Index

Achaia 36, 194
Acilius Glabrio, M. (cos. 191 bc) 42, 63 n.3
Actium 14, 164, 262, 267, 271, 274
adfectio regni 71
adulescens 166, 194, 239–40, 256, 274
Aedui 28
Aelius Sejanus, L. (cos. ad 31) 272
Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, L. (cos. 182, 168) 36
Aemilius Lepidus, M. (cos. 78 bc) 14, 96, 240
Aemilius Lepidus, M. (cos. 46 bc) 164, 184, 198, 199 n.151, 201–4, 209, 217 n.215, 263
Aetolians 42
Africa 30 n.31, 185, 239–41, 261
ager publicus 65, 107, 118, 120
Agrippa Postumus 274
Alcmena 27
Allobroge envoys 109
altars 133–4, 170
ambitus 106, 108, 237
amicitia 28 n.28, 172, 178, 205, 273
amicus 28 n.28, 40, 45, 100, 138, 150, 155, 186, 213, 232, 266
amnesty 211
Amphitryon 27
Ampius Balbus, T. (pr. 59 bc) 163, 188
Andriscus 37
Ancona 167 n.14, 214
annalist historians 17, 76, 77 n.72
Anneius, M. 30 n.33
Annius Chilo, Q. 110
antistrophe (conversio) 10
Antonius, C. (pr. 44 bc) 217, 247
Antonius Hybrida, C. (cos. 63 bc) 107, 109–10, 125, 127, 228
Antonius, L. (cos. 41 bc) 202
Antonius, M. (cos. 99 bc) 159–60
Antonius, M. (cos. 44 bc) 79 n.80, 133 n.112, 164, 180 n.71, 196, 198–9, 201 n.159, 202–14, 217–18, 222, 225, 242, 244–7, 249–50, 254, 257–8, 263
Appian 66, 70–2, 74, 83–4, 170 n.24
Appuleius Saturninus, L. (tr. pl. 103, 100 bc) 14, 55, 60, 79, 81, 105–6, 108, 115, 121, 229, 249
Apollonia 176
Apulia 109, 123
argumentatio 218
Ariminum 166, 167 n.14
Ariovistus 28, 40, 174
aristeia 135
aristocratic virtues 34–5, 39, 42, 95
aristocratic self-promotion:
on grounds of achievement in office 33–7, 59
on grounds of scrupulous behaviour in office 41–6, 59 see also Porcius Cato,Censorius M. (cos. 195 bc)
army 14 n.52, 30, 42–3, 65, 82–7, 90, 99, 105, 107, 109, 136, 140–1, 164, 167, 174–5, 179, 184, 200–3, 217, 221–2, 225–6, 239–41, 243, 250, 252, 254, 256 n.126, 266
Arpinum 118
Arretium 34, 167 n.14
Asia 99, 200, 251, 254
Asinius Gallus Saloninus, C. (cos. 8 bc) 276
Athens 170 n.24
Attalus of Pergamum 66
auctoritas 23, 48–9, 56–7, 75, 95–6, 101, 120–2, 125, 127, 132, 136, 138–9, 142, 146–9, 151–2, 169, 193, 198, 202, 205, 211–12, 214–15, 224, 228–9, 235, 242–8, 252, 254–7, 259, 266, 270, 272–3
augur 194
auguries 171
Augustus:
during the civil wars (as Octavian) 14, 164, 201 n.159, 208–9, 221–5, 242–8, 252–4, 256–8, 263, 265, 267
as Jupiter 275–6
pater patriae 264–6, 274
princeps 19–20, 72, 144, 262–3, 266, 275
Res Gestae Divi Augusti 15, 18–19, 37, 221–5, 242, 248, 259, 262, 264–6, 270
res publica est Caesar 274–6
shades of Sulla 275–6
supreme patronus 19, 264–7, 270, 273, 275
Aurelius Cotta, L. (cos. 65 bc) 97
auspices 21, 26–7, 33–4, 36, 42, 171, 253
Autronius Paetus, P. 106, 109
auxilium 174, 178, 198 n.145
Auximum 179
Avienus 185
beata 127
bellum 77 n.72, 134, 177, 203, 239, 241, 243, 246, 249
beneficia 51 n.109, 146, 152, 155, 174, 189, 219, 246
Bona Dea scandal 110
bona existimatio 50–1
boni 113, 134, 139, 141, 149, 151, 154, 235
Caecilius Bassus, Q. (pr. 46 bc) 164, 198 n.149
Caecilius Metellus Celer, Q. (cos. 60 bc) 109, 122, 137
Caecilius Metellus Creticus, Q. (cos. 69 bc) 109
Caecilius Metellus, L. (cos. 251, 247 bc) 33–4, 46, 88 n.121
Caecilius Metellus, L. (tr. pl. 49 bc) 180
Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Q. (cos. 143 bc) 37
Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Q. (cos. 57 bc) 125 n.77, 137–8
Caecilius Metellus Pius Cornelianus Scipio Nasica, Q. (cos. 52 bc) 164, 167, 178–9, 187
Caecilius Metellus, Q. (cos. 206 bc) 33–5, 78, 88 n.121
Caelius Rufus, M. (pr. 48 bc) 167, 239
Caeparius, M. 109–10
Calatia 223
Calpurnius Bestia, L. (tr. pl. 62 bc) 137
Calpurnius Piso, C. (cos. 67 bc) 106–7
Calpurnius Piso, Cn. (propraetor 65 bc) 106, 127 n.85
Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, L. (cos. 58 bc) 141, 146, 150, 155, 168 n.19, 212–14, 232, 235–6, 238
Calpurnius Piso Frugi, L. (cos. 133 bc) 64, 227
Calvisius Sabinus, C. (cos. 39 bc) 199
Campania 29 n.31, 107, 189
Campus Martius 116, 122
Caninius Rebilus, C. (cos. 45 bc) 189 n.99
capital punishment (or execution) 60, 110–11, 123, 128–9, 130–1, 135–7, 139–41, 143, 152, 223, 251; see also ‘Catilinarian Conspirators’
Capitol 26, 66, 74–5, 133, 143, 164, 234, 264
Capua 29 n.30, 112–13, 117–20, 122–3, 169
Carthage 52 n.110, 64
Casilinum 223
Cassius Dio 58
Cassius Hemina, L. (annalist flor. c. 146 bc) 76 n.72
Cassius Longinus, L. (pr. 66 bc) 109
Cassius Longinus, Q. (tr. pl. 49 bc) 164, 180 n.71
Cassius Longinus, C. (pr. 44 bc) 164, 196, 199–200, 204–9, 212–13, 254–5, 257–8; see also ‘Liberators’
Cassius Viscellinus, Sp. (cos. 502, 493, 486 bc) 65 n.17
‘Catilinarian Conspiracy’ 14, 106, 108, 110, 123, 136, 137–9
causa publica 92
censors 10 n.33–4, 22, 26, 31, 32 n.43, 35, 41, 44, 62, 63 n.3, 64, 69, 78, 106–7
Ceres 76 n.71
Chrysogonus 93–4, 96
Cilicia 16, 30, 199 n.151, 239, 253
Cingulum 241
Cinnae dominatio 82 n.95
Cisalpine Gaul 243
Cisana 35
citadel 117, 133, 141
city 4, 18, 27, 81, 85–7, 105, 117–20, 124, 127–8, 130, 132, 134, 137, 140–1, 146–8, 166, 169–70, 179–80, 185, 187, 191–2, 212, 230, 234, 241, 246, 271; see also urbs; urbs Roma
civic affairs (or business) 4–5, 10–11, 16, 21, 26–7, 30, 43, 101, 148, 182–4, 261, 263, 274, 276
civic community 5, 9–11, 34, 51, 84, 147, 153, 168, 171, 224, 265
civic violence 14, 141
civil discord, 12, 62, 72, 81, 133, 177, 203, 261
civil war 12, 14, 17–19, 24, 79 n.80, 82–3, 85, 92, 94–5, 99–100, 102–3, 105, 107, 112, 134, 163–5, 167, 171, 175, 178, 180, 182–4, 189–90, 192, 197, 199, 201–4, 206–7, 209–10, 215–16, 221–2, 225, 231, 237–41, 244–5, 248, 261–2, 265, 267, 270–1, 274–5, 276
civis (citizen) 10–12, 14, 19, 33, 35–6, 50, 52, 54, 62, 63 n.9, 64, 72–5, 77, 79 n.80, 81–4, 86, 91, 97 n.169, 98–101, 105–6, 111, 118, 121, 126 n.82, 128–34, 140–4, 145, 149, 151, 154–6, 159–60, 170–2, 176, 179, 183–4, 191, 193, 197, 201–3, 213–15, 223–4, 226, 228–31, 233–5, 237–8, 240–1, 246–7, 249–51, 256, 258, 270 n.28, 274–5
civitas 4, 7–11, 25, 33–4, 36, 46, 50–2, 54, 74, 77–8, 80, 91, 93, 95, 117–20, 145, 147–50, 153, 155, 160, 162, 168, 173, 179, 198, 211, 231, 261
Claudius Marcellus Maior, C. (cos. 49 bc) 187
Claudius Marcellus, M. (cos. 222, 215, 214, 210, 208 bc) 29 n.31
Claudius Marcellus, M. (cos. 51 bc) 192, 194
Claudius Nero, C. (cos. 207 bc) 29 n.31
Claudius Pulcher, Ap. (cos. 143 bc) 65–6
Claudius Pulcher, Ap. (cos. 54 bc) 156, 159, 253
Claudius Quadrigarius, Q. 43
clementia 164, 195
Cleopatra VII of Egypt 164
clientelae 69
Clodia Metelli 110 n.12
Clodius Pulcher, P. (aedile 56 bc) 110–11, 142–3, 145, 147, 150–4, 157–8, 232–3, 235–7
Coelius Antipater (annalist flor. 123 bc) 76 n.72
Coelius Caldus, C. (quaestor 50 bc) 30 n.33
coercitio 114
collegia 58, 107
colony 117–19
comitia 86, 88–9, 169, 186, 189
comitia centuriata 108, 111, 253
commentarii 27, 30, 39, 165
concilium plebis 22, 65–7
concordia 20, 68, 81, 145, 269 n.23
coniuratio 127
consecratio capitis 70, 71 n.56
consensus 12–14, 47, 54, 69, 70, 79, 91, 118, 133, 160, 242, 251
consilium urbanum 226
constitution 6, 12, 19–20, 24, 52, 67, 71, 89–90, 132, 166, 171, 216, 241, 244–5, 253, 258, 265, 268, 270
consularis 114, 129, 156, 194, 213, 231, 246, 249
consuls 13, 14 n.52, 17–18, 31, 34–7, 40, 41–4, 46, 51 n.109, 60, 64, 66, 69, 72–5, 76 n.71, 81–2, 84, 86–7, 92, 96–7, 99–100, 105–8, 110–11, 122–39, 141, 143–7, 150–1, 153–4, 158, 161, 163–4, 166–9, 171, 174–6, 178, 181, 184–5, 187, 189 n.99, 194, 198, 200, 202, 204, 211–15, 221–2, 224, 226–38, 240, 243, 249–51, 254–5, 262–5, 269–70, 272 n.34, 272
arguably are not consuls at all 217–19, 244–8
appropriate behaviour towards other politicians 204–5, 213
etymological link to consilium 223
impact of Sulla’s reforms 27, 136
independence of action 24, 29
military responsibilities 22, 27, 83–5
provide a fundamental organizing principle of the political year 24
quarrel with the senate 14 n.52, 24
are rarely popularis magistrates 112–16
relationship to res publica 17, 22, 26–7, 29–30, 32, 37, 47–9, 75, 78–9, 111, 116, 121, 125, 199, 210
shut down popular (especially tribunician) opposition 47–9, 65
take advice from the senate 25 n.17
vow on taking office 26, 37
contio 12, 47–8, 51 n.109, 56–60, 65, 76 n.71, 80 n.87, 84, 98 n.170, 100–1, 107, 111–12, 115, 131–2, 137, 145, 151, 182, 258
contionator 131
Corfinium 166, 167 n.14
Corinth 36
Coriolanus 72
Cornelia 103
Cornelius Cinna, L. (cos. 87–84 bc) 82–5, 99, 157
Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus, P. (cos. 147, 134 bc):
the Ciceronian character 6–8, 15, 53, 91, 160
the historical figure 13–14, 24, 37, 39, 67, 69, 78 n.74, 225
invective 76–7
laudatio 17, 76–7
Cornelius Scipio Africanus, P. (cos. 205 bc) 29–30 n.31, 43, 51 n.109, 63, 161, 272–3
Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, L. (cos. 190) 43, 161, 272–3
Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, L. (cos. 298 BC) 35, 52
Cornelius Scipio Nasica, P. (cos. 138 bc):
exemplum 19, 221–2, 225–30, 232, 234, 236–9, 241, 248–51, 256, 262
pontifex maximus against Tiberius Gracchus 14, 17, 19, 47, 65–6, 70–6, 78, 80, 144, 195, 197
an unpopular consul 47–9, 59, 112, 115
Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum, P. (cos. 162, 155 bc) 69
Cornelius Sulla, P. 106, 138–40
Cornelius Sulla Felix, L. (cos. 88, 80 bc):
abdicates the dictatorship 91, 196
contest for political legitimacy 83–7
constitutional settlement 14, 17–18, 27, 42, 55, 87–92, 106, 136, 168, 195–7
controversial legacy 92–103
dictator 16, 62, 87–9, 94
exemplum not followed 18, 163, 193, 195
invites identification with Cicero’s rector rei publicae 91
as Jupiter 19, 93, 101, 275–6
marches on Rome 14, 24, 62, 82, 105, 107, 126, 169, 191 n.112, 192, 240–1
prefigures Augustus 275
refounder of Rome 87
Cornelius Balbus, L. 168 n.19
Cornelius, C. (tr. pl. 67 bc) 106
Cornelius Cethegus, C. 109
Cornelius Dolabella, P. (cos. 44 bc) 168 n.19, 185, 200, 208–9, 211, 213–14, 242, 245, 251, 254–5
Cornelius Lentulus Crus, L. (cos. 49 bc) 178–9, 187
Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, P. (cos. 57 bc) 145–6, 151, 153, 155–6, 158, 162, 171, 173, 187
Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, P. (son of Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, P., cos. 57 bc) 199 n.151, 200
Cornelius Lentulus Sura, P. (pr. 63 bc) 109, 123, 128, 133, 140
Cornelius Tacitus, P. 16, 19, 263, 267 n.16, 269, 273–4, 276 n.47
Cornificius, Q. 199–200
Cornutus, C. 146
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 4, 10 n.33, 31, 35–6
Crastinus, C. 173
Crete 254–5
crucifixion 122 n. 60
cura annonae (grain supply) 47–8, 90, 96, 150, 152–3
curia 47, 149, 170, 194
Curiatius, C. (tr. pl. 138 bc) 47
cursus honorum 13, 24, 59, 62, 90, 96, 106, 223
curule aedileship 4 n.12, 13, 22, 35, 48, 98
Cyrene 254
Decius, P. (cos. 312, 308, 297, and 295 bc) 30 n.32
Deiotarus of Galatia 177, 186–7
Delphi 32, 36
demos (ὁ δῆμος) 4, 73–4
devotio ducis 234 n.58
dictator:
abdication 89 n.127, 91, 96, 196
abolished by Antony 211
dictator clavi figendi causa 88
dictator comitiorum habendorum causa 88
dictator comitiorum habendorum et ludorum faciendorum causa 89
dictator feriarum constituendarum causa 89
dictator legendo senatui 89
dictator legibus scribundis et rei publicae constituendae 16, 62, 87
dictator ludorum faciendorum causa 89
dictator quaestionibus exercendis 89
dictator rei gerundae et clavi figendi causa 89
dictator rei gerundae et comitiorum habendorum causa 89
dictator rei gerundae et ludorum faciendorum causa 89
dictator seditionis sedandae et rei gerundae causa 88
dictator seditionis sedandae 88
emergency office 74, 78 n.74
list of archaic dictators 88–9
refused by Augustus 270
rei gerundae causa 88
dignitas 16, 21, 41, 49, 57, 60, 81, 98–9, 113, 134, 142, 150–1, 153, 155, 158, 160, 166, 171–3, 174 n.46, 189, 193–4, 200–3, 205, 241, 252, 272
Diviciacus 28 n.28, 174
dolor 28 n.28, 94, 153, 193, 195, 205
domestici hostes 140, 154
domicilium 117, 132, 140–1, 147
dominatio 98 n.170, 117, 221–2, 225
Domitian 263–4
Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. (cos. 54 bc) 166, 167 n.14, 171, 189
duumvirs 108
Dyrrhachium 170 n.24, 258
Egypt 164, 185, 266
Ennius, Q. 16, 32 n.43, 37–8, 52–3
equites 55, 90, 97, 109, 134, 145, 201, 237, 240, 263, 266
election 29, 30 n.31, 46, 48, 51 n.109, 66, 69, 75, 80 n.87, 82, 85, 106–8, 115, 123–4, 169, 177, 184, 189 n.99, 240, 253
Etruria 108, 123, 127
Eudemus of Pergamum 66
evocatio 74, 76
exemplum 38, 43, 47, 72, 222, 227, 229–30, 232, 237, 250–1, 269
extraordinary command 56, 106, 152–3, 239, 251–2
Fabia (Vestal Virgin) 110 n.12
Fabius Maximus Cunctator, Q. (cos. 233, 228, 215–14, and 209 bc) 37–9
Fabius Maximus Rullianus, Q. (cos. 322, 310, 308, 297, 295 bc) 29 n.31, 30 n.32
Fabius Maximus, Q. (cos. 121) 77–8
Fabius Quintilianus, M. 228
factio 1, 73, 98 n.170, 173, 175, 177, 221, 225
Faesulae 109, 124
Fanum 167 n.14
fas 151
fasces 147, 252–3, 270 n.28
felicitas 32 n.43, 152
fides 26, 30 n.32, 31–2, 37–8, 41, 56, 73, 152, 193
filia delicata 266, 274
Flaminius Nepos, C. (cos. 223, 217 bc) 76 n.72
Flavius, Cn. (aedile 304 bc) 269 n.23
Formiae 170, 189
fortis 33, 35, 102, 129, 191, 236, 256
fortuna (fortune) 32 n.43, 93, 121, 129, 166, 169, 176, 206, 209, 267, 271–2
fortunata 26, 127
Forum (Romanum) 58, 113, 147, 149, 164, 170, 194–5, 213, 230, 264
Fufius Calenus, Q. (cos. 47 bc) 222, 246–7, 249–51
Fulvius Flaccus, M. (cos. 125 bc) 20, 76 n.71, 227
Fulvius Flaccus, Q. (cos. 237, 224, 212, 209 bc) 29 n.30
Furius Camillus, M. (consular tribune 401, 398, 394, 384, 381 bc) 30 n.32, 88 n.119
Furius, L. (military tribune 381 bc) 30 n.32
Furius, P. 109
furor 97 n.169, 121, 125 n.78, 151
Gabinius Capito, P. 109
Gabinius, P. (cos. 58 bc) 106, 141, 143, 150, 155, 235, 238
Gallia Comata 201
Gallia Cisalpina/Citerior 243, 244, 246
Gallia Transalpina 201, 239, 241
Gaul 10, 27, 39–40, 170, 175, 181, 201, 212, 217, 243–4
Gellius, A. 43
Gellius, Cn. (annalist flor. 120–100 bc) 76 n.72
Gellius Publicola, L. (cos. 72 bc) 145
gloria 37, 39, 50, 137, 150, 155, 193, 214–15, 232–4
gods 30 n.32, 37, 68, 70, 77, 94, 101, 147–8, 151, 155, 170, 193, 199, 206, 241, 246, 253, 255, 264 n.6, 275
government 3–4, 6, 8, 23, 53–4, 60, 90, 155, 161, 181, 183, 218 n.217, 265
gratia 45–7, 77, 97, 178, 189
Greece 37, 50, 92 n.146, 218, 247, 254
Hannibal 37–8, 118, 241
hearths 134, 170
Henna 76 n.71
Hirtius, A. (cos. 43 bc) 207–9, 245, 249
Hispania Citerior 201
historical memory 41–2
homo novus 41, 45, 63, 107, 114–16, 122, 272
honestas 241–2
honor or honos 33, 50–1, 100, 152, 172, 191, 219, 246, 273
Hortensius Hortalus, Q. (cos. 69 bc) 103, 138
hostage 28, 35, 129, 176
hostis 28 n.28, 45, 48, 82, 109, 117, 124, 127, 129, 131, 140 n.140, 148, 154, 171, 172, 177, 208, 230, 239, 245–6, 249–51, 255–8
hubris 83
humanitas 132
ideological monotony 57–8
ideological spectrum 21, 59, 116–17, 135, 163, 168, 192, 238, 262
Ides of March (44 bc) 164–5, 197
Illyricum 217–18, 247, 271 n.33
imago 119
imperator 33, 36, 43, 173, 179, 208, 225, 239, 241, 252
imperatores victi 38
imperium 22–4, 28, 79 n.79–82, 83, 87, 91, 99, 102, 106, 118, 120–1, 127–8, 130, 141, 152, 155, 169, 176, 179, 183–4, 186, 189–90, 217, 219, 224–5, 230–1, 247–8, 251–4, 270
imperium Romanum 23, 60, 73
incestum 110
inimici 67, 94, 138, 142, 148, 154–5, 157, 166, 173, 177, 180–1, 239
inimicitia 98, 172, 205, 213
invidia 45, 95–6, 141
iracundia 166, 205
Isara 202
Italy 18, 37–8, 43, 76 n.71, 82, 87, 107, 110, 118, 120, 125 n.80, 127, 130, 134, 140–1, 144–5, 148, 151, 164, 166, 168, 170–1, 176, 186–92, 194, 204, 227, 231–2, 234, 237, 240, 255, 256 n.126
iudices 55, 93, 95, 99, 231, 256
iudicia (law courts) 25, 53, 57 n.134, 58, 90, 92, 95, 97–8, 99, 120, 128–9, 132, 138–9, 147, 157–8, 192–3, 232, 237, 250, 270
Iuventius Laterensis, M. 202 n.165, 237
Janiculum 122
judicial reforms 89, 97–8
Julia Augusta (daughter of Augustus) 266
Julius Caesar, C. (cos. ad 1) 273
Julius Caesar, C. (dictator perpetuo) 2–3, 33, 222, 254
acta 164, 198, 211, 213
the assassination 164–5, 197–9, 204–10, 216, 221–3, 242, 257,262–4
Bellum Africanum 167
Bellum Alexandrinum 176, 185–7
Bellum Civile 9, 16, 165, 173, 175, 179, 184, 188–9, 203, 225
Bellum Gallicum 9, 16–17, 26–30, 39–41, 52, 173–4
Bellum Hispaniense 176
Caesar’s continuators 167, 176, 185, 187
the civil warrior 14, 18–19, 24, 84, 164–92, 194, 197, 241
the consul 40, 110
the dictator 103, 171, 193, 195, 197–9, 204, 206, 208, 210, 213–14, 243, 262
frames civil war as the continuation of politics by other means 172–3, 177, 184
parens patriae 208
the pontifex maximus 108, 110
the popularis 110, 122, 130–2, 137, 138, 173, 183
the proconsul 26–30, 32, 39–41, 156–9, 161
relationship to res publica 2–3, 19, 27–8, 32–3, 40, 165, 174–6, 179, 182–8, 197, 218, 262, 275–6
relationship to the populus Romanus 173–6, 225
Julius Caesar, L. (cos. 64 bc) 108, 249, 251–2
Julius Caesar, L. (d. ad 2) 273
Julius Caesar, L. (Pompey’s messenger to Caesar in 49 bc) 166, 177
Julius Vindex, C. 264
Junius Brutus Albinus, D. (pr. 44 bc) 198 n.145, 199 n.151, 202, 209, 217–18, 242–7, 251–2, 256–8; see also ‘Liberators’
Junius Brutus Callaicus, D. (cos. 138 bc) 37
Junius Brutus, M. (tr. pl. 83) 119
Junius Brutus, M. (pr. 44 bc) 118, 164, 196–7, 199, 204–9, 212–13, 216, 218 n.216, 222–3, 247, 253 n.111, 254–5, 256 n.126, 258; see also ‘Liberators’
Junius Silanus, D. (cos. 62 bc) 108, 130–2
Labienus, T. (tr. pl. 63 bc) 108, 120, 122, 164, 241
Laelius, C. (cos. 190 bc) 272–3
Laelius Sapiens, C. (cos. 140 bc):
the Ciceronian character 54, 161
the historical figure 77–8, 272–3
lanista 209–10
laudatio 17, 33–5, 39, 76–8
law-giver 92 n.146
legate 47, 50, 110, 166, 171, 179
leges de repetundis 22–3, 31, 40, 64
leges sacratae 71
legio Martia 242, 246, 252, 256
legio Quarta 242, 246, 252, 256
legions 19, 27, 172 n.39, 186, 198, 217–18, 243, 245–7, 255
legitimacy:
contest for 83–4
crisis of 15, 84–5, 197–204, 261
delegitimising political opponents 18, 217, 248
political legitimacy in the Roman Republic 13, 26, 29, 52, 85–87, 89, 161, 174–6, 181, 185, 187, 218 n.217, 241–2, 244, 254, 257
lenitas 139
levy 48, 74, 115, 140–1, 166
lex (law) 4, 10, 12, 16, 32, 40, 51, 53, 58, 62, 63 n.9, 68–9, 72–4, 81, 86–7, 90–1, 94, 96–8, 102, 106, 115, 147, 150–1, 157, 160–1, 163, 169, 192, 213, 222, 230, 242, 245, 248, 254–6, 263, 270
lex Acilia Calpurnia (67 bc) 106
lex agraria (agrarian laws) 31–2, 58, 65, 72 n.61, 106–8, 111–13, 122, 135, 139
lex Appuleia maiestatis (103 or 101/100 bc) 55
lex Aufeia (proposed 123 bc) 50–1
Lex Clodia de Civibus Romanis Interemptis (58 bc) 143, 145, 151
lex Cornelia annalis (81 bc) 90
lex Cornelia de maiestate (81/80 bc) 90
lex Cornelia de provinciis ordinandis (its non-existence) 27 n.22
lex curiata 171, 253
lex Gabinia (67 bc) 207, 240
lex iudiciaria 77
lex Manilia (66 bc) 56, 106–7
lex naturae 255
lex Oppia (215 bc) 44
lex Porcia (101–100 bc) 22
lex de Provinciis Praetoriis (?100 bc) 32
lex Sempronia de capite civium (123 bc) 128, 131–2
lex Villia annalis (180 bc) 13, 69, 240
liberalitas 266
liberata 196
liberi 196
libertas 1, 111, 113, 115–16, 134, 153–4, 173, 196–8, 202, 205–6, 210, 215, 221, 246–7, 255–6, 264–5, 268
libertini 196
Licinius Crassus. M. (cos. 70, 55 bc) 106–7, 109–10, 124, 156, 158
Licinius Crassus, P. 146
Licinius Macer, C. (pr. 68 bc) 106
Licinius Murena, L. (cos. 62 bc) 108, 111
Ligarius, Q. 177, 193
linguistic shift 23, 46, 59–60
Livius Drusus, M. (cos. 112 bc) 61
Livius Drusus, M. (tr. pl. 91 bc) 61, 81, 105
Livius, T. 4, 29–30, 58, 86
Luca 156 n.219
Lucania 35
ludi Apollinares 107, 204
lustrum 81
Lutatius Catulus, Q. 56, 106–7, 207
luxuria 64
Maccius Plautus, T. 16, 21, 27
Macedon 36–7, 218, 247, 254–5
Macrobius 266
Maelius, Sp. 65 n.17
magister equitum 88, 164, 168 n.19, 198, 201
magistrates 8, 10, 12–13, 17, 21–33, 62, 78–9, 90, 95, 108, 111, 114–22, 128, 137, 147–8, 151, 165, 168–71, 173, 181, 185, 189, 192, 197, 202, 204, 211, 214, 217–18, 223–4, 230, 233, 242, 250, 253, 257, 261, 263, 265, 270, 273
behaving badly 55–6, 63–4, 83, 87, 105–6, 132, 198–9, 201, 210, 212, 215
derive maiestas from maiestas populi Romani 54–5
elected by (and therefore in principle subordinate to) the populus 17, 22, 51–5, 57, 59–60
exploit time in office to construct personal dignitas 16, 33–41, 59, 136
impact of (perceived) moral decline 64–5
independent, ambitious political players 23–5
manage the res publica 16, 21–3, 25–33, 36, 39, 51, 54, 59, 61, 75, 80, 174–5, 182, 186, 188
obligation to consult consilia 223–4
stewards of the res publica 51 n.109, 53, 116 n.30, 183
maiestas:
crimen maiestas minuta 54–5, 60, 106, 159
definition 1, 54–5
maiestas and the senate 270
maiestas populi Romani 54–6, 59, 79 n.79, 93, 174 n.46
maiores 15, 52, 77 n.73, 91, 103, 117–19, 161, 196
Manilius, C. (tr. pl. 66 bc) 56, 106
Manlius, C. (centurion) 109–10, 123–4, 127, 128, 137, 141, 230, 250
Manlius Capitolinus, C. (cos. 359, 357 bc) 86
Manlius Capitolinus, M. (cos. 392) 65 n.17
Manlius Torquatus Imperiosus, T. (cos. 347, 345, 340 bc) 30, 88 n.121–2, 140
Manlius Torquatus, L. (pr. 49 bc) 137–40, 176
manubiae 37, 45
Marcius Rex, Q. (cos. 68 bc) 109
Mariani 103, 240
Marius, C. (cos. 107, 104–100, 86 bc) 79 n.82, 81 n.91, 82–3, 115, 229, 232, 237, 249, 272
Massilia 109, 127, 198 n.147
Matius, C. 168 n.19, 209 n.178
Mescinius Rufus, L. 196 n.141
military tribune 22, 31, 42–4, 76 n.72, 185
Minucius Thermus, Q. (propraetor 51–50 bc) 30 n.33
misericordia 132, 203, 235
Mithridates V of Pontus 50–1
Mithridates VI of Pontus 82, 85, 106–7, 239
moral decline 17, 61–5, 76–7, 95, 261
mores 77, 99
mos maiorum 12, 44, 62, 68, 91, 161
Mucius Scaevola, P. (cos. 133 bc) 66, 71–5, 227, 237–8
multitudo 54, 214–15 n.206, 234
Mummius Achaicus, L. (cos. 146 bc) 36–7, 39
Munatius Plancus, L. (cos. 42 bc) 199 n.151, 201–2, 204, 209, 258
Munda 164
Mutina 202, 246, 251
Naples 204
narratio 218
natura 140 n.137 see also lex naturae
Near East 92 n.146
Nero 263–4
Nicomedes II of Bithynia 50–1
nobiles 9, 34–5, 63, 83, 95–7, 107
nobilitas 1, 41 n.81, 94, 95, 99–100, 191 n.112
Nola 82
nomoi (οἱ νόμοι) 74
Nonius 76 n.72
nullo (privato) consilio 224, 234, 241, 256
Numantia 14 n.52, 65 n.22, 225
Octavius, Cn. (cos. 87) 82
Octavius, M. (tr. pl. 133 bc) 49, 65, 67–9, 71
officium 30, 146, 156, 166, 185, 187, 190, 235–6
oligarchy 14, 174 n.45
Opimius, L. (cos. 121 bc) 20, 79–81, 115, 132, 227–32, 237–8, 249
Oppius, C. 168 n.19
optimates 1, 72, 158
Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta 34, 45, 47, 50, 52, 61, 77
Oricum 176
otium 115, 150–1, 193, 207, 266, 270 n.28
Ovidius Naso, P. 16, 19, 274–6
Pannonia 271 n.33
Papirius Carbo, C. (tr. pl. 90 bc) 61, 76 n.71
Papirius Carbo, Cn. (cos. 84 bc) 99–100, 103
paranomasia (adnominatio) 80
Parthians 164, 239, 251, 266
partitio 92 n.150
parricide 92, 95, 208
paterfamilias 223–4
patria (ἡ πατρίς) 74, 100, 121, 124, 125 n.80, 132, 140, 152, 157 n.220, 212, 231, 241, 255, 271 n.34; see also Augustus, pater patriae; Julius Caesar, C., parens patriae
patronus 19, 57 n.134, 150–1, 264, 266–7, 273, 275
pauci 98 n.170, 173, 175, 177
pax (peace) 51 n.110, 53, 115, 141, 176, 181, 201–2, 249–50, 270–1
perduellio 55, 108, 122
Pergamum 65–9, 227, 231
Perge 200
periodization (dividing time) 24–5, 268
Perseus of Macedon 36
Persian invasion 170 n.24
persona 42, 91, 93 n.151, 98, 140 n.137, 142–3, 155, 161–3
pestis 126, 130, 196, 225
Petreius, M. (pr. ?64 bc) 110
Pharnaces II of Pontus 164
Pharsalus 164, 173, 192, 263
Philippi 164, 263
Phrygia 51
Picenum 191
pietas 155, 264
pilleus 197
pirates 57, 106, 240
Pisaurum 167 n.14
Plancius, Cn. (aedile 54 bc) 237
Plato 6, 161
plebs 13, 22, 47, 116, 140
Plutarch 58, 66, 70, 73–5, 92, 110 n.12
poena 61, 73, 91, 99, 130–1, 140, 143, 228
polis (ἡ πόλῐς) 73–4
political autonomy (or initiative) 12, 29, 40, 101, 118–20, 168, 186, 271, 275
political (or civic) institutions 13, 23–4, 55, 58–9, 62, 117–20, 147, 165, 168–9, 182–3, 223
political (or public) sphere 5, 9–11, 17–21, 23, 25–6, 33, 42, 59, 61–103, 133, 136, 151, 165, 168–9, 177, 180, 197–8, 213, 224, 240, 261–2, 274
politai (οἱ πολῖται) 84
Polybius 64
pomerium 23 n.5, 82, 84 n.105, 179–80, 183–4
Pompeia 103, 110
‘Pompeians’ 56, 138, 164–5, 167, 172–3, 175, 177, 193, 209–10, 257 n.128
Pompeius Magnus, Cn. (cos. 70, 55, 52 bc) 14, 28 n.28, 39, 107, 110–11, 116, 122, 134, 137, 145, 154, 156, 159, 161, 226, 235
adulescens carnifex 92, 239–41, 251
castra Pompeii 208–10
consul 97, 98 n.170
extraordinary commands 56–7, 106–7, 207
prefigures the principate 112, 149–50, 152–4, 221, 262, 264
princeps civitatis 9, 18, 150, 153, 157–8, 262
rector rei publicae 162
refuses to play Nasica 232
the ‘Republican’ 14, 18, 164–73, 175–82, 184–7, 189–92, 194, 203, 207, 216, 262
Pompeius Magnus, Cn. 164
Pompeius Magnus Pius, Sex. 198 n.149, 208
Pompeius Rufus, Q. (cos. 88 bc) 82
Pompeius Rufus, Q. (pr. 63 bc) 109
Pomponius Atticus, T. 142, 155–6, 170, 189, 191–2, 198, 210, 241
Pomponius 4
pontifex maximus 14, 66, 70–2, 74, 108, 110, 227–8, 231
Pontius Aquila (tr. pl. 45 bc) 188
Popillius Laenas, M. (cos. 173 bc) 63
popularis 47, 107, 138–9, 141 n.144,
attempts to rein in misbehaving magistrates 55–6, 60
nexus of issues 48–9, 107, 132, 152
perceived as endangering res publica 80, 230, 261
philological definition 1, 112, 114–16, 122, 131
rhetoric and ideology 10 n.34, 17, 21–3, 25, 46–60, 80, 86, 111, 115, 120, 173, 175, 226–7
robust attitude towards magisterial dignitas 49, 54, 183
strategic emphasis on res publica as res populi 17, 21–2, 46, 53–4, 58–60, 80, 182–3, 188, 261
populus:
a generic populus 1, 7–9, 10, 25, 52–4, 118
polloi (οἱ πολλοι) 74
the populus Romanus 3–4, 11–12, 17, 21–4, 28, 43, 46–9, 51, 54–61, 67–8, 80, 85–7, 98, 102, 112–16, 118–20, 122, 131–3, 142, 148, 150, 152, 155, 168–9, 173–7, 183, 186–7, 189–90, 213–16, 218–19, 225–6, 231, 258, 266, 268–73 see also res publica, as res populi, the property of the populus
Porcius Cato Censorius, M. (cos. 195 bc) 16–17, 41–6, 49
the businessman 94 n.153
De Sumptu Suo 44–6
homo novus 41, 45
inspires Cicero 91–2, 161
Origines 31, 41 n.80, 43–4
the outraged moraliser 17, 44, 59, 62–4
refuses to name names 43–4
self-promotion 21, 42–6, 49, 154, 159
Porcius Cato Uticensis, M. (pr. 54 bc) 41, 108, 164, 167, 171, 181, 194
Porta Collina 89
possessores 116
potestas 23, 68, 75, 96, 132, 188, 253 n.117, 265
praeda 45, 101–2
praeteritio 206
praetors 10 n.33, 22, 31–2, 37, 44, 79, 90, 97, 109–10, 122, 128, 130, 167, 169 n.23, 184, 194, 199 n.151, 203–5, 223, 228–9, 231, 270
principate 3, 16, 18, 112, 149–50, 196, 222, 262, 267, 269
principes 9, 57, 97, 145, 211, 263
princeps senatus 66–7
privata impensa (personal expense) 14 n.52, 221–2
private army 240, 243
privati (private citizens) 1, 14, 16, 22–3, 30–1, 33, 36, 47, 70, 72–3, 81, 83, 91, 142–3, 147, 150–1, 153, 162, 179, 189–90, 215, 221–30, 233–41, 244, 251–4, 265, 270 n.28, 275
privatum consilium 18–19, 221–5, 227, 234–6, 238, 241–9, 252, 254–8, 262
privilegium 151
proconsul 22, 27, 28 n.28, 40 n.75, 96, 99, 167, 175, 179, 181, 184, 194, 200–1, 245–6
propraetor 22, 200
proscriptions 96, 100, 103, 164
prosopopoeia 125 n.80
provincia 23, 59, 105, 155, 173, 199, 217, 239, 255
provincial governors 22–4, 55–6, 60, 155, 183, 199–200, 223, 243
Ptolemy XIII of Egypt 164
Ptolemy XIV of Egypt 164
public interest (or good) 3–5, 7, 28–32, 35–6, 38–9, 42, 47, 131, 148, 176, 233–4
public business (or affairs) 4–5, 10, 17, 19, 21, 25–6, 29, 32–3, 51, 53, 62, 80–1, 95, 143, 148, 156, 181, 183–6, 197, 212, 242; see also civic affairs (or business)
publica 52–4; see also populus
publicum consilium 119, 121–2, 199, 224, 229–30, 232, 235–6, 244, 257
Pydna 36
quaestio de maiestate 55
quaestio inter sicarios 92, 107
quaestiones 23 n.4, 63, 89–90, 147
quaestor 22, 90 n.135, 99, 106, 110, 200, 223
Quinctius Cincinnatus, L. (cos. 460 bc) 30 n.32
Quinctius Flamininus, L. (cos. 192 bc) 51 n.109, 63 n.3
Quintilius Varus, Sex. (pr. 57 bc) 146
Quirites 26, 32 n.43, 47, 49, 77, 84, 115, 121
Rabirius, C.:
charged with perduellio in 63 bc 107–8, 111
helped put down Saturninus in 100 bc 108, 121
political implications of trial 108, 113, 120–2, 132
rector rei publicae 159–62
regnum 4, 7, 69, 71, 138–9, 206, 211, 215
relegatio 126
religio 55 n.120, 76 n.72, 147
religion 23, 70–1, 88–90, 126 n.82, 170, 227, 231, 270
repetundae (extortion) 22, 23 n.4, 31, 40, 64, 106, 231
republic 3, 20, 90–1
‘Republicans’ 18, 164–5, 167–8, 170–3, 177, 179, 184–5, 189, 192, 207, 209, 216, 262–3
repulsa 48, 108
res publica:
a re publica 5, 127 n.85, 132 n.111, 195
a slogan 2–3, 14–15, 182
ad rem publicam 5, 77 n.72, 93, 159, 195
administering or managing (administrare or gerere) the res publica 4–7, 9–11, 16–18, 21–2, 25–7, 32–4, 39, 44, 46, 49–61, 64, 67, 75, 80–1, 105, 113, 116, 118, 125, 127, 133, 136, 142–3, 146, 151, 155, 161, 179, 181–6, 198, 210, 217, 273–4
amor/studium rei publicae 80, 147, 159–60, 166–7
appeal to res publica 3, 15, 18, 44, 48, 62, 144–5, 172, 174, 176, 178, 261
causa rei publicae 3, 98, 149, 166, 177, 200 n.153
consulere rei publicae 25, 198
de re publica 6, 9, 29 n.31, 92, 113 n.20, 176, 186, 211, 213, 246, 247 n.97
definition 11–12, 21, 116–20, 168
(dis)located in space 17–18, 117–20, 122, 127, 132–3, 136, 141, 142, 146–8, 151–2, 168–71, 182–7, 191–2
e re publica/per commodum/utilitas rei publicae 29, 31, 50–1, 131, 160, 166–7, 177, 185, 272
endangered by the actions of individuals 17–18, 61, 65–82, 87, 90, 105, 114, 116, 123, 125, 127, 129–30, 132, 134, 144–5, 226, 229–30
foreign res publicae 9–10, 25, 52, 118
in re publica 5, 21, 57, 59, 113, 121, 133, 136, 149, 198 n.145, 213
insignia rei publicae 117–19
libera res publica 18, 165, 196–7, 204–7, 210–11
liberating the res publica 140, 175, 196, 198, 206, 216, 221–2, 225, 231, 243, 256
overview of sources 15–16
personified rhetorical fiction 18, 101–3, 111, 126–7, 140–3, 148, 151, 156, 158–9, 165, 169, 182, 190, 215, 218, 237, 243
pestis rei publicae 126, 130, 196, 225
previous work 1–2
pro re publica 14, 19, 38–9, 41, 165, 213, 223, 241–2, 252, 264
relationship to magistrates, see consuls, magistrates
as res populi, the property of the populus 7, 21, 25, 52–4, 56, 59–61, 64, 105, 261
res publica amissa 15, 165
res publica constituta 14, 17, 18, 61–2, 91–2, 96, 99, 103, 115, 136, 168, 192, 195–7, 210
res publica est Caesar 19, 186, 274–6
res publica oppressa 73, 173, 175, 221, 225, 243, 274
res publica reciperata 18, 94 n.158, 95, 165, 191–2, 198
res publica salva 14, 16–17, 62, 73, 75, 77–8, 79 n.79, 79 n.81, 90, 137, 144–5, 152, 161, 177, 195, 197, 199, 226, 252
salus rei publicae 26, 32 n.43, 130, 151, 179, 193, 203
service to the res publica 41–6
the significance of res 34, 52–3, 59
spectrum of meanings 21, 59, 116–17, 135, 163, 168, 192, 262
as a sphere of action, see political (or public) sphere
suffering from moral malaise 17, 44, 61–5, 76, 95
translated in Greek inscriptions (τὰ δημόσια πράγματα) 4
rex 4, 40, 139, 197
Rhetorica ad Herennium 10, 80, 226
Rhodians 200
Rhodes 270 n.28, 271
ring composition 173
Roman Republic:
acrimonious collapse 15, 19–20, 22, 25, 47, 58, 72, 76, 163–4, 262, 267
characterised by conflict 12–14, 23
characterised by consensus 12–14
characterised by the succession of magistrates 24–5, 64, 84
characterised by the operation of elite auctoritas 48, 83
a political system that defines a particular historical period 3, 11, 15–16, 19, 22–7, 31, 33, 43, 46, 55, 58, 68, 71–2, 84, 86, 87, 97 n.169, 107 n.7, 112, 124, 142, 171 n.32, 178–9, 185, 192, 195–6, 217, 221–2, 224, 253, 261, 265, 268–9, 271–4, 276
Rome 3–4, 6 n.17, 9, 12, 15–20, 22–3, 27 n.22, 29, 32, 34, 36–7, 40–2, 44, 51 n.109, 52, 56, 60–2, 64, 66, 68–9, 72, 75, 77, 79, 82, 85–7, 91, 92 n.146, 99, 101, 105–6, 109–11, 113, 117–20, 122–7, 130, 132, 136, 138–43, 146–8, 152, 164–6, 168–71, 176–7, 179–91, 194–9, 201, 204, 210, 212, 215–16, 221, 237, 242, 247, 258, 262, 265–7, 270–1, 275
Romulus 4, 32 n.43
Roscius, L. 167 n.14
Roscius, Sex. 92–6
Rubicon 19, 167, 168 n.19, 190, 194, 241
sacer 1, 70 n.53
sacrifice 26, 31, 70
Sallustius Crispus, C. 4, 51 n.110, 58, 64, 132, 272
salutatio 26, 58
Samnia 35
Samnian meddices 118 n.44
Samnite Wars 118
sapiens 35, 61, 129
sapientia 33, 49, 115, 150, 206
Scipionic elogia 33–5, 39, 46, 52, 78
Scribonius Curio, C. (pr. 49 bc) 168 n.19
secessio 177
‘Second’ Triumvirate 164
sedes 141, 192
Sempronius Asellio (annalist) 76 n.72
Sempronius Gracchus, Ti. (tr. pl. 133 bc):
historiographical review 66–74
popularis martyr 14, 16–17, 47, 49, 62, 75–8, 80–1, 195, 221–3, 226–30, 232, 234, 236, 238, 250, 262
in a nutshell 65–6
Sempronius Gracchus, C. (tr. pl. 123–2 bc):
popularis martyr 14, 17, 20, 62, 72, 78–81, 115, 128, 131–2, 227, 229–30, 231 n.47, 249
popularis politician and orator 16, 49–52, 56–9, 65, 76, 116, 226–7
senate 3, 12, 14 n.52, 22–5, 27–31, 40 n.75, 47–8, 51–2, 54, 57–8, 62–3, 65–9, 71, 73, 76 n.71, 78–80, 82–5, 89–90, 92, 95, 97, 101–2, 106–10, 113–22, 124–37, 139, 142, 144–51, 154, 158, 164, 168–71, 172 n.39, 175–84, 186–90, 192–4, 198–203, 208–15, 217–19, 223–5, 227–32, 235–6, 241–59, 264–71, 273, 276
senatorial order 263
senators 12, 14, 34, 54, 57, 66, 70, 89–90, 97, 99, 102, 106, 109, 114, 129–30, 135, 140, 143, 146, 150, 159, 169, 180–4, 188, 198–9, 203, 238, 247–9
senatus consulta (senatorial decree) 23, 25 n.17, 32, 107, 145, 152, 168, 177, 181, 190, 210, 224, 228, 239, 248, 251, 253–4, 257, 265
Senatus Consultum de Thisbensibus 31
senatus consultum ultimum (SCU) 17, 62, 78–9, 85, 108–9, 111, 120–2, 124–6, 128–9, 132, 141 n.141, 144, 164, 166–7, 172, 227–30, 244
sententia 131, 150–1, 178–9, 205, 250, 255
sentina 116 n.41
Septimius, C. (pr. 57 bc) 146
Sergius Catilina, L. (pr. 68 bc) 18, 106–11, 123–8, 130, 136–8, 140–1, 143, 227–30, 240, 243–4, 250
Sertorius, Q. 240, 251
Servilius Glaucia, C. (pr. 100 bc) 14, 79, 81, 105–6, 250
Servilius Rullus, P. (tr. pl. 63 bc) 58, 107, 112–14, 116–17, 119–20, 135, 139
Servilius Vatia Isauricus, P. (cos. 48, 41 bc) 187, 251, 254
Sestius, P. (pr. 53 bc) 149, 233
shrine 36, 118, 134
Shrine to Diana at Capua 118
Sibelius 72
Sibylline Books 76 n.71
Sicily 10 n.33, 25, 76 n.71, 98 n.175, 189–90, 240
slave 27, 51 n.109, 133, 196 n.142, 223, 232, 234
slave revolt 109, 123, 133, 239
slavery 28, 197, 201, 203, 206, 212–13, 264
Smyrna 200, 251
Spain 42, 65, 76 n.71, 106, 127 n.85, 179, 186, 198 n.149, 239–41
Spartacus 240
splendor 99
Social War (91–88 bc) 14, 81–2
societas (or consensus) iuris 7, 9, 36, 54, 118
soldier 39, 41, 83–6, 172–3, 180, 202 n.165, 209, 225, 239, 245–7, 252, 254, 256–7
Sosia 21, 27
Staberius, L. 176
Statilius, L. 109
Statilius Taurus, T. (cos. 37, 26 bc) 272
status (civitatis/rei publicae) 1, 4, 9 n.29, 92, 99, 103, 155, 264
Suetonius Tranquillus, C. 19, 163, 262–4, 273
Sullani 103
Sulpicius Galba, Ser. (cos. 144 bc) 44
Sulpicius, P. (tr. pl. 88 bc) 81–3, 85–6
Sulpicius Rufus, Ser. (cos. 51 bc) 18, 108, 111, 168 n.19, 193–5, 211, 249
sumptuary legislation 44, 90
suo anno 115
symphony 72
Syria 164, 185, 198 n.149, 200, 251, 255
Tabula Bembina 15, 31–2
Tarquin 72, 139, 160
Taurasia 35
Temple to Bellona 89
Temple to Concordia 20, 81, 269 n.23
Temple to Fides Publica 73
Temple to Hercules Victor 36
Temple to Jupiter Optimus Maximus 117, 269 n.23
Temple to Jupiter Stator 37
Temple to Libertas (build by Clodius on the site of Cicero’s house) 111, 152
Temple to Mars in Circo 37
Temple of Saturn 180
temples 4 n.12, 120, 133, 134, 140, 147, 183
tempora 77, 101
temporal markers 268, 274
Terentia 110 n.12
Terentius Varro, M. 10–11, 26, 32 n.43, 179
thanksgiving 33, 42, 134, 136, 213
Thapsus 164
Thatcher, Margaret 218
Thermopylae 42
Tiberius 262, 266 n.14, 269, 270 n.28, 271–4, 276
toga 66, 70, 73, 226
toga praetexta 26, 71 n.56
Trasimene 76 n.72
Trebonius Testa, C. (cos. 45 bc) 168 n.19, 186, 200, 208, 251, 255, 275
tribunes of the plebs 14, 22, 110, 119 n.51, 125 n.77, 147, 167, 186, 199 n.151, 203, 233, 234–5, 243
back Caesar 164, 173
challenging consuls 47–8
instruments of the populus 48–9
iteration of office 67, 69
oppose Caesar 180, 188
popularis politics 55, 60, 65, 72–3, 76 n.71, 79, 81–3, 86, 106–8, 112, 114–16, 137, 229, 232, 251
rein in more senior magistrates 55–6, 63–4, 86
restored to full strength 96–7
sacrosanctitas 68, 71, 78, 173 n.45, 228
Sullan emasculation 90
undermine magisterial dignitas 49
veto 65, 67–8
tribuni aerarii 97
trinundinum 58
Tullia 194
Tullianum 230
Tullius Cicero, M. (cos. 63 bc):
Ad Atticum 155–6, 170, 189–92, 198, 210, 241
Ad Brutum 258
Ad Familiares 16, 30, 155–9, 193–5, 198–203, 256–8
Ad Quintum fratrem 232
Augustan inspiration 19, 221–2, 242–3, 259
Brutus 192
after Caesar’s assassination 18–19, 164–5, 199–203, 206–22, 242–59, 262
on Caesar 130–2, 156–8, 165, 169, 171–2, 177, 184, 186, 192–5, 275
Catilinarians 107–8
civil war despair 18, 164–5, 168 n.19, 169–72, 177, 181, 186, 188–95, 241–2
cultivates a popularis image 56, 58–60, 107, 111, 112–20
De Domo Sua 112, 149, 151–4, 236–7
De Lege Agraria 1–3, 58, 107, 111–20, 148, 168
De Lege Manilia 56–7, 239–40
De Officiis 198 n.143, 225–6
De Oratore 159–60
De Republica 1–2, 4, 6–9, 10–11, 15, 52–4, 59, 78 n.74, 91, 160–2
defensive consularis 154–62
defines publica rather than res 25, 36, 52–4
defines res publica before the people 119–20
defines res publica in the senate 116–19
Eighth Philippic 248–51
Eleventh Philippic 249, 251–6
the e-word (‘exile’) 141–54
Fifth Philippic 84, 201, 245–7
First Catilinarian 109, 123–7, 227–30, 243–4
First Philippic 165, 210–15, 218
Fourteenth Philippic 248
Fourth Catilinarian 105, 128–35
Fourth Philippic 217, 219
on the Gracchi and Scipio Nasica 72, 221–2, 225–38
heroic consul 17–18, 105–41
homo novus 107, 115, 122
identifies himself with res publica 18, 111, 142–8, 151–2, 169, 186
In Pisonem 232, 235
orator, writer, and thinker 9 n.29, 15–16, 17, 33, 51 n.109, 58, 60, 89 n.127, 93 n.151, 163, 165, 167, 177–8, 182, 184–5, 195–6, 239, 262, 272
Philippics 79 n.80
on Pompey 9, 18, 145, 150–4, 156–8, 162, 170, 190, 221, 226, 232, 239–41, 262
Post Reditum ad Populum 112, 145–7, 150–1, 154–5, 162, 168
Post Reditum ad Senatum 112, 144–7, 150, 154, 162, 168, 270
Pro Marcello 190, 192–3
Pro Murena 111, 230
Pro Plancio 231, 233, 237–8
Pro Quinctio 94 n.156
Pro Rabirio Perduellionis 79 n.82, 111, 113, 120–22, 136
Pro Roscio Comoedio 94 n.156
Pro Sestio 231, 233–6, 238
Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino 62, 92–6
Pro Sulla 137–41, 143–4
proconsul 16, 30, 32–3
Second Catilinarian 124, 127–8
Second Philippic 216
on Sulla 17, 19, 92–103, 275–6
Tenth Philippic 216–19, 245, 247
Third Philippic 222, 225, 242–5
Thirteenth Philippic 196, 206–8
Tusculan Disputations 72
use of Greek theoretical models 7, 52, 54
In Vatinium 149, 156
Verrines 25, 52, 62, 92, 96–103
Tullius Cicero, Q. (pr. 62 bc):
the politician 156–8, 232
Commentariolum Petitionis 11 n.37
Tullius Cicero, M. (cos. 30 bc) 129
Tullus Hostilius 4
tumultus 79, 141 n.141, 192, 246, 249
tyrannical behaviour 69
tyrannicide 192, 197
tyranny 3, 71, 118, 129, 241
tyrant 74, 81, 160, 197, 236, 257
Ubii 174
Umbrenus, P. 110
urbs 8, 170, 184, 204
urbs Roma 192 see also city
Utica 164
utilitas 131, 160, 177
Valerius Flaccus, L. (cos. 100 bc) 229, 249
Valerius Maximus 47–9, 66, 72, 74, 115
Valerius Messala Messalinus, M. (cos. 3 bc) 274
Valerius Messala Niger, M. (cos. 61 bc) 95
Valerius Orca, Q. (pr. 57 bc) 146
Vargunteius, L. 109
Varius, Q. 55
Vatinius, P. (cos. 47 bc) 149, 156, 158
vectigalia 44, 50–1, 102
Velia 212
Velleius Paterculus, M. 16, 19, 66, 72, 196, 207, 222, 263, 267, 270 n.28, 275
Venus 264 n.6
Verres, C. 10 n.33, 25, 97–100, 102–3, 129 n.100
Vestal Virgins 110 n.12, 132
veterans 107, 164, 212, 222–3, 241, 243, 246, 252, 254, 256
Vibius Pansa, C. (cos. 43 bc) 245–7, 249
Vibullius Rufus, L. 176
Vipsania 276
Vipsanius Agrippa, M. (cos. 37, 28–7 bc) 272
virtus 37–9, 41, 43, 152, 193, 242, 249, 258
vis (public violence) 85, 106, 124, 147, 164, 233, 236
Volturcius, T. 109
voters 83
Zela 164