Source Notes
6 Henry Jenkins, “Fandom, Participatory Culture, and Web 2.0,” Confessions of an Aca-Fan, January 9, 2010, http://henryjenkins.org/2010/01/fandom_participatory _culture_a.html.
6 “FANDOMS,” YouTube video, 5:11, posted by Dan Howell, October 12, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqYkERuoMN8.
6 Aja Romano, “Hamilton Is Fanfic, and Its Historical Critics Are Totally Missing the Point,” Vox, July 4, 2016, http://www.vox.com/2016/4/14/11418672/hamilton-is -fanfic-not-historically-inaccurate.
7 GinnyWeasley, e-mail to author, June 2, 2016.
8 Kendra James, “Why I Dressed in ‘Hamilton’ Cosplay for Comic-Con,” Fusion, July 28, 2016, http://fusion.net/story/331160/hamilton-cosplay-comic-con.
12 Robert McCrum, “The 10 Best First Lines in Fiction,” April 28, 2012, https://www .theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2012/apr/29/ten-best-first-lines-fiction.
14 Amy Harmon, “In TV’s Dull Summer Days, Plots Take Wing on the Net,” New York Times, August 19, 1997, http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/18/business/in-tv-s-dull -summer-days-plots-take-wing-on-the-net.html.
14 Julia Osmon (fan, b. 2002), interview with author, July 1, 2016.
14 Alexandra Alter, “Fantasizing on the Famous,” New York Times, October 21, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/22/business/media/harry-styles-of-one-direction -stars-in-anna-todds-novel.html.
15 Simon Worrall, “Author Says a Whole Culture—Not a Single ‘Homer’—Wrote ‘Iliad,’ ‘Odyssey,’” National Geographic, January 3, 2015, http://news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2015/01/150104-homer-iliad-odyssey-greece-book-talk-travel-world.
15 Barry Cunliffe, Britain Begins (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 9.
16 Rudyard Kipling, “The Janeites,” Story-Teller, May 1924, available online, courtesy of the Rudyard Kipling Society at http://www.telelib.com/authors/K/KiplingRudyard /prose/DebtsandCredits/janeites.html
16 Katie Halsey, Jane Austen and Her Readers, 1786–1945 (London: Anthem, 2013), 203.
19 Hugo Gernsback, “A New Sort of Magazine,” Amazing Stories, April 1926, 3, https://archive.org/stream/AmazingStoriesVolume01Number01#page/n3/mode/2up
19 Camille Bacon-Smith, Science Fiction Culture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 112.
20 Lisa Pertillar Brevard, Whoopi Goldberg on Stage and Screen (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013), 151.
21 “Star Trek: Spock, Kirk and Slash Fiction,” Newsweek, May 4, 2009, http://www .newsweek.com/star-trek-spock-kirk-and-slash-fiction-79807.
21–22 “Newsweek Interview with Shelley Butler,” Fanlore, November 13, 2013, https://fanlore.org/wiki/Newsweek_Interview_with_Shelley_Butler.
22 “Opening Remarks,” Southern Enclave, September 1983, 1, http://www.trektales .com/se1_1-28.pdf.
22 Pamela Licalzi O’Connell, “World without End for Fans of Jane Austen,” New York Times, January 13, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/13/technology/a -world-without-end-for-fans-of-jane-austen.html.
23 Ibid.
23 Grace Bello, “Wattpad Revolutionizes Online Storytelling,” Publisher’s Weekly, December 21, 2012, http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/authors/pw -select/article/55231-pw-select-december-2012-wattpad-revolutionizes-online -storytelling.html.
23 GinnyWeasley, e-mail.
24 Sarah Shaffi, “Rainbow Rowell Speaks Out on Writing Harry Potter Fan Fiction,” Bookseller, July 16, 2014, http://www.thebookseller.com/news/rainbow-rowell -speaks-out-writing-harry-potter-fan-fiction.
26 Dan Kois, “How One Direction Superfan Anna Todd Went from Waffle House Waitress to Next-Big-Author with Erotic Fan-Fic Series ‘After,’” Billboard, July 17, 2015, http://www.billboard.com/articles/magazine/6634431/anna-todd-after-one -direction-fan-fiction-book-deal-movie-rights-profile.
26 Ibid.
26 Mithen, e-mail to author, March 20, 2016.
26 Shaffi, “Rainbow Rowell.”
27 Mithen (fan), e-mail to author, January 14, 2017.
27 GinnyWeasley, e-mail.
28 Off Book: Fan Art, PBS video, 9:39, aired May 3, 2012, http://www.pbs.org/video /2230759496.
28 westoneaststreet, “Jurassic Avatar,” AO3, January 16, 2017, https://archiveofourown .org/works/6145981.
29 Aja Romano, “Unwrapping Yuletide, the Biggest Fanfiction Event of the Year,” Daily Dot, December 26, 2013, http://www.dailydot.com/fandom/yuletide-fanfiction -exchange-christmas-2013.
29 “NPR Zombie Spoof: ‘Wait Wait Don’t Eat Me!,’” Huffington Post, May 25, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/03/npr-zombie-spoof-wait-wai_n_447909.html.
29 Helen Joyce, “To Boldly Go . . . ,” 1843, August/September 2016, https://www .1843magazine.com/features/to-boldly-go.
29 Julia Osmon, interview with author, July 1, 2016.
30 Ian Alexander, “The-Fifth-Movement,” Tumblr, posted by “lilskeletonprince,” March 29, 2017, http://lilskeletonprince.tumblr.com/post/158969504171/the-fifth -movement-cause-of-death-buck-is.
31 John Walker, “The OA’s Ian Alexander on His Big Acting Debut and Trans Representation,” Vulture, December 22, 2016, http://www.vulture.com/2016/12/the-oa-netflix-ian-alexander-buck.html.
31 NedryOS, “Harry Potter Fanfiction: An Introduction,” Reddit, February 2015, https://www.reddit.com/r/HPfanfiction/comments/431b2q/harry_potter_fanfiction_an_updated_introduction.
35 Allan Kohl (teen filmmaker in the 1960s), e-mail to author, January 15, 2017.
35 Ibid.
35 Alison Wickwire, “Believing in Buster,” Comedy, Summer 1980, 39.
36–37 Francesca Coppa, “Women, Star Trek, and the Early Development of Fannish Vidding,” Transformative Works and Cultures 1 (2008), http://journal .transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/44/64.
38 daisiestdaisy, Tumblr post, May 20, 2014, http://daisiestdaisy.tumblr.com/post/86330921155/lydiduh-okay-fine-starsky-hutch-has-me [account deactivated].
38 Gary Brolsma, “Who Is Gary Brolsma and What Is the ‘Numa Numa Dance’?,” GaryBrolsma.com, accessed January 2, 2017, http://www.garybrolsma.com/about -me.
38 Alan Feuer and Jason George, “Internet Fame Is Cruel Mistress for a Dancer of the Numa Numa,” New York Times, February 26, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com /2005/02/26/nyregion/internet-fame-is-cruel-mistress-for-a-dancer-of-the-numa -numa.html?_r=0.
39 “The Mysterious Ticking Noise,” Bella Montoya comment, YouTube, accessed March 9, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tx1XIm6q4r4.
39 “An Anthropological Introduction to YouTube,” YouTube video, 55:33, posted by Michael Wesch, July 26, 2008, https://www.YouTube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU.
39 Ibid.
39 lim (vidder), “How I Made My Vid,” December 9, 2007, archived June 20, 2013, https://archive.li/Rzlmf.
40 Milkweedy (vidder), interview with author, January 3, 2017.
40 Ibid.
41 “101 Reasons to Ship Carol + Daryl (The Walking Dead),” YouTube video, 7:02, posted by Athena, November 6, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdtCp0ohKyY.
43 Colleen Evanson, “X-Files Abridged,” summary, Instagram, accessed February 3, 2017, https://www.instagram.com/TheXFilesAbridged.
43 Adywan, Star Wars Revisited, accessed February 10, 2017, https://swrevisited.wordpress.com.
44 Jerick, “Hunger Games: Mockingjay ‘The Hanging Tree,’” Fanedit.org, April 6, 2016, https://ifdb.fanedit.org/the-hunger-games-mockingjay-the-hanging-tree.
44 Eriq Gardner, “CBS, Paramount Settle Lawsuit over ‘Star Trek’ Fan Film,” Hollywood Reporter, January 20, 2017, http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/cbs -paramount-settle-lawsuit-star-trek-fan-film-966433.
44–45 “Fan Films,” Startrek.com, accessed June 20, 2017, http://www.startrek.com/fan -films.
45 lim, “How I Made My Vid.”
47 “Fancy Dress Costumes,” Harper’s Bazaar, 1869, available online at Victoriana, accessed January 14, 2017, http://www.victoriana.com/FancyDress/fancydresscostume.htm.
48 Ardern Holt, Fancy Dresses Described; or, What to Wear at Fancy Balls, London: Debenham & Freebody/Wyman & Sons, 1887, quoted at Public Domain Review, accessed January 14, 2017, http://publicdomainreview.org/collections/fancy-dresses -described-or-what-to-wear-at-fancy-balls-1887.
49 Forrest James Ackerman, “Out of This World Convention,” Fantastic Universe, January 1957, Project Gutenberg, accessed January 1, 2017, http://eremita.di .uminho.pt/gutenberg/2/8/5/3/28535/28535-h/28535-h.htm.
49 Luke Plunkett, “Where the Word ‘Cosplay’ Actually Comes From,” Kotaku, October 22, 2014, http://kotaku.com/where-the-word-cosplay-actually-comes-from -1649177711.
50 Jane Austen, Emma, quoted at Jane Austen Society of North America, February 3, 2017, http://www.jasna.org.
50 Bellexi, Instagram header, accessed January 10, 2017, https://www.instagram.com /bellexi.cosplay.
52–53 Keelin, communication with author, March 4, 2017.
53 Marjorie Cohee Manifold, “Enchanting Tales and Imagic Stories: The Educational Benefits of Fanart Making,” Art Education, November 2013, 12.
55 Chaka Cumberbatch, “I’m a Black Female Cosplayer and Some People Hate It,” xoJane, February 4, 2013, http://www.xojane.com/issues/mad-back-cosplayer-chaka -cumberbatch.
55 Ibid.
56 Shawn Taylor, “Silicon Valley Comic Con: Report Back,” Nerds of Color, March 20, 2016, https://thenerdsofcolor.org/2016/03/20/silicon-valley-comic-con-report -back/#more-19848.
57 Aria Baci, “Interview with Dax ExclamationPoint,” Geeks Out, March 14, 2016, http://geeksout.org/blogs/aria-baci/interview-dax-exclamationpoint.
57 Heather Henley, “Savannah Drag Queen Dax Exclamationpoint Joining ‘RuPaul’s Drag Race’ This Season,” Do Savannah, February 2, 2016, http://www.dosavannah .com/article/tue-02022016-0210/savannah-drag-queen-dax-exclamationpoint -joining-rupaul-s-drag-race-season.
57–58 Monica Hunasikatti, “Hijabi Hooligan Cosplay: I Can Still Have Fun without Compromising My Faith!,” Black Nerd Problems, October 17, 2016, http://blacknerdproblems.com/hijabi-hooligan-cosplay-i-can-still-have-fun-without -compromising-my-faith.
58 Breeanna Hare, “Peter Griffin from ‘Family Guy,’ in Real Life,” CNN, January 8, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/08/showbiz/feat-peter-griffin-family-guy-real -life.
58 Samantha Albala, “‘Cosplay Is Not Consent’ at the New York Comic Con,” Bust, October 13, 2014, http://bust.com/feminism/13137-consent-and-feminism-at-the -new-york-comic-con.html.
59 Edie Nugent, “Cosplay Is, of Course, Good for Your Health,” Geek & Sundry, March 9, 2016, http://geekandsundry.com/beyond-dress-up-how-cosplay-is -good-for-your-health.
59 Ibid.
59 Victoria Hardt, quoted in Edie Nugent, “Cosplay, Good for Your Health.”
59–60 Jonathan Hernandez, “Marvel Fandom Feature: Cosplay Parents,” Marvel Report, July 14, 2016, http://themarvelreport.com/2016/07/marvel-fandom-feature -cosplay-parents.
60 “Anti-Harassment Policy,” New York Comic Con, accessed April 19, 2017, http://www.newyorkcomiccon.com/About/Harassment-Policy.
61 Molly McArdle, “This Is How Star Trek Invented Fandom,” GQ, September 21, 2016, http://www.gq.com/story/this-is-how-star-trek-invented-fandom.
62 Brad O’Farrell, Off Book: “Fan Art!,” PBS video, 9:39, at 0:43, aired May 3, 2012, http://www.pbs.org/video/off-book-fan-art-creativity/.
63 Bryan Konietzko, Tumblr post, March 30, 2013, http://bryankonietzko.tumblr .com/post/46687253373/i-remember-back-in-the-avatar-days-the-typical.
64 Jonathan Jones, “Contemporary Art Isn’t Original—Even Copying Has Been Done Before,” Guardian (US ed.), May 30, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/30/contemporary-art-isnt-original-marina-abramovic -row.
64 Umberto Eco, “Vegetal and Mineral Memory: The Future of Books,” Bibliotecha Alexandrina, November 20–26, 2003, http://www.umbertoeco.com/en/bibliotheca-alexandrina-2003.html.
66–67 Clive Thompson, “When Copy and Paste Reigned in the Age of Scrapbooking,” Smithsonian, July 2014, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/when-copy-and -paste-reigned-age-scrapbooking-180951844.
67 Maegan Tintari, “My Grandma’s Personal Scrapbooks of Hollywood Movie Stars from the 1930s,” . . . loveMaegan.com, March 15, 2011, http://www.lovemaegan .com/2011/03/my-grandmas-personal-scrapbooks-of-hollywood-movie-stars-from -the-1930s-vintage-books.html.
68–69 “Interview with Rebecca Sugar, Creator of Steven Universe,” Animac, April 22, 2015, http://www.animac.cat/magazine_en/entrevista-amb-rebecca-sugar-creadora -de-steven-universe.
69 Evan Narcisse, “Race, Sci-Fi, and Comics: A Talk with Dwayne McDuffie,” Atlantic, March 5, 2010, http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2010/03/race -sci-fi-and-comics-a-talk-with-dwayne-mcduffie/37063.
69–70 Margalit Fox, “Dwayne McDuffie, Comic-Book Writer, Dies at 49,” New York Times, February 23, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/24/arts/design /24mcduffie.html.
70 Evan Narcisse, “Come On, Video Games, Let’s See Some Black People I’m Not Embarrassed By,” Kotaku, March 29, 2012, http://kotaku.com/5897227/come-on -video-games-lets-see-some-black-people-im-not-embarrassed-by.
71 “What Is ‘Racebending’?” Racebending, accessed March 5, 2017, http://racebending .tumblr.com/what-is-racebending.
71 Sarah Holmes, “Having Hermione Look Like Me Is Amazing,” BBC News, December 23, 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-35156893.
72 “The Council of Elrond,” Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (Extended Edition), directed by Peter Jackson (2001; Burbank, CA: New Line Home Entertainment, 2002), DVD.
72–73 Jennifer Izykowski, “We Delve into the World of ‘Fan Art’, Conventions, and More in Our Interview with Talented Artist Ashlee Casey,” Nerd Recites, July 7, 2016, http://thenerdrecites.com/we-delve-into-the-world-of-fan-art-conventions-and -more-in-our-depth-interview-with-talented-artist-ashlee-casey-2417.
73 Binkk7 (fan artist), communication with author, March 19, 2017.
73 Binkk7 (fan artist), interview with author, March 9, 2017.
74 Jetsonarama, “An Introduction to Debra Yepa-Pappan from Chip Thomas,” Vandalog (blog), March 27, 2014, https://blog.vandalog.com/2014/03/an -introduction-to-debra-yepa-pappan-from-chip-thomas.
75 “Star Wars Collage Fan Art,” Geek x Girls, June 3, 2016, http://geekxgirls.com /article.php?ID=7133.
75 Melissa Moffat, “Melissa Moffat: An Interview by Dario Rutigliano,” LandEscape Art Review, July 25, 2015, 33, https://issuu.com/landescapeartpress/docs/landescape_art _review_-_anniversary_0a5396b85a1a36/22.
75 Mycks, “About Mycks Art Studio,” Mycks Art Studio, accessed March 19, 2017, https://www.amazon.com/handmade/Mycks-Art-Studio.
76 Amy Ratcliffe, “Fan Art Friday #94—It’s Time for InkTober,” Nerdist, October 14, 2016, http://nerdist.com/fan-art-friday-94-inktober-october-halloween/.
79 Matthew Price “Online Program ‘The Guild’ to Debut in Comic Book Series,” News OK, October 2, 2009, http://newsok.com/article/3405469.
79 Welcome to Night Vale, accessed January 14, 2017, http://www.welcometonightvale .com.
79 Toril Orlesky, “Because All of Us Are Normal!,” Starlock, accessed June 20, 2017, http://14180.work/image/56161860881.
79 Daniel Durrant, “Interview with Two Comic Con Legends,” Copic, July 14, 2016, https://imaginationinternationalinc.com/copic/inspire/showcase/interview-two -comic-con-legends.
81 Jonathan Malcolm Lampley, “Afterword: The Past and Future of Fandom Studies,” in Fan CULTure: Essays on Participatory Fandom in the 21st Century, ed. Kristin M. Barton and Jonathan Malcolm Lampley (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013), 194–95.
82 Maria Bustillos, “On Video Games and Storytelling: An Interview with Tom Bissell,” New Yorker, March 19, 2013, http://www.newyorker.com/books/page -turner/on-video-games-and-storytelling-an-interview-with-tom-bissell.
84 Stewart Brand, “SPACEWAR: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death among the Computer Bums,” Rolling Stone, December 7, 1972, http://www.wheels.org /spacewar/stone/rolling_stone.html.
84 Ibid.
85 Dawn Foran, “Select Hero or Heroine,” in Chicks Dig Gaming (Des Moines: Mad Norwegian, 2014), 23.
86 “Chess Playing Excitement,” in Scientific American, vol. 1 (New York: Munn, 1859), 9, https://books.google.com/books?id=90hGAQAAIAAJ&dq, Google edition.
86 Bronwyn T. Williams, Shimmering Literacies (New York: Peter Lang, 2009), 189.
86 Denny S. Bryce, “Must-Read Fan Fiction from ‘The Hunger Games,’ Anime/Manga, Jane Austen and More,” USA Today, March 15, 2017, http://happyeverafter .usatoday.com/2017/03/15/denny-s-bryce-fan-fiction-recs-hunger-games-anime -manga-jane-austen/.
87 Mithen, e-mail to author, January 14, 2017.
88 Anne-Marie Schleiner, “Parasitic Interventions: Game Patches and Hacker Art,” Opensorcery.net, August 1999, http://opensorcery.net/patchnew.html.
89 Luke Plunkett, “Artist Is Hiding Tiny Pokémon around Pokéstops,” Kotaku, August 12, 2016, http://kotaku.com/artist-is-hiding-tiny-pokemon-around-pokestops -1785180454.
91 Matt Peckham, “Foldit Gamers Solve AIDS Puzzle That Baffled Scientists for a Decade,” Time, September 19, 2011, http://techland.time.com/2011/09/19/foldit -gamers-solve-aids-puzzle-that-baffled-scientists-for-decade.
91 Trey Parker, “Felix Kjellberg (a.k.a. PewDiePie),” Time, April 20, 2016, http://time .com/4302406/felix-kjellberg-pewdiepie-2016-time-100.
92 NoHandsKen, Twitch, accessed January 22, 2017, https://www.twitch.tv/nohandsken.
92 Donovan Beltz, e-mail to author, January 30, 2017.
92–93 Ibid.
93 Felicia Day, “The Only Thing I Have to Say about Gamergate,” Felicia’s Melange, October 2014, http://thisfeliciaday.tumblr.com/post/100700417809/the-only -thing-i-have-to-say-about-gamer-gate.
93 caphebaophi (Bao Phi), “NOCs (Nerds of Color),” Minneapolis Star Tribune, January 20, 2010, http://www.startribune.com/nocs-nerds-of-color/82188702.
94 Chris Kluwe, “Why #Gamergaters Piss Me the F*** Off,” Cauldron, October 21, 2014, https://the-cauldron.com/why-gamergaters-piss-me-the-f-off-a7e4c7f6d8a6#.crhfah4ss.
94 Felicia Day, “Felicia Day ‘Embrace Your Weird’ Apparel,” Represent, accessed January 22, 2017, https://represent.com/felicia/day-embrace-your-weird-charity-campaign.
94 Jacob Janerka, quoted in W. Harry Fortuna, “A ‘Stranger Things’ Game in Classic LucasArts Style? Yes Please,” Inverse, August 2, 2016, https://www.inverse.com /article/19002-stranger-things-pixel-game.
95 Cara Ellison, “Anna Anthropy and the Twine Revolution,” Guardian (US ed.), April 10, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2013/apr/10/anna-anthropy-twine-revolution
95–96 Flourish Klink, “Transcript: Episode 30: Games and Fandom,” Fansplaining, September 9, 2016, http://fansplaining.com/post/150176819728/transcript -episode-30-games-and-fandom.
96–97 “LARP (Live Action Role-Playing),” Anime USA, accessed February 3, 2017, http://animeusa.org/larp.
97 Doris Lessing, “The Nobel Lecture Prize in Literature 2007,” Nobel Prize, December 7, 2007, http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2007 /lessing-lecture_en.html.
97 Eric Deggans, “Hollywood Has a Major Diversity Problem, USC Study Finds,” NPR, February 22, 2016, http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016 /02/22/467665890/hollywood-has-a-major-diversity-problem-usc-study-finds.
97 Sharon, “My Love Letter to Fanfiction,” Black Girl Nerds, February 25, 2015, https://blackgirlnerds.com/love-letter-fanfiction-fanfiction-turducken-literature-lot -important-woc-probably-think.
98 “The Internet Takeover #NicerInternet Special,” Srinitya D comment, April 26, YouTube, 2016, February 16, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dq6u27Ul5CU.
98 Roger Dubar, “Roger’s Rules for Online Behaviour,” Huffington Post (UK), February 5, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/roger-dubar/rules-for-online-behaviour _b_9804340.html.