TIMELINE

1411	22  September	Birth of Richard Plantagenet, future Duke of York
1413	20 March	Death of Henry IV; uncontested accession of Henry V
1415	25 October	Battle of Agincourt – Henry V wins major victory over the French
1420	22 May	Treaty of Troyes recognises Henry V as heir to Charles VI of France
	2 June	Henry V marries Catherine of Valois, daughter of Charles VI of France
1421	6 December	Prince Henry, son of Henry V and future Henry VI, is born at Windsor
1422	31 August	Death of Henry V; accession of 9-month-old Henry VI
	6 November	Henry VI is crowned King of England at Westminster
1442	28 April	Birth of Edward, Earl of March, eldest son of the Duke of York and future Edward IV
1445	23 April	Henry VI marries Margaret of Anjou
1449	21 October	Birth of George, son of the Duke of York, and future Duke of Clarence
	29 October	English surrender Rouen, the capital of Normandy, to the French
1450	June–July	Jack Cade’s rebels occupy London
	12 August	The French capture Cherbourg and end English rule in Normandy
1452	2 October	Birth of Richard, youngest son of the Duke of York and future Richard III
1453	17 July	French victory at Castillon ends English rule in Gascony
	c. 1 August	Onset of Henry VI’s first bout of mental illness
	13 October	Birth of Edward of Lancaster, son of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou
1454	27 March	York is named Lord Protector during the king’s illness
	c. 25  December	Henry VI recovers from mental illness
1455	January	York surrenders the office of protector
	22 May	First Battle of St Albans – York and his allies, the Neville earls of Salisbury and Warwick, win control of the king and kill their chief enemies: Somerset, Northumberland and Clifford
	19 November	York is appointed Lord Protector for the second time
1457	28 January	Birth of Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, the future Henry VII
1459	23 September	Battle of Blore Heath – Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury, defeats a Lancastrian force trying to block his junction with York
	12–13 October	Heavily outnumbered, the Yorkist lords flee from Ludford Bridge; York goes to Ireland; Warwick, Salisbury and March go to Calais
1460	26 June	Yorkist earls of Warwick, Salisbury and March land in England from Calais
	10 July	Battle of Northampton – Warwick captures Henry VI and control of the government
	30 December	Battle of Wakefield – defeat and death of York and Salisbury, and York’s second son, Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland
1461	2 February	Battle of Mortimer’s Cross – Yorkist victory in Wales
	17 February	Second Battle of St Albans – Margaret of Anjou defeats Warwick and reunites herself and her son with Henry VI
	4 March	Edward, Earl of March, is proclaimed King Edward IV at Westminster
	27–28 March	Battle of Ferrybridge – Lancastrian attempts to prevent a Yorkist crossing of the River Aire
	29 March	Battle of Towton – Edward IV wins throne and Henry VI and his family flee into Scotland
	28 June	Official coronation of Edward IV
1464	1 May	Edward IV secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville
	25 December	Elizabeth Woodville is publicly introduced to the court as queen
1465	13 July	Henry VI is captured in Lancashire and imprisoned in the Tower of London
1469	April–July	Robin of Redesdale’s rebellion is fomented by Warwick
	26 July	Battle of Edgecote Moor – a royal army led by William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, is beaten by Warwick’s rebels
1470	12 March	Battle of Losecote Field – Edward IV defeats rebels operating under the direction of Warwick and Clarence
	2 November	Birth of Prince Edward, eldest son of Edward IV, future Edward V
1471	14 April	Battle of Barnet – Warwick is defeated and killed; Margaret of Anjou lands at Weymouth
	4 May	Battle of Tewkesbury – Prince Edward of Lancaster is killed
	7 May	Margaret of Anjou is captured and taken to the Tower of London
	21 May	Edward IV enters London in triumph; Henry VI is murdered in the Tower of London
	2 June	Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke, escapes from England with his nephew, Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond
1473	c. 17 August	Birth of Richard, second son of Edward IV, future Duke of York
1478	18 February	George, Duke of Clarence, is executed in the Tower of London
1483	9 April	Death of Edward IV; accession of Edward V
	30 April	Richard, Duke of Gloucester, takes charge of his nephew, Edward V, at Stony Stratford on the road to London
	22 June	Dr Ralph Shaa delivers a public sermon at Paul’s Cross in London setting forth Richard of Gloucester’s claim to the throne
	26 June	Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, presents Richard of Gloucester with a petition requesting him to take the throne
	6 July	Richard of Gloucester is crowned Richard III in Westminster Abbey
	25 December	Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, takes oath to marry Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV
1484	23 January	Richard III’s only Parliament opens at Westminster; Titulus Regius is passed
	April	Death of Edward of Middleham, only child of Richard III
	September	Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, flees from Brittany to France
1485	7 August	Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, lands with an invasion force at Milford Haven in Wales
	22 August	Battle of Bosworth Field – Richard III is defeated and killed; accession of Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, as Henry VII
	30 October	Coronation of Henry VII
	7 November	Henry VII’s first Parliament opens at Westminster
1486	18 January	Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV
	19 September	Birth of Prince Arthur, first child of Henry VII
1487	24 May	Lambert Simnel, who claims to be a nephew of Edward IV, is crowned King of England in Dublin
	16 June	Battle of Stoke – Henry VII defeats Yorkist supporters of Lambert Simnel
1491	28 June	Birth of Prince Henry, future Henry VIII