Part VNineteenth Century to Present Day: The Industrial and Modern World

Contents

36 Introduction 173

36.​1 Nineteenth–Twenty-First Century 173

37 Fechner, Gustav Theodor 1801–1887 185

37.​1 Fechner’s Law 186

References 187

38 Grassmann, Hermann Günther 1809–1877 189

38.​1 Grassmann’s Laws 190

References 191

39 Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig von 1821–1894 193

39.​1 Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision 194

References 195

40 Maxwell, James Clerk 1831–1879 197

40.​1 Composition of Colors 199

References 200

41 Rood, Ogden Nicholas 1831–1902 201

41.​1 Modern Chromatics and other Contributions 202

References 204

42 Lovibond, Joseph Williams 1833–1918 205

42.​1 Lovibond Tintometer 206

References 208

43 Hering, Karl Ewald Konstantin 1834–1918 209

43.​1 Opponent-Color Vision Theory 210

References 211

44 von Bezold, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm 1837–1917 213

44.​1 Bezold-Brücke Effect 214

References 215

45 Mach, Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel 1838–1916 217

45.​1 Mach Band Effect 219

References 221

46 Abney, William de Wiveleslie 1843–1920 223

46.​1 Abney Effect 224

References 226

47 Lippmann, Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel 1845–1921 227

47.​1 Lippmann Process of Full Color Photography 228

References 228

48 Ladd-Franklin, Christine 1847–1930 229

48.​1 Ladd Franklin’s Color Vision Theory 230

References 231

49 von Kries, Johannes Adolf 1853–1928 233

49.​1 Chromatic Adaptation 234

References 235

50 Ostwald, Wilhelm 1853–1932 237

50.​1 Ostwald’s Color Order System 238

References 239

51 König, Arthur Peter 1856–1901 241

51.​1 Cone Spectral Sensitivity Functions 241

References 243

52 Ives, Frederic Eugene 1856–1937 245

52.​1 Trichromatic Camera and Printing 246

References 248

53 Munsell, Albert Henry 1858–1918 249

53.​1 Munsell Color Order System 250

References 251

54 Luther, Thomas Diedrich Robert 1868–1945 253

54.​1 Color and Spectrum 254

References 256

55 Macbeth, Norman 1873–1936 257

55.​1 Simulated Illuminants 258

References 259

56 Luckiesh, Matthew 1883–1967 261

56.​1 MAZDA Lamps 262

References 264

57 Katz, David 1884–1953 265

57.​1 Katz and Phenomenology of Color Vision 266

References 267

58 Kohlrausch, Rudolf Hermann Arndt 1884–1969 269

58.​1 Helmholtz-Kohlrausch Effect 270

References 271

59 Priest, Irwin G. 1886–1932 273

59.​1 Priest-Lange Reflectometer 274

References 275

60 Schrödinger, Erwin 1887–1961 277

60.​1 Color Theory 278

References and Further Reading 279

61 Itten, Johannes 1888–1967 281

61.​1 Color Star, Color Circle, and Color Sphere 282

References 284

62 Adams, Elliot Quincy 1888–1971 285

62.​1 ANLAB Model 286

References 287

63 Albers, Josef 1888–1976 289

63.​1 Interaction of Color 290

References 292

64 Guild, John 1889–1979 293

64.​1 Color Matching Functions 294

References 295

65 Godlove, Isaac Hahn 1892–1954 297

65.​1 Munsell Neutral Value Scale 298

References 299

66 Hardy, Arthur Cobb 1895–1977 301

66.​1 Hardy Recording Spectrophotomete​r 302

References 303

67 Helson, Harry 1898–1977 305

67.​1 The Adaptation-Level Theory and Helson–Judd Effect 306

References 307

68 Kubelka, Paul 1900–1956 309

68.​1 Kubelka–Munk Theory 309

References 311

69 Judd, Deane B. 1900–1972 313

69.​1 Colorimetric System and Color Difference 314

References 315

70 Nickerson, Dorothy 1900–1985 317

70.​1 Color Quality Control of Agricultural Products 318

References 319

71 Birren, Faber B. 1900–1988 321

71.​1 OSHA Colors 322

References 324

72 Rushton, William A.H 1901–1980 325

72.​1 Nervous Excitation and Principle of Univariance 326

References 327

73 Stiles, Walter Stanley 1901–1985 329

73.​1 Stiles-Burch Observer 330

References 331

74 Richter, Manfred 1905–1990 333

74.​1 Din6164 334

References 336

75 Stevens, Stanley Smith 1906–1973 337

75.​1 Stevens Effect 338

References 339

76 Crawford, Brian Hewson 1906–1991 341

76.​1 Crawford-Stiles Effect and Other Contributions 342

References 343

77 Wright, W. David 1906–1997 345

77.​1 Color Matching Functions 346

References 347

78 Evans, Ralph Merrill 1908–1974 349

78.1 The G₀ Function 350

References 351

79 Hunter, Richard Sewall 1909–1991 353

79.​1 Laboratory Color Scales 354

References 355

80 Land, Edwin Herbert 1909–1991 357

80.​1 Retinex Color Vision Model 358

References 360

81 MacAdam, David L. 1910–1998 361

81.​1 MacAdam Ellipses 362

References 363

82 Hurvich, Leo Maurice 1910–2009 365

82.​1 Experiments on Opponent-Color Vision Theory 366

References 367

83 Hemmendinger, Henry 1915–2003 369

83.​1 Colorant Mixture Computer (COMIC) 370

References 372

84 Allen, Eugene M. 1916–2005 373

84.​1 Digital Colorant Formulation 374

References 375

85 Saltzman, Max 1917–2001 377

85.​1 Color Education 378

References and Major Publications 379

86 Davidson, Hugh R. 1918–2010 381

86.​1 Computer Color Matching 382

References 383

87 Billmeyer, Fred Wallace, Jr., 1919–2002 385

87.​1 Principles of Color Technology 386

References and Further Reading 387

88 Jameson, Dorothea 1920–1998 389

88.​1 Hue Cancellation Experiments 390

References 391

89 Cohen, Jozef B. 1921–1995 393

89.​1 Principle Component Analysis of Reflectance Functions 394

References 395

90 Indow, Tarow 1923–2004 397

90.​1 Global Structures of the Visual Space 398

References 399

91 Boynton, Robert M. 1924–2006 401

91.​1 Boynton MacLeod Physiological Color Space 402

References 403

92 McCamy, Calvin S. 1924–2017 405

92.​1 Macbeth Color Checker Color Rendition Chart 406

References 407

93 Wyszecki, Gunter 1925–1985 409

93.​1 Metameric Black 410

References 411

94 De Valois, Russell L. 1926–2003 413

94.​1 A Multi-stage Color Vision Model 414

References 415

95 Hubel, David Hunter 1926–2013 417

95.​1 Neurobiology of the Mammalian Visual System 418

References 419

96 Bartleson, C. James 1929–1987 421

96.​1 Bartleson-Breneman Effect 422

References 423

97 Nayatani, Yoshinobu 1927–2009 425

97.​1 Color Appearance 426

References 427

98 Stanziola, Ralph A. 1931–2007 429

98.​1 Color Rule 430

References 431