2: FROM LITTLE AMERICAS TO LILY PADS

  1. GlobalSecurity.org, “Ramstein Air Base,” n.d., accessed December 11, 2014, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/ramstein.htm.

  2. 86th Air Wing Public Affairs Office, fiscal year 2011 data.

  3. Elsa Rassbach, “Protesting U.S. Military Bases in Germany,” Peace Review 22, no. 2 (2010): 123.

  4. Gregory D. Kutz, Bruce A. Causseaux, and Terrell G. Dorn, “Military Construction: Kaiserslautern Military Community Center Project Continues to Experience Problems,” Testimony Before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives (GAO-08-923T), Washington, DC, Government Accountability Office, June 25, 2008; Mark Abramson, “Oft-delayed KMCC Set to Open Early 2009,” Stars and Stripes, November 3, 2008. www.ramstein.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=15548.

  5. Army and Air Force Exchange Service, “Annual Report 2009,” Dallas, TX, 2010, 4.

  6. John Spanier, quoted in Daniel J. Nelson, A History of U.S. Military Forces in Germany (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987), 186–87.

  7. John Willoughby, Remaking the Conquering Heroes: The Postwar American Occupation of Germany (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001), 25–28.

  8. Maria Höhn, “‘You Can’t Pin Sergeant’s Stripes on an Archangel’: Soldiering, Sexuality, and U.S. Army Policies in Germany,” in Höhn and Moon, eds., Over There, 118.

  9. Höhn, “You Can’t Pin,” 118.

10. Quoted in Willoughby, Conquering Heroes, 138–39.

11. Willoughby, Conquering Heroes, 138–39, 46–49, 137, 140–41.

12. Anni Baker, Life in the U.S. Armed Forces: (Not) Just Another Job (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2008), 118–19; A. Baker, American Soldiers Overseas, 15.

13. Quoted in Willoughby, Conquering Heroes, 118.

14. Willoughby, Conquering Heroes, 118–21.

15. Nelson, Forces in Germany, 40–45, 81; Tim Kane, “U.S. Troop Deployment Dataset,” Excel file, Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC, March 1, 2006.

16. A. Baker, American Soldiers Overseas, 53–54.

17. Donna Alvah, “U.S. Military Families Abroad in the Post-Cold War Era and the ‘New Global Posture,’” in Höhn and Moon, eds., Over There, 151.

18. Maria H. Höhn, GIs and Fräuleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 6, 31, 52.

19. A. Baker, American Soldiers Overseas, 54.

20. Höhn, GIs and Fräuleins, 4.

21. Willoughby, Conquering Heroes, 150; Nelson, Forces in Germany, 55–56. The presence of families and the comforts of Little Americas normalized the peacetime deployment of U.S. troops abroad and the long-term occupation of sovereign countries in Western Europe and Japan for Americans and people in the occupied countries alike.

22. Willoughby, Conquering Heroes, 150.

23. Ibid.

24. Department of Defense, “Strengthening U.S. Global Defense Posture, Report to Congress,” Washington, DC, September 17, 2004, 5.

25. Keith B. Cunningham and Andreas Klemmer, “Restructuring the US Military Bases in Germany: Scope, Impacts, and Opportunities,” Bonn International Center for Conversion, report 4, Bonn, Germany, June 1995, 13, 20. There is a discrepancy in this report, which cites more than 92,000 acres (37,260 hectares) returned by the United States in total and more than 100,000 (40,500 hectares) returned by the U.S. Army alone.

26. George W. Bush, “Statement on the Ongoing Review of the Overseas Force Posture,” November 25, 2003, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=64105.

27. Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), 160, xv–xvi.

28. Lawrence L. Knutson, “U.S. Troop Presence in Honduras Called Temporary but Indefinite,” Associated Press, April 6, 1987.

29. John Lindsay-Poland, “Honduras and the U.S. Military,” report, Nyack, NY, Fellowship of Reconciliation, September 2011, 2; General Accounting Office, “Honduras: Continuing U.S. Military Presence at Soto Cano Base Is Not Critical” (GAO/NSIAD-95-39), Washington, DC, February 1995, 10.

30. General Accounting Office, “Honduras,” 2.

31. General Accounting Office, “Honduras: U.S. Military Presence at Soto Cano Air Base” (GAO/NSIAD-89-107BR), Washington, DC, March 1989, 1.

32. Lindsay-Poland, “Honduras and the U.S. Military”; A. Louis Arana-Barradas and Megan Schafer, “Changes Make Soto Cano More Permanent,” Airman, July 2005, 42.

33. Lindsay-Poland, “Honduras and the U.S. Military.”

34. Captain David McCain, email to author, August 24, 2011.

35. Gillem, America Town, 272; Alexander Cooley, Base Politics: Democratic Change and the U.S. Military Overseas (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008), 236; John T. Bennett, “U.S. Military Envisions More Bases Like Djibouti Facility,” DOTMIL blog, January 30, 2012, http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/dotmil/2012/01/30/us-military-envisions-more-bases-like-djibouti-facility.

36. Thomas Donnolly and Vance Serchuk, “Toward a Global Cavalry: Overseas Rebasing and Defense Transformation,” report, Washington, DC, American Enterprise Institute, July 1, 2003, available at http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/toward-a-global-cavalry/.

37. Office of the Undersecretary of Defense (Policy), “Global Defense Posture and International Agreements Overview,” slide presentation, Department of Defense, April 27, 2009, 6, 9–10.

38. Chris Woods, “Drone Strikes in Pakistan: CIA Drones Quit One Pakistan Site—But US Keeps Access to Other Airbases,” Bureau of Investigative Journalism, December 15, 2011, http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/12/15/cia-drones-quit-pakistan-site-but-us-keeps-access-to-other-airbases/.

39. Robert D. Kaplan, Hog Pilots, Blue Water Grunts: The American Military in the Air, at Sea, and on the Ground (New York: Vintage Departures, 2007), 79–80.

40. Eric G. John, cable to U.S. Secretary of Defense, Bangkok, Thailand, May 23, 2008, http://wikileaks.org/cable/2008/05/08BANGKOK1611.html; Kaplan, Hog Pilots, 79–82.

41. Craig Whitlock, “U.S. Seeks Return to SE Asian Bases,” Washington Post, June 22, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-seeks-return-to-se-asian-bases/2012/06/22/gJQAKP83vV_story.html.

42. Robert D. Kaplan, “What Rumsfeld Got Right: How Donald Rumsfeld Remade the U.S. Military for a More Uncertain World,” Atlantic, July 1, 2008, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/07/what-rumsfeld-got-right/306870/.

43. Robert D. Kaplan, Imperial Grunts: On the Ground with the American Military (New York: Vintage Departures, 2005),151, 131–84. See also e.g. Carlo Muñoz, “The Philippines Re-opens Military Bases to US Forces,” June 6, 2012, http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/operations/231257-philippines-re-opens-military-bases-to-us-forces-.

44. Kaplan, “What Rumsfeld Got Right.”