Hikes and Police Repression Inspire Protests across Brazil,” Media Co-Op, June 17, 2013, www.mediacoop.ca/story/transport-fee-hikes-and-police-repression-inspire /18018.
6. Shasta Darlington, “Protesters, Police Clash in Demonstration against Bus Fare Increases in Brazil,” CNN.com, June 14, 2013, www.cnn.com/2013 /06/14/world/americas/brazil-fare-protests.
7. Vanessa Barbara, “Brazil’s Vinegar Uprising,” New York Times, June 21, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/06/22/opinion/brazils-vinegar-uprising.html.
8. Chris Gaffney, private email communication, June 17, 2013, quoted with permission.
9. Paul Szoldra, “Protests Spreading across Brazil Are Getting Ugly,” Business Insider, June 17, 2013, www.businessinsider.com/protests-are-spreading-across -brazil-and-theyre-getting-ugly-2013-6; Todd Benson and Asher Levine, “Protests Build in Brazil as Discontent Spreads,” Reuters, June 17, 2013, www .reuters.com/article/2013/06/17/us-brazil-protests-idUSBRE95G15S20130617.
10. Yuseph Katiya, private communication, June 2013.
11. Dave Zirin, “Mass World Cup Protests Rock Brazil,” Nation, June 18, 2013, www.thenation.com/blog/174844/we-want-health-and-education -world-cup-out-mass-protests-rock-brazil.
12. David Kent, “Brazil President Rousseff Defends Public Spending on World Cup as Protests Continue,” Daily Mail, June 22, 2013; FoxSports.com, “FIFA shows Support in Brazil WC Plans,” June 22, 2013, http://msn.foxsports .com/foxsoccer/worldcup/story/fifa-has-confidence-that-brazil-can-host -world-cup-2014-despite-protests-062213.
13. Associated Press, “Sepp Blatter.”
14. Associated Press, “Romário, Ronaldo at Odds over Brazil World Cup,” July 11, 2013, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/romario-ronaldo-odds-over -brazil-world-cup.
15. Tom Etherton, “Brazil-Mexico: Neymar Voices Support for Protests,” Sambafoot, June 19, 2013, www.sambafoot.com/en/news/48748_brazil -mexico__neymar_voices_support_for_protests.html
16. Reuters, “Neymar Stars as Brazil Triumphs at Confederations Cup,” New York Times, June 20, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/sports/soccer /neymar-stars-as-brazil-triumphs-at-confederations-cup.html.
17. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, “The Message of Brazil’s Youth,” New York Times, July 16, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/07/17/opinion/global/lula -da-silva-the-message-of-brazils-youth.html.
18. Tariq Panja, “World Cup Organizers Tell Brazil Protestors Event Creates Jobs,” Businessweek, June 24, 2013, http://www.businessweek.com/news /2013-06-24/world-cup-organizers-tell-brazil-protestors-event-creates-jobs.
19. John Lyons and Paul Kiernan, “Middle-Class Brazil Finds Its Voice in Protests,” Wall Street Journal, June 19, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/news /articles/SB10001424127887324021104578553491848777544?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424127887324021104578553491848777544.html.
20. Associated Press, “Brazilian Leaders Reverse Bus and Subway Fare Hikes,” USA Today, June 19, 2013, www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013 /06/19/brazil-protests-bus-subway-fare/2440287.
21. Gibson and Watts, “Brazil Plans ‘World Cup Courts.’”
22. Luca Persico, “Romário: ‘There’s No Good Schools, There’s No Good Hospitals—How Can There Be a World Cup?’” Reuters, in Sambafoot, October 17, 2013, www.sambafoot.com/en/news/53063_romario_____there ___s_no_good_schools__there___s_no_good_hospitals_____ how_can_there_be_a_world_cup____.html.
23. Quoted in Ivone Gebara, Longing for Running Water: Ecofeminism and Liberation (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1999), 25.