Entries in italics refer to illustrations.
Abbott, fireman, 56–57
airplane, 237
Anderson, Lucius, 46, 87, 93, 105, 155, 157, 165, 179, 193, 205
Anderson, Mrs. George P., 186, 214
Andrews, Charles, 127, 160, 166, 168, 171–73, 188–89
Armbruster, Kurt, 120
Armstrong, J. D., 207, 214, 216, 222–24
A-16 (O’Neill’s business car), 18, 60, 72, 151, 187
Atterbury, W. W., 243
automobile, 237
avalanches (snowslides). See also Wellington Disaster
causes of death in, 170–71
causes of Wellington, 159–61, 249–51
history of, in Cascades, 89–90
loose-snow or canyon, vs. slope or slab, 250
physics of snowslide and likelihood of, 97–98
science of, and ability to anticipate, 249–51
survival of victims after, 178
threat of, after disaster, 188
winter of 1915–16, 241
Avery, W. V “Mississippi,” 59–60, 87, 189
Bailets, Susan, 168–69, 224, 227
Bailets, W R., 70, 81–82, 88, 91, 106, 153, 167–68, 188, 211–12
Bailey, Carrie R, 12
Baker, Ray Stannard, 16
Barlow, Samuel Bancroft, 37
Barnhart, R. ML, 129, 150, 171, 223
Beals, Edward A., 249–50
Beck family, 4–5, 23, 104–5, 206
Benier, Joseph, 205
Bennington, Earl, 185
Bethel, R. H., 129, 152, 184, 194
Blackburn, Arthur, 18, 28, 62, 71, 89, 131, 137–38, 152–53, 158, 168, 178, 187, 202, 210, 213, 246, 250–51
Blomeke, Antony, 127
Boles, Edward W., 143, 185, 202
brakemen, role of, 79–80
British Columbia avalanche, 4, 250
Brockman, John (brother of victim), 205–6
Brockman, John (victim), 205–6, 208, 215
Brooklyn Standard Union, 30
Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen, 247
Brown, E. L., 50, 67, 192–93, 199
Brown, F. V, 214, 216, 222–24, 227–28
Bryce, James, 76
Budd, Ralph, 242
Bull Moose Party, 222
Burke, Thomas, 43
Burke avalanche, 4
Butterworth and Sons, 183, 194, 205
California, 36
Campbell, J. B., 243
Carnegie, Andrew, 40
Cascade Division
effort to get back into operation after disaster, 191–93, 198–99
growth of Northwest and, 16–17
hierarchy of, 78
program to fortify line announced, 17
shut down by O’Neill, 52–53, 59
switchbacks and, 54–55
telegraphers and, 59–60
types of men working for, 2–3
weather reports and, 7–8
Cascade Mountains
adversity of nature and weather in, 8–9
forbidding terrain of, 35–37
railroad planned and built over, 38–43
trains slowed by severe weather in, 30–33, 61
Cascade Tunnel, 18. See also New Cascade Tunnel
as alternative to passing track, 102, 137
history and ventilation problems of, 54–58
trains “drift” through to Wellington, 69, 71
Cascade Tunnel Station, 46–56, 62–69, 109, 188
beanery slide, 3–4, 86–88, 92, 94, 96, 214
Chelan County coroner, 214
Chester, L. F., 226
Chicago, Milwaukee, and Puget Sound (Milwaukee Road) Railway, 61
Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, 30
chief dispatcher, role of, 78
Churchill, brakeman, 132
Civil War, 38
Clark, Ed, 166
Clary, Ira, 97, 126, 158, 163–65, 179, 193, 224, 232, 246
Cleveland, Grover, 123
coal supply problems, 60–61, 70, 91–92, 95–99, 103, 108–9, 111, 113, 128
coroner’s report and, 215–16
replenished after disaster, 192–93
switchmen’s strike and, 121, 203–4
Topping trial and, 226
Cody, Colonel, 136
Cohen, Solomon, 107, 112, 127, 171, 188, 194
conductor, role of, 78–79
coroner’s inquest, 87–88, 109–10, 207–16, 219, 221–22, 226, 232, 250
Courtenay, William, 232
Covington, Frank, 185–86
Covington, Luther, 185–86, 206
Covington, Melmoth, Jr., 23–24
Covington, Melmoth, Sr., 186
Covington, Sarah Jane, 23–24, 48, 64–65, 71, 85–86, 93, 125–26, 129, 138–39, 148–50, 153, 157, 185, 206, 214
Dalles, The, 36
Davis, George, 65, 127, 153, 157, 186, 195, 206
Davis, Thelma, 65–66, 105, 127, 153, 157, 170, 206, 235
“Death Mountain,” 55
Debs, Eugene, 222
Devery, J. C., 18, 27, 136, 192
Dodge, Grenville, 78
Dorety, Frederick, 207–8, 210, 212–14, 216, 222–34
Dow Jones Industrial Average, 76
Dowling, J. J., 70, 91–92, 100–101, 103, 131, 145–47, 158, 174–75, 177–78, 192–93, 208, 234
Duncan, Earl, 111, 158, 163–64
Durr, Mr. and Mrs., 24
Eeden, Frederik van, 93
electrical locomotives (“motors”), 57, 178
electrical storms, 159–60
Elerker, Harry, 47, 64, 86, 214
Eltinge, Charles S., 93–94, 150, 185, 223
engineer, role of, 79
Everett Daily Herald, 7, 17, 85, 98, 125, 157, 181–82
Everett (town), 8, 13–16, 61, 91
Fast Mail (train No. 27)
bodies recovered, 195
crew of, 146
high priority of, 30–31, 33, 49
Topping trial and, 225–26
at Wellington, 4, 52, 54, 70, 74, 86, 128
Fast Mail trains, demise of, 237
Finn, Joe, 158
fireman
role of, 79
strike rumors, 121
Fisher, Katherine, 185
Flannery, William, 59, 82, 160, 166–68, 170
Ford, Henry, 237
foreign workers, rumors of looting by, 187–88
Forsyth, R. L., 162, 165–66, 179, 193
Freud, Sigmund, 79
Funderburk, Floyd Stanley, 110
Garland, Hamlin, 35
Garrison, T. R., 185
Gaynor station, 108–9, 126, 146, 192
Gilded Age, 119
Gilman, L. C., 240–41
Gleason, E. C., 182
Godby, J. L., 179
Golden Age of Steam, 76–77
Gould, Jay, 40
government regulation, 118–20, 222, 236–37
Granger Laws, 118
Gray, Anna, 5, 23, 87, 106, 138, 148, 157, 170–71, 180, 196, 198, 206–7, 224
Gray, John, 5, 23, 66, 157, 170–71, 196, 207, 224
Gray, Varden, 5, 23, 148, 157, 170–71, 180, 196, 206–7, 247
Great Northern Railway (GN)
ability of, to prevent disaster, 249–51
aftermath of disaster for employees and victims and, 245–47
coal supply and, 92
coroner’s inquest and, 207–16
death of Hill and, 241–42
disaster and, 4–5, 115–16, 176
high rates and low wages of, 122–23
Hill and building of, 40–42
labor and, 202–4
Leavenworth as division point of, 32–33
losses of, as result of storm, 191–93
New Cascade Tunnel built by, 240–44, 247–48
O’Neill’s background in, 9–10, 17
O’Neill’s promotions in, after disaster, 244
Pacific Extension built, 41–43
payments by, to victims and families, 209, 218, 222–23
rescue and relief effort and, 91, 131, 182
size of, 116
snowsheds and rotary snowplows of, 26
Stevens Pass and, after disaster, 220
storm and effort to clear tracks, 28
strike of 1893, 123
switchmen’s strike and, 121–22
Topping trial and, 218–20, 222–36
trust busting and, 119
Wellington built by, 75–76
Gruber, J. M., 122–24, 146, 192, 197–99
Hamblen, Herbert, 81
Harley, Bob, 82
Harrington, children, 98–99
Harrington, Lillian, 98
Harrington, William “Snow King,” 18, 63, 68, 71, 90, 92, 95–99, 101, 103, 108, 126, 146, 168–69, 179, 192–94, 208–9, 224, 232–33, 246–47
Hartley, Roland H., 243
Hay, Marion, 219
Hensel, Alfred B., 32, 48–50, 106, 149, 157–60, 164–65, 179–80, 195, 198, 218–19, 224–26, 235, 246
Hepburn Act (1906), 118
Highways of Progress (Hill), 204
Hill, James J.
background and personality of, 40–41, 68–69
battles progressivism, 221–22, 236
builds GN over Cascades to Seattle, 40–43, 54, 55, 57
Cascade Division after disaster and, 198, 220
death of, 241–42
foresees decline of railroads, 237
labor and, 110, 121–24, 204, 221
mail business and, 49
O’Neill and, 52–53, 184, 190–91, 229
passenger service and, 84
public hostility to, 116–21
Topping lawsuit and, 219–20, 235–36
Wellington Disaster watched by, 115–16, 124, 190–91
Hill, Louis W, Jr., 243
Hill, Mary, 242
Hill, Samuel, 219
Hofstadter, Richard, 120
Holbrook, Stewart, 117
Homonylo, Nyke, 7
Hoover, Herbert, 243
Howells, William Dean, 26
Humphries, John E., 225–27, 233–34
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 118, 243
James, Arthur Curtiss, 243
Jesseph, Lewis C., 20–22, 23, 26, 45–47, 64, 65, 86, 93–94, 106, 113, 128–29, 133–36, 139, 144, 210, 247
Johnson, Carl, 136–37
Johnson, Fred, 214
Kalispell Division, 91, 146, 192
Kerlee, J. L. “Curly,” 164
Latsch, Libby 23, 92–93, 127, 129, 142, 154, 191
Laville, R. M., 139–40, 152, 165, 179, 193, 210, 247
Leavenworth (town), 18, 30, 32–34, 44, 60, 75, 96, 121
slide of 1915–16, 241
Lemman, Ada, 66, 87, 106, 112, 138, 184, 206
Lemman, Edgar, 66, 112, 126, 184
Lewis, F. R., 205
Lewis and Clark expedition, 16
Lewiston, Idaho, 48–49
Liberti, J., 206
Life, 119
Lindsay, Ed, 91
Longcoy, Earl, 18, 94, 101–2, 105–7, 151–52, 178, 187, 196–97, 200
Lost Marias Pass, 42
Loveberry, George, 54, 127–29, 133, 181, 210, 224, 234
Lundin, A. H., 208–9
Mackey, J. J., 97, 109, 168, 170, 174–75, 177, 178, 184, 208–9
Manifest Destiny, 36
Mann-Elkins Act (1910), 118
Martin, Albro, 120
master mechanic, role of, 78
May, Mrs. William, 54, 180, 185, 198, 245
Mayo brothers, 241
McClellan, George B., 38–39, 78
McDonald, Archibald “Mac,” 1, 6, 154
McFadgen, employee, 224
McGirl, Mrs. See Sharp, Nellie
McKinley, William, 119
McNamee, Graham, 242
McNeny, James, 66, 139, 142, 151, 171, 184
Meath, John Robert “Bob,” 83, 100, 232
Merritt, John, 22, 23, 46–47, 65, 86, 93–94, 106, 113, 128–29, 132–36, 139, 146, 181, 210, 223, 247
Merritt (town), 92, 95–96, 98, 108–9, 192
Mexican War, 36–37
Miles, Mrs., 179–80
Monthly Weather Review, 249
Moore, Bill J., 1–3, 6, 195, 247
Moore, Miles C., 15
Morgan, J. Pierpont, 40, 119, 120, 190
Munger, Thornton T., 250
Mussel Slough tragedy of 1880, 117
Nelson, George, 194
New Cascade Tunnel, 240–44, 247–48
New York Times, 242
Norris, Frank, 117–18
North Bank road, 31–32
Northern Pacific Railroad bill, 39
“Northern Pacific Railroad Exploration and Survey, The” (Whitney route), 37
Northern Pacific Railway, 31–32, 39, 41, 48–49, 52, 61, 91, 116, 119, 130, 192
Northern Securities case, 119–20
Northwestern Sales Company, 92
Octopus, The (Norris), 117–18
Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 78
O’Malley, Thomas, 251
O’Neill, Berenice C. McKnight (Jim’s wife), 11–13, 15, 18, 89, 155, 199–200, 229, 244–45
O’Neill, James Henry “Jim”
actions of, immediately after disaster, 187–91
aftermath of disaster for, 239, 247–48
arrives at scene of disaster, 183–84
authority of, and railroad hierarchy 78
avalanche of March 13 and, 199
background and personality of, 9–13, 15
beanery slide and, 88–92
bodies evacuated after disaster and, 194–95
coal supply and, 60–61, 91–92, 97–98
coroner’s inquest and, 208, 209–16
dangers of Cascade Tunnel ventilation and, 57
death of, 245
decision of, not to detour trains, 29–33
decision of, not to move train into tunnel, 138
decision of, to hold trains at stations, 52–53, 59
disaster death toll and, 190–91
efforts of, to clear snow and work on rotary plows, 60, 62–63, 67–71, 100–101, 108–11, 145–48
eve of disaster, 155–56
eve of storm, 18–19
fails to foresee danger of slide, 250–51
Fast Mail and, 50–53
Hensel lawsuit vs., 218
hikes to Scenic for emergency supplies and to consider evacuation, 126, 129, 131–32, 135–36
informed of disaster, 168, 170, 174–76
informs superiors of disaster, 181, 184
life of, after disaster, 229, 244–47
passengers complaints and, 88, 93–95, 101–3, 105–6, 111–13, 146–47, 151–52, 202
responsibility of, for keeping trains running, 7–9, 11, 16–18
returns home after disaster, 199–200
safety record of, 17
Sherlock resignation and, 196–97
snow shovelers and, 101–3, 105–6, 130–31
snowslide of 1907 and, 90
switchmen’s strike and, 122, 124
technological limitations and, 238–39
Topping trial and, 224–25, 227–35
train delays early in storm and, 51
at Wellington command post early in storm, 27–29
wires SOS to company HQ, 146
work ethic of, 68–69
O’Neill, James Henry, Jr. (Jim’s son), 18, 229
O’Neill, Jean (Jim’s daughter), 245
O’Neill, Peggy Jane (Jim’s daughter), 11, 18, 199–200, 244
Oregon Country, 36
Oregon Trail, 35
O’Reilly, Catherine, 66, 129, 150, 167, 171, 195
Oriental Limited (train No. 1), 22, 29, 32, 199
Pacific Extension, 41–43
Pacific Northwest, settlement of, and railroads, 36–41
Pacific Railroad bill (1862), 38
Painter, Mrs. Blanche, 33–34
Panic of 1873, 41
Pascoe, Andy, 182–83
Perley, E. W., 211
Pettit, Joseph L., 33, 47, 54, 66, 71–73, 79, 86–87, 93–94, 105–6, 112–13, 126, 137, 139–40, 142–44, 147–51, 154–55, 178, 187, 206, 209, 211, 223
Pettit, Joseph L., Jr., 247
Pettit, Mrs. Joseph L., 206, 223, 247
Pettit, Paul, 247
Phillips, Carrie, 196
Phillips, Ross, 126, 153–54, 162, 165, 179, 195–96, 218
Pierce, Franklin, 37
Poison, John, 194
presidential election
of 1852, 37
of 1912, 222
press
coroner’s inquest and, 208–10, 214–15, 216
early reporting on disaster, 181–82, 187–89, 201–2
Topping trial and, 227
Progressive Era, 61, 76, 93, 120, 221–22, 237
Pueblo accident (1904), 190
Pullman Company, 21
strike, 123
Purcell, Homer, 50, 51, 60–62, 69–70, 158, 163–65, 169, 179, 193, 232
radio communication, 238, 242–43
railroads
American West and, 15–16
casualty rates for workers on, 80
challenged by litigation, regulation, and competition, 236–38
culture and hierarchy of, 77–84
government regulation of, 118
Hill and control of, 116
Pacific Northwest and, 37–43
public hostility to, 116–18
sociology of Golden Age of Steam and, 76–77
as symbol of American mastery 5
as 24-hour, 7-days a week affair, 27
Railway Mail Service (RMS), 49, 238, 246
Randall, W E., 174
Rea, Edward, 133
Ritter, Frank, 65
roadmaster, role of, 78
robber barons, 117–18
Roberts, Robert, 188
Rockefeller, John D., 119
Rogers, A. B., 42
Rogers, John, 66, 95, 112–13, 129, 138–39, 141–44, 171, 181, 184, 202, 210, 224, 234, 238–39, 247
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 245
Roosevelt, Theodore, 118–20, 218, 222, 236–37
rotary snowplows, 18, 29, 31, 34, 47, 50–51, 57–63, 70–71, 89–91, 95–102, 108–9, 130, 145–48, 158, 192–93, 198
double, 57–58, 60, 62–63, 67, 69–70, 101–2, 109–10, 126, 158, 193
Safety Door Company, 24
Salisbury, G. N., 7
Saunders, coroner, 214
Scenic Hot Springs, 28, 43, 51, 62, 69–70, 73, 89, 100–101, 103, 152, 175–76, 182, 240
passengers hike to, 132–34, 141–44
Schumann-Heink, Ernestine, 243
Schwantes, Carlos, 43
Schwartz, Robert, 127–28, 150, 250
Scribner’s, 11
Seattle Express (train No. 25), 29. See also Wellington Disaster
amenities of, 21–22
avalanche hits, 157–58, 161–63, 178
climbs into high Cascades, 43–44
O’Neill decides not to move to tunnel, 137–40
O’Neill fails to get passengers to safety, 146–48
passengers’ anxiety and meetings after beanery slide, 85–88, 92–95, 101–8, 112–14, 125–40, 148–55, 213
passengers board, 21–27
passengers hike out, 107, 128–29, 132–36, 139–44
released to continue at Leavenworth, 32–34
rotary snowplows and, on way to Cascade Tunnel Station, 29–32
snowed in at Cascade Tunnel Station, 46–55, 57–58
stuck in Wellington, 4, 65–67, 70–74
survivors on, after avalanche, 165–66, 169–73
switchmen’s strike and, 123–24
Topping trial and, 226
Seattle Mail and Herald, 57
Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 61, 188–89
Seattle Star, 191, 193, 196, 202
Seattle Times, 4, 53, 75, 181, 189–90, 201, 208–10, 232, 240
Seattle Union Record, 121, 123, 201, 203
Sharp, Nellie (Mrs. McGirl), 23, 25–26, 129, 154, 167, 185, 206, 235
Sherlock, Alathea, 158, 168–69, 179–80, 183, 246
Sherlock, Basil, 59, 80–81, 83, 136–38, 158, 168–69, 179–80, 196–97, 222, 238, 246–47
Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 119
Similkameen sleeper, 21
Skykomish station, 3, 8, 60–61, 70, 89, 136, 181
Smart, Charlie, 164
Smith, Adolph, 193
snowsheds, 202
built after disaster, 238
no 3.3, 51, 60, 70–71, 88, 100–101, 104–6, 109–11
snow shovelers, 50–52, 60, 101, 110, 147, 193, 215, 216, 226
walk off job, 106–7, 130–31, 147
Socialist Party, 222
Southern Pacific Railroad, 117
Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railway (SP&S), 31
Spokane Indians, 22
Spokane Inland Herald, 20
Spokane Spokesman-Review, 203
Standard Oil, 76
Starrett, Francis, 4, 54, 157, 179
Starrett, Ida May, 4, 23, 54, 87, 106, 149, 154, 157, 171–73, 179–80, 196, 198, 218, 245–46
Starrett, Raymond, 4, 104–5, 157, 167, 169, 171, 180, 196, 198, 218, 245–47
station agents, role of, 78
Stevens, Isaac Ingalls, 37–38
Stevens, John F., 42, 44, 204, 243
Stevens Pass, 18, 26, 40, 42–44, 46–50, 54–55, 75–76, 80–83, 98, 121, 220, 222, 241
Stewart, weather observer, 20
stock market
crash of 1929, 243
panic of 1901, 119
Sullivan, Mark, 16
switchbacks, 103
switchmen
job and casualties of, 80
strike, 17, 60, 121–24, 147, 203–4, 221
Tacoma, 8
Taft, William Howard, 120–21
Tegtmeier, Duncan, 167, 195, 197
Tegtmeier, Irving, 146, 148, 155, 167, 208, 232
telegraphers, 59–60
telegraph problems, 65, 83, 89, 92, 131, 136–37, 142, 144, 175–76, 238
temperature fluctuation, 28, 98
Titanic (ship), 238
Todhunter, Leonora, 183
Topping, Bill (Ned’s son), 24, 53, 223, 225
Topping, Edward W “Ned,” 24–25, 45, 47, 53, 58, 60, 63, 65, 67, 72, 74, 86–87, 93, 95, 104, 114, 150, 154, 157, 186, 195, 204–5, 225
Topping, Roger, 205
Topping, Ruth, 24–25
Topping, William V B. (Ned’s father), 205, 225, 234
Topping vs. The Great Northern Railway Company, 218–20, 222–36, 250
Towslee, George W., 203
trainmaster, role of, 78
train No. 1. See Oriental Limited
train No. 25. See Seattle Express
train No. 27. See Fast Mail
transcontinental railroad, 37–39, 75
trusts and holding companies, 119
Tucker, Orville, 61
Tucker, Louis, 14
Turner, G. W., 61, 91–92, 108, 137
Tweedie, Mrs. Herbert, 25
Tye, Wellington renamed, 220, 238
Underwood, J.J., 189–90, 201–2
Union Pacific Railroad, 49, 78
U.S. Congress, 37
U.S. Post Office Department, 30, 49, 116, 238
U.S. Supreme Court, 120
Vance, James E., 8
Vogel, Walter, 146, 211, 232, 251
Walden (community), 93
War Department, 37
Washington State, development of, 16, 37, 39, 43
Washington State Railroad Commission, 208, 220
Washington State Supreme Court, 65, 234–36, 249
Watson, Leona, 242
Wellington (town)
abandoned, 248
dangers in tunnel and, 57
efforts to clear snow at, 50, 62, 69–70
lifestyle among railroaders in, 81–84
maps of, xiv
name changed to Tye, 220
night of avalanche and, 158–59
O’Neill at command post and decisions at, 27–29, 32
Pettit telegrams to tell passengers to hike, 144
snowsheds built after disaster to secure crossing, 220
switchmen’s strike and, 121–22
Wellington Disaster
aftermath for victims and employees, 244–48
attempts to release trains before, 4–5
avalanche hits, 157–73
bodies recovered after, 1–2, 171–72, 184–91, 194–96, 203–7
coroner’s inquest and, 194, 204, 207–16, 219, 221, 226, 232
danger of, and warning signs before, 3–4, 17, 85–90, 132
dangers in Cascade Tunnel and, 57
deadliest avalanche in US. history, 5–6, 176, 190–91
debate over ability to prevent, 249–51
injured passengers evacuated, 193–94, 197–98
labor problems and, 121, 202–4
military campaign compared with, 18–19
new snow shelters and tunnel built after, 2, 220, 240–44, 247–48
O’Neill and rescue effort after, 174–76, 183–84, 187–91
O’Neill’s efforts in days preceding, to battle storm, 18–19, 30–32
passing track vs. alternative places for trains and, 102–3, 106
press and, 181–82, 187–91, 202–3
questions about negligence of Great Northern and, 6, 202–3
railroad industry changes after, 84, 237–39
rescue and relief efforts after, 166–68, 170–73, 177–80, 182–84, 197–98
Sherlock hears avalanche, 136–37
Sherlock quits after, 196–97
storm of February-March 1910 and, 52, 61–63, 88, 90–91, 107–8, 159–60, 250
survivors cared for in makeshift hospital after, 168–73, 179–80, 183–84, 195–96
telegraphers and, 59–60
Topping trial and, 194, 217–20, 222–36
trainmen affected by, 2–3
trains stuck at Cascade Tunnel Station and released, 45–50
trains stuck at Stevens Pass before, 51–53, 57–58
Wellington renamed after, 220
Wertz, H. L., 143
White, Henry H, 26, 47, 72, 85–86, 92–95, 105–7, 127, 148–55, 157, 161–63, 165, 179, 193–94, 202, 234, 247
coroner’s inquest and, 209, 212–14
Topping trial and, 224–25, 227, 232–33, 235
White, M. O., 59, 158, 163, 167, 232
Wickham, “Big Jerry,” 132, 134–36, 147
Williams, Fred, 225–27, 229–33
Wilson, W. M., 203
Wilson, Woodrow, 222
Windy Mountain, 72, 73, 160–61, 183–84
Windy Point, 17, 51, 90, 100–101
avalanche of March 13 at, 199
Winnipeg sleeper, 21, 24, 26, 46–47 157
wireless communications, 238
Wright, J. C., 32, 54, 109–10, 209
yardmasters, role of, 78