10: MILITARIZED MASCULINITY

  1. GI Korea, “The Off Limits Game,” ROK Drop, February 3, 2007, http://rokdrop.net/2007/02/03/the-off-limits-game/#sthash.OovTDj11.dpuf.

  2. GI Korea, “It’s the Ville Stupid!” ROK Drop, February 7, 2007, http://rokdrop.net/2007/02/07/its-the-ville-stupid.

  3. K. Moon, Sex Among Allies, 37.

  4. Cynthia Enloe, “Beyond ‘Rambo’: Women and the Varieties of Militarized Masculinity,” Women and the Military System, edited by Eva Isaakson (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988), 71–93.

  5. GI Korea, “What Is Really Happening in Regards to GI Crime,” ROKDrop, July 17, 2005, http://rokdrop.net/2005/07/17/what-is-really-happening/#sthash.OH32cBga.dpuf.

  6. As the Korean anthropologist Joowon Park explained to me, there is a direct connection between the militarized masculinity bred in the camptowns and the frequent bar fights in popular Seoul nightspots between GIs and local Korean men stemming from feelings of the “racial superiority of the American.”

  7. Anu Bhagwati, quoted in David Crary, “Military’s Sex Assault Problem Has Deep Roots,” Military.com, June 3, 2013, http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/06/03/militarys-sex-assault-problem-has-deep-roots.html.

  8. The name is a pseudonym used in the film Living Along the Fenceline, Lina Hoshino, Women for Genuine Security, 2011. Thanks go to Women for Genuine Security, Gwyn Kirk, Deborah Lee, and Lina Hoshina for their help with this section.

  9. Okinawa Women Act Against Military Violence, “Postwar U.S. Military Crimes Against Women in Okinawa,” report, October 1, 2011; Mercier, “Way off Base”; Okinawa Prefectural Government, “US Military Base Issues in Okinawa,” Regional Security Policy Division, September 2011, 4; Okinawa Prefectural Government, “US Military Base Issues in Okinawa,” Military Base Affairs Division, n.d. [2011], 15; Kozue Akibayashi and Suzuyo Takazato, “Okinawa: Women’s Struggle for Demilitarization,” in Lutz, Bases of Empire, 252, 260.

10. Linda Isakao Angst, “The Rape of a Schoolgirl: Discourses of Power and Gendered National Identity in Okinawa,” in Islands of Discontent: Okinawan Responses to Japanese and American Power, edited by Laura Heig and Mark Selden (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003), 135–37; A. Baker, American Soldiers Overseas, 136–37.

11. Irvin Molotsky, “Admiral Has to Quit over His Comments on Okinawa Rape,” New York Times, November 18, 1995.

12. David Allen, “Former Marine Who Sparked Okinawa Furor Is Dead in Suspected Murder-Suicide,” Stars and Stripes, August 25, 2006, http://www.stripes.com/news/former-marine-who-sparked-okinawa-furor-is-dead-in-suspected-murder-suicide-1.53269.

13. Martin Kasindorf and Steven Komarow, “USO Cheers Troops, But Iraq Gigs Tough to Book,” USAToday, December 22, 2005.

14. H. Patricia Hynes, “The Battlefield and the Barracks: Two War Fronts for Women Soldiers,” Truthout, five-part series, January 11–February 15, 2012, http://www.truth-out.org/women-battlefield-and-barracks-five-part-series-two-war-fronts-women-soldiers/1326230543.

15. H. Patricia Hynes, “Reforming a Recalcitrant Military,” Truthout, February 15, 2012, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/6713:reforming-a-recalcitrant-military.

16. H. Patricia Hynes, “Military Sexual Abuse: A Greater Menace than Combat,” Truthout, January 26, 2012, http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/6299.

17. Hynes, “Battlefield and the Barracks.”

18. Hynes, “Military Sexual Abuse”; H. Patricia Hynes, “Picking Up the Pieces from Military Sexual Assault,” Truthout, February 8, 2012, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/6515-picking-up-the-pieces-from-military-sexual-assault.

19. Hynes, “Battlefield and the Barracks.”

20. Department of Defense, “Department of Defense (DOD) Annual Report on Sexual Assault in the Military, Fiscal Year 2012,” report, Washington, DC, January 18, 2013, II: 142.

21. Hynes, “Military Sexual Abuse.”

22. U.S. Department of Defense, “Report to the President of the United States on Sexual Assault Prevention and Response 2014,” report, Washington, DC, November 25, 2014, Appendix A, 12, 5.

23. SAPRO report 2013, Enclosures 2–4. The percentages overseas ranged from 22 percent in the Marines to 36 percent in the Army, with the Air Force and Navy reporting 26 and 27 percent respectively. The percentages should be treated as approximations, given inconsistencies and omissions in the data provided by the services.

24. See also Gillem, America Town, 49.

25. Service Women’s Action Network, “Rape, Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment in the Military: Quick Facts,” July 2012; “Briefing Paper: Department of Defense (DOD) Annual Report on Sexual Assault in the Military, Fiscal Year (FY) 2011,” brief, n.d.[2012].

26. Hynes, “Military Sexual Abuse”; Hynes, “Picking Up the Pieces”; James Risen, “Hagel to Open Review of Sexual Assault Case,” New York Times, March 11, 2013; Brittany L. Stalsburg, “Military Sexual Trauma: The Facts,” fact sheet, Service Women’s Action Network, New York, n.d. [2010].

27. Anna Mulrine, “After Sex Scandal, Air Force Mulls Using Only Women to Train Female Recruits,” Christian Science Monitor, June 28, 2012, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2012/0628/After-sex-scandal-Air-Force-mulls-using-only-women-to-train-female-recruits.

28. H. Patricia Hynes, “The Military and the Church: Bedfellows in Sexual Assault,” Truthout, February 1, 2012, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/6420-the-military-and-the-church-bedfellows-in-sexual-assault2012.

29. Hayes Brown, “More Men than Women Were Victims of Sexual Assault in Military, Report Finds,” Think Progress, May 1, 2014, http://thinkprogress.org/world/2014/05/01/3433055/dod-men-mst/.

30. Aaron Belkin, Bring Me Men: Military Masculinity and the Benign Facade of American Empire, 1898–2001 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 79.

31. Ibid., 79–80.

32. Ibid., 83–86.

33. Dahr Jamail, “Rape Rampant in US Military,” Veterans Today, December 23, 2010, http://www.veteranstoday.com/2010/12/23/rape-rampant-in-us-military-drill-instructors-indoctrinate-new-recruits-into-it-at-the-outset-by-routinely-referring-to-women-as-%E2%80%9Cgirl%E2%80%9D-%E2%80%9Cpussy%E2%80%9D-%E2%80%9Cbitch/.

34. Hynes, “Reforming a Recalcitrant Military.”

35. Penny Coleman, “Does Military Service Turn Young Men into Sexual Predators?” AlterNet, October 21, 2009, http://www.alternet.org/story/142942/does_military_service_turn_young_men_into_sexual_predators?paging=off&current_page=1#bookmark.

36. H. Patricia Hynes, “Why Do Soldiers Rape?” Truthout, January 18, 2012, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/6041:why-do-soldiers-rape.

37. A. Baker, Life in the U.S. Armed Forces, 134.

38. Hynes, “Why Do Soldiers Rape?”

39. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, “Substance Use Disorders in the U.S. Armed Forces,” report brief, September 2012, 2, 1.