1. SNAPPING VIOLENTLY
“Frankly, my dear”: Gone with the Wind (1939), directed by Victor Fleming, movie based on the 1936 novel by Margaret Mitchell. A clip of this scene can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYj0M19Ap34.
“We like it here”: Author interview with resident of Dumont Oaks neighborhood, Silver Spring, MD, August 2012.
“He is the kind of neighbor”: M. Laris, “Man Held in Stabbing at MD Post Office,” The Washington Post, July 27, 2012.
“He was always very polite”: Ibid.
to complete his paperwork: “Man Stabbed at Silver Spring Post Office after Another Man Mistakenly Thought He Cut in Line,” CBS News, July 26, 2012, http://washington.cbslocal.com/2012/07/26/stabbing-at-post-office-in-silver-spring-one-person-in-custody.
blasted Young with pepper spray: Crimesider Staff, “Md. Man Stabbed at Post Office in Reported Confrontation over Cutting in Line,” CBS News, July 27, 2012, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-57481287-504083.
while officers searched his car: M. Laris, “Montgomery County Post Office Stabbing Suspect Charged with Attempted Murder,” Crime Scene (blog), The Washington Post, July 27, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/crime-scene/post/montgomery-county-post-office-stabbing-suspect-charged-with-attempted-murder/2012/07/27/gJQAg1gnDX_blog.html.
“I’ve never seen him be aggressive”: Laris, “Man Held in Stabbing.”
“He seemed just like a standard”: Ibid.
“He’s as stable a citizen”: J. Arias, “Silver Spring Man Charged with Attempted Murder After Post Office Stabbing,” Gazette.net, July 27, 2012, http://www.gazette.net/article/20120727/NEWS/707279565/1081.
documents in a bright-yellow file folder: Author reporting from District Court of Maryland, Rockville, MD, August 24, 2012.
“I am not willing”: Arias, “Silver Spring Man Charged.”
“Maybe I should have stayed home”: Laris, “Man Held in Stabbing.”
“Never get out of your vehicle”: M. Weil, “Fairfax Woman Charged with Hit-and-Run in Shelinda Arrington Death,” The Washington Post, May 7, 2012.
“It’s chilling now”: L. Sausser, “Dela Rosa an ‘Angry Woman,’ Psychologist Says,” Vienna Patch, October 5, 2011, http://patch.com/virginia/vienna/dela-rosa-an-angry-woman-psychologist-says.
“It looked like a jacket”: L. Sausser, “Update: Grandmother Guilty of First-Degree Murder in Toddler Death Case,” Vienna Patch, October 6, 2011, http://patch.com/virginia/vienna/grandmother-charged-with-first-degree-murder-in-toddl01d21fb313.
“She’ll never be able to”: J. Jouvenal, “Va. Woman Gets 35 Years for Fatally Tossing Granddaughter off Mall Walkway,” The Washington Post, January 6, 2012.
“She was basically angry”: Sausser, “Dela Rosa an ‘Angry Woman.’”
“What’s going to happen”: Ibid.
“I’m very sorry”: Jouvenal, “Va. Woman Gets 35 Years.”
“This isn’t insanity”: Sausser, “Dela Rosa an ‘Angry Woman.’”
deep into the brain of a cat: W. R. Hess, Diencephalon, Monographs in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1954), 1–79.
added one more critical element: A. H. Rosenfeld, and S. A. Rosenfeld, Of Cats and Rats: Studies of the Neural Basis of Aggression, Interview with John P. Flynn, July 1975 (Washington, DC: NIMH, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976).
“I was defending myself”: Laris, “Man Held in Stabbing.”
Loughner appeared mentally deranged: J. Hopper, E. Friedman, and D. Adib, “Accused Tuscon Shooter Jared Loughner Smirks in Court, Smiles for Mug Shot,” ABC News, January 10, 2011, http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=12580344.
receiving psychiatric treatment and medications: S. D. James, “Newtown Shooter Lanza Had Sensory Processing Disorder,” ABC News, February 20, 2013, http://abcnews.go.com/Health/newtown-shooter-adam-lanza-sensory-processing-disorder-controversial/story?id=18532645.
maximum possible under Norway’s law: “Norway Court: Anders Breivik Sane, Going to Prison,” CBS News, August 24, 2012, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/norway-court-anders-breivik-sane-going-to-prison.
2. NEUROCIRCUITS OF RAGE
“If you imagine the lizard brain”: D. J. Linden, The Accidental Mind (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007). Quoted in J. Hamilton, “From Primitive Parts, a Highly Evolved Human Brain,” The Human Edge, National Public Radio, August 9, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129027124.
conceived the triune brain theory: J. Pearce, “Paul MacLean, 94, Neuroscientist Who Devised ‘Triune Brain’ Theory, Dies,” The New York Times, January 10, 2008.
TV series about a serial killer: Dexter, season 5, episode 3, Showtime, directed by Ernest R. Dickerson, original air date October 10, 2010. See the Showtime website http://www.sho.com/sho/dexter/home.
“The greatest language barrier”: As quoted in Pearce, “Paul MacLean, 94, Neuroscientist.”
José Manuel Rodriguez Delgado: B. Blackwell, “Jose Manuel Rodriguez Delgado,” Neuropsychopharmacology 37 (2012): 2883–84.
3. WHAT ARE THE TRIGGERS?
immediately after the race and embraced him: J. Steinberg, “London 2012: History Boy Oscar Pistorius Signs Off with a Smile,” The Guardian, August 5, 2012.
in a fit of rage or by mistake: A. Topping, “Oscar Pistorius Charged with Murder After Girlfriend Shot Dead,” The Guardian, February 14, 2013.
Staff Sgt. Robert Bales: J. Kaminsky, “U.S. Soldier Behind Afghan Massacre Apologizes for ‘Act of Cowardice,’” Reuters News Service, August 22, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/22/us-usa-afghanistan-trial-idUSBRE97L0YV20130822.
“It didn’t make any sense”: A. Ashton, “Robert Bales Takes Stand at Sentencing Trial, Apologizes for Killings, Disgracing Army,” The News Tribune, August 22, 2013.
“stood out and had a real positive attitude”: J. Hopperstad, “Bales: ‘I’m Responsible . . . I’m Truly Sorry, I Murdered Their Family,’” Fox News, August 22, 2013, http://q13fox.com/2013/08/22/bales-takes-the-stand-in-afghan-murder-trial.
“This bastard stood”: J. Van Sant, “Day 2 of Bales’ Sentencing Hearing,” Fox News, August 21, 2013, http://q13fox.com/2013/08/21/bales-sentencing-enters-day-2.
“I don’t think anybody”: Kaminsky, “U.S. Soldier Behind Afghan Massacre.”
Some 30 percent of US drivers: A. Halsey III and B. S. Berkowitz, “Number of drivers who say they feel road rage has doubled, poll finds.” The Washington Post, September 1, 2013.
“I’m going to give you”: Fawlty Towers, “Gourmet Night,” season 1, episode 5, directed by John Howard Davies, original air date October 17, 1975. Scene can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mv0onXhyLlE.
“It’s true that we can’t react violently”: “Pope Francis on Freedom of Speech: ‘One Cannot Make Fun of Faith,’” NBC News, January 15, 2015, http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/paris-magazine-attack/pope-francis-freedom-speech-one-cannot-make-fun-faith-n286631.
“I have a bad temper”: “Will snapping at my son a lot effect [sic] him?” [question posted to online forum by user sarasami], BabyCenter.com, July 30, 2011, http://www.babycenter.com/400_will-snapping-at-my-son-a-lot-effect-him_9611969_959.bc.
“When I come home from work”: J. Warda, “Learn to Manage Stress Before Snapping at Kids,” Chicago Tribune, August 8, 1999.
“Even me being in anger management”: S. Michels, “Special Courts Take on Criminal Cases of Veterans Struggling with Trauma,” NewsHour, PBS, February 24, 2015, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/special-courts-take-criminal-cases-veterans-struggling-trauma.
“In the moments”: “Ready to Snap,” PhD in Parenting (blog), November 19, 2010, http://www.phdinparenting.com/blog/2010/11/19/ready-to-snap.html.
“It seems like I snap at her”: Chrisinohio, “Why Am I Snapping at My Wife Without Even Realizing It?” HealthBoards forum, January 15, 2005, http://www.healthboards.com/boards/anger-management/242875-why-am-i-snapping-my-wife-without-even-realizing.html.
“I snapped out on my husband”: Posted by “Braunwyn,” City-Data.com, June 22, 2010, http://www.city-data.com/forum/relationships/1011858-snapping-out-my-spouse.html.
“It seems like lately”: M.S., “Constantly Snapping at My Husband,” Mamapedia.com, July 15, 2008, http://www.mamapedia.com/article/constantly-snapping-at-my-husband.
“Anger is a very powerful emotion”: David T. Derrer, MD, “Men and Anger Management,” WebMD, http://www.webmd.com/men/guide/anger-management.
“Some Simple Steps”: American Psychological Association, “Controlling Anger Before It Controls You,” http://www.apa.org/topics/anger/control.aspx.
“A whistleblower feels vulnerable”: Email interview with Jason Zuckerman of Zuckerman Law, March 10, 2015.
net loss of synaptic connections over time: C. Liston and W-B. Gan, “Glucocorticoids Are Critical Regulators of Dendritic Spine Development and Plasticity in Vivo,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, no. 38 (2011): 16074–6079.
prevent them from withering away: C. Liston et al., “Circadian Glucocorticoid Oscillations Promote Learning-Dependent Synapse Formation and Maintenance,” Nature Neuroscience 16, no. 6 (2013): 698–705.
“Jail is one of the most incredibly stressful”: Author interview with Mr. David Connell, Washington, DC, February 20, 2015.
4. REACHING A VERDICT
“I heard the guy hit the tree”: Author interview with rock-climbing guide Brendan, Silver Spring, MD, January 15, 2014.
“By the time I got there”: Author interview with rock-climbing guide Jennie, Silver Spring, MD, January 15, 2014.
“Talked until blood shot out”: “Foul Play Suspected in Death of ‘Carderock Geoff,’” Dead Point Magazine, January 14, 2014, http://www.dpmclimbing.com/articles/view/foul-play-suspected-death-%E2%80%9Ccarderock-geoff%E2%80%9D.
“He always seemed more than a bit unusual”: BrianWS, Mountain Project forum, January 14, 2014, http://www.mountainproject.com/v/carderock-geoff-rip/108550580.
Geoff Farrar, AKA Carderock Geoff: J. Gregory, Potomac Mountain Club forum, December 29, 2013, http://www.potomacmountainclub.org/Climbing?mode=MessageList&eid=1464595&tpg=0.
found next to the body: M. Mimica, “Man Accused of Killing Fellow Rock Climber with Claw Hammer,” NBC News, January 15, 2014, http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/national-international/David-DiPaolo-Geoffrey-Farrar-Man-Accused-of-Killing-Fellow-Climber-With-Claw-Hammer-240162931.html?akmobile=o&nms=y.
“Pictures that have surfaced”: P. Hermann, “Climber Charged with Killing Friend with Claw Hammer in National Park in Potomac,” The Washington Post, January 14, 2014.
upstate New York near his father’s home: S. McCabe, “Rock-Climber Accused of Killing Friend with Claw-Hammer Under Bethesda Cliffs,” DC Crime Stories, January 13, 2014, http://dccrimestories.com/bethesda-area-rock-climber-accused-of-killing-friend-with-claw-hammer.
“I’m sorry this happened”: Hermann, “Climber Charged with Killing Friend.”
“I think he kinda”: Email interview of climbing guide Tom Cecil of Seneca Rocks Mountain Guides, January 21, 2014.
a pitchfork rage murder the author had witnessed: J. Parini, “FILM; Of Bindlestiffs, Bad Times, Mice and Men,” The New York Times, September 27, 1992. Steinbeck explained the origins of the story in an interview with The New York Times in 1937: “I was a bindlestiff myself for quite a spell. I worked in the same country that the story is laid in. The characters are composites to a certain extent. Lennie was a real person. He’s in an insane asylum in California right now. I worked alongside him for many weeks. He didn’t kill a girl. He killed a ranch foreman. Got sore because the boss had fired his pal and stuck a pitchfork right through his stomach. I hate to tell you how many times. I saw him do it. We couldn’t stop him until it was too late.”
“I couldn’t recognize him”: This and subsequent quotes from an author interview with John Gregory, Carderock, MD, February 1, 2014.
“Chris went to the hospital with Geoff”: Author report from the remembrance for Geoff Farrar, held at Carderock, MD, on December 28, 2014, one year after his death.
tending to real-estate matters: J. Reid, “Where Hamilton Fell: The Exact Location of the Famous Duelling Ground,” The Hoboken Evening News, June 10, 1898, http://duel2004.weehawkenhistory.org/Duel-JohnReid.pdf.
“If this devil is not dying”: L. Bui, “Man, 63, Seeks Insanity Finding in Fatal Stabbing of Girlfriend in Beltsville,” The Washington Post, May 3, 2014.
“Meaning, you cannot in court say”: Author interview with Professor Bruno Maurice Kappes, in his office at University of Alaska, Anchorage, April 19, 2014.
Some have speculated: S. Helman and J. Russell, Long Mile Home (New York: Dutton, 2014); D. Stableford, “Tamerlan Tsarnaev Heard Voices in His Head: Report,” Yahoo! News, December 15, 2013; S. Jacobs, D. Filipov, and P. Wen, “The Fall of the House of Tsarnaev,” The Boston Globe, December 15, 2012.
The defense did adopt: K. Q. Seelye, “Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Is Guilty on All 30 Counts in Boston Marathon Bombing,” The New York Times, April 8, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/09/us/dzhokhar-tsarnaev-verdict-boston-marathan-bombing-trial.html?_r=0.
“The big choice for the jury”: Ibid.
On May 15, 2015: A. Goldman, “Boston Marathon Bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Sentenced to Death Despite Appeals for Mercy,” The Washington Post, May 15, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/jury-weighs-death-penalty-for-boston-marathon-bomber/2015/05/15/30a493b8-fb07-11e4-9ef4-1bb7ce3b3fb7_story.html.
another prime example: “James Holmes Appears in Court Being Accused of Killing 12 People in Aurora Cinema Shooting,” Belle News, July 23, 2012, http://www.bellenews.com/2012/07/23/world/us-news/james-holmes-appears-in-court-being-accused-of-killing-12-people-in-aurora-cinema-shooting.
These psychiatrists argue: C. McKinley, “Aurora Shooting Trial: 10 New Things from 22 Hours of James Holmes Psychiatric Evaluation Interviews,” ABC World News, June 5, 2015, http://abcnews.go.com/US/aurora-shooting-trial-10-things-22-hours-james/story?id=31540740.
sent him to prison for thirty years: L. Bui, “Prince George’s Jury Rejects Beltsville Man’s Insanity Defense in Girlfriend’s Fatal Stabbing,” The Washington Post, May 7, 2014.
“We never would have dreamt”: J. Borden, “Babysitter Guilty in Virginia Toddler’s Death,” The Washington Post, October 21, 2013.
18 to 25 percent of babies: R. G. Barr, “Preventing Abusive Head Trauma Resulting from a Failure of Normal Interaction Between Infants and Their Caregivers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, Supplement 2 (October 2012): 17294–301.
men tend to carry on: N. De Pisapia et al., “Sex Differences in Directional Brain Responses to Infant Hunger Cries,” Neuroreport 24, no. 3 (2013): 142–46.
Women in general show greater response: J. W. Chun et al., “Common and Differential Brain Responses in Men and Women to Nonverbal Emotional Vocalizations by the Same and Opposite Sex,” Neuroscience Letters 515, no. 2 (2012): 157–61.
this reduces stress and anxiety: W. Tschacher, M. Schildt, and K. Sander, “Brain Connectivity in Listening to Affective Stimuli: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Study and Implications for Psychotherapy,” Psychotherapy Research 20, no. 5 (September 2010): 576–88.
interaction between infants and caregivers: Barr, “Preventing Abusive Head Trauma.”
might account for the paradox: During sentencing, Judge J. Howe Brown stated in court, “Nothing I can do brings back Elijah or makes [his parents] feel better. Likewise, nothing I can do to punish [Fraraccio] is more important than her memory of what she did. . . . The sentence that I’m going to give is not going to satisfy probably anybody, and people may talk about it for a long time.”
Prosecutors had asked for a sentence of fifty years in prison. When Judge Brown read his sentence, gasps swept the courtroom—five years in prison. The Nealeys were shocked. “Not five years. That’s definitely not right.” Jessica Fraraccio cried as Jennifer Nealey spoke in court of the agony of losing her child. The family was shattered and heartbroken by the murder of their innocent child, whom they entrusted for a short time to the care of Fraraccio. Fraraccio said in court, “I don’t know that I’ll ever be able to forgive myself—I really did love Elijah.”
Quotes from J. Zauzmer, “Babysitter Given 5 Years in Prison for Killing Boy,” The Washington Post, January 14, 2014.
5. TO DO THE RIGHT THING FAST
“Lucky, what are you doing?”: S. Hendrix, “F-16 Pilot Was Ready to Give Her Life on Sept. 11,” The Washington Post, September 8, 2011.
“This sounds coldhearted”: S. Hendrix, “F-16 Pilot Was Ready to Down Plane Her Father Piloted on 9/11,” The Washington Post, September 14, 2011.
“Let’s roll!”: E. Vulliamy, “Let’s Roll . . . ,” The Guardian Observer, December 1, 2001.
“They were the true heroes”: B. Hewitt, “Because of What They Did, We Didn’t Have To,” Parade, September 6, 2014.
“I believe it’s a human instinct”: “Ordinary Heroes—Lenny Skutnik,” YouTube video, 7:38, posted by COSMOTOPPER777, January 17, 2009, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXSQ9YGQvOI.
“He seemed sort of middle-aged”: C. Mcdougall, “The Hidden Cost of Heroism,” NBCNews.com, November 26, 2007, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/21902983/ns/health-behavior/t/hidden-cost-heroism/#.VXMsG89VhBd.
He had drowned saving: J. Williams, “A Hero—Passenger Aids Others, then Dies,” The Washington Post, January 14, 1982.
Christopher instantly rushed: P. Kotz, “Chris Patino, Mustafa Said, Occupation: Men; Rescue Girl Being Stabbed by Boyfriend,” True Crime Report, January 31, 2011, http://www.truecrimereport.com/2011/01/chris_patino_mustafa_said_occu.php.
“It was just like, It’s now or never”: “I Saw Something Tragic on the News Today,” Experience project, www.experienceproject.com/stories/Saw-Something-Tragic-on-the-News-Today/1984756.
“I didn’t really think”: K. Sturtz, “Kirkville Teen Saves 93-Year-Old Man from Drowning in Madison County,” Syracuse.com, August 18, 2013, http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2013/08/kirkville_teen_saves_93-year-old_man_from_drowning_in_madison_county.html.
“This is a neighborhood watering hole”: R. Gazarik and P. Peirce, “Victim in Ligonier Bar: ‘I Don’t Want . . . Trouble,’” Trib Live News, July 13, 2011, http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_746488.html#axzz3cJBvAAeI.
Don Holler was sitting at the bar: P. Peirce, “Bar-Shooting Heroes Describe During Fromholz Trial the Chaos at a Ligonier Borough Tavern,” Trib Live News, August 29, 2012, http://triblive.com/home/2493629-74/fromholz-haldeman-holler-bar-ligonier-ledgard-rifle-shot-jurors-testified#axzz3cJBvAAeI.
“I don’t want any trouble”: Gazarik and Peirce, “Victim in Ligonier Bar: ‘I Don’t Want . . . Trouble.’”
“Within thirty seconds”: Peirce, “Bar-Shooting Heroes Describe During Fromholz Trial the Chaos at a Ligonier Borough Tavern.”
“We look out and there was blood”: Associated Press, “Hawaii Shark Attack Victim’s Rescuer Recalls Daring Ordeal,” Fox News, August 17, 2013, http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/08/17/shark-attack-victim-rescuer-describes-ordeal.
The children’s grandmother, fifty-four-year-old Virginia Grogan: L. King, “Victims in Fatal Gloucester County Fire Identified,” The Virginian-Pilot, January 17, 2013, http://hamptonroads.com/2013/01/victims-fatal-gloucester-county-fire-identified.
“save my baby!”: E. Kurhl, “Teen Recounts Saving Boy from Certain Death at Yosemite Waterfall,” San Jose Mercury News, April 15, 2013, http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/world/56160061-68/alec-smith-family-yosemite.html.csp.
“I have forty dead contacts in my cell phone”: Telephone interview with former member of SEAL Team 6, March 26, 2014.
6. THE FLAVORS OF THREATS
“You know that you would have to possibly lay your life down”: Author interview with Secret Service agent Scott Moyer, Washington, DC, December 17, 2012.
“Absolutely!”: All quotes in this section from a telephone interview with former member of SEAL Team 6, March 26, 2014.
out of competition for the rest of the season: Associated Press, “American Skis Race of Her Life,” Lodi News-Sentinel, February 12, 1992.
All of them were badly injured: Ibid.
“Noodles is sharp”: “American Wendy Fisher, Austrian Are Injured in Skiing Accidents,” Philly.com, February 12, 1992, http://articles.philly.com/1992-02-12/sports/26042259_1_megan-gerety-sabine-ginther-fis-rules.
“She must have flown”: Ibid.
“I stopped liking skiing”: Author interview with Wendy Fisher, Olympic skier, on Paradise Run at Crested Butte Ski Resort, February 28, 2014.
“So-called choking”: Telephone interview with Christopher S. Ahmad, head team physician of the New York Yankees, February 7, 2014.
“There’s nothing harder”: A. Kilgore, “For Washington Nationals’ Jayson Werth, Hitting Is a Journey Without End,” The Washington Post, March 18, 2014.
“Players are under enormous pressure”: Telephone interview with Dr. Charley Maher, team psychologist for the Cleveland Indians, February 5, 2014.
“And not only do they have more of it”: Telephone interview with Christopher S. Ahmad, head team physician of the New York Yankees, February 7, 2014.
“I have had multiple friends die”: Telephone interview with a Navy SEAL, 2014.
The book describes a heroic moment: M. Owen, No Easy Day (New York: Dutton, 2012), 236.
“I guarantee he thought through every single step”: Telephone interview with a Navy SEAL, 2014.
“A batter gets hit by a pitch”: Telephone interview with Christopher S. Ahmad, head team physician of the New York Yankees, February 7, 2014.
Canandaigua Motorsports Park: J. Sutton and S. Almasy, “NASCAR’s Tony Stewart Hits, Kills Driver at Dirt-Track Race in New York,” CNN, August 11, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/10/justice/tony-stewart-hits-driver.
demonstrates this convincingly: T. G. Lee, R. S. Blumenfeld, and M. D’Esposito, “Disruption of Dorsolateral but Not Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Improves Unconscious Perceptual Memories,” The Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 32 (August 2013): 13233–37.
suicide, drug abuse, and violent crime: L. Bevilacqua et al., “A Population-Specific HTR2B Stop Codon Predisposes to Severe Impulsivity,” Nature 468, no. 7327 (December 2010): 1061–66.
Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter: A. Björklund and S. B. Dunnett, “Dopamine Neuron Systems in the Brain: An Update,” Trends in Neuroscience 30, no. 5 (May 2007): 194–202.
the pons and mesencephalon: I. P. Dorocic et al., “A Whole-Brain Atlas of Inputs to Serotonergic Neurons of the Dorsal and Median Raphe Nuclei,” Neuron 83, no. 3 (August 2014): 663–78.
more likely to join gangs: “‘Warrior Gene’ Linked to Gang Membership, Weapon Use,” Science Daily, June 8, 2009, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090605123237.htm; See also Beaver et al., “Monoamine Oxidase A Genotype Is Associated with Gang Membership and Weapon Use,” Comprehensive Psychiatry 51, no. 2 (March–April 2010): 130–34.
The statistics show that five to ten percent: J. Tiihonen et al., “Genetic Background of Extreme Violent Behavior,” Molecular Psychiatry 20 (June 2015): 786–92.
associated with depression and other mental disorders: T. C. Eley et al., “Association Analysis of MAOA and COMT with Neuroticism Assessed by Peers,” American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatry Genetics 120B, no. 1 (July 2003): 90–96.
On July 31, 2012, there was a near disaster: A. Halsey III, “Two Planes Taking off from National Put on Collision Course with Plane Trying to Land,” The Washington Post, August 1, 2012.
researchers A. H. Olivier and colleagues: A. H. Olivier et al., “Minimal Predicted Distance: A Common Metric for Collision Avoidance During Pairwise Interactions Between Walkers,” Gait and Posture 36, no. 3 (July 2012): 399–404.
Researchers from Princeton University: G. J. Stephens, L. J. Silbert, and U. Hasson, “Speaker–Listener Neural Coupling Underlies Successful Communication,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, no. 32 (August 2010): 14425–30.
with a short lag of about one second: R. D. Fields, “Of Two Minds: Listener Brain Patterns Mirror Those of the Speaker,” Scientific American Online, July 27, 2010, http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2010/07/27/of-two-minds-listener-brain-patterns-mirror-those-of-the-speaker.
“Communication is a joint action”: Email interview with Uri Hasson, Assistant Professor, Princeton University Department of Psychology, August 2010.
could it be affecting deeper mental processes: R. D. Fields, “The Power of Music: Mind Control by Rhythmic Sound,” Scientific American Online, October 19, 2012, http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2012/10/19/the-power-of-music-mind-control-by-rhythmic-sound.
Rhythmic sound “not only coordinates the behavior”: Author interview with Dr. Annette Schirmer presenting her research at the Society for Neuroscience meeting in New Orleans, October 15, 2012.
“But they, I am sure”: Edward Everett, Address of Hon. Edward Everett at the Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, 19th November, 1863, with the Dedicatory Speech of President Lincoln, and the Other Exercises of the Occasion (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1864), 82.
Much higher ratings: S. Dolcos et al., “The power of a Handshake: Neural Correlates of Evaluative Judgments in Observed Social Interactions,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 12 (December 2012): 2292–305.
7. EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION?
The researchers studied people: C. Bertini, R. Cecere, and E. Làdavas, “I Am Blind, but I ‘See’ Fear,” Cortex 49, no. 4 (April 2013): 985–93.
“threat signals trigger defensive responses”: S. Pichon, B. de Gelder, and J. Grèzes, “Threat Prompts Defensive Brain Responses Independently of Attentional Control,” Cerebral Cortex 22, no. 2 (February 2012): 274–85.
“I tend to be hyperaroused”: Author interview with Tricia in her home, December 13, 2014.
“Absolutely nothing!”: Author interview with Dr. Manzar Ashtari, Penn Station, Philadelphia, PA, September 25, 2014.
8. HEROES AND COWARDS
“Anybody who’s been in combat”: Author interview with former member of SEAL Team Six, 2014.
a shabby man, looking “drugged-out”: J. S. Feinstein et al., “The Human Amygdala and the Induction and Experience of Fear,” Current Biology 21, no. 1 (January 2011): 34–38.
“I’m going to cut you, bitch!”: Quoted in supplemental information to Feinstein et al., “The Human Amydala.”
SM’s medical condition: J. S. Feinstein, “Lesion Studies of Human Emotion and Feeling,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 23, no. 3 (June 2013): 304–9.
“Every time I was on top of a run”: Author interview with Wendy Fisher, Olympic skier, on Paradise Run at Crested Butte Ski Resort, February 28, 2014.
“Fear is a force”: M. Luttrell, Service: A Navy SEAL at War (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2012), 127.
“It is quite remarkable”: Feinstein, “Lesion Studies.”
activity in the amygdala increases: M. B. Stein et al., “Increased Amygdala and Insula Activation During Emotion Processing in Anxiety-Prone Subjects,” American Journal of Psychiatry 164, no. 2 (February 2007): 318–27.
a low resting heart rate correlates: L. C. Wilson and A. Scarpa, “Baseline Heart Rate, Sensation Seeking, and Aggression in Young Adult Women: A Two-Sample Examination,” Aggressive Behavior 39, no. 4 (July–August 2013): 280–89.
below 66 beats per minute: T. A. Armstrong et al., “Low Resting Heart Rate and Antisocial Behavior,” Criminal Justice and Behavior 36, no. 11 (November 2009): 1125–40.
men tend to show more direct aggression: Wilson and Scarpa, “Baseline Heart Rate.”
Heart-rate monitors indicated: Dr. Zebra, “Medical History of Spacefarers,” http://www.doctorzebra.com/drz/s_medhx.html.
Lynne Isbell, professor of anthropology: Q. Van Le et al., “Pulvinar Neurons Reveal Neurobiological Evidence of Past Selection for Rapid Detection of Snakes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 47 (November 2013): 19000–19005.
“The results show that the brain has special neural circuits to detect snakes”: Quoted in “Snakes on the Brain: Are Primates Hard-Wired to See Snakes?,” University of California, Davis, press release, October 28, 2013.
Susan Mineka’s research at Northwestern: A. Öhman and S. Mineka, “The Malicious Serpent: Snakes as a Prototypical Stimulus for an Evolved Module of Fear,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 12, no. 1 (February 2003): 5–9.
A subsequent study on humans: V. LoBue, D. H. Rakison, and J. S. DeLoache, “Threat Perception Across the Lifespan: Evidence for Multiple Converging Pathways,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 19, no. 6 (December 2010): 375–79.
“One is that we detect them quickly”: Quoted in “People Aren’t Born Afraid of Spiders and Snakes: Fear Is Quickly Learned During Infancy,” Association for Psychological Science, press release, January 24, 2011.
“I don’t like heights”: Telephone interview with former Navy SEAL, 2014.
“Let this be the time I don’t feel fear”: Author interview with Wendy Fisher, Crested Butte, Colorado, February 15, 2014.
“In the case of good self-controllers”: Quoted in Caltech press release, April 30, 2009, describing the study: T. A. Hare, C. F. Camerer, and A. Rangel, “Self-Control in Decision-Making Involves Modulation of the vmPFC Valuation System,” Science 324, no. 5927 (May 2009): 646–48.
psychological phenomenon called “regulatory depletion”: W. M. Hedgcock, K. D. Vohs, and A. R. Rao, “Reducing Self-Control Depletion Effects Through Enhanced Sensitivity to Implementation: Evidence from fMRI and Behavioral Studies,” Journal of Consumer Psychology 22, no. 4 (January 2012): 486–95.
Dr. Josef Parvizi of the Department of Neurology: J. Parvizi et al., “The Will to Persevere Induced by Electrical Stimulation of the Human Cingulate Gyrus,” Neuron 80, no.6 (December 2013): 1359–67.
“A few electrical impulses”: M. B. O’Leary, quoted in “Electrical Brain Stimulation May Evoke a Person’s ‘Will to Persevere,’” Cell Press, press release, December 5, 2013.
Neuroscientist Florent Meyniel: F. Meyniel et al., “Neurocomputational Account of How the Human Brain Decides When to Have a Break,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 7 (February 2013): 2641–46.
“We are currently testing drugs on this paradigm in our lab”: Email interview with Dr. Mathias Pessiglione, January 21, 2013.
“snakes on a brain-imaging machine”: U. Nili et al., “Fear Thou Not: Activity of Frontal and Temporal Circuits in Moments of Real-Life Courage,” Neuron 66, no. 6 (June 2010): 949–62.
“Our findings delineate”: C. Genova, quoted in “Brave Brains: Neural Mechanisms of Courage,” Cell Press, press release, June 23, 2010.
“These are really interesting questions”: Author interview with bush pilot Drake Olson as a passenger in his airplane over the Davidson Glacier in Alaska, July 13, 2013.
with 56.1 fatalities: T. Korch, “10 of the Most Dangerous Jobs in the U.S.,” Yahoo! Finance, May 19, 2013, http://finance.yahoo.com/news/10-of-the-most-dangerous-jobs-in-the-u-s--191643548.html.
“Well, that was exciting”: Author interview with bush pilot Drake Olsen, landing on Glacier Point next to Chilkat Inlet, July 8, 2013.
“The bravest people I know”: Author interview with Dr. Daniela Schiller in her laboratory at the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, November 4, 2013.
“Andretti would come over”: Author interview with bush pilot Drake Olson in his airplane hangar, July 14, 2013.
an interest in mastering complex tasks: Wilson and Scarpa, “Baseline Heart Rate.”
Using an fMRI scanner: B. C. Wittmann et al., “Striatal Activity Underlies Novelty-Based Choice in Humans,” Neuron 58, no. 6 (June 2008): 967–73.
“Increased novelty-seeking may play a role”: Quoted in “Adventure—It’s All in the Mind, Say UCL Neuroscientists,” Wellcome Trust Centre, press release, June 25, 2008, https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0806/08062502.
Other studies also show: N. Hiroi and S. Agatsuma, “Genetic Susceptibility to Substance Dependence,” Molecular Psychiatry 10, no. 4 (April 2005): 336–44.
both behavioral activities are also linked: D. T. Chau, R. M. Roth, and A. I. Green, “The Neural Circuitry of Reward and its Relevance to Psychiatric Disorders,” Current Psychiatry Reports 6, no. 5 (October 2004): 391–99.
In fact, a well-known side effect: D. Weintraub and M. J. Nirenberg, “Impulse Control and Related Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease,” Neurodegenerative Diseases 11, no. 2 (2013): 63–71.
sensation seeking in alcoholic males: F. Limosin et al., “Association Between Dopamine Receptor D1 Gene Ddel Polymorphism and Sensation Seeking in Alcohol-Dependent Men,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27, no. 8 (August 2003): 1226–28.
1,591 adolescent twin pairs: J. R. Koopmans et al., “A Multivariate Genetic Analysis of Sensation Seeking,” Behavioral Genetics 25, no. 4 (July 1995): 349–56.
Another study showed that boredom: L. C. Wilson and A. Scarpa, “Baseline Heart Rate, Sensation Seeking, and Aggression in Young Adult Women: A Two-Sample Examination,” Aggressive Behavior 39, no. 4 (July–August 2013): 280–89.
“Not everyone who’s high on sensation”: Quoted in “A Thirst for Excitement Is Hidden in Your Genes,” Association for Psychological Science, press release, October 5, 2010, in reference to J. Derringer et al., “Predicting Sensation Seeking from Dopamine Genes: A Candidate-System Approach,” Psychological Science 21, no. 9 (September 2010): 1282–90, https://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/releases/a-thirst-for-excitement-is-hidden-in-your-genes.html.
In fact, another study by Matthew Cain: “Study Links Personal, Corporate Risk-Taking,” University of Oregon, press release, August 9, 2011, www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-08/uoo-slp080911.php. Article by M. D. Cain and S. B. McKeon forthcoming in the Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis.
“These adventures are physically challenging”: J. Preston, “Richard Branson: My Fascination with Adventure,” Virgin News, undated, http://www.virgin.com/news/richard-branson-my-fascination-adventure.
“These individuals take on higher leverage”: Quoted in “Study Co-Authored by UO Finance Professor Links Personal, Corporate Risk-Taking,” University of Oregon, press release, August 9, 2011.
“The reason that teenagers take risks”: Quoted in “Teenagers Programmed to Take Risks,” University College London, press release, March 25, 2010, https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/1003/10032503.
Functional MRI studies show that: N. Steinbeis, B. C. Bernhardt, and T. Singer, “Impulse Control and Underlying Functions of the Left DLPFC Mediate Age-Related and Age-Independent Individual Differences in Strategic Social Behavior,” Neuron 73, no. 5 (March 2012): 1040–51.
Men tend to score higher: C. P. Cross, D. M. Cyrenne, and G. R. Brown, “Sex Differences in Sensation-Seeking: A Meta-Analysis,” Scientific Reports 3 (2013): 2486.
Salivary testosterone levels: B. C. Campbell et al., “Testosterone Exposure, Dopaminergic Reward, and Sensation-Seeking in Young Men,” Physiology & Behavior 99, no. 4 (March 2010): 451–56.
“Some will experience sex”: Quoted in “New Study Suggests that a Propensity for 1-Night Stands, Uncommitted Sex Could Be Genetic,” Binghamton University, press release, November 30, 2010. The study is published in PLOS ONE : J. R. Garcia et al., “Associations Between Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene Variation with both Infidelity and Sexual Promiscuity,” PLOS ONE 5, no. 11 (November 2010): e14162.
when high sensation seekers view arousing photographs: J. E. Joseph et al., “Neural Correlates of Emotional Reactivity in Sensation Seeking,” Psychological Science 20, no. 2 (February 2009): 215–23.
Risk takers have lower rates of Parkinson’s disease: A. H. Evans et al., “Relationship Between Impulsive Sensation Seeking Traits, Smoking, Alcohol and Caffeine Intake, and Parkinson’s Disease,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 77, no. 3 (March 2006): 317–21.
“The Hero of the Hudson”: B. Hutchinson, “Chesley (Sully) Sullenberger, Hero of US Airways Flight 1549, Breaks Silence About Emergency Landing,” Daily News, February 3, 2009.
“Cactus 1529, turn right”: B. Evans, “Hero Pilot Sullenberger’s Exchange with Air-Traffic Control,” Information Week, February 5, 2009, http://www.informationweek.com/it-leadership/hero-pilot-sullenbergers-exchange-with-air-traffic-control/d/d-id/1076362?
“He was the last one off”: K. Burke, P. Donohue, and C. Siemaszko, “US Airways Airplane Crashes in Hudson River—Hero Pilot Chesley Sullenberger III Saves All Aboard,” Daily News, January 16, 2009.
Thirty-two people were killed: B. L. Nadeau, H. Yan, and G. Botelho, “Costa Concordia Captain Convicted in Deadly Shipwreck,” CNN, February 11, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/02/11/world/costa-concordia-trial.
“Captain Coward”: E. Ide, “Costa Concordia Captain’s Trial Resumes in Italy,” Fox News, July 17, 2013, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/07/17/costa-concordia-captain-trial-resumes-in-italy.
“At around 2:30 a.m.”: B. Forer, “Cruise Ship Captain Cried Like a Child, Chaplain Says,” ABC News, January 20, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/International/cruise-ship-captain-cried-baby-reaching-shore/story?id=15403207.
wasn’t “lucid”: Ibid.
tripped and fell into a lifeboat: Ibid.
“Go back to your cabins”: Associated Press, “Costa CEO Says Captain Misled Company, Crew,” ABC News, January 20, 2012, http://abclocal.go.com/story?section-news/national_world&id=8513099.
an innocent scapegoat: B. L. Nadeau, “Costa Concordia Captain: I’m a Scapegoat for Carnival Cruise Lines,” The Daily Beast, March 11, 2014, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/11/costa-concordia-captain-i-m-a-scapegoat-for-carnival-cruiselines.html.
In February 2015, Captain Schettino: C. Pleasance, “Costa Concordia’s ‘Captain Coward’ Sentenced to 16 Years in Jail on Manslaughter Charges over 2012 Cruise Ship Disaster which Killed 32,” Daily Mail, February 11, 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2949670/Costa-Concordia-s-Captain-Coward-sentenced-16-years-jail-manslaughter-charges.html.
“The frontal cortex developed”: J. Thayer, “Neurovisceral Integration: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Health,” NIH Director’s Seminar, December 21, 2001, http://videocast.nih.gov/summary.asp?Live=1169&bhcp-1.
variability decreases as the servicemen are preparing: A. L. Hansen, B. H. Johnsen, and J. F. Thayer, “Relationship Between Heart Rate Variability and Cognitive Function During Threat of Shock,” Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 22, no. 1 (January 2009): 77–89.
“They are able to take a non-routine play”: Telephone interview with Dr. Charley Maher, team psychologist for the Cleveland Indians, February 5, 2014.
increased blood phobia: Thayer, “Neurovisceral Integration.”
either susceptible to fear or resistant to fear: J. L. McGuire et al., “Traits of Fear Resistance and Susceptibility in an Advanced Intercross Line,” European Journal of Neuroscience 38, no. 9 (2013): 3314–24.
“I didn’t think”: R. Schapiro, “Jasper Schuringa, Dutchman Who Subdued Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab on Flight 253, Recalls Moment,” Daily News, December 26, 2009.
“I didn’t think of anything”: H. Hong and S. Jiang, “Outrage in China After Toddler Run Over, Ignored,” CNN, October 18, 2011, http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/17/world/asia/china-toddler-hit-and-run.
“I knew the situation”: A. D. Stein, “Ph.D. Alumnus Awarded Top Honor by Human Factors and Ergonomics Society,” Naval Postgraduate School, October 14, 2010. http://www.nps.edu/About/News/Ph.D.-Alumnus-Awarded-Top-Honor-by-Human-Factors-and-Ergonomics-Society.html.
“Low resting heart rate appears”: J. Ortiz and A. Raine, “Heart Rate Level and Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43, no. 2 (February 2004): 154–62.
A 2009 study confirms these findings: T. A. Armstrong et al., “Low Resting Heart Rate and Antisocial Behavior: A Brief Review of Evidence and Preliminary Results from a New Test,” Criminal Justice and Behavior 36, no. 11 (November 2009): 1125–40.
9. THE BEST DEFENSE
circuit that underlies all types: M. S. Fanselow, “Neural Organization of the Defensive Behavior System Responsible for Fear,” Psychonom Bulletin & Review 1, no. 4 (December 1994): 429–38.
As seen captured on video: Dr. Bruno M. Kappes, “Moose,” January 9, 1995, http://afbmk.uaa.alaska.edu/media.html.
“There were people standing around”: P. S. Goodman, “Witnesses Say Students Harassed Cow, Calf for Hours,” Anchorage Daily News, January 11, 1995.
“I think my response was a normal panic response”: S. Toomey, “Psychotherapist Turns Patient after Encounter with UAA Moose,” Anchorage Daily News, January 1995, http://hosting.uaa.alaska.edu/afbmk/psychotherapistTurnsPatient.jpg.
cameras in the London Underground system: Associated Press, “Harrowing Video Shows Moment Woman Rescues Child After Wind Blows Stroller onto London Tube Tracks,” National Post, August 11, 2014, http://news.nationalpost.com/news/harrowing-video-shows-moment-woman-rescues-child-after-wind-blows-stroller-onto-london-tube-tracks.
He still had his rifle: M. Luttrell, Lone Survivor (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2007), 77.
Mikey worked his way: Ibid., 84.
Mark Owen’s book No Easy Day: Mark Owen, No Easy Day (New York: Dutton, 2012).
“momma bears”: S. C. Motta et al., “Ventral Premammillary Nucleus as a Critical Sensory Relay to the Maternal Aggression Network,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 35 (August 2013): 14438–43.
This spot resides in a general region: A. Siegel, The Neurobiology of Aggression and Rage (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2004), 1–79; W. R. Hess, Diencephalon: Autonomic and Extrapyramidal Functions (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1954), 1–79; A. H. Rosenfeld and S. A. Rosenfeld, Of Cats and Rats: Studies of the Neural Basis of Aggression (Washington, DC: NIMH, US Government Printing Office, 1976). This is a summary of John P. Flynn’s research.
neuroanatomy book: L. W. Swanson, “The Amygdala and Its Place in the Cerebral Hemisphere,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 985 (April 2003): 174–84; P. H. Janak and K. M. Tye, “From Circuits to Behavior in the Amygdala,” Nature 517, no. 7534 (January 2015): 284–92.
circuits are in different modules inside the amygdala: C. T. Gross and N. S. Canteras, “The Many Paths to Fear,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, no. 9 (September 2012): 651–58.
researchers compared a rat’s brain responses to a predator: S. C. Motta et al., “Dissecting the Brain’s Fear System Reveals the Hypothalamus Is Critical for Responding in Subordinate Conspecific Intruders.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, no. 12 (March 2009): 4870–75.
Electrical stimulation of this region in humans elicits panic attacks: W. B. Wilent et al., “Induction of Panic Attack by Stimulation of the Ventromedial Hypothalamus,” Journal of Neurosurgery 112, no. 6 (June 2010): 1295–98.
Life-or-limb and Environment trigger circuits are separate: B. A. Silva et al., “Independent Hypothalamic Circuits for Social and Predator Fear,” Nature Neuroscience 16, no. 12 (December 2013): 1731–33.
“We have also some findings”: Email interview with Newton Canteras, April 26, 2014.
“I think the guy who reacted that way”: Telephone interview with former Navy SEAL, 2014.
a laser illuminates the fiber-optic cable and the mouse freezes instantly: P. Tovote, “Periaqueductal Grey Circuits Mediating Freezing and Flight,” and A. Adhikari, “Optogenetic Dissection of the Role of the BNST in Anxiety,” lectures at the Society for Neuroscience meeting, San Diego, CA, November 13, 2013.
10. SEX . . . AND LOVE
“Your training kicks in”: “Voices of Valor: An American Hero: Army Woman Earns Silver Star and Makes History,” Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation, Inc., http://www.womensmemorial.org/Education/WHM08KitUSA.html.
“For my brothers it was easy”: M. Husain, “Malala: The Girl Who Was Shot for Going to School,” BBC News, October 7, 2013, http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24379018.
“I had a terrible dream”: Ibid.
youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize: G. Witte, “Shared Honor Rekindles Hope for Peace,” The Washington Post, October 11, 2014.
While the world media awaited: R. Leiby and K. Adam, “Malala Yousafzai Says She Yearns to Be ‘Normal,’ Despite Fame—and Now Nobel,” The Washington Post, October 11, 2014.
“It gives a message”: Ibid.
“One [Nobel recipient] is from Pakistan”: Witte, “Shared Honor.”
“Some people are silent”: Ibid.
compared with about 14 percent: R. Eglash, “Israel’s Women Warriors,” The Washington Post, September 20, 2014.
“Wish List”: Wish list for donations from the House of Ruth, Maryland, http://www.hruth.org/wish-list.asp.
30 percent of the female population: A. Travis, “Domestic Violence Experienced by 30% of Female Population, Survey Shows,” The Guardian, February 13, 2014.
dragging her unconscious body: TMZ, “Ray Rice Knocked Out Fiancée,” https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&rlz=1C1ASUT_enUS501US502&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#safe=off&q=ray%20rice%20video.
“I love my husband”: A. M. Steiner, “Ray Rice: Wife Janay Rice Defends Him on Instagram—‘This Is Our Life,’” Hollywood Life, September 9, 2014, http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/09/09/ray-rice-wife-janay-rice-defends-husband-instagram-statement.
“It was unbelievable”: L. Logan, “Lara Logan Breaks Silence on Cairo Assault,” 60 Minutes, May 1, 2011, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/lara-logan-breaks-silence-on-cairo-assault.
“I’m screaming”: Ibid.
“The atmosphere was one of jubilation”: N. Smith, “Please God. Please Make It Stop,” Blog post by Natasha Smith, June 26, 2012, https://natashajsmith.wordpress.com/2012/06/26/please-god-please-make-it-stop.
“In a split second, everything changed”: “‘Please God, Make It Stop!’ British Female Journalist, 21, Describes Horrific Sexual Assault in Egypt’s Tahrir Square After Election Result,” Daily Mail, June 27, 2012, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2165445/British-journalist-Natasha-Smith-22-recalls-horrific-sexual-assault-Egypts-Tahrir-Square.html.
forty-six cases of sexual assault: N. Smith, “One Year On,” July 4, 2013, https://natashajsmith.wordpress.com.
Amnesty International believes the actual number is much higher: D. Eltahawy, Amnesty International, Livewire, July 3, 2013, http://livewire.amnesty.org/2013/07/03/sexual-assaults-on-women-protestors-continuing-amid-the-political-turmoil.
at least ninety-one women were raped: “Egypt: Epidemic of Sexual Violence,” Human Rights Watch, July 3, 2013, http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/07/03/egypt-epidemic-sexual-violence.
“Yasmine El Baramawy”: Ibid.
99.3 percent of women: N. Mayen, “Women in Egypt Suffer More Sexual Violence Under Islamist Rule,” Al Arabiya News, June 2, 2013, http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/features/2013/06/02/Women-in-Egypt-suffer-more-sexual-violence-under-Islamist-rule-.html.
a bus in Delhi, India: G. Harris, “Charges Filed Against 5 over Rape in New Delhi,” The New York Times, January 3, 2013.
“Burn them alive”: A. Singh and K. Bajeli-Datt, “Burn Them Alive: Delhi Gang-Rape Victim’s Last Words,” India Times, September 11, 2013.
“It seems to me to be clear”: C. Darrow, Crime: Its Cause and Treatment (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1922), 274.
30 percent of all Internet traffic is pornography: “Pornography Statistics,” Enough Is Enough, http://www.internetsafety101.org/Pornographystatistics.htm.
Porn sites have more visitors: Staff Reporter, “Porn Sites Get More Visitors Than Netflix, Amazon and Twitter Combined,” The Huffington Post, May 4, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/internet-porn-stats_n_3187682.html.
10 percent of viewers report uncontrollable addiction: Safe Families, “Statistics on Pornography, Sexual Addiction and Online Perpetrators,” http://www.safefamilies.org/sfStats.php.
activate the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine: F. Hoeft et al., “Gender Differences in the Mesocorticolimbic System During Computer Game-Play,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 42, no. 4 (March 2008): 253–58.
become active during video gaming: M. J. Koepp et al., “Evidence for Striatal Dopamine Release During a Video Game,” Nature 393, no. 6682 (May 1998): 266–68.
someone threatened a mass shooting: H. Tsukayama, “Trade Group Responds to ‘Gamergate,’” The Washington Post, October 16, 2014.
“There’s a toxicity”: S. T. Collins, “Anita Sarkeesian on GamerGate: ‘We Have a Problem and We’re Going to Fix This,” Rolling Stone, October 17, 2014.
violent aggression can be addictive: J. Bryner, “Humans Crave Violence Just Like Sex,” LiveScience, January 17, 2008, http://www.livescience.com/2231-humans-crave-violence-sex.html.
“Aggression occurs among virtually all vertebrates”: Ibid.
serotonin is involved in both sexual gratification and violence: R. J. Nelson and S. Chiavegatto, “Molecular Basis of Aggression,” Trends in Neurosciences 24, no. 12 (December 2001): 713–19.
surged 50 percent in one year: C. Whitlock, “Sex Assaults Reported by U.S. Service Members Surged 50 Percent Last Year,” The Washington Post, May 2, 2014.
fifty-five colleges and universities: N. Anderson, “Colleges Scrutinized on Sex Assault Cases,” The Washington Post, May 2, 2014.
“Colleges and universities can no longer”: N. Anderson and K. Zezima, “White House Targets Assaults on Campus,” The Washington Post, April 30, 2014.
“I have cut myself only once”: Author interview with a woman treated for self-harm who wishes to remain anonymous, 2014.
1 in 12 young people: K. Kelland, “One in 12 Teenagers Self Harm, Study Finds,” Reuters News Service, November 17, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/17/us-self-harm-idUSTRE7AG02520111117.
“We have a huge amount”: Author interview with Dr. Haley Peckham, Bethesda, MD, November 21, 2014.
2012 crime statistics reveal: M. O’Malley, A. G. Brown, and M. L. Brown, “Crime in Maryland: 2012 Uniform Crime Report,” Maryland State Police, Central Records Division, Ida J. Williams, Division Director, http://www.goccp.maryland.gov/msac/documents/2012-Crime-In-Maryland.pdf.
in the presence of others: N. B. Hirschinger et al., “A Case-Control Study of Female-to-Female Nonintimate Violence in an Urban Area,” American Journal of Public Health 93, no. 7 (July 2003): 1098–103.
18.3 percent of women have been raped: “Anti-Violence Resource Guide: National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, 2010,” Feminist.com, http://www.feminist.com/antiviolence/facts.html.
challenge requiring a response to save face: D. Baskin and I. Sommers, Casualties of Community Disorder (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997). Quoted in N. B. Hirschinger et al., “A Case–Control Study of Female-to-Female Nonintimate Violence”: 1098.
a drunken, violent outburst: C. Young, “The Surprising Truth About Women and Violence,” Time, June 25, 2014.
“too fat and overweight”: C. Boren, “Hope Solo Arrest: Nephew Says She Was Drinking, Called Him ‘Too Fat to Be an Athlete,’” The Washington Post, June 24, 2014.
“That’s why I have a degree”: A. Stapleton and S. Almasy, “ESPN Reporter Britt McHenry Suspended After Berating Towing Company Clerk,” CNN, April 20, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/16/us/espn-reporter-britt-mchenry-tirade.
“In an intense and stressful moment”: B. McHenry (@BrittMcHenry), April 16, 2015, 1:18 p.m., https://twitter.com/brittmchenry/status/588798710684987393.
In fact, a month later: P. Sullivan, “Predatory Tow Companies Targeted in Proposal from Md. and Va. Lawmakers,” The Washington Post, May 21, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/predatory-tow-companies-targeted-in-proposal-from-md-and-va-lawmakers/2015/05/21/d510203a-ffde-11e4-805c-c3f407e5a9e9_story.html.
276 schoolgirls in Nigeria: P. Constable, “Nigerian Girls Inspire International Action,” The Washington Post, May 7, 2014.
to service the military men: A. Olivo, “Homage to WWII Comfort Women Puts Fairfax in a Delicate Situation,” The Washington Post, May 31, 2014.
most survivors were left infertile: A-M. de Brouwer, Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence (Cambridge, UK: Intersentia, 2005), 8.
“In the ‘comfort station’”: J. R. O’Herne, witness to United States House of Representatives congressional hearing, “Protecting the Human Rights of Comfort Women,” February 15, 2007, US Government Printing Office, http://archives.republicans.foreignaffairs.house.gov/110/33317.pdf.
raped by Japanese soldiers: K. Hirano, “East Timor Former Sex Slaves Start Speaking Out,” Japan Times, April 28, 2007.
those who fought back were executed: Ibid.
twenty-five to thirty-five men a day: Nelson, “Consolation Unit” also in The Journal of Pacific History 43, no. 1 (2008): 1–28.
as many as sixty to seventy times: E. Heineman, “The Hour of the Woman: Memories of Germany’s ‘Crisis Years’ and West German National Identity,” The American Historical Review 101, no. 2 (April 1996): 354–95.
“Females changed their diet”: M. Kim, “Studies Offer Insights into Evolution of Monogamy,” The Washington Post, July 31, 2013.
“Infanticide is a real problem”: Ibid.
There is something about the apes: R. Wrangham and D. Peterson, Demonic Males: (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1996), 135.
“[She] fought the ape with”: Ibid., 137.
“What I call the four F’s”: D. J. Anderson, “The Neural Circuitry of Sex and Violence,” lecture at the Society for Neuroscience meeting, San Diego, CA, November 11, 2013.
“The boy at school”: C. Martin, “Signs That a Guy Is About to Ask You Out,” Match.com Dating Tips, http://datingtips.match.com/signs-guy-ask-out-13443341.html.
Dayu Lin, while working in Anderson’s laboratory: D. Lin et al., “Functional Identification of an Aggression Locus in the Mouse Hypothalamus,” Nature 470, no. 7333 (February 2011): 221–26.
“I know players who”: Author interview with anonymous major league baseball team member, 2014.
“Sex differences exist”: L. Cahill, “Why Sex Matters for Neuroscience,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7 (June 2006): 477–84.
wiring of a child’s brain is permanently altered: R. D. Fields, “Sticks and Stones—Hurtful Words Damage the Brain,” Psychology Today, October 2010, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-new-brain/201010/sticks-and-stones-hurtful-words-damage-the-brain; R. D. Fields, “Rudeness Is a Neurotoxin,” The Huffington Post, January 5, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-douglas-fields/rudeness-is-a-neurotoxin_b_765908.html.
followed a large group of children: R. J. Herringa et al., “Childhood Maltreatment Is Associated with Altered Fear Circuitry and Increased Internalizing Symptoms by Late Adolescence,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 47 (November 2013): 19119–24.
“This could very well be adaptive”: Email interview with R. J. Herringa, November 1, 2013.
“There is this pattern”: Author interview with Dr. Larry Cahill, Bethesda, MD, October 20, 2014.
“Skiing deep in the trees”: Author interview with Dr. John Petraitis, in his office, University of Alaska, Anchorage, April 19, 2014.
mock electronic dating service: J. Petraitis et al., “Sex Differences in the Attractiveness of Hunter-Gatherer and Modern Risks,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 44, no. 6 (June 2014): 442–53.
“Help me! Help me!”: K. L. Alexander, “Testimony of ‘Good Samaritan’ Sways Jury in Sex Assault Case,” The Washington Post, November 22, 2014.
“I got nieces”: Ibid.
Sharperson was sentenced to thirteen years in prison: K. L. Alexander, “Fort Washington Man Sentenced to 13 Years in Prison for 2014 Sex Assault,” The Washington Post, March 13, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/fort-washington-man-sentenced-to-13-years-in-prison-for-2014-sex-assault/2015/03/13/c758aa2e-c9ca-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html.
“I do not expect”: “History of the Carengie Hero Fund Commission,” Carnegie Hero Fund Commission, http://www.carnegiehero.org/about-the-fund/history.
Nearly one in four Carnegie Hero medals: C. McDougall, ed., “The Hidden Cost of Heroism,” Men’s Health, November 2007.
Valeri Bezpalov, Alexei Ananenko, and Boris Baranov: “The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Disaster,” Friends of Chernobyl’s Children, http://www.foccwestlothian.com/chernobyl.html.
“You can’t sit next to”: A. Cooper, “Should Male Passengers Be Allowed to Sit Next to Unaccompanied Children?” CNN, August 15, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/14/travel/unaccompanied-children-flights/index.html.
Males prevent violent crime: N. Barber, “Countries with Fewer Males Have More Violent Crime: Marriage Markets and Mating Aggression,” Aggressive Behavior 35, no. 1 (January–February 2009): 49–56.
“fall into a hole or trap”: “Why Do We Say ‘to Fall in Love’? Is It Something Unwished For?,” English Language & Usage Stack Exchange, http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/138876/why-do-we-say-to-fall-in-love-is-it-something-unwished-for.
interpersonal relationships constitute the foundation: J. E. Swain et al., “Parenting and Beyond: Common Neurocircuits Underlying Parental and Altruistic Caregiving,” Parenting: Science and Practice 12, no. 2–3 (2012): 115–23.
spiritual beings and agents in their life: D. Kapogiannis et al., “Brain Networks Shaping Religious Belief,” Brain Connectivity 4, no. 1 (February 2014): 70–79.
Structural differences in some brain regions: A. D. Owen et al., “Religious Factors and Hippocampal Atrophy in Late Life,” PLOS ONE 6, no. 3 (March 2011).
researchers observed less atrophy: R. D. Hayward et al., “Associations of Religious Behavior and Experiences with Extent of Regional Atrophy in the Orbitofrontal Cortex During Older Adulthood,” Religion, Brain and Behavior 1, no. 2 (2011): 103–18.
meditation activates the precuneus network: Z. Josipovic, “Neural Correlates of Nondual Awareness in Meditation,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1307 (January 2014): 9–18.
role for meditation in memory consolidation: M. Engström et al., “Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Hippocampal Activation During Silent Mantra Meditation,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16, no. 12 (December 2010): 1253–58.
“mind wandering” and focused attention: A. Manna et al., “Neural Correlates of Focused Attention and Cognitive Monitoring in Meditation,” Brain Research Bulletin 82 no. 1–2 (April 2010): 46-56.
mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention: B. K. Hölzel et al., “Stress Reduction Correlates with Structural Changes in the Amygdala,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 5, no. 1 (March 2010): 11–17.
pain-regulating brain processes: U. Schjoedt et al., “Highly Religious Participants Recruit Areas of Social Cognition in Personal Prayer,” Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 4, no. 2 (June 2009): 199–207.
Brain imaging in Carmelite nuns: M. Beauregard and V. Paquette, “Neural Correlates of a Mystical Experience in Carmelite Nuns,” Neuroscience Letters 405, no. 3 (September 2006): 186–90.
supernatural resistance to the pain and horror: W. G. Berry, ed., Foxe’s Book of Martyrs (New York: Eaton and Mains, 1907; orig. published in 1563).
“Indeed, there is a case”: K. Armstrong, A History of God (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), xix.
11. A WORLD OF TROUBLE
human beings have killed off half: C. Ingraham, “We’ve Killed Off Half the World’s Animals,” The Washington Post, September 30, 2014.
7.4 people in 1,000: R. Walmsley, World Prison Population List (10th edition), International Centre for Prison Studies, November 21, 2013, http://www.prisonstudies.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/wppl_10.pdf.
25 percent of the world’s prisoners: J. Holland, “Land of the Free? US Has 25 Percent of the World’s Prisoners,” Moyers & Company, December 16, 2013, http://billmoyers.com/2013/12/16/land-of-the-free-us-has-5-of-the-worlds-population-and-25-of-its-prisoners.
One-fifth of our national wealth: B. Plumer, “America’s Staggering Defense Budget, in Charts,” Wonkblog, The Washington Post, January 7, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2013/01/07/everything-chuck-hagel-needs-to-know-about-the-defense-budget-in-charts.
than on Germany and Japan combined: M. Schudel, “Exposed U.S. Bombing Campaign Inside Laos,” The Washington Post, October 5, 2014.
“The bird is a creature of the air”: H. G. Wells, Mind at the End of Its Tether (London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1945), xii, 25.
“Their semi-erect attitude”: Ibid., 62.
“Families and tribes”: Ibid., 40.
“Ordinary man is at the end”: Ibid., 62.
Ötzi the Iceman of the Alps: J. Owen, “5 Surprising Facts About Otzi the Iceman,” National Geographic, October 18, 2013, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131016-otzi-ice-man-mummy-five-facts; B. Yirka, “Study Finds Modern Relatives of Otzi Alive and Well in Austria,” Phys.org, October 14, 2013, http://phys.org/news/2013-10-modern-relatives-otzi-alive-austria.html.
all other Homo species except Homo sapiens: “Human Evolution,” from an exhibit entitled Understanding Evolution, University of California Museum of Paleontology, UC Berkeley, http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIE2cHumanevop2.shtml.
a 20 percent population decrease: C. Mooney, “A Staggering 400 Million Birds Have Vanished from Europe Since 1980,” The Washington Post, November 3, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2014/11/03/20-percent-of-european-birds-have-vanished-since-1980.
168 species of amphibians: “Worldwide Amphibian Declines: How Big Is the Problem, What Are the Causes and What Can Be Done?,” AmphibiaWeb, February 13, 2013, http://amphibiaweb.org/declines/declines.html.
clutched as if by talons beneath its wings: “P-8A Poseidon Maritime Surveillance Aircraft, United States of America,” Naval Technology, http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/mma.
“very much continuing to push”: C. Whitlock, “China and Russia Push Limits of Airspace,” The Washington Post, October 5, 2014.
In August 2015, Finland fired: G. Taylor, “Finland Fires on Suspected Russian Submarine in Waters off Helsinki,” The Washington Times, April 28, 2015, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/apr/28/finland-fires-suspected-russian-submarine-waters-h.
a major fishing area for Japan and China: P. Goble, “Moscow Closes Okhotsk Sea to Outsiders,” The Jamestown Foundation, April 29, 2014, http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42282&no_cache=1#.VDFcXvldWSo.
“We are not about to send”: S. Mintz and S. McNeil, “LBJ,” Digital History, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3461.
“These new documents”: P. Paterson, “The Truth About Tonkin,” U.S. Naval Institute, Naval History Magazine 22, no. 1 (February 2008), http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2008-02/truth-about-tonkin.
“The ultimate responsibility”: The United States Senate Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, June 20, 1946, http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/investigations/PearlHarbor.htm.
an example of a “just war”: K. Burns and L. Novick, The War: The Declaration of War Against Japan and Just War Theory, PBS, https://www.pbs.org/thewar/downloads/just_war.pdf.
A man suspected of communicating: This and subsequent quotes from J. Steinbeck, Steinbeck in Vietnam: Dispatches from the War, Thomas E. Barden, ed. (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2012), 35. The Letter to Alicia dated January 7, 1967/Saigon was first published in Newsday as a series of reports from Viet Nam, that were written in the style of a letter home.
At about 10 o’clock in the evening: Ibid., 44. Originally published in Newsday as a Letter to Alicia, dated January 21, 1967/Can Tho.
Last week in a remote village: Ibid., 114. Originally published in Newsday, as a Letter to Alicia, dated March 4, 1967/Bangkok.
“John changed his mind totally about Vietnam”: Ibid., 134.
“We’re the redcoats in this”: T. Barden, in ibid., 135.
Pakistani officer kills man: Reuters News Service, “Pakistani Officer Kills Man over Alleged Blasphemy,” The Washington Post, November 8, 2014.
November 2014 the body of journalist Par Gyi: N. Noreen, “Par Gyi Tortured before Death,” DBV News, November 5, 2014, https://www.dvb.no/news/par-gyi-tortured-before-death-myanmar-burma/45665.
Hakan Yaman sustained serious injuries: H. Eissenstat, “Tweet Hakan Yaman the Birthday Gift He Deserves: Justice,” Human Rights Now, Amnesty International, October 10, 2013, http://blog.amnestyusa.org/europe/tweet-hakan-yaman-the-birthday-gift-he-deserves-justice.
7,000 complaints of torture: “14 Facts about Torture in Mexico,” Amnesty International, October 22, 2014, http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/news-item/14-facts-about-torture-in-mexico.
forty-three students at a teaching school: J. Partlow, “Bodies Believed to Be Those of Some of the 43 Missing Mexican Students,” The Washington Post, November 7, 2014.
Amnesty International survey: Amnesty International 2011 Report on Torture, May 2012, http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/air12-facts-and-figures.pdf
On June 28, 2010: “United Nations Committee Against Torture, Convention Against Torture, Periodic Report of the United States of America,” United States Department of State, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/213267.pdf.
“I was too young to really understand”: “George Takei on the Japanese internment camps during WWII,” YouTube video, 7:00, posted by TVLEGENDS, November 29, 2011, youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yogXJl9H9z0.
“It would be perfect for Obama”: C. Harlan, and Z. A. Goldfarb, “U.S. Criticizes N. Korea’s Racist Obama Rant,” The Washington Post, May 10, 2014.
“Although prejudice stems from a mechanism”: D. M. Amodio, “The Neuroscience of Prejudice and Stereotyping,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 15 (2014): 670–82.
“In view of substantial doubt as to the subject’s loyalty”: T. Fensch, ed., The FBI Files on John Steinbeck (Santa Teresa, NM: New Century Books, 2002), 37.
The central nucleus of the amygdala is critical for classical fear conditioning: S. Ciocchi, “Encoding of Conditioned Fear in Central Amygdala Inhibitory Circuits,” Nature 468 (November 2010): 277–82.
When Chinese and Caucasians view: X. Xu et al., “Do You Feel my Pain?: Racial Group Membership Modulates Empathic Neural Responses,” The Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 26 (July 2009): 8525–29.
There is more activity in the mPFC: L. T. Harris and S. T. Fiske, “Dehumanizing the Lowest of the Low: Neuroimaging Responses to Extreme Out-Groups,” Psychological Science 17, no. 10 (October 2006): 847–53.
“Most forms of implicit learning are resistant”: Amodio, “The Neuroscience of Prejudice and Stereotyping.”
“Anzor had a job within three days”: Author interview with Mr. Ruslan Tsarni, Montgomery Village, MD, January 4, 2014.
“He had a heart of gold”: S. Jacobs, D. Filipov, and P. Wen, “The Fall of the House of Tsarnaev,” The Boston Globe, December 15, 2012.
On September 11 of that same year: “Dzhokhar and Tamerlan: A Profile of the Tsarnaev brothers,” 48 Hours, April 23, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/dzhokhar-and-tamerlan-a-profile-of-the-tsarnaev-brothers.
“Why the Boston Marathon?”: Author interview with Mr. Ruslan Tsarni, Montgomery Village, MD, January 4, 2014.
Substance abuse during these critical years: D. M. Anglin et al., “Early Cannabis Use and Schizotypal Personality Disorder Symptoms from Adolescence to Middle Adulthood,” Schizophrenia Research 137, nos. 1–3 (May 2012): 45–49.
can lead to depression and leave marks on the brain: M. H. Teicher et al., “Hurtful Words: Association of Exposure to Peer Verbal Abuse with Elevated Psychiatric Symptom Scores and Corpus Callosum Abnormalities,” American Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 12 (December 2010): 1464–71.
Neural correlates of impaired emotional processing: I. Dogan et al., “Neural Correlates of Impaired Emotion Processing in Manifest Huntington’s Disease,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9, no. 5 (May 2014): 671–80.
brain regions implicated in introspective processes: Z. A. Englander et al., “Neural Basis of Moral Elevation Demonstrated Through Inter-Subject Synchronization of Cortical Activity During Free Viewing,” PLOS ONE 7, no. 6 (June 2012): e39384.
brain circuits that process physical pain: J. E. Beeney et al., “I Feel Your Pain: Emotional Closeness Modulates Neural Responses to Empathically Experienced Rejection,” Social Neuroscience 6, no. 4 (2011): 369–76.
“Unmet need for social bonding”: C. A. Pedersen, “Biological Aspects of Social Bonding and the Roots of Human Violence,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1036 (December 2004): 106–27.
“He put a shame”: Associated Press, “Ruslan Tsarni ‘Losers’ Interview Video: Uncle Says Dzhozkar, Tamerlan Tsarnaev Were ‘Losers’ on NBC,” NBC News, April 20, 2013, http://www.wptv.com/dpp/news/national/ruslan-tsarni-losers-interview-video-uncle-says-dzhozkar-tamerlan-tsarnaev-were-losers-on-nbc#ixzz2pXuQX9NZ; M. Martinez, “Uncle Calls Boston Marathon Bombers ‘Losers,’” CNN, April 19, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/19/us/marathon-suspects-uncle.
“The funeral was dear to me”: Author interview with Mr. Ruslan Tsarni, in Montgomery Village, MD, January 4, 2014.
Charlie Hebdo: “Charlie Hebdo Attack: Three Days of Terror,” BBC News, January 14, 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30708237.
cyberattack on Sony Movie Studio: B. Barnes and N. Perlroth, “Sony Films Are Pirated, and Hackers Leak Studio Salaries,” The New York Times, December 2, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/03/business/media/sony-is-again-target-of-hackers.html.
shooting of Michael Brown: L. Buchanan et al., “What Happened in Ferguson?,” The New York Times, November 25, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/08/13/us/ferguson-missouri-town-under-siege-after-police-shooting.html.
Eric Garner by the New York Police: D. Ford, G. Botelho, and B. Brumfield, “Protests Erupt in Wake of Chokehold Death Decision,” CNN, December 8, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/04/justice/new-york-grand-jury-chokehold.
murders of two New York police officers: B. Mueller and A. Baker, “2 N.Y.P.D. Officers Killed in Brooklyn Ambush; Suspect Commits Suicide,” The New York Times, December 20, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/21/nyregion/two-police-officers-shot-in-their-patrol-car-in-brooklyn.html.
Tribalism arises from human herding behavior: R. M. Raafat, N. Chater, and C. Frith, “Herding in Humans,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13, no. 10 (October 2009): 420–28.
“In thirty-four years of law enforcement”: M. Pearce and M. Hennessy-Fiske, “9 Killed, At Least 170 Arrested After Waco Biker Gang Shootout,” Los Angeles Times, May 18, 2015.
“Not only did he fail to protect and serve”: “Assault Trial to Begin for Undercover NYPD Detective Embroiled in Biker Melee with SUV Driver,” Associated Press, May 18, 2015.
Much of the melee was captured on film: C. Curry, “Motorcyclists Pull Driver from Car in NYC, Beat Him After Collision,” ABC News, September 30, 2013, http://abcnews.go.com/US/video-shows-motorcyclists-pull-driver-car-beat/story?id=20419705.
Gray’s mortal injury was inflicted: S. G. Stolberg, “Baltimore Enlists National Guard and a Curfew to Fight Riots and Looting,” The New York Times, April 27, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/28/us/baltimore-freddie-gray.html?_r=0.
“Can we all get along?”: “King: ‘Can We All Get Along?,’” ABC News, June 17, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/US/video/rodney-king-16589937.
“She knows her son”: J. Levs, A. C. Stapleton, and S. Almasy, “Baltimore Mom Who Smacked Son at Riot: I Don’t Play,” CNN, April 29, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/28/us/baltimore-riot-mom-smacks-son.
“That’s my only son”: Ibid.
“Seinfeld shutdown”: M. A. Thiessen, “The Seinfeld Shutdown,” The Washington Post, October 4, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/marc-thiessen-the-seinfeld-shutdown/2013/10/04/b600d434-2cf2-11e3-97a3-ff2758228523_story.html.
“Mind reading” (from chapter 7): C. M. Heyes and C. D. Frith, “The Cultural Evolution of Mind Reading,” Science 344, no. 6190 (June 2014), http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6190/1243091.
Studies of the neuroscience of human cooperation: J. R. Gray, J. A. Bargh, and E. Morsella, “Neural Correlates of the Essence of Conscious Conflict: fMRI of Sustaining Incompatible Intentions,” Experimental Brain Research 229, no. 3 (September 2013): 453–65.
Serotonin enhances fairness: M. J. Crockett et al., “Serotonin Modulates Striatal Responses to Fairness and Retaliation in Humans,” The Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 8 (February 2013): 3505–13.
Oxytocin differentially modulates: F. S. Ten Velden et al., “Oxytocin Differentially Modulates Compromise and Competitive Approach but not Withdrawal to Antagonists from Own vs. Rivaling Other Groups,” Brain Research 1580 (September 2014): 172–79.
Another study published in 2013: C. C. Ruff et al., “Changing Social Norm Compliance with Noninvasive Brain Stimulation,” Science 342, no. 6157 (October 2013): 482–84.
Another study found that testosterone: E. R. Montoya et al., “Testosterone Administration Modulates Moral Judgments Depending on Second-to-Fourth Digit Ratio,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 38, no. 8 (August 2013): 1362–69.
12. BEYOND THE CIRCUIT
Brilliant, menacing flashes: Author interview with Rusty on the Potomac River, May 13, 2014.
the wild chaos of that biker bar: Full Throttle Saloon, TruTV, season 3 episodes 3–5, (episode 3 aired December 13, 2011; episode 4 aired December 20, 2011; episode 5 aired December 27, 2011).
“I’ve seen people in different states of that”: Telephone interview with former member of SEAL Team Six, Spring 2014.
“I got my own carbine”: P. C. Hearst, Every Secret Thing (New York: Doubleday, 1982), 147–48.
weakened after chronic stress: C. Liston, B. S. McEwen, and B. J. Casey, “Psychosocial Stress Reversibly Disrupts Prefrontal Processing and Attentional Control,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, no. 3 (January 2009): 912–17.
“I thought it was more prudent”: A. Halsey III, “Variety of Factors Shaped Stranded Metro Riders’ Behavior,” The Washington Post, January 19, 2015.
“We should stay put”: L. Aratani, P. Sullivan, and M. E. Ruane, “Dying Among Strangers, Metro Victim Found Fellow Riders Who Tried to Save Her Life,” The Washington Post, January 13, 2015.
“Always take care of your people”: C. McDougall, ed. “The Hidden Cost of Heroism,” Men’s Health, October 4, 2007, http://www.menshealth.com/best-life/heroes-and-self-sacrifice?fullpage=true.
“The universe has always existed”: Author interview with Mr. Pravin Dand in the Jain Temple, Silver Spring, MD, February 15, 2015.
If shot by a gun or pistol: BBC Religions, September 14, 2009, http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/jainism/worship/worship_1.shtml.
I ask for forgiveness: JainNet Gazette, Yahoo! Groups member comment by Premchand Gada, September 21, 2002, https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/jainlist/conversations/topics/2993.
“I was born into a Jain family”: Telephone interview with Mr. “Nimesh Shah,” February 14, 2015.
“We are talking about our animal brothers”: Author interview with Mr. Dand, February 15, 2015.
“Simplicity, peace, integrity”: Author interview with Mr. David Connell, Washington, DC, February 20, 2015.
“Some of the bravest people I know”: Author interview with Dr. Daniela Schiller in her laboratory at Mount Sinai Medical School, New York, November 11, 2013.
how Schiller and her team tested the idea: D. Schiller et al., “Extinction During Reconsolidation of Threat Memory Diminishes Prefrontal Cortex Involvement,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 50 (2013): 20040–45.
“In real life, PTSD is very persistent”: Email interview with Dr. Yadin Dudai, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, November 22, 2013.
“We have previously shown diminished extinction”: Email interview with B. J. Casey, November 22, 2013.
“Sometimes you will see kids”: Author interview with Haley Peckham, Bethesda, MD, November 21, 2014.
“The steeper for me”: Author interview with Wendy Fisher, Olympic skier, on Paradise Run at Crested Butte Ski Resort, February 28, 2014.
“Please pardon the mixed use of English/Gujarati”: Email to the author sent from a member of the Silver Spring Jain Temple, February 15, 2015.