Court Affidavits: A series of fourteen Wellington-related affidavits collected by Great Northern lawyers (Wenatchee Valley Museum, Wenatchee, WA).
Court Documents: Documents and motions from Hensel vs. Great Northern Railway and James H. O’Neill, 1910 (Superior Court, Spokane County, WA).
Court Documents: Microfilm of documents and motions from Topping vs. Great Northern Railway (Superior Court, King County, Seattle, WA).
Court Records: The Supreme Court appeal of Topping vs. Great Northern Railway (Washington State Supreme Court, Olympia, WA). The text of the court’s verdict and the justices’ opinions were reprinted in Washington Reports, vol. 81.
Coroner’s Inquest Transcript: “In the matter of the inquiry into the cause of the death of John Brockman and eighty-seven, or more, others, Deceased: Testimony taken before King County Coroner J. C. Snyder, commencing March 18, 1910” (Puget Sound Regional Branch of the Washington State Archives, Bellevue, WA).
Superior Court Transcript: “Statement of Facts: Topping vs. Great Northern Railway” (Superior Court of the State of Washington, in and for King County: Case No. 11,949) (Robert Kelly Collection, Renton, WA).
Corporate Archives: Great Northern Railway Corporate Records (Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, MN).
Corporate Document: Excerpts from the Great Northern’s Cascade Division Operations Diary (Robert Kelly Collection).
Legal Department Document: “Movement of Trains and Rotaries on the Hill from February 22d on to Slide” (Robert Kelly Collection).
Legal Department Files: An incomplete copy of the Great Northern Legal Department’s Wellington file (George Fischer Collection, Museum of History and Industry, Seattle, WA).
Telegrams: A collection of Wellington-related Great Northern Railway telegrams (Robert Kelly Collection).
Covington, Sarah Jane: Correspondence and diary (Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma, WA, and Covington/Brokaw family collection).
Hensel, A. B.: Memoirs, articles, and interview notes (Dolores Hensel Yates family collection).
Hill, James J.: Correspondence (James J. Hill Reference Library, St. Paul, MN).
Hult, Ruby El: Interview notes and correspondence (Ruby El Hult Papers, Washington State University Manuscripts, Archives and Special Collections, Pullman, WA).
Jesseph, Lewis C: “We Escaped the Wellington Disaster,” printed in Confluence, vol. 5, no. 1 (North Central Washington Museum, Wenatchee, WA, 1988).
O’Neill, James H., and Berenice O’Neill: Correspondence and scrapbooks (Jeanne Patricia May family collection).
Sherlock, Basil J.: “The Wellington Disaster—March 1, 1910: Reminiscences of Basil J. Sherlock” (unpublished ms., Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma, WA).
Topping, Edward W.: Letter to his mother (William Topping family collection).
Contemporaneous articles from the Seattle Times, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Seattle Star, Seattle Union Record, Seattle Argus, Everett Daily Herald, Wenatchee Daily World, Spokane Inland Herald, Spokane Spokesman-Review, Spokane Evening Chronicle, Leavenworth Echo, Tacoma Daily Ledger, St. Paul Pioneer Press, Chicago Tribune, and New York Times.
Abdill, George B. This Was Railroading. New York: Bonanza Books, 1958.
Ambrose, Stephen E. Nothing Like It in the World. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.
The American Railway: Its Construction, Development, Management, and Appliances. New York: Scribner’s, 1889.
Anderson, Eva. Rails Across the Cascades. Wenatchee: World Publishing, 1952.
Anderson, Judith Icke. William Howard Taft: An Intimate History. New York: Norton, 1981.
Anonymous. “The Lost Communities of Stevens Pass.” Seattle Genealogical Society Bulletin (Spring 1999).
Armbruster, Kurt E. Orphan Road: The Railroad Comes to Seattle, 1853–1911. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999.
Armstrong, Betsy, and Knox Williams. The Avalanche Book. Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 1986.
Armstrong, John. The Railroad—What It Is, What It Does: The Introduction to Railroading. Omaha: Simmons-Boardman, 1978.
Baker, Ray Stannard. American Chronicle: The Autobiography of Ray Stannard Baker. New York: Scribner’s, 1945.
———. “The Great Northwest.” Century Magazine, vol. 65, no. 5 (March 1903).
Beals, Edward A. “Avalanches in the Cascades and Northern Rocky Mountains During Winter of 1909–10.” Monthly Weather Review (June 1910).
Becky, Fred. Cascade Alpine Guide: Climbing and High Routes—Columbia River to Stevens Pass. Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1973.
Belasco, Warren James. Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910–1945. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1979.
Beniger, James. The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986.
Blaise, Clark. Time Lord: Sir Sandford Fleming and the Creation of Standard Time. New York: Pantheon, 2000.
Brown, Arthur J. “The Promotion of Emigration to Washington, 1854–1909.” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 36 (1945): pp. 3–17.
Brown, Dee. Hear That Lonesome Whistle Blow. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1977.
Bryce, James. The American Commonwealth. Edited by Louis M. Hacker. 2 volumes. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1959 edition.
Burwash, Martin. Cascade Division: A Pictorial Essay of the Burlington Northern and Milwaukee Road in the Washington Cascades. Arvada, CO: Fox Publications, 1995.
———. The Great Adventure: The Railroad Legacy of Stevens Pass. Arvada, CO: Fox Publications, 1998.
———. “Vis Major” (unpublished Wellington novel).
Chalmers, David M. Neither Socialism nor Monopoly: Theodore Roosevelt and the Decision to Regulate the Railroads. The America’s Alternatives Series. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1976.
Chandler, Alfred D., ed. The Railroad: America’s First Big Business. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965.
———. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Cambridge: Belknap / Harvard University Press, 1977.
Chappie, Oliver. “Avalanche in the Cascades.” American West (January-February 1983).
Clark, Norman H. Mill Town: A Social History of Everett, Washington, from Its Earliest Beginnings on the Shores of Puget Sound to the Tragic and Infamous Event Known as the Everett Massacre. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1970.
Clark, Thomas D. Frontier America: The Story of the Westward Movement. 2nd ed. New York: Scribner’s, 1969.
Dedication and Opening of the New Cascade Tunnel: A Monument to James J. Hill. Great Northern Railway Company, 1929.
Del Grosso, Robert C. Railfan’s Guide to Stampede and Stevens Passes. Bonners Ferry, ID: Great Northern Pacific Publications, 1997.
DeSantis, Vincent P. The Shaping of Modern America: 1877–1916. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1973.
Duffy, Herbert S. William Howard Taft. New York: Minton, Balch, 1930.
Fahey, John. The Inland Empire: The Unfolding Years, 1879–1929. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1986.
Faith, Nicholas. The World the Railways Made. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1990.
Fitzpatrick, Ellen F. Muckraking: Three Landmark Articles. Boston: Bedford Books-St. Martin’s Press, 1994.
Flink, James J. America Adopts the Automobile, 1895–1910. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970.
Fredston, Jill. Snowstruck: In the Grip of Avalanches. New York: Harcourt, 2005.
Garland, Hamlin. “Western Landscapes.” Atlantic Monthly (December 1893).
Gleick, James. Faster: The Acceleration of Just About Everything. New York: Pantheon, 1999.
Gordon, Sarah H. Passage to Union: How the Railroad Changed American Life, 1829–1929. Chicago: Ivan Dee, 1996.
Grant, H. Roger, ed. We Took the Train. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1990.
Haine, Edgar A. Railroad Wrecks. New York: Cornwall Books, 1993.
Hamberger, Eric. Penguin Historical Atlas of North America. New York: Viking, 1995.
Hamblen, Herbert. The General Manager’s Story. New York: Macmillan, 1898. (Reprinted by Literature House, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1970.)
Hartranft, W. C. “The First Cascade Tunnel.” Great Northern Railway Historical Society Reference Sheet No. 175, March 1991.
———. “The Pacific Extension and Cascade Switchbacks: 1889–1892.” Great Northern Railway Historical Society Reference Sheet No. 172, December 1990.
Haskell, Daniel C., ed. On Reconnaissance for the Great Northern: Letters of C. F. B. Haskell, 1889–91. New York: New York Public Library, 1948.
Hidy, Ralph, et al. The Great Northern Railway: A History. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1988.
Hill, James J. Highways of Progress. New York: Doubleday, Page, 1910.
Hofstadter, Robert. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. 1955. Reprint, New York: Vintage Books, 1960.
Holbrook, Stewart H. James J. Hill: A Great Life in Brief. New York: Knopf, 1955.
———. The Story of American Railroads. New York: Crown, 1947.
Holmquist, Stuart. “Great Northern Railway Mail Services.” Great Northern Railway Historical Society Reference Sheet No. 177, June 1991.
Hult, Ruby El. Northwest Disaster. Portland, OR: Binford & Mort, 1960.
Intlekofer, Charles F. “Railroad Construction in Stevens Pass.” Confluence (Spring 1992).
Jackson, Howard E. “Pull Back to the Tunnel!” Undated, unidentified magazine clipping in the archives of the Wenatchee Valley Museum.
Jeffers, H. Paul. An Honest President: The Life and Presidencies of Grover Cleveland. New York: Morrow, 2000.
Jenkins, Mackay. The White Death: Tragedy and Heroism in an Avalanche Zone. New York: Random House, 2000.
Josephson, Matthew. The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1934, 1962.
Kalez, Jay J. This Town of Ours … Spokane. Spokane: Lawton Printing, 1973.
Kirkpatrick, O. H. Working on the Railroad. Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1949.
LaChapelle, Edward R. Secrets of the Snow: Visual Clues to Avalanche and Ski Conditions. Seattle: University of Washington, 2001.
Leu, George E. A Hogshead’s Random Railroad Reminiscences. New York: Vantage, 1995.
Lewty, Peter J. Across the Columbia Plain: Railroad Expansion in the Interior Northwest, 1885–1893. Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1995.
Licht, Walter. Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983.
Limerick, Patricia Nelson. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West. New York: Norton, 1987.
Livesay, Harold C. Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business. Library of American Biography Boston: Little, Brown, 1975.
Long, Bryant Alden, and William Jefferson Dennis. Mail by Rail: The Story of the Postal Transportation Service. New York: Simmons-Boardman, 1951.
Lyon, Peter. To Hell in a Day Coach: An Exasperated Look at American Railroads. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1968.
Mair, Walter E. “O’Neill of the Great Northern.” Railroad Stories, May 1932.
Malone, Michael P.James J. Hill: Empire Builder of the Northwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.
Martin, Albro. Enterprise Denied: Origins of the Decline of American Railroads, 1897–1917. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971.
———. James J. Hill and the Opening of the Northwest. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
Martin, Charles F. Locomotives of the Empire Builder. Chicago: Normandie House, 1972.
Masters, Jerry R., and T. Michael Power. “Great Northern Railway: The New Cascade Tunnel: Should It Have Been Built” (unpublished paper).
McClung, David, and Peter Schaerer. The Avalanche Handbook. Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1993.
McLaughlin, D. W. “How Great Northern Conquered the Cascades.” Great Northern Railway Historical Society Reference Sheet No. 213, March 1994.
Meinig, D. W. The Shaping of America. Vol. 3, Transcontinental America, 1850–1915. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
Middleton, Kenneth R. “Early Great Northern Sleeping Cars, Part II.” Great Northern Railway Historical Society Reference Sheet No. 252, June 1997.
Middleton, William D. When the Steam Railroads Electrified. Rev. 2nd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
Miller, Max. The Beginning of a Mortal. New York: Dutton, 1933.
———. Shinny on Your Own Side and Other Memories of Growing Up. New York: Doubleday 1958.
Moody, Don. America’s Worst Train Disaster: The 1910 Wellington Tragedy. Plano, TX: Abique, 1998.
Moody, John, and George Kibbe Turner. “The Masters of Capital in America.” McClure’s, vol. 36, no. 2 (December 1910).
Morgan, Murray Cromwell. Skid Road: An Informal Portrait of Seattle. New York: Viking, 1960.
Morris, Edmund. The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Putnam, 1979.
———. Theodore Rex. New York: Random House, 2001.
Mowry, George E. The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900–1912. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958.
Mumford, John Kimberly. “This Land of Opportunity: The Great ‘One-Man Railroad’ of the West.” Parts I and II. Harper’s Weekly, October 31 and November 14, 1908.
Munger, Thornton T. “Avalanches and Forest Cover in the Northern Cascades.” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Circular 173. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1911.
Nash, Gerald D. The American West in the Twentieth Century: A Short History of an Urban Oasis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973.
O’Donnell, Lawrence E. Everett: Past and Present. Everett: Cascade Savings Bank, 1993.
Peattie, Roderick, ed. The Cascades: Mountains of the Pacific Northwest. New York: Vanguard Press, 1949.
Pyle, Joseph Gilpin. The Life of James J. Hill. 2 vols. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1917.
Raban, Jonathan. Bad Land: An American Romance. New York: Pantheon, 1996.
Reinhardt, Richard, ed. Workirn’ on the Railroad: Reminiscences from the Age of Steam. Palo Alto: American West Publishing, 1970.
Rifkin, Jeremy. Time Wars: The Primary Conflict in Human History. New York: Holt, 1987.
Roe, JoAnn. Stevens Pass: The Story of Railroading and Recreation in the North Cascades. Calwell, ID: Caxton Press, 2002.
Roosevelt, Theodore. The Autobiography of Theodore Roosevelt. Edited by Wayne Andrews. New York: Scribners, 1958.
Roth, Jean A. “Alfred B. Hensel, Wellington Survivor.” Seattle Genealogical Society Bulletin, vol. 48, no. 3 (Spring 1999).
Sayings and Writings About the Railways. New York: Railway Age Gazette, 1913.
Schwantes, Carlos A. The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989.
———. Railroad Signatures Across the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1993.
Sherman, T. Gary. Conquest and Catastrophe. Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2004.
Shimanski, Charley. “Avalanche!!!” Mountain Rescue Association, www.mra.org/avalanche_2004.pdf, 1993–2004.
Smith, Page. America Enters the World: A People’s History of the Progressive Era and World War I. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985.
Stevens, John F. An Engineer’s Recollections. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935.
Stilwell, Arthur Edward. Confidence, or National Suicide. New York: Bankers Publishing Company, 1910.
Stover, John F. American Railroads. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.
———. Routledge Historical Atlas of American Railroads. New York: Routledge, 1999.
Strom, Claire. Profiting from the Plains: The Great Northern Railway and Corporate Development of the West. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003.
Sullivan, Mark. Our Times: America at the Birth of the Twentieth Century. 1926. Abridged modern edition edited by Dan Rather. New York: Scribner, 1995.
Tate, Cassandra. Cigarette Wars: The Triumph of “The Little White Slaver.” New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Taylor, George Rogers, ed. The Turner Thesis Concerning the Role of the Frontier in American History. Rev. ed. Problems in American Civilization. Boston: D. C. Heath, 1956.
Tucker, Louis. Clerical Errors. New York: Harper and Bros., 1943.
Underwood, J. J. As told to Howard E. Jackson. “I Scooped the Wellington Disaster.” True West (January-February 1961).
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. A Brief History of the American Labor Movement. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970.
Vance, James E. The North American Railroad: Its Origin, Evolution, and Geography. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
Vesper, Stuart. “Great Northern’s Cascade Division Snowsheds: 1910 to 1929.” Great Northern Railway Historical Society Reference Sheets Nos. 179 and 183, June and December 1991.
Wandell, Becky. The Iron Goat Trail: A Guidebook. 2nd ed. Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1999.
White, Victor H. “Brakeman of the Great Northern.” Frontier Times (August-September 1970).
White, W. Thomas. ‘A Gilded Age Businessman in Politics: James J. Hill, the Northwest, and the American Presidency, 1884–1912.” Pacific Historical Review 57 (November 1989): pp. 439–56.
———. “A History of Railroad Workers in the Pacific Northwest, 1883–1934.” Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1981.
———. “Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Railroad Work Force: The Case of the Far Northwest, 1883–1918.” Western Historical Quarterly 16 (July 1985): pp. 265–83.
Wiebe, Robert H. The Search for Order: 1877–1920. New York: Hill and Wang, 1967.
Wilson, Jeff. The Great Northern Railway in the Pacific Northwest. Waukesha, WI: Kalbach Books, 2001.
Wing, Warren W. A Northwest Rail Pictorial Edmonds, WA: Pacific Fast Mail, 1983.
Winkler, Fred A. Railroad Conductor. Spokane: Pacific Book Company, 1948.
Winther, Oscar Osburn. The Great Northwest: A History. New York: Knopf, 1947.
Wood, Charles. Lines West: A Pictorial History of the Great Northern Railway Operations and Motive Power from 1887 to 1967. New York: Bonanza Books, 1967.
Wood, Charles, and Dorothy Wood. The Great Northern Railway. Edmonds, WA: Pacific Fast Mail, 1979.
Woodruff, R. E. The Making of a Railroad Officer. New York: Simmons-Boardman, 1925.
Works Projects Administration in the State of Washington. Washington: A Guide to the Evergreen State. Portland, OR: Binford & Mort, 1941.
Yates, Dolores Hensel. “Survivor: A Mail Clerk’s Story and the 1910 Wellington Avalanche.” Nostalgia (December 2004).