Epigraph. Richard Lalor Sheil, Sketches of the Irish Bar, vol. 2 (New York, 1854), 68–69.
1. J. Bennett Nolan, The Schuylkill (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1951), 3.
2. Tonnage figure and closing date from the Pottsville Republican, May 24, 1998.
3. George Korson, Black Rock (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1960), 389–90.
4. Recording, Library of Congress, George Korson Collection, AFC, 2003/001: SR67.
5. George Korson, Minstrels of the Mine Patch: Songs and Stories of the Anthracite Industry (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1938), 38–41, 48–53.
6. Eugene Victor Debs, “Looking Backward,” Appeal to Reason, Nov. 23, 1907, quoted in Debs: His Life, Writing, and Speeches (Girard, Kan.: Charles H. Kerr, 1908), 283–85. In their magisterial The Growth of the American Republic, Samuel Eliot Morison, Henry Steele Commager, and William E. Leuchtenburg wrote that the Mollies gave Americans “their first premonition of class warfare” (vol. 2; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969, 96).
7. Recording, Library of Congress, Korson Collection, AFC, 2003/001: SR67.
8. Francis Percival Dewees, The Molly Maguires: The Origin, Growth, and Character of the Organization (Philadelphia, 1877). Dewees was the nephew of one railroad lawyer who served as a Molly prosecutor, Francis W. Hughes, and on page 48 he thanks another, Charles Albright, for sharing some of his files.
9. Debs, Debs: His Life, Writing, and Speeches, 283–85; also, Anthony Bimba, in The Molly Maguires (New York: International Publishers, 1932), offers a Marxist analysis of the Molly troubles.
10. Charles A. McCarthy, The Great Molly Maguire Hoax (Wyoming, Pa.: Cro Woods, 1969); Patrick Campbell, A Molly Maguire Story (Jersey City, N.J.: Templecrone Press, 1992).
11. Donald L. Miller and Richard E. Sharpless, The Kingdom of Coal: Work, Enterprise, and Ethnic Communities in the Mine Fields (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985), 137.
12. Kevin Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); Grace Palladino, Another Civil War: Labor, Capital, and the State in the Anthracite Regions of Pennsylvania, 1840–1868 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990).
Epigraph. James Bonwick, Irish Druids and Old Irish Religions (1864; repr., New York: Sterling, 1986), 90. The “Daome-Shi” apparently refers to the “daoine sidhe,” Irish for “fairy people.”
1. Korson, Minstrels of the Mine Patch, 156; Scientific American 8, no. 22 (Feb. 12, 1853): 108; Miners’ Journal (hereafter MJ), Aug. 1, 1879, reprinted in New York Times, Aug. 3, 1879.
2. Anthony F. C. Wallace, St. Clair: A Nineteenth-Century Coal Town’s Experience with a Disaster-Prone Industry (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), 265, 270–73.
3. Sherman Day, Historical Collections of the State of Pennsylvania, Containing a Copious Selection of the Most Interesting Facts, Traditions, Biographical, Anecdotes, etc., Relating to the History and Antiquities of Every County (Philadelphia, 1843), 613; MJ, Aug. 1, 1879; Scientific American 11, no. 14 (Dec. 15, 1855), 108.
4. The watercolor is in the Kennedy collection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.
5. Lady Wilde, “The Holy Well and the Murderer,” in Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland, with Sketches of the Irish Past (1919; repr., Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 2006), 70–71; Korson, Minstrels of the Mine Patch, 156–57.
6. Payne’s trip to Ireland is recounted in a souvenir pamphlet by St. Kieran’s Catholic church in Heckscherville published in 1918; the similarity between Pennsylvania anthracite and Kilkenny coal is discussed by H. Benjamin Powell in “The Pennsylvania Anthracite Trade, 1769–1976,” Pennsylvania History 47 (Jan. 1980).
7. Kilkenny Moderator, Nov. 30, 1831.
8. J. H. Beers, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania: Genealogy – Family History–Biography, vol. 2 (Chicago, J. H. Beers & Co., 1916), 974.
9. MJ, June 25, 1853; Schuylkill County Coroner’s Index, County Courthouse, Pottsville, Pa. MJ identified the victim as John Berger, but that appears to have been a typographical error—there was no John Berger listed in the Cass Township census for 1850, though there was a John Bergen, the son of a James Bergen. The county coroner listed the victim as John Bergen, and reported that the inquest took place in the home of James Bergen—a different James than the man killed in January 1863.
10. MJ, May 21, 1853.
11. Ibid., May 20, 1854.
12. Dewees, Molly Maguires, 324–26; New York Times, Dec. 26, 1888.
13. I. Daniel Rupp, History of Northampton, Lehigh, Monroe, Carbon, and Schuylkill Counties (Harrisburg, Pa., 1845), 296.
14. MJ, June 1, 1861.
15. U.S. Census, 1860, Cass Township, Schuylkill County, Pa.
16. Samuel B. Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, vol. 1 (Harrisburg, Pa., 1869), 50.
17. Sheriff’s docket, December session, 1861, Schuylkill County Courthouse, Pottsville, Pa.; MJ, Dec. 14, 1861.
18. Military record, James Bergen, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
19. Captain James Wren’s Civil War Diary, ed. John Michael Priest (New York: Berkley Books, 1991), 68.
20. Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1193.
21. Captain James Wren’s Civil War Diary, 34.
22. Philadelphia Inquirer, May 9,1862; Records of the Reserve Brigade, 1st Division of Pa. Militia, During the Riots of Schuylkill County, 1862, Record Group 19, Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg; MJ, July 5, 1862.
23. Alexander K. McClure, Old Time Notes of Pennsylvania, vol. 1 (Philadelphia, John C. Winston Co., 1905), 546; Palladino, Another Civil War, 98.
24. Thomas Bartlett, “An End to Moral Economy: The Irish Militia Disturbances of 1793,” Past & Present 99 (May 1983): 49–51.
25. Curtin to E. M. Stanton, Oct. 22, 1862, in War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 2 (Washington, D.C., 1887), 468; Philadelphia Inquirer, Oct. 25, 1862.
26. MJ, Oct. 1, 1853, for scores of shebeens; Microfilm Roll 189, Schuylkill County Clerk of Courts, Pottsville, Pa.
27. MJ, Jan. 7, 1863.
28. Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General, RG 92, Entry 628, Headstones for Civil War Veterans, Reel 2, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Schuylkill County Coroner’s Index, County Courthouse, Pottsville, Pa.
29. MJ, Jan. 17, 1863.
30. Ibid. for details on shooting; kinship from Patrick O’Connor’s tombstone, St. Vincent’s old cemetery, Minersville, Pa.; polling place from MJ, Oct. 6, 1862; elected auditor, Emporium, Mar. 11, 1853; ran tavern, Cass Township tax book, 1859–67, Schuylkill County Courthouse, Pottsville, Pa.
31. Military records, John and Thomas Curry, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
32. J. H. Battle, History of Columbia and Montour Counties (Chicago, 1887), 429.
33. Dewees, Molly Maguires, 52; J. Walter Coleman, The Molly Maguire Riots (Richmond, Va.: Garrett and Massie, 1936), 47.
34. New York Times, Nov. 7, 1863; transcript of Commonwealth v. McDonnell, Carbon County Courthouse, Jim Thorpe, Pa.
Epigraph. William Carleton, “The Irish Shanahus,” Irish Penny Journal, May 29, 1841.
1. T. W. Rolleston, Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race (1911; repr., New York: Dover, 1990), 129; Michael Dames, Mythic Ireland (London: Thames and Hudson, 1992), 170.
2. Jonathan Bardon, A History of Ulster (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1992), 11–12; E. Estyn Evans, The Personality of Ireland: Habitat, Heritage and History (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1992), 27–28.
3. James Bonwick, Irish Druids and Old Irish Religions (1894; repr., New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1986), 121–22, 161; J. A. MacCulloch, Religion of the Ancient Celts (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1911), 79, 146–47; Rolleston, Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race, 85.
4. “The Plain of Adoration,” translated from Irish by John Montague in Chris Maguire’s Bawnboy and Templeport: History, Heritage, Folklore (Bawnboy: Chris Maguire, 1999), 34.
5. MacCulloch, Religion of the Ancient Celts, 80; Bonwick, Irish Druids and Old Irish Religions, 134.
6. Ward Rutherford, Celtic Mythology: The Nature and Influence of Celtic Myth—from Druidism to Arthurian Legend (New York: Sterling, 1990), 112.
7. Joe McGowan, Echoes of a Savage Land (Cork: Mercier Press, 2001), 347.
8. Seumas MacManus, The Story of the Irish Race (Greenwich, Conn.: Devin-Adair, 1991), 43; the version mentioning Samhain is in the Book of Fermoy, pp. 72–80.
9. William Wilde, “The History of the Rise and Progress of Medicine in Ireland,” London Medical Gazette 6 (1848): 303. In Irish mythology, the Tuatha were an ancient race that occupied Ireland before the Celts, and later became closely associated with the fairies. According to Wilde, “the fairy mythology of Ireland” sprang from the Tuatha and another ancient race. His wife, Lady Wilde, wrote, “It is believed by many people that the cave fairies are a remnant of the ancient Tuatha de Dananns.” See Lady Wilde, Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland, 93, 337. The Wildes were the parents of Oscar Wilde.
10. George Bennett, History of Bandon (Cork, 1869), 419: “a lot of the disaffected in this kingdom banded themselves together—as Fairies, Redboys, Whiteboys, Levellers.”
11. Henry Glassie, All Silver and No Brass: An Irish Christmas Mumming (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), 5–6, 16–17; Rutherford, Celtic Mythology, 140–41.
12. Henry Glassie, Passing the Time in Ballymenone (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982), 116–18.
13. Ibid., 174, 626–27.
14. Bardon, History of Ulster, 13–14; Henry Frederic Reddall, Fact, Fancy, and Fable (Chicago, 1889), 436.
15. Bardon, History of Ulster, 56–57.
16. Kerby A. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 19.
17. Evans, Personality of Ireland, 30–31.
18. Kevin Whelan, “An Underground Gentry,” in Irish Popular Culture, 1650–1850, ed. James S. Donnelly, Jr., and Kerby A. Miller (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1998), 118, 130–32.
19. Terry Eagleton, Heathcliff and the Great Hunger (London: Verso, 1995), 29; R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 (London: Penguin, 1988), 36.
20. Eagleton, Heathcliff and the Great Hunger, 140.
21. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles, 119–22; Glassie, All Silver and No Brass, 157.
22. De la Tocnaye, “Promenade d’un Francais dans l’Irlande,” quoted in Robert Kee, The Most Distressful Country (London: Penguin, 1972), 171.
23. Michael Beames, Peasants and Power: The Whiteboy Movements and Their Control in Pre-famine Ireland (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983), 7.
24. Donald E. Jordan, Jr., Land and Popular Politics in Ireland: County Mayo from the Plantation to the Land War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 54–55.
25. Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland, vol. 2 (London, 1837), 382.
26. Samuel Clark, Social Origins of the Irish Land War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 76.
27. George Hill, Facts from Gweedore, quoted in Evans, Personality of Ireland, 96; see also p. 101 of Evans.
28. Gerard MacAtasney, Leitrim and the Great Hunger (Carrick on Shannon: Carrick on Shannon & District Historical Society, 1997), 95.
29. Conrad Arensberg, The Irish Countryman (London: Macmillan, 1937), 72–75.
30. James O’Neill, “Popular Culture and Peasant Rebellion in Pre-famine Ireland” (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1984), 220–21. O’Neill borrowed the reciprocity/right to subsistence concept from a study of landlord–tenant relations in Southeast Asia, James Scott’s “Exploitation in Rural Class Relations: A Victim’s Perspective,” Comparative Politics 7, no. 4 (1975): 489–532.
31. Sean Connolly, “Elite Responses to Popular Culture, 1660–1850,” in Irish Popular Culture, ed. Donnelly and Miller, 22.
32. Kevin Danaher, The Year in Ireland (Cork: Mercier Press, 1972), 24–27.
33. Ibid., 78, 101–3, 138, 154; Sir William Wilde, Irish Popular Superstitions (New York: Sterling, 1995), 44.
34. E. Estyn Evans, Irish Folks Ways (New York: Devin-Adair, 1957), 277; Glassie, All Silver and No Brass, 114–15; Danaher, Year in Ireland, 211.
35. Glassie, All Silver and No Brass, 115–16.
36. Danaher, Year in Ireland, 242.
37. Ibid., 243–49; Evans, Irish Folk Ways, 279.
38. Alan Gailey, Irish Folk Drama (Cork: Mercier Press, 1969), 9–15.
39. Glassie, All Silver and No Brass, 25, 85.
40. From survey of one hundred mummers scripts, Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra.
41. Gailey, Irish Folk Drama, 68.
42. Ibid., 73–74, 90.
43. McGowan, Echoes of a Savage Land, 317–19.
44. Glassie, All Silver and No Brass, 134.
45. Gailey, Irish Folk Drama, 30.
46. Glassie, All Silver and No Brass, 100.
47. Hugh Brody, Inishkillane: Change and Decline in the West of Ireland (New York: Knopf Doubleday, 1974), 26–27.
48. Glassie, All Silver and No Brass, 127, 110; Glassie, The Stars of Ballymenone (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 25, 27.
49. Bonwick, Irish Druids and Old Irish Religions, 203.
50. Danaher, Year in Ireland, 188; Irish Folklore Department, University College Dublin, Manuscript 1458, p. 6; McGowan, Echoes of a Savage Land, 11–14.
51. Ordnance Survey Memoirs of Ireland, vol. 40: Counties of South Ulster 1834–8 (Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, 1998), 133; Danaher, Year in Ireland, 250.
52. O’Neill, “Popular Culture and Peasant Rebellion in Pre-famine Ireland,” 147.
53. Wilde, Irish Popular Superstitions, 61, 62.
Epigraph. Report from the Select Committee on Outrages (Ireland), Minutes of Evidence (London, 1852), 80.
1. Raymond Murray, The Burning of Wildgoose Lodge (Monaghan: Armagh Diocesan Historical Society, 2005), 1, 171, 176.
2. Ibid., 86; Miller, Emigrants and Exiles, 213; Tom Garvin, The Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1981), 38.
3. “Wildgoose Lodge,” in Tales of Old Ireland, ed. Michael O’Mara (Secaucus, N.J.: Castle, 1994), 40.
4. Seamus Heaney, “Station Island,” in Seamus Heaney: Selected Poems, 1966–1987 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 185.
5. R. Shelton Mackenzie, Bits of Blarney (Chicago, 1884), 167.
6. Richard Lalor Sheil, with R. Shelton Mackenzie, Sketches of the Irish Bar, vol. 2 (New York, 1854), 143.
7. Beames, Peasants and Power, 23–25; Bardon, History of Ulster, 206–8.
8. Beames, Peasants and Power, 26–29.
9. W. S. Trench, Realities of Irish Life (London, 1867), 39.
10. Quoted in John William Knott, “Land, Kinship, and Identity: The Cultural Roots of Agrarian Agitation in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Ireland,” Journal of Peasant Studies 12, no. 1 (1984): 99.
11. Michael Davitt, The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland (London, 1904), 38.
12. Paul E. W. Roberts, “Caravats and Shanavests: Whiteboyism and Faction Fighting in East Munster, 1802–1911,” Irish Peasants: Violence and Political Unrest, 1780–1914, ed. Samuel Clark and James S. Donnelly, Jr. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 82–83; Arthur Young, A Tour of Ireland with General Observation on the Present State of That Kingdom Made in the Years 1776, 1777 and 1778 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1925), 23; James. S. Donnelly, Jr., Captain Rock: The Irish Agrarian Rebellion of 1821–1824 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), 88–89.
13. Beames, Peasants and Power, 50, 54, 66.
14. G. C. Lewis, On Local Disturbances in Ireland, and on the Irish Church Question (London, 1836), 284.
15. Michael Beames, “Rural Conflict in Pre-famine Ireland: Peasant Assassination in Tipperary, 1837–1847,” Past & Present 81 (Nov.): 85, 86.
16. Roberts, “Caravats and Shanavests,” 66, 92.
17. Beames, Peasants and Power, 66–67; Lewis, On Local Disturbances in Ireland, 136; Clark, Social Origins of the Irish Land War, 84.
18. Definition of “boy,” Glassie, All Silver and No Brass, 153; Knott, “Land, Kinship, and Identity,” 99–100; R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 (London: Penguin, 1988), 408.
19. Lewis, On Local Disturbances in Ireland, 239; see also Young, Tour of Ireland, 23.
20. O’Neill, “Popular Culture and Peasant Rebellion in Pre-famine Ireland,” 285.
21. Wilde, Irish Popular Superstitions, 60.
22. Frank Peel, Spen Valley: Past and Present (Heckmondwike, 1893), quoted by Norman Simms in “Nedd Ludd’s Mummers Play,” Folklore 89, no. 2 (1978): 170–71; see also Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial Revolution (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1995), 133.
23. Eric Hobsbawm and George Rude, Captain Swing: A Social History of the English Agricultural Uprising of 1830 (New York, W. W. Norton, 1975), 109, 111, 113.
24. Peter Sahlins, Forest Rites: The War of the Demoiselles in Nineteenth-Century France (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994), 61–96.
25. David Williams, The Rebecca Riots (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1986), 54, 202, 236–37; David J. V. Jones, Rebecca’s Children: A Study of Society, Crime and Protest (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 196–250.
26. Charles Wilkins, The History of the Iron, Steel, Tinplate and Other Trades of Wales (Merthyr Tydfil: Joseph Williams, 1903), 178.
27. Sahlins, Forest Rites, 30, 80; E. P. Thompson, Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture (New York: New Press, 1993), 528–29.
28. Edmund Hayes, Crimes and Punishments; or, An Analytical Digest of the Criminal Laws of Ireland (Dublin, 1837), 149–77. The first of the laws to be specifically labeled a Whiteboy Act was passed in 1776.
29. Beames, Peasants and Power, 33; Thomas P. Power, Land, Politics and Society in Eighteenth-Century Tipperary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 178–79; Jon Banim; The Peep O’Day; or, John Doe (Dublin, 1865), 26; Patrick D. O’Donnell, The Irish Faction Fighters (Dublin: Anvil, 1975), 48.
30. Sessional Papers of the House of Lords, vol. 21: State of Ireland in Respect of Crime, pt. 4 (London, 1839), 1375–79.
31. Wayne G. Broehl, The Molly Maguires (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964), 31–32; Gailey, Irish Folk Drama, 10.
32. Evans, Personality of Ireland, 108.
33. Kevin Whelan, The Tree of Liberty: Radicalism, Catholicism, and the Construction of Irish Identity, 1760–1830 (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1996), 39.
34. Impartial Account of the Late Disturbances in the County of Armagh (Dublin, 1792), quoted in Peep O’Day Boys and Defenders: Selected Documents on the Disturbances in County Armagh, 1784–1796, ed. David W. Miller (Belfast: Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, 1990), 11.
35. James G. Leyburn, The Scots–Irish: A Social History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962), 191; Miller, Emigrants and Exiles, 152, 155.
36. Bardon, History of Ulster, 177.
37. Ibid., 210–12: Maurice R. O’Connell, Irish Politics and Social Conflict in the Age of the American Revolution (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1965), 72–75.
38. Bardon, History of Ulster, 214–16.
39. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles, 169–70.
40. Miller, Peep O’Day Boys and Defenders, 13.
41. Tom Garvin, “Defenders, Ribbonmen, and Others: Underground Political Networks in Pre-famine Ireland,” Past & Present 96 (Aug. 1982): 138, 142.
42. Bardon, History of Ulster, 224–25; Sir Henry McAnally, The Irish Militia, 1793–1816 (Dublin: Clonmore and Reynolds, 1949), 50, 60–61; Thomas Bartlett, “An End to Moral Economy: The Irish Militia Disturbances of 1793,” Past & Present 99 (May 1983): 58; William Edward Hartpole Lecky, A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. 2 (London, 1892), 221.
43. Bartlett, “An End to Moral Economy,” 49–50.
44. Ibid., 52–56; Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, 217, 219.
45. Seamus Heaney, “Requiem for the Croppies,” in Seamus Heaney: Selected Poems, 17.
46. Thomas Pakenham, The Year of Liberty: The Great Irish Rebellion of 1789 (New York: Random House, 1969), 324–26.
47. Wilde, Irish Popular Superstitions, 59–60; Kyla Madden, Forkhill Protestants and Forkhill Catholics, 1787–1858 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2005), 96–97.
48. Garvin, Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics, 37–40; Lewis, On Local Disturbances in Ireland, 128.
49. Joseph Lee, “The Ribbonmen,” in Secret Societies in Ireland, ed. T. Desmond Williams (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1973), 31.
50. Garvin, Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics, 41; Garvin, “Defenders, Ribbonmen, and Others,” 146; Beames, “Rural Conflict in Pre-famine Ireland,” 132.
51. Outrage Papers (hereafter OP) for County Leitrim, 1846, National Archives, Dublin.
52. Garvin, “Defenders, Ribbonmen, and Others,” 148–49.
53. John O’Dea, History of the Ancient Order of Hibernians and Ladies’ Auxiliary, 2:772; Beames, “Rural Conflict in Pre-famine Ireland,” 129; Garvin, Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics, 38; Garvin, “Defenders, Ribbonmen, and Others,” 146.
54. A. M. Sullivan, The New Ireland, vol. 1 (London, 1877), 71. He grudgingly allows that the Ribbon Society also viewed itself as political organization.
55. Bardon, History of Ulster, 303–4.
56. Report of James McParlan to Allen Pinkerton, Oct. 10, 1873, Reading Railroad Collection, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del. For New York City, see Michael A. Gordon, The Orange Riots: Irish Political Violence in New York, 1870 and 1871 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).
57. OP, County Longford, 1839.
58. Garvin, “Defenders, Ribbonmen, and Others,” 149; OP, County Longford, 1839.
Epigraph. Philip H. Bagenal, The American Irish and Their Influence on Irish Politics (London, 1882), 7.
1. Kevin O’Neill, Family and Farm in Pre-famine Ireland: The Parish of Killeshandra (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 38–39; Bardon, History of Ulster, 252, 253.
2. Her Majesty’s Commission of Inquiry into the State of the Law and Practice in Respect to the Occupation of Land in Ireland (hereafter Devon Commission), Minutes of Evidence, vol. 2 (Dublin, 1845), 274–75.
3. Thomas Campbell Foster, Letters on the Condition of the People in Ireland (London, 1846), 31–32; O’Neill, Family and Farm in Pre-famine Ireland, 36.
4. W. Steuart Trench, Realities of Irish Life (London, 1868), 76–77.
5. Irish Peasants, ed. Clark and Donnelly, introduction to sec. 2, “Land and Religion in Ulster,” 149; Foster, Letters on the Condition of the People in Ireland, 130.
6. O’Neill, Family and Farm in Pre-famine Ireland, 23.
7. Ibid., 8, 15.
8. Ibid., 101; Miller, Emigrants and Exiles, 237–38.
9. O’Neill, Family and Farm in Pre-famine Ireland, 24, 41–42, 52, 117; Miller, Emigrants and Exiles, 208, 230–31.
10. Michael Hurst, Maria Edgeworth and the Public Scene (London: Macmillan, 1969), 82.
11. Foster, Letters on the Condition of the People in Ireland, 23.
12. Fergus O’Farrell, “The Ballinamuck ‘Land War,’ 1835–39,” Teathbha: Journal of the Longford Historical Society, Mar. 1983.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.; OP, County Longford, 1835, 1836.
16. K. Theodore Hoppen, Elections, Politics and Society in Ireland, 1832–1885 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1984), 380–90.
17. OP, County Longford, 1836, 1837.
18. O’Farrell, “Ballinamuck ‘Land War,’ ”; OP, County Longford, 1838.
19. OP, County Longford, 1839.
20. O’Farrell, “Ballinamuck ‘Land War,’ ”; OP, County Longford, 1839.
21. OP, County Longford, 1836, 1838; Danaher, Year in Ireland, 154.
22. MacManus, The Story of the Irish Race, 76; Bardon, History of Ulster, 92, 109; Kee, The Most Distressful Country, 58.
23. Peadar Livingstone, The Monaghan Story (Enniskillen: Clogher Historical Society, 1980), 181, 182.
24. Ibid., 185, 186; James Godkin, The Land-War in Ireland (London, 1870), 365.
25. Livingstone, Monaghan Story, 187; Godkin, Land-War in Ireland, 365.
26. Trench, Realities of Irish Life, 284, 285.
27. Bardon, History of Ulster, 245, 246; Foster, Letters on the Condition of the People in Ireland, 304.
28. Livingstone, Monaghan Story, 198, 203; Broehl, Molly Maguires, 46, 47; Godkin, Land-War in Ireland, 365, 366.
29. Garvin, Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics, 38–39; Garvin, “Defenders, Ribbonmen, and Others,” 148–49.
30. Broehl, Molly Maguires, 48–49; Godkin, Land-War in Ireland, 366.
31. Trench, Realities of Irish Life, 58.
32. Ordnance Survey Memoirs of Ireland, vol. 40: Counties of South Ulster, 1834–8 140, 148; author’s survey of the texts of one hundred mummers plays, Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra.
33. Trench, Realities of Irish Life, 58, 76, 77.
34. Broehl, Molly Maguires, 46.
35. Trench, Realities of Irish Life, 59–64, Broehl, Molly Maguires, 54.
36. Broehl, Molly Maguires, 56; Trench, Realities of Irish Life, 67–72.
37. Devon Commission, Minutes of Evidence, vol. 2, 890–938.
38. Godkin, Land-War in Ireland, 359–61; New York Times, Jan. 6, 1869; introduction to the Shirley Papers, Public Records Office of Northern Ireland, Belfast, 2007, 22.
39. Trench, Realities of Irish Life, 65, 66.
40. OP, County Monaghan, 1843.
41. Devon Commission, Minutes of Evidence, vol. 2, 1000.
Epigraph. Allan Pinkerton, The Molly Maguires and the Detectives (New York, 1877), 77.
1. OP, County Cavan, 1845.
2. Extracts Made by Colonel McGregor, from the Police Reports, Stating the Particulars of the Principal Homicides in Ireland, in the Years 1845 and 1846, printed by the House of Commons, Apr. 2, 1846.
3. The Nation, Dec. 28, 1844.
4. National Archives, Dublin. The description of Molly and the attack that followed appear in the 1845 Outrage Papers for County Leitrim; the names of all the victims appear in a Nov. 11, 1846, memorial from the victims seeking government aid to emigrate that is part of the Leitrim Outrage Papers for 1846. The four prosecuted Michael Bradley and Thomas Kiernan, who were sentenced to exile from Ireland, or “transportation” as “members of an illegal conspiracy well known at that time by the name Molly Maguires.” Other details appear in “Abstracts of the Police Reports of Some of the Principal Outrages in the Counties of Tipperary, Limerick, Leitrim and Roscommon in the Year 1845,” British Parliamentary Papers on Ireland 35 (1846): 75.
5. Devon Commission, Digest of Evidence, p. 388, on desperation of Leitrim tenants; pp. 406–7 on ten-to-twelve acres needed to support a farmer; p. 395 on the size of farms in Leitrim and Cavan.
6. Ibid., Digest, pp. 809, 803.
7. O’Neill, Family and Farm in Pre-famine Ireland, 38.
8. Armagh Guardian, Dec. 3, 1844.
9. Danaher, Year in Ireland, 188–89.
10. Armagh Guardian, Dec. 3, 1844.
11. OP, Leitrim, 1845, Return of Outrages, District of Ballinamore.
12. Devon Commission, Extracts of Evidence, 324–29.
13. OP, Leitrim, 1845, Return of Outrages.
14. Ibid., Clements, Feb. 7.
15. Robert Tracy, introduction to Anthony Trollope’s The Macdermots of Ballycloran (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), xvi.
16. Beames, Peasants and Power, 144; Armagh Guardian, Feb. 4, 1845; Extracts Made by Colonel McGregor; OP, Cavan, 1845.
17. Maguire, Bawnboy and Templeport, 63; OP, Leitrim, 1845.
18. Lady Wilde, Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland, 108.
19. “Parliamentary Intelligence,” Times of London, Feb. 24, 1846.
20. OP, County Cavan, 1846; Anglo-Celt, Feb. 1, 1850.
21. Richard McMahon, “The Madness of Party: Sectarian Homicide in Ireland, 1801–1850,” Crime, History and Societies 11, no 1 (2007): 83–112.
22. OP, Cavan, 1845.
23. Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 312.
24. John B. Cunningham, “The Investigation into the Attempted Assassination of Folliot Warren Barton near Pettigo on 31 October, 1845,” Clogher Record 13, no. 3 (1990): 125–28; March 5, 1846, letter from Ribbon Detection Society to Lord Enniskillen, Correspondence of the 3rd Earl of Enniskillen, Enniskillen Papers, Public Records Office of Northern Ireland, Belfast.
25. OP, County Fermanagh, 1846.
26. Cunningham, “Investigation into the Attempted Assassination of Folliot Warren Barton,” 130–31, 145. The threat invoking the McLeod killing was reported in The Anglo-Celt, a Cavan newspaper, on July 24, 1846.
27. OP, Cavan, 1847.
28. OP, Cavan, 1846.
29. Ibid., Leitrim, 1846.
30. OP, Cavan, 1846; Foster, Letters on the Condition of the People in Ireland, 20; OP, Leitrim, 1846.
31. OP, Leitrim, 1845.
32. Knott, “Land, Kinship, and Identity,” 100.
33. OP, Donegal, 1846.
34. Ibid., Leitrim, 1845.
35. O’Dea, History of the Ancient Order of Hibernians and Ladies’ Auxiliary, 2:770–71; Michael Davitt, The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1904), 43.
36. OP, County Armagh, 1846.
37. Paul Bew, Land and the National Question in Ireland, 1858–82 (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1978), 35.
38. Foster, Letters on the Condition of the People in Ireland, 323–24.
39. OP, Leitrim, 1846.
40. Ibid., Armagh, 1846.
41. Ibid., Cavan, 1846.
42. Roscommon and Leitrim Gazette, Aug. 9, 1845, quoted in Beames, Peasants and Power, 92.
43. OP, Leitrim, 1846.
44. Roscommon and Leitrim Gazette, Mar. 8, 1845, quoted in Beames, Peasants and Power, 79.
45. OP, Roscommon, 1846.
46. Foster, Letters on the Condition of the People in Ireland, 20.
47. OP, Cavan, 1846; Leitrim, 1845.
48. OP, Roscommon, 1846; Longford, 1846; Hoppen, Elections, Politics and Society in Ireland, 382.
49. OP, Cavan, 1845.
50. Foster, Letters on the Condition of the People in Ireland, 324; Sept. 12, 1845, statement of account for the Ribbon Detection Society, Correspondence of the 3rd Earl of Enniskillen, Enniskillen Papers, Public Records Office of Northern Ireland, Belfast.
51. OP, Donegal, 1846.
52. Dublin Evening Post, June 3, 1845, quoted in Samuel Clark, Social Origins of the Irish Land War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 65.
53. Beams, Peasants and Power, 193, 78; excommunication report in Desmond Norton, Landlords, Tenants, Famine: The Business of an Irish Land Agency in the 1840s (Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2006), 106.
54. The Nation, Jan. 25, 1845.
55. Ibid., June 7, 1845.
56. OP, Leitrim, 1845.
57. Michael Doheny, The Felon’s Track (Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son, 1920), App. 1, “Thomas D’Arcy M’Gee’s Narrative of 1848,” 174.
58. Stephen J. Campbell, The Great Irish Famine (Strokestown: Famine Museum, 1994), 50.
59. James Robert Scally, The End of Hidden Ireland: Rebellion, Famine and Emigration (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 70, 76.
60. Ibid., 5.
61. Ibid., 31, 72, 102.
62. OP, Roscommon, 1847.
63. Scally, End of Hidden Ireland, 97, 98.
64. OP, Roscommon, 1847.
65. Quoted in MacAtasney, Leitrim and the Great Hunger, 31.
66. Campbell, Great Irish Famine, 47.
67. Scally, End of Hidden Ireland, 60; Campbell, Great Irish Famine, 44.
68. Scally, End of Hidden Ireland, 39.
69. Campbell, Great Irish Famine, 47, 48.
70. On display at the Famine Museum, which is located in Mahon’s former home in Strokestown.
71. The Nation, Nov. 6, 1847.
72. Campbell, Great Irish Famine, 49; Peter Duffy, The Killing of Major Denis Mahon (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 243, 250, 301.
73. Edward O’Reilly, An Irish–English Dictionary (Dublin, 1864), 344.
74. McGowan, Echoes of a Savage Land, 325.
75. OP, Leitrim, 1845; Cavan, 1847.
76. Irish Folklore Commission, University College Dublin, Manuscript 1458, p. 343.
77. Ibid., Manuscript 1089, p. 69.
78. From a survey of one hundred mummers texts, Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra.
79. Gailey, Irish Folk Drama, 49, 61; Alex Helm, The English Mummers’ Play (Woodbridge: Suffolk, D. S. Brewer, 1980), 31, 67, 69, 120; Alex Helm, Eight Mummers’ Plays (Aylesbury: Ginn & Co., 1971), 43–45, 48–50; R. J. E. Tiddy, The Mummers’ Play (Chicheley: Paul P. B. Minet, 1972), 227.
80. Helm, Eight Mummers’ Plays, 29–34; Tiddy, Mummers’ Play, 225; see also the survey of mummers plays available at the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra.
81. O’Dea, History of the Ancient Order of Hibernians and Ladies’ Auxiliary, 2:771–72; Broehl, Molly Maguires, 28; The Molly Maguires: A Thrilling Narrative of the Rise, Progress, and Fall of the Most Noted Band of Cut-Throats of Modern Times, Tamaqua, Pa., pamphlet ca. 1877, author unknown, p. 4.
82. Campbell, Molly Maguire Story, 66; David W. Miller, “Armagh Troubles,” in Irish Peasants, ed. Clark and Donnelly, 165. For the quotation, see Accession No. 1520, Box 979, Reading Rail Road Collection, Molly Maguire Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del.
83. Asenath Nicholson, Annals of the Famine in Ireland (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1998), 118.
84. Beames, Peasants and Power, 100.
85. Broehl, Molly Maguires, 29.
86. Foster, Letters on the Condition of the People in Ireland, 23.
87. OP, County Cavan, 1845.
88. O’Dea, History of the Ancient Order of Hibernians and Ladies’ Auxiliary, 2:771.
89. Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa: White Man’s Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 (New York: Random House, 1991), 677.
90. Quoted in Eagleton, Heathcliff and the Great Hunger, 16.
91. Weekly Freeman’s Journal, Sept. 18, 1847, quoted in The Famine Decade: Contemporary Accounts, 1841–1851, ed. John Killen (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1995), 151; James J. Clancy, The Land League Manual (New York, 1881), 18.
Epigraph. “The Coal Trade of Pennsylvania,” North American Review 42 (1836): 248; Bimba, Molly Maguires, 66.
1. On background of Bannans, see Ella Zerbey Elliott, Blue Book of Schuylkill County (Pottsville, Pa.: Republican, 1916), 160–61; for Gowens, see Marvin W. Schlegel, Ruler of the Reading: The Life of Franklin B. Gowen (Harrisburg, Pa.: Archives Publishing, 1947); for Mohans, see Samuel T. Wiley, Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Schuylkill County (Philadelphia, 1893), 689. Bannan has often been described as coming from Welsh lineage, but Elliot’s account, the earliest on the subject, makes clear that his father was an Ulster Protestant; her description of his grave in an Episcopal cemetery in Douglassville, Pennsylvania, was confirmed by the author.
2. W. W. Munsell and Co., History of Schuylkill County, Pa., with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers (New York, 1881), 121, 131.
3. Elliott, Blue Book of Schuylkill County, 160–61; Wallace, St. Clair, 67; Munsell, History of Schuylkill County, 268, 293.
4. Clifton C. Yearley, Jr., Enterprise and Anthracite: Economics and Democracy in Schuylkill County, 1820–1875 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1961), 66.
5. Advertisements in MJ, July 9, 1842; Mar. 30, 1839; Nov. 23, 1833.
6. Ibid., Mar. 21, 1838; Mar. 27; July 9, 1842.
7. Kevin Kenny, “Nativism, Labor and Slavery: The Political Odyssey of Benjamin Bannan,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Oct. 1994.
8. Schlegel, Ruler of the Reading, 1–5.
9. Ibid., 6–10.
10. Wiley, Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Schuylkill County, 689; U.S. Census, 1850 and 1860, Minersville, Schuylkill County, Pa.; MJ, Mar. 25, 1843; Pottsville Emporium, Feb. 20, 1847, Munsell, History of Schuylkill County, 167; MJ, Mar. 23, 1850.
11. Hugh J. Mohan, E. H. Clough, and John P. Cosgrave, Pen Pictures of Our Representative Men (Sacramento, 1880), 96. I am indebted to Mary V. Dearborn, author of Queen of Bohemia: The Life of Louise Bryant (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996), for sharing this material.
12. Rupp, History of Northampton, 509; U.S. Census, 1850, Coal Township, Northumberland County, Pa.; 1860, Foster Township, Schuylkill County; 1870, Cass Township; Index to the Miscellaneous Documents of the House of Representatives for the First Session of the Forty-Fifth Congress (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1877); Nutting v. Reilly, testimony of Luke Mohan, 688–89.
13. MJ, Sept. 11, 1874; Report of Aug. 30, 1876, Molly Maguire Papers, Society Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Report of Mar. 5, 1880, Reading Collection, Molly Maguire Papers, Knights of Labor Folder, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del.
14. Report of the Committee of the Senate of Pennsylvania, upon the Subject of the Coal Trade (Harrisburg, Pa., 1834), 8–9.
15. Palladino, Another Civil War, 19, 22.
16. Ibid., 37.
17. Wallace, St. Clair, 453.
18. Report of the Committee of the Senate of Pennsylvania, 11.
19. Ibid., 68–69.
20. Ibid., 82.
21. Ibid., 72–73.
22. Palladino, Another Civil War, 46–47.
23. Ibid., 29–31.
24. Ibid., 54.
25. MJ, Mar. 27; July 9, 1842.
26. Rupp, History of Northampton, 499–550.
27. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles, 152–53; Leyburn, Scots–Irish, 171, 228, 232.
Epigraph. O’Dea, History of the Ancient Order of Hibernians and Ladies’ Auxiliary, 2:885.
1. Eli Bowen, The Coal Regions of Pennsylvania (Pottsville, 1848), 67; MJ, Mar. 24, 1832.
2. O’Dea, History of the Ancient Order of Hibernians and Ladies’ Auxiliary, 2:884.
3. Tyler Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 9–10; Maureen Dezell, Irish America: Coming into Clover (New York: Random House, 2002), 54.
4. New York Times, Dec. 26, 1888.
5. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles, 329; Richard N. Rosenfeld, American Aurora: A Democratic–Republican Returns (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1997), 135, 637.
6. O’Dea, History of the Ancient Order of Hibernians and Ladies’ Auxiliary, 2:885–86.
7. M. R. Beames, “The Ribbon Societies: Lower-Class Nationalism in Pre-famine Ireland,” Past & Present 97, no. 1 (1982): 133; Garvin, “Defenders, Ribbonmen, and Others,” 148.
8. A.O.H. Extracts, Selected from Propaganda Literature of John O’Dea, National Secretary, Balch Institute, Philadelphia, 36.
9. “Great Fire in Pottsville,” New York Herald, Sept. 12, 1848; Laws of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, 1852), 648.
10. Beers, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, vol. 2, p. 14.
11. Eliza Zerbey Elliott, Old Schuylkill Tales (Pottsville, 1906), 156.
12. Bowen, Coal Regions of Pennsylvania, 67; MJ, Mar. 25, 1848.
13. O’Dea, History of the Ancient Order of Hibernians and Ladies’ Auxiliary, 2:886.
14. MJ, Mar. 24, 1838.
15. Ibid., Oct. 10; Oct. 17; Oct. 24, 1840.
16. Ibid., Mar. 23, 1840.
17. Ibid., Mar. 20, 1841; Mar. 19, 1842.
18. Emporium, Feb. 20; July 17, 1841; MJ, Mar. 27, 1841.
19. Emporium, July 10, 1841; Feb. 26, 1842; Angela F. Murphy, American Slavery, Irish Freedom: Abolition, Immigrant Citizenship, and the Transatlantic Movement for Irish Repeal (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010), 84–87.
20. The Liberator, May 13, 1842; Emporium, Mar. 12, 1842.
21. The Liberator, May 13, 1842.
22. Reprinted in ibid.
23. Ibid., May 27, 1842.
24. Boston Pilot, reprinted in ibid., Aug. 5, 1842.
25. Freeman’s Journal, June 4, 1842, reprinted in The Liberator, July 15, 1842.
26. Munsell, History of Schuylkill County, 53.
27. Yearley, Enterprise and Anthracite, 168–69.
28. Emporium, July 23, 1842.
29. O’Neill, Family and Farm in Pre-famine Ireland, 47.
30. MJ, July 30, 1842.
31. Emporium, July 16, 1842.
32. MJ, July 23; July 9, 1842.
33. Ibid., July 16, 1842.
34. Ibid., July 30, 1842.
35. Emporium, MJ, both July 23, 1842.
36. MJ, Aug. 6, 1842.
37. Emporium, Dec. 24; Dec. 31, 1842.
38. The Liberator, Aug. 12; Sept. 2, 1842.
39. Ibid., Oct. 7, 1842.
40. Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–65, Alonzo Snow affidavit, Feb. 1 1864, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
41. Joseph Henry Zerbey, History of Pottsville and Schuylkill County, vol. 5 (Pottsville, Pa.: J. H. Zerbey Newspapers, 1934–35), 2078–79.
42. MJ, May 19, 1849.
43. Emporium, Mar. 30, 1848.
44. MJ, Oct. 10, 1840.
45. Emporium, Apr. 1, 1843.
46. Anthracite Gazette, Aug. 31, 1844.
47. MJ, Nov. 16, 1844.
48. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles, 248.
49. Emporium, Aug. 8, 1840; MJ, Apr. 11, 1843; Rupp, History of Northampton, 499–536. On Ribbonmen in Ballycastle, see Edinburgh Review, Jan. 1899, 171; on United Irish activity in Ballycastle, see de La Tocnaye, quoted in Bardon, History of Ulster, 228.
Epigraph. Allan Pinkerton, The Molly Maguires and the Detectives (New York, 1877), 77.
1. Wallace, St. Clair, 315–20.
2. Emporium, Jan. 27; Feb. 3, 1848.
3. Dewees, Molly Maguires, 21.
4. William A. Gudelunas, “The Rise of the Irish Factor in Anthracite Politics, 1850–1880,” Occasional Paper No. 3, Pennsylvania Ethnic Heritage Studies Center, University of Pittsburgh.
5. U.S. Census returns of Cass Township in 1850 and 1860 show a number of children born in Nova Scotia to natives of Ireland; advertisements in MJ, Mar. 27; May 14; July 9, 1842.
6. Grace Palladino, “The Poor Man’s Fight: Draft Resistance and Labor Organization in Schuylkill County, Pa., 1860–1865” (Ph.D. diss., University of Pittsburgh, 1983), 69, 72, 74.
7. Korson, Minstrels of the Mine Patch, 14–15.
8. Anthracite book field notes, Box 13, Dec. 8, 1939, Record Group 23, Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg.
9. Ibid., Box 12, July 27, 1939.
10. Interview with Cass native Kitty O’Connor, Feb. 1995.
11. Field notes for “Folklore and Customs” by John S. Carroll, Box 12, Record Group 13, Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg; MJ, May 5, 1849.
12. Field notes for “Folklore and Customs,” Box 12, Record Group 13, Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg.
13. Thompson, Customs in Common, 493, 521–23; Evans, Personality of Ireland, 286.
14. Korson, Black Rock, 251–52.
15. MJ, June 11, 1864.
16. “Folklore and Customs,” Box 12, Record Group 13, Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg.
17. Phoebe E. Gibbons, “The Miners of Scranton,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, Nov. 1877, 917.
18. “Folklore and Customs,” Box 12, Record Group 13, Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg.
19. Ibid.; Rupp, History of Northampton, 18; Gibbons, “Miners of Scranton,” 916.
20. “The Labor Troubles in the Anthracite Region,” in Miscellaneous Documents Read in the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania During the Session Which Commenced on January 6, 1874, vol. 1 (Harrisburg, 1874), 306.
21. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles, 326.
22. Zerbey, History of Pottsville and Schuylkill County, 409.
23. MJ, Mar. 18, 1848.
24. Emporium, Mar. 18, 1848.
25. Zerbey, History of Pottsville and Schuylkill County, 409.
26. U.S. Census for Cass Township, 1850.
27. MJ, June 29, 1850.
28. Emporium, Mar. 11, 1853; MJ, Mar. 26, 1853; Sept. 26, 1863; the Primrose location of the tavern becomes clear from the testimony of his sons Michael, John, and James and in Nutting vs. Reilly, both in Index to the Miscellaneous Documents of the House of Representatives for the First Session of the Forty-Fifth Congress, 714–16.
29. MJ, Mar. 25, 1854.
30. U.S. Census, Cass Township, 1860; Schuylkill County Coroner’s Index, County Courthouse, Pottsville, Pa.
31. U.S. Cass Township, 1850; Emporium, Mar. 11, 1853; MJ, Oct. 6, 1860; tombstone, St. Vincent’s Old Cemetery; Cass Township tax records in Schuylkill County Archives.
32. Arthur Lewis, Lament for the Molly Maguires (New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1964), 13–14.
33. Emporium, Dec. 21, 1848; Rupp, History of Northampton, 520.
34. MJ, Nov. 11, 1848.
35. William A. Gudelunas, Jr., and William G. Shade, Before the Molly Maguires: The Emergence of the Ethno-Religious Factor in the Politics of the Lower Anthracite Region, 1844–1872 (New York: Arno Press, 1976), 54.
36. MJ, July 2, 1853.
37. Gudelunas and Shade, Before the Molly Maguires, 60; Emporium, June 19, 1847.
38. MJ, Nov. 6, 1852, quoted in Palladino, “Poor Man’s Fight.”
39. Gudelunas and Shade, Before the Molly Maguires, 55.
40. Kenny, “Nativism, Labor and Slavery,” 330–33.
41. On the lack of social mobility among Irish mine workers during this period, see Wallace, St. Clair, 133–40. On social mobility in the Heckscher collieries, see Palladino, Another Civil War, 61.
42. MJ, Oct. 1, 1853; Sept. 29, 1855; Emporium, Nov. 1, 1856.
43. Zerbey, History of Pottsville and Schuylkill County, 409; MJ, Jan. 12; Jan. 19, 1850.
44. MJ, Apr. 23, 1853. Italics are Bannan’s.
45. Emporium, Apr. 13, 1848.
46. MJ, Mar. 24; Mar. 31; Apr. 6, 1855.
47. MJ, Apr. 28; May 5, 1855.
48. Casebook, December session 1853–March session 1857, Charlemagne Tower Papers, Butler Library, Columbia University, New York.
49. MJ, Apr. 21; May 26; June 2, 1855.
50. Ibid., May 12; May 19; June 9, 1855.
51. Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, 18; Kenny, “Nativism, Labor and Slavery,” 345–51.
52. MJ, Sept. 20, 1855, quoted in Kenny, “Nativism, Labor and Slavery,” 351.
53. Kenny, “Nativism, Labor and Slavery,” 351–52; Anbinder devotes all of Chapter 7 in Nativism and Slavery to the divisive effect of the slavery issue on the Know Nothings.
54. MJ, Dec. 29, 1855.
55. Alfred E. Shoemaker, “Fantaticals,” Pennsylvania Folklife 9 (Winter 1957–58): 29; MJ, Jan. 4, 1851; Mar. 3, 1855.
56. Charles E. Welch, Oh! Dem Golden Slippers: The Story of the Philadelphia Mummers (New York: Nelson, 1970), 27.
57. Susan G. Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theatre in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 104, 109.
58. Munsell, History of Schuylkill County, 106.
59. Davis, Parades and Power, 58–64.
60. Ibid., 71, 78, 80–81, 93, 103–4.
61. Ibid., 107.
62. Ibid., 84; Elizabeth Pleck, “The Making of the Domestic Occasion: The History of Thanksgiving in the United States,” Journal of Social Science 32, no. 4 (1999): 773–89.
63. Shoemaker, “Fantasticals.”
64. Joseph J. Holmes, “The Decline of the Pennsylvania Militia,” Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, Apr. 1974, 208, 209.
65. MJ, May 28; June 11, 1853.
66. Davis, Parades and Power, 209.
67. MJ, Jan. 2, 1858.
68. Palladino, Another Civil War, 56.
69. MJ, Jan. 5, 1877; Shoemaker, “Fantasticals,” 30–31.
70. AOH Extracts, Selected from Propaganda Literature of John O’Dea, National Secretary, Balch Institute, Philadelphia, 36.
71. Emporium, Feb. 20; Mar. 20, 1847.
72. Ibid., Aug. 17; Aug. 31, 1848.
73. AOH Extracts, Selected from Propaganda Literature of John O’Dea, National Secretary, Balch Institute, Philadelphia, 36; MJ, Jan. 5, 1850; Mar. 25, 1854.
74. New York Times, Dec. 26, 1888.
75. MJ, Mar. 21, 1857.
76. Ibid., Oct. 3, 1857.
77. Davis, Parades and Power, 151.
78. MJ, Oct. 10. 1857; reprint from the Chicago Journal in the Albany Evening Journal, Oct. 10, 1857.
79. Borda to Tower, Apr. 7, 1857, Charlemagne Tower Papers, Butler Library, Columbia University, New York
80. Quoted in Palladino, Another Civil War, 56–57.
81. MJ, May 22; May 29; June 12; June 19, 1858.
82. Schlegel, Ruler of the Reading, 7–9.
83. Wallace, St. Clair, 68–69.
Epigraph. William Butler Yeats, “The Second Coming,” in Michael Robartes and the Dancer (Churchtown, Dundrum: Chuala Press, 1920), reprinted in Selected Poems and Three Plays of William Butler Yeats, ed. M. L Rosenthal (New York: Collier, 1986), 89.
1. MJ, Apr. 27; July 21, 1861; Arnold Shankman, “Francis W. Hughes and the 1862 Pennsylvania Election,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 95 (1971): 384–85.
2. MJ, Apr. 27; May 25, 1861; Civil War Veterans Card File, Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg.
3. MJ, Mar. 22, 1862.
4. Alonzo Snow affidavit, Feb. 1, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
5. New York Times, Apr. 26, 1863, regarding the strike fund and the organization’s secret society aspect.
6. G. O. Virtue, “The Anthracite Mine Laborers,” Bulletin of the Department of Labor 13 (Nov. 1897): 732; MJ, Jan. 2, 1864.
7. MJ, Feb. 28, 1863.
8. Andrew Roy, A History of the Coal Miners of the United States (Columbus, Ohio: 1907), 72.
9. U.S. Census for Reilly Township, Schuylkill County, 1860, p. 389; Commonwealth vs. Patrick Hester, Peter McHugh & Patrick Tully (Sunbury, Pa.: J. E. Eichholtz, 1877) 440.
10. Heckscher to Tower, Feb. 1, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
11. Philadelphia Inquirer, May 7; May 9, 1862.
12. Ibid., May 8, 1862.
13. MJ, May 10, 1862; Larry B. Maier, Rough and Regular: A History of Philadelphia’s 119th Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, the Gray Reserves (Shippensburg, Pa.: Burd Street Press, 1997), 4.
14. New York Times, Apr. 26, 1863; James W. Latta, History of the First Regiment Infantry, National Guard of Pennsylvania (Gray Reserves) (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1912), 753.
15. Philadelphia Inquirer, May 9, 1862.
16. Hewitt to Tower, Feb. 2, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
17. Record of the Reserve Brigade of the 1st Division of Pa. Militia During Riots of Schuylkill Co., 1862, Record Group 19, Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg.
18. MJ, May 10, 1862.
19. Ibid., May 17, 1862.
20. Ibid., June 21, 1862.
21. Every Evening and Commercial newspaper (Wilmington, Del.), Dec. 19, 1878.
22. MJ, July 3, 1862; June 6, 1863; Sheriff’s Department Records for Commonwealth and Thomas Crowe v. David Kelly, William Kelly, Laurence Flynn, in Schuylkill County Courthouse, Pottsville, Pa.
23. Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Fate of Liberty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 52.
24. Ibid., 56.
25. Ibid.
26. MJ, Jan. 7, 1863.
27. Bannan to Curtin, Sept. 23, 1862, Record Group 19, Office of the Adjutant General, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg.
28. Ibid., White to Curtin, Sept. 24, 1862.
29. Ibid., Myers to Curtin, Sept. 12, 1862.
30. Neely, Fate of Liberty, 57.
31. MJ, Oct. 4; May 10, 1862.
32. Shankman, “Francis W. Hughes and the 1862 Pennsylvania Election,” 390.
33. New York Times, Aug. 31, 1862. The paper said the Schuylkill County trouble was in “North and South Gap Townships,” but no such municipalities existed. It clearly meant the North and South Precincts of Cass Township.
34. MJ, Oct. 11, 1862.
35. Ibid., Oct. 18, 1862.
36. Lewis, Lament for the Molly Maguires, 29.
37. Philadelphia Inquirer, quoted in New York Times, Nov. 2, 1862.
38. Philadelphia Inquirer, Oct. 27, 1862.
39. Philadelphia Inquirer, Oct. 24, 1862.
40. War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 2, p. 468.
41. MJ, Oct. 25, 1862.
42. War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 2, p. 473.
43. Philadelphia Inquirer, Oct. 27, 1862.
44. War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 2, p. 479–80.
45. McClure, Old Time Notes of Pennsylvania, vol. 1, 547–49.
46. Charles Loeser Papers, vol. 33, pp. 42, 43, Historical Society of Schuylkill County, Pottsville, Pa.
47. Davis, Parades and Power, 156.
48. Heckscher to Tower, Feb. 1, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
49. MJ, Oct. 25, 1862; Sept. 26, 1863.
50. Philadelphia Inquirer, Oct. 25; Oct. 27, 1862.
51. John T. Ridge, Erin’s Sons in America: The Ancient Order of Hibernians (New York: Ancient Order of Hibernians 150th Anniversary Committee, 1986), 50.
Epigraph. Pinkerton, The Molly Maguires and the Detectives, 77.
1. MJ, Mar. 14, 1863.
2. Hewitt to Tower, Feb. 2, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
3. MJ, Dec. 20, 1862.
4. Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 26–27.
5. Schlegel, Ruler of the Reading, 9–10.
6. MJ, Jan. 17, 1863. (Copies of the newspaper for 1863 are missing from microfilm records, but are available in a bound volume at the Library of Congress.)
7. MJ, Mar. 14, 1863.
8. Ibid., Feb. 28, 1863.
9. Ibid., Mar. 14, 1863.
10. Accession No. 1520, Box 979, Reading Rail Road Collection, Molly Maguire Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del.
11. Ferry to Schultze, Mar. 18, 1864, Record Group 393, E-4612, Letters Received, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
12. Hewitt to Tower, Feb. 1, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; MJ, Mar. 21, 1863; O’Dea, History of the Ancient Order of Hibernians and Ladies’ Auxiliary, 1:514.
13. “The Coal Trade” column, MJ, Mar. 14, 1863; New York Times, Apr. 26, 1863.
14. “The Coal Trade” column, MJ, Mar. 21, 1863.
15. Heckscher to Tower, Feb. 1, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
16. New York Times, Apr. 26, 1863.
17. Reprinted in MJ, Apr. 4, 1863.
18. MJ, Mar. 23, 1863.
19. New York Times, Apr. 26, 1863.
Epigraph. Couch to Curtin, Aug. 6, 1863, Record Group 393, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
1. Hal Bridges, Iron Millionaire: The Life of Charlemagne Tower (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1952), 71–75; Lucy C. White, “The Youth of Charles Sumner,” The Galaxy, Dec. 1877.
2. Tower to Col. James Fry, May 25, 1863, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
3. Ibid., Tower to Stanton, May 12, 1863.
4. Ibid., Tower to Curtin, June 12, 1863.
5. War of the Rebellion, ser. 3, vol. 3, p. 332.
6. Tower to Bomford, June 16, 1863, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
7. Ibid., Letters Received, Fry to Tower, June 27, 1863.
8. Palladino, Another Civil War, 109–11.
9. Tower to Emanuel Whetstone of Tamaqua, June 13, 1863, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Received, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
10. Ibid., Letters Sent, Tower to Bomford, June 16, 1863.
11. Ibid., June 25, 1863.
12. Ibid., July 7, 1863.
13. MJ, July 11, 1863.
14. Tower to Ernst, July 15, 1863, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Tower to Fry, July 18, 1863.
15. Ibid., Letters Received, Bomford to Tower, July 21.
16. War of the Rebellion, ser. 3, vol. 3, p. 562.
17. Couch to Curtin, Aug. 6, 1863, Record Group 393, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
18. Reprinted in the New York Times, Aug. 16, 1863.
19. Tower to Bomford, July 7, 1863, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Tower to Bomford, Aug. 11, 1863.
20. Ibid., Tower to Bomford, Aug. 14, 1863.
21. Neely, Fate of Liberty, 151, 153.
22. Daily Patriot and Union of Harrisburg, Aug. 24, 1863.
23. Tower to Fry, Aug. 20, 1863, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Tower to Heisler, Aug. 21, 1863; Tower to Bomford, Aug. 24, 1863.
24. Ibid., Tower to Fry, Sept. 26, 1863.
25. Ibid., Sept. 30, 1863.
26. Ibid., Tower to Gilbert, Nov. 7; Nov. 28, 1863
27. Ibid., Tower to Gilbert, Dec. 4, 1863; Tower to Ramsay, Oct. 19, 1863.
28. Ibid., Tower to Fry, Nov. 7, 1863; Tower to Oliphant, Nov. 28, 1863.
29. Philip Francis, “Seventy Years in the Coal Mines,” privately published memoir posted at http://seventyyearsinthecoalmines.org/.
30. Dunne affidavit, Feb. 1, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Epigraph. The Ancient Irish Epic Tale Táin Bó Cúalnge, trans. Joseph Dunn (London: David Nutt, 1914), 199.
1. Testimony of E. H. Rauch, Trial of Peter Dillon, Record Group 153, Records of the Proceedings of the United States Army General Courts-Martial, Cases NN1478, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
2. Palladino, Another Civil War, 99.
3. Testimony of Patrick Shannon, trial of Peter Dillon, Record Group 153, Records of the Proceedings of the United States Army General Courts-Martial, Cases NN1474, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
4. Ibid., testimony of Frederick Berger in trial of Hugh Brislin.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., testimony of Charles Scrimshaw, trial of Peter Dillon.
7. New York Times, Nov. 7, 1863.
8. Testimony of George Heycock, trial of John McCool, Record Group 153, Records of the Proceedings of the United States Army General Courts-Martial, Cases NN1474, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
9. Shankman, “Francis W. Hughes and the 1862 Pennsylvania Election,” 385.
10. Rauch to Yohe, June 10, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
11. Ibid., June 19, 1863.
12. Ibid., July 15; July 22, 1863.
13. Trial of Peter Dillon, Record Group 153, Records of the Proceedings of the United States Army General Courts-Martial, Cases NN1478, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
14. Ibid.
15. Transcript of Commonwealth v. James McDonnell, Apr. 1878, Carbon County Courthouse, Jim Thorpe, Pa.
16. Yohe to Gilbert, Oct. 22, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Received, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
17. Trial of Peter Dillon, Record Group 153, Records of the Proceedings of the United States Army General Courts-Martial, Cases NN1478, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
18. New York Times, Nov. 7, 1863.
19. Scott to Lincoln, Oct. 31, 1863, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
20. Record Group 393, E-4612, Letters Received, Sigel to Schultze, Jan. 25, 1864.
21. Testimony of Allen Craig, Record Group 153, Records of the Proceedings of the United States Army General Courts-Martial, Cases NN1478, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
22. New York Times, Feb. 5, 1864.
23. Trial of Owen Gallagher, Record Group 153, Records of the Proceedings of the United States Army General Courts-Martial, Cases NN1478, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
24. Ibid., Gallagher and Dillon trials.
25. Transcript of Commonwealth v. James McDonnell, Carbon County Courthouse, Jim Thorpe, Pa.
26. Tower to Fry and Tower to Gilbert, Nov. 7, 1863, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
27. James W. Geary, We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991), 109.
28. War of the Rebellion, ser. 3, vol. 3, p. 1006.
29. Ibid., 1008–9.
30. Couch to Townsend, Nov. 13, 1863, Record Group 393, E-4606, Letters Sent, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
31. Rauch to Yohe, Nov. 16, 1863, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
32. Record Group 94, Turner–Baker Papers, Turner 2950, Microfilm M-797, Roll 76, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
33. Ibid.
34. Couch to Townsend, Dec. 22, 1863, Record Group 393, E-4606, Letters Sent, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
35. Ibid., Couch to Sigel, Nov. 14, 1863.
36. Ibid., Couch to Gen. Lilly, Nov. 24, 1863.
37. Ibid., Couch to Maj. Gen. H. W. Halleck, Dec. 10, 1863.
38. Ibid., Letters Received, Albright to Sigel, Dec. 3, 1863.
39. Ibid., Letters Sent, Rauch to Couch, Jan. 22, 1864.
40. Ibid., Letters Received, Ryerson to Couch, Feb. 22, 1864.
41. Record Group 153, Records of the Proceedings of the United States Army General Courts-Martial, Cases NN1478, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Capt. J. C. Hullinger to Maj. John L. Schultze, June 9, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Received, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
45. Ibid., July 9, 1864.
46. Excerpts from Nov. 1, 1864, letter by James McHenry, published in the Columbia Democrat, Dec. 3, 1864.
47. Arnold M. Shankman, The Pennsylvania Antiwar Movement, 1861–1865 (Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1980), 154–55.
48. New York Times, Oct. 9, 1864.
49. Nellie Snyder Yost, Before Today: The History of Holt County, Nebraska (O’Neill, Neb.: Miles Publishing Co., 1976), 410–11.
50. Headquarters, Department of Pennsylvania, to Adjutant General, U.S. Army, Washington, D.C., Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
1. MJ, Jan. 16, 1864.
2. Archbishop Woods’s temporal letter, Jan. 19, 1864, Archives of Philadelphia Archdiocese.
3. Tower to Sigel, Jan. 16, 1864, Record Group 393, E-4612, Letters Received, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
4. Dunne affidavit, Feb. 1, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
5. Ibid., Heckscher to Tower, Feb. 1, 1864.
6. Ibid., Tower to Ramsey, Feb. 6, 1864; Schlegel, Ruler of the Reading, 91.
7. Lt. Col. Carlisle Boyd to Capt. H. F. Beardsley, Mar. 15, 1864, Record Group 393, E-4612, Letters Received, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
8. Ibid., Ferry to Couch, Mar. 27, 1864.
9. Tower to Ramsey, Feb. 6, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Carbon Advocate (Pa.), June 10, 1876, Robert Ramsey obituary; MJ, Feb. 13, 1864.
10. Palladino, Another Civil War, 152.
11. MJ, Feb. 20, 1864.
12. Freeman’s Journal (N.Y.), June 30, 1877.
13. Genealogical and Biographical Annals of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania (Chicago: J. L. Lloyd & Co., 1911), 541; Pottsville Emporium, Mar. 11, 1853.
14. U.S. Census, 1860, Cass Township, Schuylkill County, Pa.
15. Ferry to Couch, Mar. 25, 1864, Record Group 393, E-4612, Letters Received, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
16. Ibid., Boyd to Beardsley, Mar. 15, 1864.
17. MJ, Feb. 20, 1864.
18. Ibid., Jan. 2, 1864.
19. Tower to Boyd, Feb. 23, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
20. Boyd to Beardsley, Mar. 15, Record Group 393, E-4612, Letters Received, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
21. John L. Blackman, Jr., “The Seizure of the Reading Railroad,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 112 (1981): 50–52.
22. MJ, July 16, 1864.
23. Blackman, “Seizure of the Reading Railroad,” 50, 54, 55.
24. Ibid., 54.
25. Leo Ward, “It Was Open, Defiant Rebellion,” Civil War: The Magazine of the Civil War Society, Mar.–Apr. 1991, 61–62.
26. MJ, Aug. 15, 1863.
27. Ibid., Mar. 5, 1864; Ward, “It Was Open, Defiant Rebellion,” 61–62.
28. Boyd to Beardsley, Mar. 15, 1864, Record Group 393, E-4612, Letters Received, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
29. Tower to Ferry, Apr. 11, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
30. MJ, Mar. 12; Mar. 19, 1864.
31. Bowen to Gilbert, May 13, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
32. Bowen to Hullinger, Aug. 18, 1864, Record Group 393, E-4612, Letters Received, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
33. Tower to Gilbert, Mar. 9, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
34. Ibid., Historical Report on Draft in 10th District, Bowen to Fry, May 20, 1865.
35. Ibid., Letters Received, Foley to Fry, Jan. 17, 1865.
36. MJ, June 11, 1864; Tower to Fry, Apr. 7, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
37. MJ, Jan. 21, 1865.
38. See http://www.arlingtoncemetery.com/wwduffield.htm.
39. MJ, Jan. 21, 1865.
40. Broehl, Molly Maguires, 68.
Epigraph. Henry George, “Labor in Pennsylvania II,” North American Review 143, no. 358 (1886): 273.
1. MJ, May 27, 1865.
2. War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 3, p. 743.
3. MJ, Apr. 29; May 6, 1865.
4. New York Times, June 12, 1865; MJ, May 13; May 27, 1865.
5. Davis to Duffield, Apr. 26, 1865, Charles A. Heckscher Company Papers (hereafter Heckscher Papers), Moses Taylor Collection, Manuscript Division, New York Public Library, vol. 716.
6. Ibid.; MJ, May 20, 1865; New York Times, June 12, 1865.
7. Davis to Smith, May 15, 1865, Heckscher Papers, vol. 716.
8. Ibid., Davis to Dunne, May 27, 1865.
9. Ibid., Davis to Duffield, May 31, 1865.
10. War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 3, p. 1220.
11. Civil War Sketchbook and Diary (Huntingdon, Pa.: Huntingdon County Historical Society, 1988), 64–65, 79–80. The book combines the diary of Pvt. Philip Bolinger and the sketches of Sgt. Henry Hudson, both of Company K, 202nd Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers.
12. Davis to Duffield, May 31, 1865, Heckscher Papers, vol. 716.
13. Ibid., Davis to Albright, June 10, 1865.
14. Ibid., vol. 715, Albright to Davis, June 12, 1865.
15. Civil War Sketchbook and Diary, 68; New York Times, June 12, 1865.
16. Lebanon Advertiser, June 14, 1865.
17. Davis to Duffield, Schlegel, May 16, 1865, Heckscher Papers, vol. 716.
18. New York Times, June 12, 1865.
19. MJ, July 22, 1865; Apr. 7, 1866.
20. Ibid., June 10, 1865.
21. Ibid., May 6, 1865; Pinkerton report dated Oct. 15, 1873, in Molly Maguire Collection, Reading Rail Road Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del.; Dunne affidavit, Feb. 1, 1864, Record Group 110, E-3050, Letters Sent, 10th District Pa., 1863–1865, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
22. Civil War Sketchbook and Diary, 68–70; MJ, June 10, 1865.
23. Davis to Duffield, June 22, 1865, Heckscher Papers, vol. 716.
24. Ibid., Davis to Duffield, July 22, 1865.
25. MJ, Aug. 26, 1865.
26. Pinkerton, Molly Maguires and the Detectives, 67.
27. Dunne to Davis, Sept. 18, 1865, Heckscher Papers, vol. 716.
28. MJ, Sept. 2, 1865.
29. Ibid., Sept. 16, 1865.
30. Ibid., Dec. 16; Dec. 30, 1865; Jan. 6; Jan. 13, 1866.
31. Heckscher Papers, vol. 718.
32. Dewees, Molly Maguires, 58.
33. MJ, Jan. 13, 1866.
34. Ibid., Jan. 20, 1866.
35. Ibid., Jan 6, 1866.
36. Ibid., Jan. 13; Jan. 20, 1866.
37. Davis to C. Little, Jan. 24, 1866, Heckscher Papers, vol. 718.
38. MJ, Apr. 7; Apr. 14; Apr. 28, 1866; Molly Maguires, pamphlet, 9.
39. George Bergner, Pennsylvania Legislative Record, 1866 (Harrisburg, Pa.: Printed at “the Telegraph,” 1866), 459–60.
40. J. P. Shalloo, Private Police, with Special Reference to Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1933), 60; George, “Labor in Pennsylvania II,” 273.
41. Wallace, St. Clair, 246–47.
42. MJ, Apr. 7; June 16, 1866; report of Supt. Franklin, Apr. 28, 1875, Molly Maguire Collection, Reading Rail Road Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del.
43. Davis to A. B. Gorgas, Apr. 16, 1866; Davis to Duffield, Apr. 21, 1866, Heckscher Papers, vol. 718.
44. Ibid., Davis to Duffield, Mar. 22, 1866.
45. Ibid., Dec. 26, 1866.
46. Ibid., Davis to Verner, Dec. 27, 1866, vol. 717.
47. Ibid., Oct. 3, 1866; Davis to Duffield, Oct. 26, 1866.
48. Ibid., Davis to John Tucker, Jan. 24, 1867.
49. Commonwealth v. Patrick Hester, Peter McHugh & Patrick Tully, 440–441, 444–45; list of members of the AOH, Molly Maguire Collection, Reading Rail Road Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del.; Report of the Case of the Commonwealth v. John Kehoe, et al. . . . for an Aggravated Assault and Battery with Intent to Kill Wm. M. Major (Pottsville, 1876), 95–96; Nash turns up as a twenty-year-old in the 1860 U.S. Census for Cass Township, and as a thirty-year-old in the 1870 U.S. Census for Butler Township.
50. Commonwealth v. Patrick Hester, Peter McHugh & Patrick Tully, 667.
51. MJ, Mar. 23, 1867.
52. Ibid., Aug. 26, 1865; Mar. 23, 1867; Lewis, Lament for the Molly Maguires, 39.
53. Report from Pinkerton operative W.R.H. dated Jan. 16, 1874, in Molly Maguire Collection, Reading Rail Road Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del.
54. Commonwealth v. Patrick Hester, Peter McHugh & Patrick Tully, 52–53; MJ, Aug. 25, 1866 (list of south Cass incomes); Dec. 20, 1878; Feb. 27, 1874; F. W. Beers and A. B. Cochran, County Atlas of Schuylkill, Pennsylvania (1875; repr., Vernon, Ind.: Windmill Publications, 1999), 126.
55. Pinkerton, Molly Maguires and the Detectives, 161–62.
56. U.S. Census for Butler Township, Schuylkill County, Pa., 1870; MJ, Aug. 25, 1866.
57. MJ, Mar. 30, 1867; Dewees, Molly Maguires, 54.
58. MJ, Mar. 30, 1867; Bergner, Appendix to Pennsylvania Legislative Record, Mar. 23, 1867, 223.
59. MJ, Apr. 13, 1867; Wallace, St. Clair, 330.
60. Bergner, Appendix to Pennsylvania Legislative Record, Mar. 28, 1867, 222–23.
61. Dewees, Molly Maguires, 65–66; Commonwealth v. Patrick Hester, Peter McHugh & Patrick Tully, 4, 53, 103, 502.
62. Broehl, Molly Maguires, 61; MJ, Mar. 29, 1878; Dewees, Molly Maguires, 65–66; U.S. Census for Reilly Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, 1860; Commonwealth v. Patrick Hester, Peter McHugh & Patrick Tully, 216, 438–41.
63. Commonwealth v. Patrick Hester, Peter McHugh & Patrick Tully, 56–62.
Epigraph. “After the Long Strike,” Publications of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County, vol. 4 (Pottsville, Pa., 1914).
1. U.S. Census, Reilly Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, 1870; Broehl, Molly Maguires, 172, 175–78.
2. Pottsville Emporium, Mar. 30, 1848.
3. Commonwealth v. Patrick Hester, Peter McHugh & Patrick Tully, 354–55, 91–96, 628–29.
4. Wallace, St. Clair, 277–78.
5. Harold W. Aurand, “Early Mine Workers Organizations in the Anthracite Region,” Pennsylvania History 58 (Oct. 1991): 301; Charles E. Killeen, “John Siney: The Pioneer in American Industrial Unionism and Industrial Government” (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1942), 106–8.
6. Killeen, “John Siney,” 117–18.
7. Yearley, Enterprise and Anthracite, 181–82.
8. Edward Pinkowski, John Siney: The Miners’ Martyr (Philadelphia: Sunshine Press, 1963), 4–5.
9. Wallace, St. Clair, 291.
10. Killeen, “John Siney,” 237–39; Yearley, Enterprise and Anthracite, 81–82.
11. Killeen, “John Siney,” 111; Wallace, St. Clair, 291; MJ, July 11, 1868.
12. Killeen, “John Siney,” 128.
13. Frank B. Evans, Pennsylvania Politics: 1872–1877: A Study in Political Leadership (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1966), 240.
14. Killeen, “John Siney,” 118–19.
15. Ibid., 157–59; Wallace, St. Clair, 293–95.
16. Terence Vincent Powderly, The Path I Trod (New York: Columbia University Press, 1940), 23–24, 35; Wallace, St. Clair, 300–301.
17. Korson, Black Rock, 356.
18. Zerbey, History of Pottsville and Schuylkill County, 415; U.S. Census for Cass Township, 1860, 1870; MJ, July 9, 1864; Apr. 25, 1861.
19. Zerbey, History of Pottsville and Schuylkill County, 415–17.
20. Report of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Industrial Statistics, 1872–73, quoted in Yearley, Enterprise and Anthracite, 188.
21. For “had not heard anything of the Mollie Maguires for some time,” see report of Operatives S.M. and W.R.H., Oct, 12, 1873; for Mohan’s role as bodymaster of Forestville AOH, see Aug. 30, 1876, report of Benjamin Franklin, Pinkerton superintendent, both in Molly Maguire Collection, Reading Rail Road Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del.; for Mohan’s union activity, see MJ, Sept. 11, 1874.
22. Dewees, Molly Maguires, 45.
23. Ibid., 324–26.
24. Korson, Minstrels of the Mine Patch, 219–20.
25. Korson, Black Rock, 389–90.
26. Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, app. 1, 289–95.
27. The best overviews are Broehl, Molly Maguires; and Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires.
28. Broehl, Molly Maguires, 108–20; Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 137–46. Lawler’s role is mentioned by Pinkowski, John Siney, 81–82.
29. Schlegel, Ruler of the Reading, 33–35.
30. Broehl, Molly Maguires, 122–24; Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 139, 149–50.
31. Broehl, Molly Maguires, 127.
32. Pinkerton, Molly Maguires and the Detectives, 13.
33. Reports of Operatives S.M. and W.R.H., Oct, 13, Oct. 14, Oct. 15, Oct, 16, 1873, Molly Maguire Collection, Reading Rail Road Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del.
34. Miller, Peep O’Day Boys and Defenders, 13.
35. Killen, Famine Decade, 130–31.
36. Accession No. 1520, Box 979, Molly Maguire Collection, Reading Rail Road Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del.
37. Page 100 of the 1870 Census for Chicago, where the detective was living, lists an Irish-born, twenty-six-year-old James McParlan working as a saloonkeeper in the 9th Division.
38. Pinkerton, Molly Maguires and the Detectives, 57, 83.
39. McParlan report, Jan. 21, 1874, Molly Maguire Collection, Reading Rail Road Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del.
40. Ibid., Jan. 17, 1874.
41. MJ, Apr. 17, 1874.
42. Record Group 13, Federal Writers’ Project, Box 12, recorded Nov. 3, 1939, Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg.
43. Pinkerton, Molly Maguires and the Detectives, 235.
44. New York Times, Feb. 10, 1878.
45. Pinkerton, Molly Maguires and the Detectives, 139–40.
46. Ibid., 201, 191, 208, 216; Broehl, Molly Maguires, 175–76; MJ, Dec. 20, 1878.
47. New York Times, Feb. 10, 1878, “Crimes of the Mollies.”
48. Dewees, Molly Maguires, 176.
49. Killeen, “John Siney,” 237; Broehl, Molly Maguires, 183–84, 170.
50. MJ, Apr. 17, 1874.
51. Report of R.J.L., May 30, 1875, Molly Maguire Collection, Reading Rail Road Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del.
52. Ibid., McParlan report, May 10, 1875; A.Mc. report, May 15, 1874.
53. Ibid., McParlan report, Feb. 14, 1875.
54. Pinkerton, Molly Maguires and the Detectives, 257–58; R. R. Parkinson, Pen Portraits (Sacramento, 1877), 96.
55. Andrew Roy, A History of the Coal Miners of the United States (1905; repr., Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1970), 96–97.
56. Francis, “Seventy Years in the Coal Mines,” 35. (Francis was not particularly sympathetic to labor violence by mine workers, which he later confronted himself as a mine boss in Tennessee.)
57. Pinkerton, Molly Maguires and the Detectives, 335.
58. New York Times, June 4, 1875.
59. Record Group 23, Records of the Department of Military and Veterans Affairs, National Guard of Pennsylvania, muster role of 7th Regiment, Company C (Silliman Guards), Nov. 1875, Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg.
60. New York Times, June 4, 1875.
61. Killeen, “John Siney,” 247; Joseph F. Patterson, “Old WBA Days,” Publications of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County 2 (1910): 383.
62. Killeen, “John Siney,” 250–51.
63. Quoted in Broehl, Molly Maguires, 234.
64. Quoted in Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 200–201.
65. Gudelunas, “Rise of the Irish Factor in Anthracite Politics.”
66. Broehl, Molly Maguires, 257.
67. Beers and Cochran, County Atlas of Schuylkill, 42A; Munsell, History of Schuylkill County, 230; U.S. Census for Mahanoy City, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, 1870.
68. T. L. Hess, D&L Agent, to Frank Carter, Land Agent, Jan. 1, 1876, P&RC&I Copy Letters, Mahanoy City, 1875–80, Reading Anthracite Archive, Pottsville, Pa.
69. Munsell, History of Schuylkill County, 231–33.
70. Aug. 30, 1876, Molly Maguire Collection, Reading Rail Road Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del.
71. Korson, Minstrels of the Mine Patch, 267–68. Reading Coal and Iron later rewarded Lawler with work as a miner at its Indian Ridge Colliery, “because it is important that all the men who turned state’s evidence should remain in the region and not be driven away by fear of the Mollies or lack of work,” Henry Pleasants wrote. Letter to E. Gregory, Girardville district superintendent, July 24, 1877, Reading Anthracite Archive, Pottsville, Pa.
72. McCarthy, Great Molly Maguire Hoax, 130.
73. MJ, Jan. 19, 1877.
74. Ibid.; New York Times, Feb. 13, 1877.
75. Commonwealth v. James McDonnell, Apr. 11–13, 1878, Carbon County Courthouse, Jim Thorpe, Pa.
76. June 20; June 27, 1877, Pleasants to George deB Keim, Reading Anthracite Papers, Pottsville, Pa.
77. Page Smith, The Rise of Industrial America: A People’s History of the Post-Reconstruction Era, vol. 6 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984), 175.
78. New York Times, Aug. 3; Aug. 9; Sept. 9, 1877; Report of the Committee Appointed to Investigate the Railroad Riots of July 1877, Pennsylvania General Assembly, Harrisburg, Pa., 30.
79. Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 271; Associated Press report in the Every evening and commercial newspaper, Wilmington, Del., Mar. 25, 1878; New York Times, Mar. 26, 1878; Campbell, Molly Maguire Story, 181.
80. Barclay and Co., The Life and Execution of Jack Kehoe, pamphlet (Philadelphia, 1879), 62–64.
81. MJ, Dec. 20, 1878.
82. Associated Press report in the Every Evening and Commercial newspaper, Jan. 14, 1879; Philadelphia Times, Jan. 15, 1879; New York Times, Jan. 15, 1879.
Epigraph. Yeats, “The Death of Cuchulain,” in Selected Poems and Three Plays, 223
1. “Last of the Molly Maguires,” Time, Dec. 6, 1999; The Irish People, Nov. 14, 1998.
2. Philadelphia Inquirer, Dec. 17, 1980.
3. Ibid.; Philadelphia Daily News, Dec. 17, 1980; Philadelphia Bulletin, Dec. 17, 1980.
4. Philadelphia Inquirer, Oct. 20, 1994; Time, Dec. 6, 1999.
5. Mike Mallowe, “My Life and Times with the IRA,” Philadelphia Magazine, Mar. 1973; Jack Holland, The American Connection: U.S. Guns, Money, and Influence in Northern Ireland (New York: Penguin, 1987), 88. McCullough is the “union organizer in Philadelphia” to whom Holland refers.
6. New York Times, Dec. 12, 1993.
7. The Irish People, Nov. 14, 1998.
8. Barclay and Co., The Life and Execution of Jack Kehoe, 63–64; New York Times, Dec. 12, 1993.
9. Michael Kozura, “We Stood Our Ground: Anthracite Miners and the Expropriation of Corporate Property,” in “We Are All Leaders”: The Alternative Unionism of the 1930s (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 215, 233n41.
10. New York Times, Jan. 26, 1880; Zerbey, History of Pottsville and Schuylkill County, 419.
11. William A. Gudelunas, “The Ethno-Religious Factor Reaches Fruition: The Politics of Hard Coal, 1845–1972,” in Hard Times, Hard Coal: Ethnicity and Labor in the Anthracite Region, ed. David L. Salay (Scranton, Pa.: Anthracite Museum Press, 1984), 175.
12. Miller and Sharpless, Kingdom of Coal, 176, 224, 230–34.
13. New York Evening World, Washington Times, both Aug. 5, 1902.
14. Minneapolis Journal, Sept. 3, 1902.
15. Miller and Sharpless, Kingdom of Coal, 319–20.
16. New York Times, Nov. 20, 1936; Louis Adamic, “The Great ‘Bootleg’ Coal Industry,” The Atlantic, Jan. 9, 1934.
17. New York Times, Dec. 22; Dec. 23, 1936; Apr. 4, 1937.
18. Ibid., Nov. 18; Dec. 20, 1936.
19. Ibid., Sept. 25, 1936.
20. Ibid., Jan. 13, 1935.
21. Ibid., Feb. 27, 1937.
22. United Press International report published in the Evening Standard, Uniontown, Pa., Mar. 26, 1943, cited by David Barker and Tom Loughran in an academic paper, “The Ethics of Bootleg Coal,” 22.
23. Gudelunas, “Ethno-Religious Factor Reaches Fruition,” 171; New York Times, June 10, 2008.
24. G. O. Virtue, “The Anthracite Mine Laborers,” Bulletin of the Department of Labor 13 (Nov. 1897): 731.
25. Rupp, History of Northampton, 509; MJ, Sept. 11, 1874; U.S. Census for Cass Township, 1870; Report of Benj. Franklin, Pinkerton Superintendent, Aug. 30, 1876, Molly Maguire Papers, Society Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Report of Operative T.J., Mar. 5, 1880, Knights of Labor–Pinkerton Folder, Molly Maguire Collection, Reading Rail Road Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del.
26. Broehl, Molly Maguires, 323.
27. Powderly, The Path I Trod, 178, 182.
28. Ridge, Erin’s Sons in America, 52.
29. Shoemaker, “Fantasticals,” 30–31.
30. Shenandoah Herald, July 3, 1895; Dec. 30, 1898.
31. Scranton Tribune, Sept. 4, 1901.
32. Allentown Morning Call, Sept. 3, 2000; Pottsville Republican, Aug. 30, 2000.
33. Republican Herald, Sept. 4, 2011.
34. Davis, Parades and Power, 109, 111.
35. MJ, Sept. 3, 1853.
36. Yost, Before Today, 4–5, 410.
37. J. Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 196.
38. David M. Emmons, The Butte Irish: Class and Ethnicity in an American Mining Town, 1875–1925 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 16–17.
39. Charles A. Siringo, A Cowboy Detective (1912; repr., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1988), 136, 140–49, 185–86.
40. Lukas, Big Trouble, 200.
41. Mary V. Dearborn, Queen of Bohemia: The Life of Louise Bryant (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996), 10–12.
42. Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 38–41.
43. Broehl, Molly Maguires, 31.
44. Accession No. 1520, Box 979, Molly Maguire Collection, Reading Rail Road Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del.
45. Davitt, Fall of Feudalism in Ireland, 43.
46. Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 207–8; New York Times, Oct. 4; Nov. 21; Sept. 29; Dec. 17, 1883.
47. Garvin, Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics, 61–63; Bew, Land and the National Question in Ireland, 41, 45.
48. Ireland, 1798–1998, ed. Alvin Jackson (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 189, 193.
49. Seán Cronin, The McGarrity Papers (New York: Clan na Gael, 1972), 27.
50. Foster, Modern Ireland, 496.
51. Ernie O’Malley, On Another Man’s Wound (1936; repr., Dublin: Anvil Books, 1979), 78–81.
52. Mary Leadbeater, The Leadbeater Papers, vol. 1 (London, 1862), 85; W. H. Patterson, “The Christmas Rhymers of the North of Ireland,” Notes and Queries, 4th ser., vol. 10 (Dec. 21, 1872): 487.
53. Irish Folklore Commission, MS 1458, p. 345, Irish Folklore Department, University College, Dublin.
54. Ibid., MS 1089, p. 206; MS 1090, p. 207.
55. H. Laird, “ ‘Ride Rough-Shod’: Evictions, Sheriff’s Sales and the Antihunting Agitation,” in Subversive Law in Ireland, 1879–1920: From “Unwritten Law” to the Dáil Courts (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005), 91–95.
56. Glassie, All Silver and No Brass, 34–35, Glassie, Stars of Ballymenone, 55, 62–63.
57. Glassie, All Silver and No Brass, 130.
58. James Joyce, Ulysses, Gabler ed. (New York: Vintage, 1986), 488–89.
59. Ibid., 5, 164, 177, 178.
60. Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, “Irish Folk Drama,” Musical Traditions, Dec. 16, 1998.
61. Pottsville Republican, Dec. 5, 1994.
62. New York Times, July 4, 1998.
63. Korson, Minstrels of the Mine Patch, 252.