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Abadi, Haider al-, 225–232, 237–239, 251, 274, 275, 327
background of, 232–237, 240–242
future and, 259–260
Abdullah, Dr. Abdullah, 181, 193
Abe Shinzo, 89, 113, 300–301, 371, 382, 391
Abizaid, John, 195, 237, 242, 246
Adams, John Quincy, 354
Afghanistan
Al-Qaeda’s origins and, 168–169
character of conflict in, 434–435
coalition forces and counterterrorism in, 169–175
educational needs in, 193–195
factionalism in, 167–168
Iran and, 306
never well understood by Americans, 171
principles of war and, 432, 433
recent history in, 161–167
Soviet Union and, 162
strategic narcissism and unrealistic expectations about, 155–161, 173–175, 180–184
terror organizations in, 168–173, 187–188
as transformed society, 188–192
Trump administration and, 185–195, 213–220
Agha, Tayeb, 182
Agreed Framework (1994), North Korea and, 346, 348, 385
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 308–309, 310, 313–314, 323
Ajami, Fouad, 239
Albright, Madeleine, 62
Alexander, Keith, 117
Allawi, Ayad, 254
Allawi, Mohammed Tawfiq, 271, 272
Allegra, Ted, 31
Allen, John, 176, 178
Al-Qaeda, 12–14, 156, 158–159, 163–165, 168–170, 172–174, 180–181, 186, 192, 203–207, 213–218, 306
Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), 168–169, 230, 237–239, 246–249, 252–253, 255
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), 280
Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS), 217
Al-Shabaab, 280
“anti-access and area denial (A2/AD)” program, of China, 124
APT10, 117
Armitage, Richard, 195
arms control agreements, 413–414
Armstrong, Joel, 251
artificial intelligence (AI), 46–77, 404, 410–411, 424
Asa’ib Ahl al-Haq (AAH), 227
Ash, Timothy Garton, 65
Asif, Kawaja Muhammad, 200–201
Assad, Bashar al-, 16, 27, 34–35, 55, 62, 236, 238–239, 262, 269–271, 310, 377
Assad, Hafez al-, 233, 236
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 127
Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal, 277
Atmar, Hanif, 183–184, 193, 478n35
Azzam, Abdullah, 168
Baghdadi, Abu Bakr al-, 255, 262, 281
Baha’i, in Iran, 276
Bajwa, Qamar Javed, 201–206
Bakhtiar, Shapour, 305
Bangladesh Liberation War, 199
Baskerville, Howard, 322
Batchelor, Paul D., 91
Bauer, Katherine, 311
Bazargan, Mehdi, 303
Bell, Michael, 296, 298–299
Bellingcat, 74
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). See One Belt One Road (OBOB)
Ben Ali, Zayn al-Abidine, 256, 257
Betts, Richard, 514n5
Biden, Joe, 254
bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, King Salman, 269, 281–284
bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Prince Mohammad (MBS), 281–284, 325
bin Laden, Osama, 163–164, 168–169, 279, 331, 482n30
Blair, Alyssa, 374
Blake, James M., 162
Bolton, John, 386
bonyads, in Iran, 313–314, 323, 327, 337
Bouazizi, Mohamed, 256
Branstad, Terry, 93
Brunson, Rev. Andrew, 277
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 303
Bundy, McGeorge, 427, 428, 429, 430
Bush, George H. W.
China and, 128, 135, 472n5
Iran and, 304–305
Iraq and, 6, 240–242, 434
post-Cold War expectations of, 10
Bush, George W.
Afghanistan, 176–177, 180
India and, 209
Iran and, 306–308, 310, 332
Iraq and, 16, 251, 253, 256
Middle East policy and, 261
Pakistan and, 180
Putin and, 67
South Korea and, 346–347
Cambridge Analytica, 51, 73
carbon emissions, 416, 418–419, 420–421, 422
Carlson, MaryKay, 211–212
Carlson, Tucker, 69
Carter, Jimmy and administration of, 303, 349–350, 352
Cha, Victor, 350
Chalabi, Ahmed, 310
Chechnya, 38, 56
Chemical Weapons Convention (1997), 413
Cheney, Dick, 250–251
China
“century of humiliation” of, 98–100, 140, 467n9
China Dream and efforts to overtake U.S. economy, 97, 101, 103–104, 111, 121, 148–149
Chinese history and current leaders’ outward confidence and inner apprehension, 93–99
as closed-authoritarian society, 90, 105–109
cyber-enabled information warfare of, 129–130, 401–402, 403
deterrence and, 442
economy in, 104–105, 127, 144–145
energy and climate, 418, 419
espionage against businesses and citizens, 118–120
ethnic minorities and, 106–107
geography of, 98
great power competition and, 11–12, 17–18
India and, 210
INF and, 413
Japan and, 357, 507n8
map, 87
North Korea and, 355–357, 359, 366
nuclear power and, 423
party’s manipulation of nation’s collective memory, 101–104
policies of co-option, coercion, and concealment, 89–149
preserving U.S. competitive advantage and, 439
promotion of “China model” over democracy and free markets, 120–121
rule of law and, 23, 474
Russia and, 83–84, 124–125
social credit score and, 103, 106, 119
space programs and, 408
technology and, 410–412
thefts of intellectual property, 114–118, 136, 408–409, 470n37, 474n24
Trump policies toward, 89–93, 98–99, 126, 130–133, 142–144, 148–149
U.S. confidence and, 146–148
U.S. previous strategic narcissism about, 92, 127–130
using decentralization and entrepreneurship to combat, 135–138, 139, 141–144
using freedom of expression to combat, 133–135, 139
using rule of law to combat, 139
China Radical Innovation 100 (CRI 100), intellectual property and, 115–116
China Telecom, 143
Chomsky, Noam, 229
Chongzhen, 96–97
Chun Doo-hwan, 359, 375
Chung Eui-yong, 345–346, 350–353, 355, 357–360, 364, 369, 371–374, 377, 379, 381–383, 392
Churchill, Winston, 19, 170–171
Clapper, James, 405, 489n10
Clausewitz, Carl von, 431
climate change, 414–421
Clinton, Bill
China and, 128
early internet and, 401–402
Iran and, 305
National Security Strategy of 2000, 13–14
North Korea and, 349
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 81, 296
election of 2016 and, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51–52, 53
as Secretary of State, 65–66, 67, 178
coal power, 418–422
Coates, Dan, 226
Cohen, David, 52
Cohn, Gary, 366
Cold War, end of, 4–5
over-optimistic assumptions about, 10–19
pessimism and, 15
“Competitive Engagement” (Schadlow), 16–17
Cooperative Threat Reduction program, Russia and, 38
coronavirus, 105, 146, 148, 389, 423, 424
Corson, Neal, 425
Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, 34
Crane, Conrad, 242
Crimea, Russian annexation of, 1, 17–18, 27, 31–35, 54, 56–58, 62, 65–66, 124, 426
Crocker, Ryan, 176, 251
Crouch, J. D., 249
Cui Tiankai, 93, 148–149
Curtis, Lisa, 157–158, 209, 211–212
cyber-enabled information warfare
as arena of world competition, 18, 399–407
China and, 129–130, 401–402, 403
countering of, 71–78
Iran and, 333, 336
North Korea and, 402–403, 405
Russia and, 26, 27–28, 32, 45–52, 57–58, 66, 68, 71–75, 399–400, 402, 405
Dalai Lama, 107–108, 118–119
Daoud Khan, Mohammed, 182–183, 185, 479n2
Daqduq, Ali Mussa, 309
Daqneesh, Omran, 264
Davis, Dan, 8
DCLeaks, 50
Dempsey, Martin, 255
Deng Xiaoping, 10, 90, 100–102, 104, 105, 114, 126–127, 359
Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies that Led to Vietnam (McMaster), 427–431
DeStefano, Jeff, 6
deterrence by denial, 405, 441–442
DJI drone company, 118
Doherty, Glen, 259
Donilon, Tom, 129
Doval, Ajit, 209–211
drug trade
in Afghanistan and Pakistan, 158, 170, 188, 200
in Iran, 313
Druze, in Lebanon, 276
dual-use technologies, China and, 115, 136, 138
Dukanovic, Milo, 43–44
Durrani, Ahmad Shah, 167
Durranis, in Afghanistan, 167–168
Duterte, Rodrigo, 123–124
Dwyer, Dan, 251
East China Sea, 124, 129
Ecuador, One Belt One Road (OBOR) and, 114
education, as national challenge, 77–78, 423–424, 440–441, 443–444
Edwards, Karen, 76–77
Egypt
Arab Spring in, 256–257
U.S. support for, 287
Eikenberry, Karl, 176
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 316
election of 2016, in U.S., Russian disinformation and cyber attacks, 27–28, 32, 45–52, 66, 68, 71–75
election of 2018, in U.S., 74
election of 2020, in U.S., 73–74
Elias, Marc, 52
energy, climate change and, 418–419, 421–423
Energy Multiplier Module (EM2) reactors, 422
Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 277–278
Estonia, 75–76
Europe, Russian disinformation and, 59–62, 75–78
Fairbank, John, 92
Faisal II, of Iraq, 232
Fang Xiaoru, 96
Finland, 76
Flynn, Michael, 91
Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), in Russia, 42, 75
Forrestal, James, 354
fracking, 422
France
gilets jaunes (“yellow vest”) movement and, 60
Huawei and, 142
Russian disinformation and, 33–34, 78
Franks, Tommy, 164
Freedom Support Act, Russia and, 38
Freeland, Chrystia, 37
Fukuyama, Francis, 10, 443
Fusion GPS, 52
Gaddafi, Muammar, 256–258, 262, 390–391
Gaddy, Clifford, 29
Garnaut, John, 102
Gauthier, Tim, 6, 7
Georgia, Rose Revolution in, 28, 38
Gerasimov, Valery, 27, 40
Germany, 58–59, 78
Ghani, Ashraf, 181–193, 213, 219
Gharrawi, Mehdi al-, 230
Ghassemlou, Abdul Rahman, 305
Ghilzai Pashtuns, 167–168
Gifford, John, 8
Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act, Russia and, 34
Goldberg, Jeffrey, 15
Google, 406
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 103
Green New Deal, 417
greenhouse gas emissions, 415–419, 422–423
GRU. See Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (GRU), in Russia
Grygiel, Jakub, 124–125
Guccifer 2.0, 49
Hale, David, 195, 196, 201, 202, 204, 206
Haley, Nikki, 366
Hall, Andrea, 296
Hamas, 238, 286, 309, 325, 328–329
Hamid, Nawres Waleed, 271
Hamilton, Mike, 6
Han Kuo-yu, 122
Han Sen, 474n28
Haqqani, Jalaluddin, 157
Haqqani, Sirajuddin, 205, 218
Haqqani network, in South Asia, 192, 196–197, 202–206, 213
Harden, James, 119
Hariri, Rafic, 283
Hariri, Saad, 271, 283
Harmon, Ernest, 426–427
Harris, Maurice, 7
Hashd al-Shaabi al-, 238
Hashem, Tariq al-, 254
Hasib, Abdul, 173
Haspel, Gina, 379
Healey, Jason, 406
Hecker, Siegfried, 349
Hedenskog, Chris, 8
Henrik, Toomas, 75
Hezbollah, 12–13, 238, 274, 282–283, 305, 308–311, 325–332
Hikvision, 137
Hill, Fiona, 29–30, 31, 63, 72
Holbrooke, Richard, 178, 181–182
Hong Kong, China’s authoritarianism and, 107, 108–109, 119, 122, 132, 135, 146, 403, 438
Hook, Brian, 296, 298–299
Hooker, Allison, 367, 373, 381, 382
Hoover, Herbert, 444–445
Houston Rockets, 119
Houthi rebels, 282, 310, 325–326, 330, 377
Hu Jintao, 100
Huawei, 139, 141–144, 406
Hungary, 70–71
Huntsman, John, 31
Hussein, Haider, 241
Hussein, Saddam, 1, 4–5, 9, 227, 229–230, 234–237, 240–241, 242, 244, 250, 307
ibn Abi Talib, Ali, 235
India
demographics and economy in, 207–208
energy and climate, 418, 419
as nuclear power, 156, 209
Pakistan and, 207
space programs and, 408
terror organizations in, 210, 211
Trump administration and, 210–212
violence in, 208–209
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1988), 57, 79, 413–414
international relations
democracy and rule of law and, 438
fundamental ways to deter conflict, 441–442
history and contemporary issue policies, 426–427
New Left interpretation of, 15, 315–316, 352, 436–437
realist school of, 435–438
internet, as arena of competition, 309–404
Internet Research Agency (IRA), of Russia, 46–51
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), of Pakistan, 164, 166, 175–176, 178, 183, 188, 192, 195–196, 200–201, 203–207, 210
Iran, 293–339
cyber-enabled information warfare and, 333, 336, 402, 403, 405
destabilization of Iraq and, 18, 225–232
economy in, 496n37
history of hostility toward U.S., Israel, and West, 320–323
internal politics of, 313–315
Iran-Iraq War and, 165, 230, 234–235, 244, 259, 307, 314–315, 328, 332, 337
Islamic Revolution in, 234, 259, 302–303, 321, 338–339
leaders emboldened by perceived Western weakness, 324–331
map, 291
need to curb influence of, 271–275
New Left and founding myth of Islamic Revolution, 315–316
pursuit of nuclear weapons, 306–313, 331–337, 412
Russia and, 34–35
strategic narcissism and history of U.S. policy toward, 302–313
Syria and, 266
Trump administration and, 293–299, 301–302, 319–320, 324, 334
Turkey and, 278
unrest and public anger toward regime, 335, 337–339
violence and aggression of, 304–305, 307–309, 319–320, 333–337
see also Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)
Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015 (INARA), 296–299
Iran-Contra, 494n22
Iraq
Bush administration optimism about, 237–253
character of conflict in, 434–435
history of conflicts in, 232–237
Iran and destabilization of, 225–232
Iran-Iraq War and, 165, 230, 234–235, 244, 259, 307, 314–315, 328, 332, 337
Obama administration pessimism about, 231, 239, 253–259
principles of war and, 432, 433
surge in, 251–253
withdrawal of U.S. forces from, 16
ISIS, 61, 168–169, 225–226, 230–231, 237–239, 254–255, 262–263, 265, 269–270, 273–276, 280–282, 312, 327, 432, 435, 437
growth and global reach of, 267–268
ISIS-Khorasan (ISIS-K), 172–173, 200
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), 226–227
Israel, 233, 244, 269, 376–377
Iran and, 294, 296, 299, 305–306, 308, 310, 318, 320–321, 323, 325–330, 332–333, 336, 339
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 285–286
Jaafari, Ibrahim al-, 227–232, 236, 310
Jabr, Bayan, 229–230
Jadid, Salah, 233
Jaishankar, Subrahmanyam, 209–211
Jaish-e-Mohammed, 481n22
James, LeBron, 119
Jang Song-thaek, 361
Japan
China and, 99, 357, 507n8
Iran and, 300–301
South Korea and, 369–373, 374, 391
Jefferson, Thomas, 354
Jiang Zemin, 100
Jibouri, Najim Abed Abdullah al-, 228, 236–237, 247, 252, 259–260
Johnson, Eric, 373, 382
Johnson, Lyndon, 428
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)
Obama administration and, 269, 302, 311–312, 314–315, 317–318
strategic narcissism of, 293–294
Trump administration and, 293–299, 320, 324, 332, 334
Jordan, 173, 233, 245, 263–264, 269, 286–287
Jubeir, Adel al-, 274, 309, 333
Justice and Development Party (AKP), in Turkey, 277–278
Justice China Initiative, 474n24
Kagan, Dr. Frederick, 250
Kagan, Dr. Kimberly, 250
Karzai, Hamid, 164–165, 166, 176–183, 185–186, 190, 192–193, 478n35
Kayani, Ashfaq Parvez, 192, 202
Kelley, Colleen, 46
Kelly, James A., 346
Kennan, George, 59
Kenya, One Belt One Road (OBOR) and, 113–114
Kerry, John, 33, 181
Khalaf, Hevrin, 270
Khalilzad, Zalmay, 216, 218–219
Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali, 300–301, 304, 311, 313–314, 320, 324–325, 328, 334–335, 338–339
Khan, Abdur Rahman, 174
Khan, Hafiz Saeed, 173
Khan, Imran, 198, 215
Khashoggi, Jamal, 283–284
Khatami, Mohammed, 305, 306, 321–322
Khazali, Qais al-, 309
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 234–235, 303, 304, 305, 321, 329–330, 331
Khoram, Abdul Karim, 178, 179–180
Kilbride, Kevin, 425
Kim, Tony, 384
Kim Dae-jung, 347
Kim Dong-chul, 384
Kim Hak-song, 384
Kim Il-sung, 11, 353–354, 360, 385
Kim Jong-il, 11, 347, 350, 360–361, 375
Kim Jong-nam (KJN), 360–361
Kim Jong-un, 349–351, 356–363, 365, 367–368, 374–376, 378–381, 383, 385–388, 390–394
Kim Jung-sook, 384
Kim Yo-jong, 379
Kissinger, Henry, 19, 100, 128
Koch, Charles, 436
Koch, Craig, 7–8
kompromat, 52
Korean War, 128, 352–353, 358–359, 370, 437
Krauthammer, Charles, 9
Kuang-Chi Group, 116–117
Kurdi, Alan (Aylan Shenu), 264
Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), 238
Kurds, 5, 27, 227, 238, 244–245, 262–265, 270–272, 276–277, 305, 331
Kushner, Jared, 93
Kuwait, 4–6, 9, 230, 240, 257, 275, 326, 330, 336–337
Kyrgyzstan, Tulip Revolution in, 28, 38
Lai, David, 374
Lakhvi, Zakiur Rehman, 210
Lashkar-e-Taiba (LET), 207, 210, 213
Lavrov, Sergey, 28, 66, 453n9
Lebanon, 287, 326–328
Lee, Euna, 349
Lee Myung-bak, 348–349, 350
Lenin, Vladimir, 411
Levesque, Greg, 407
Li Keqiang, 126, 391
“liberal hegemony,” U.S. and pursuit of, 435–436
Libya, 256–259, 262, 275, 377, 390–391
Lieber, Charlie, 116
Lighthizer, Robert, 93, 144, 365–366
Ling, Laura, 349
Liquori, Bill, 408
Little Red Book (Mao Zedong), 102
Litvinenko, Alexander, 55
Liu He, 144
Liu Mingfu, 507n8
Liyuan, Peng, 93
Llorens, Hugo, 160–161, 187, 190
Lockhart, Clare, 186
Lujan, Fernando, 157–158
Macartney, George, 94
Macron, Emmanuel, 33–34, 61
Made in China 2025, authoritarianism and, 110–114, 115, 134, 136, 141–142, 146
Maduro, Nicolás, 114
Magnitsky, Sergei, 55
Maguire, Joseph, 72
Mahdi, Adel Abdul, 271
Mahmood, Haji, 217
Mahmud, Ahmed, 195
Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (GRU), in Russia, 42, 44, 46–52, 72, 74–75
Malaysia, 113, 140
Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, 55
Maldives, 113, 140
Maliki, Nouri al-, 237, 253–255, 271, 309–310
Mamnoon, Hamid, 162
Mansour, Mullah Akhtar Mohammad, 169
Mao Zedong, 99–101, 104, 108, 120, 128
Marshall, George, 426, 433
maskirovka (Russian military deception), 33
Massoud, Ahmad Shah, 163, 181
McCain, Cindy, 78
McCrystal, Stanley, 180, 252
McNamara, Robert, 429
McNeil, Dan, 165, 177
McReynolds, John, 7, 8
Mearsheimer, John, 435
Medvedev, Dmitry, 67, 81
Meng Wanzhou, 142
Middle East
Arab Spring in, 256–259
counterterrorism needs and, 267–268, 279–284
history of conflicts in, 10, 232–237
Iran’s influence in, 271–275
Israeli-Palestinian conflict and, 284–286
minority groups and, 275–277
missed opportunities in, 262–263
Saudi Arabia’s influence on, 13, 168, 211, 236, 238, 240, 259, 266, 268–269, 275, 281–284, 287
strategic narcissism and Bush optimism about, 4–9, 237–253
strategic narcissism and Obama’s pessimism about, 231, 239, 253–259
strategic need for consistent policies toward, 261–267, 286–287
Syria and, 263–266, 267–271
Trump and new policies toward, 225–232
Turkey and, 268–269, 277–279
see also Iran; Iraq
Military-Civil Fusion policy, of China, 110, 114–117, 134, 136, 141, 410
Mill, John Stuart, 438
Miller, Paul, 436
Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS), in Iran, 227, 307
Mischief Reef, China and, 123
Mishustin, Mikhail, 81
Mitchell, A. Wess, 124–125
Mnuchin, Stephen, 297
Modi, Narenda, 208–209, 212, 215, 419
Moghaddam, Hassan, 333
Mohamad, Mahathir, 140
Mohammed, Major, 7
Moldova, 42
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 69–70
Montenegro, 34, 41, 43–44
Moon Jae-in, 345–346, 351–352, 355, 357–359, 363–365, 379–380, 384, 386–387, 391, 393
Morey, Daryl, 119
Morgenthau, Hans, 9, 15
Morrison, Elting, 424
Morsi, Mohamed, 259
Mosaddeq, Mohammad, 315–316, 321
Mousavi, Mir-Hossein, 314
Mr. Putin (Hill and Gaddy), 29
Mubarak, Hosni, 256–257, 259
Mueller, Robert, 27, 51, 71–72
Muhajir, Abu Hassan al-, 281
Muhandis, Abu Mahdi al-, 230, 238, 271, 272, 324, 334
Mukhtar, Naveed, 201–206
Musharraf, Pervez, 195, 207
Najibullah, Mohammad, 162, 163, 178
Nakasone, Paul, 405
Narayan, Raj, 76–77
Nasrallah, Hassan, 308
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 232, 233
National Defense Education Act (NDEA), 424
National Security Innovation Base (NSIB), 401
National Space Council, of U.S., 408
NATO, Russian military and, 78–80
natural gas, 58, 420–422
Navlany, Alexei, 80
Nayef, Prince Muhammed bin (MBN), 281
Ndii, David, 113–114
Nejat, Hossein, 312
Nemtsov, Boris, 55
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 285, 329
New Left, interpretation of international relations, 15, 315–316, 352, 436–437
New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START), 66, 79, 413
Nicholson, John “Mick,” 167, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175, 190, 191
Nimr, Sheikh Nimr al-, 330
Nixon, Richard M., 84, 100, 128
Nobusuke Kishi, 371
Nord Stream II AG, 58–59, 62
North America Chinese Association of Science and Technology, 116
North Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of North Korea), 18, 306, 345–394
China and, 355–357
cyber-enabled information warfare and, 402–403, 405
“freeze for freeze” and, 356–357, 377–378, 382–383
history of, 353–355
Kim Jung-un’s repression of and growing power in, 359–362
map, 343
Obama and strategic patience, 350–351, 359–360
pursuit of nuclear weapons, 266, 346–347, 373–394, 412
Russia and, 35
South Korea’s “Sunshine Policy” and, 347–348, 350–351, 359
strategic narcissism and, 384–385
Trump administration and maximum pressure, 350–352, 355–357, 363–368
nuclear power/nuclear weapons, 412–414, 422–423
China and, 423
India and, 156, 209
North Korea and, 89, 266, 346–347, 373–394, 412
Pakistan and, 156, 196, 203, 208
Russia and, 78–80
see also Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)
Obama, Barack and administration of
Afghanistan and, 15, 158, 173–175, 180, 181–182, 183
China and, 89, 129–130, 143–144, 472n5
India and, 209, 211
Iran and, 294, 297, 302, 310–313, 315–316, 319, 332
Middle East policy and, 15, 16, 231, 239, 253–259, 261, 262, 264–265, 269, 273, 274, 285
North Korea and “strategic patience,” 350–351, 359–360, 362–364, 379
optimism about Russia, 66, 67
Pakistan and, 178, 180–192, 196–197
Russian hacking and, 53
Syria and, 27
withdrawal of U.S. forces from Europe, 61
Odierno, Raymond, 252
Olympic Games (2018), in Korea, 379–380
Omar, Mullah Mohammed, 163, 169, 177
One Belt One Road (OBOR), China’s authoritarianism and, 110–111, 113–114, 134–135, 140, 210, 211, 474n28
one-child policy, in China, 146–147
Orban, Viktor, 70–71
O’Reilly, Bill, 68
Othman, Ibrahim, 376–377
“Overseas Chinese Scholar Pioneering Parks,” intellectual property and, 115
Pace, Peter, 249, 250, 251, 308
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, 303, 315–316, 320, 338–339
Pakistan
bin Laden and, 482n30
China and, 112–113, 128
drug trade and, 158, 200
extremists in, 168
India and, 199
as nuclear power, 156, 196, 203, 208
One Belt One Road (OBOR) and, 112, 113
Russia and, 83
terror organizations in, 171–172, 200–201, 202, 205
Trump administration and, 195–207, 215–216
victim strategy of, 203–204
see also South Asia
Pakistan Army, 156, 175, 181, 183, 196, 198–207, 215, 481n22
Palestinian Authority, 285–286, 329
Palestinian Islamic Jihad, 238, 309, 325, 328
Palestinian-Israeli conflict, 284–286
Panama Papers, 81, 198
Paris Agreement (2015), U.S. withdrawal from, 415–417
Park Chung-hee, 352
Park Geun-hye, 346, 351
Park Jang-ho, 345
Patrushev, Nikolai, 25–29, 29–37, 40, 44, 64
Pearce, David, 251
Pence, Mike, 408
People’s Liberation Army (PLA), in China, 11–12, 18, 91–92, 102–103, 115–118, 123–124, 129–130, 136–138, 143, 358, 410–411
Person, Ethel, 9
Petraeus, David, 160, 176, 178, 251
Petschek, Mike, 6
Philippines, Chinese authoritarianism and, 123–124
Pizzagate, 49
Planet, 409
Podesta, John, 49
Politkovskaya, Anna, 55
Pollack, Kenneth, 262
Pomerantsev, Peter, 53
Pompeo, Mike, 216, 226, 384, 386
Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), 227, 238
Poroshenko, Petro, 43
Pottinger, Matt, 411
China and, 90–91, 93, 103, 126–127, 130, 132, 149
North Korea and, 351, 357, 364–365, 367, 373, 382
Powell, Dina, 296
Power, Samantha, 264
Prigozhin, Yevgeny, 27
private-sector companies, role in cyber defense, 407
Putin, Vladimir
centralization of power by, 29, 30–31, 37, 82, 453n11
China and, 83–84
collapse of Soviet Union and interpretations of offers of U.S. help, 36–39
cyber-enabled information warfare and, 402
denial of interference in U.S. election, 53
on liberalism, 78
Middle East and, 268–269
military reforms and cyber threats, 52–56
NATO and, 79
North Korea and, 392
opposition to, 80–81
Russian options for post-Putin government, 82–83
Saudi Arabia and, 284
Syria and, 28, 268
tearing down of other nations, 40
Trump and, 67–69
Trump Tower and, 51
see also Russia
Qaradawi, Sheikh Yusuf al-, 274
Rafsanjani, Akbar Hashemi, 304–305, 306, 313–314
Rajapaksa, Mahinda, 112
Rajavi, Kazem, 305
Rajavi, Massoud, 305
ransomware attacks, 404–405
Rayburn, Joel, 229, 231, 237, 249, 252, 253, 298–299
Razak, Najib, 113
Reagan, Ronald and administration of, 303–304, 312, 337, 494n22
realist school, of international relations, 435–438
refugees, from Syria, 34, 60, 259, 262–266, 278
religions, China’s authoritarianism and, 107–109
Ren Zhengfei, 141
Rhodes, Ben, 302, 317–318
Rice, Condoleezza, 82, 83
Rice, Susan, 129
Riley, Joseph, 472n5
Rodman, Dennis, 381
Rogers, Mike, 250
Roh Moo-hyun, 346–347, 350, 351
Romance of the Three Kingdoms (China text), 98
Romney, Mitt, 66
“Roots of Narcissism, The” (Morgenthau and Person), 9
Rorty, Richard, 443
Rouhani, Hassan, 300–301, 310
RT television network, in Russia, 41
Rubin, Barnett, 182
Rubin, Tracy, 2–3, 4
Rumsfeld, Donald, 164–165, 177
Rushdie, Salman, 305
Russell, Bertrand, 56
Russia
as autocracy after Cold War, 11
China and, 83–84, 124–125
collapse of Soviet Union and interpretations of offers of U.S. help, 36–39
cyber-enabled information warfare of, 26, 57–58, 399–400, 402, 405
demographics of, 39–41
deterrence and, 442
disinformation and deniability programs (RNGW), 1–2, 26, 33, 39–57, 59, 74
economic coercion by, 58–59
economy in, 39, 65, 82
efforts to subvert democracies, 41–42
efforts to weaken Europe, 59–62
India and, 210
INF and, 413
map, 23
military technology and capabilities of, 65, 78–80, 423
opposition to Putin in, 80–81
post-Putin options for, 82–83
potentials for U.S. conflicts with, 26–28
preserving U.S. competitive advantage and, 439
Putin’s military reforms and cyber threats, 56–58
Saudi Arabia and, 284
space flight and, 407–408
Syria and, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270
Turkey and, 278
West’s need to counter disinformation, denial, and disruption of, 63–65, 71–78
West’s over-optimism about post-Soviet future of, 65–71
Sadr, Muhammad Baqir al-, 233, 234
Saeed, Hafiz, 207
Saleh, Amrullah, 218, 478n35
Salih, Barham, 271
Sanchez, Juan, 345, 425
Sanders, Bernie, 45–46, 48, 50, 72
Sanders, Sarah Huckabee, 93
Saudi Arabia, 13, 168, 211, 236, 238, 240, 259, 266, 268–269, 281–285, 287, 325, 329–330, 336
Saudi Aramco, 330, 336, 414
Schadlow, Nadia, 16–17, 411
Schroeder, Gerhard, 58
Schultz, Debbie Wasserman, 50
Senkaku Islands, of Japan, 124, 129, 148, 210
Serbia, Russian and, 44
Shahzad, Faisal, 172–173
Sharif, Nawaz, 197–198
Sherman, Wendy, 315
Shore, Zachary, 16, 445
Shotaro, Yachi, 369–374, 377, 381–388, 392
Showalter, Dennis, 440
Shuja Pasha, Ahmad, 192
Silicon Valley Chinese Engineers Association, 116
Silliman, Doug, 226, 227
Siloviki (hard-line functionaries in Russia), 37–38, 64, 80–81, 103
Simon, Steven, 264
“Sinjar documents,” 486n17
Sisi, Abdel Fattah al-, 281
Sistani, Ayatollah Ali al-, 339
Skripal, Sergei and Yulia, 53–54, 62, 73–74
Smith, Sean, 259
Soap AI, 76–77
social media
as arena of competition, 309–404
Russia’s disinformation and, 26, 41, 43–44, 47–51, 55–56, 72–73
Soleimani, Qasem, 230, 271–272, 275, 310, 324, 334–335, 441
Somalia, 267, 280
Soros, George, 436
South Asia, 155–220
fundamental U.S. assumptions about, 159
map, 153
THAAD and, 362–364
Trump administration and, 171, 173–175, 185–195, 212–220
see also Afghanistan; India; Pakistan
South China Sea, China’s strategic development in, 12, 18, 91, 114, 123–124, 129–130, 147, 148
South Korea (Republic of Korea), 345–346
Japan and, 369–373, 391
“Sunshine Policy” toward North Korea, 347–348, 350–351, 359
U.S. troops in, 352
Soviet Union
Afghanistan and, 162
North Korea and, 353–354
see also Russia
space programs, as arena of competition, 407–410
Spalding, Robert, 411
Sputnik news agency, in Russia, 41
Sri Lanka, 112–113, 140
Starry, Don, 1, 426
START I, 79
Steele, Christopher, 52, 69, 259
Stoner, Kathryn, 62
Strachan, Hew, 433
strategic competence, of U.S., restoring and preserving of, 16–19, 64, 427, 432, 438–442
strategic empathy, 16, 419–420, 424, 432, 440
Afghanistan and, 159, 175
China and, 92, 130–131
climate change and, 414–415, 419–420
competition overseas and, 436
Iran and, 302, 322
Iraq and, 253–254
Middle East, generally, 273
North Korea and, 358
Pakistan and, 198
strategic narcissism
Afghanistan and, 155–161, 173–175, 180–184
China and, 92, 127–130
climate change and, 414–421
control of events and, 442–443
cyber-enabled information warfare and, 400–401
Iran and, 293–294, 302–313
Middle East and Bush optimism, 4–9, 237–253
Middle East and Obama pessimism, 231, 239, 253–259
North Korea and, 384–385
Vietnam War and, 430
West regarding Russia and, 65–71
“Strategic Narcissism” (Morgenthau), 15
Strider, 407
Stuxnet malware, 333
Suh Hoon, 379
Sun Tzu, 19, 158, 164
“Sunshine Policy” of South Korea toward North Korea, 347–348, 350–351, 359
Syria
Assad’s chemical weapons and, 62
character of conflict in, 435
civil war in, 3, 27, 35, 60–61, 225, 236, 238–239, 254–257, 259, 262–263, 268, 270, 273, 287, 377
Iran and, 311–312, 325, 327, 330–331
jihadists and, 489n10
need for consistent policy toward, 268–271
North Korea and, 376–377
principles of war and, 432, 433
refugee crisis and, 34, 60, 259, 262–266, 278
Russia and, 27–28, 29, 35, 66, 71
withdrawal of U.S. forces from, 47, 61
Taiwan, China’s coercion and, 11–12, 90, 121–124, 132, 138–139, 145, 148, 403, 441
Taiwan Relations Act, of U.S., 122
Taiwan Strait Crisis, 11–12
Taliban
after 9/11 attacks, 163–167
Iran and, 306, 308, 310
in South Asia, 34, 155–156, 158–163, 173–175, 186–189, 191–207, 211–220
Taraki, Nur Muhammad, 185–186, 479n2
tariffs and trade, China and, 132–133, 142–144
Taylor, Jeffrey, 8
technology, as arena of competition, 408–412, 440–441
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), 172–173, 200
telecommunications, China and intellectual property issues, 117, 139, 141–144
Tencent, 409
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD), South Korea and, 362–364
Terrill, Andy, 242
terror organizations
growth after end of Cold War, 12–13, 18
need for consistent policy toward, 267–268, 279–284
see also specific organizations
Texas National Security Review, 316
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 157
Thousand Talents program, China and, 116
386 Generation, in North Korea, 358–359
Thucydides, 36, 432
Thucydides Trap, 147–148
Tiananmen Square protests, in China, 99–100, 102–103, 108, 128, 132, 135
Tibet, China’s authoritarianism and, 107–108
Tillerson, Rex
China and, 89, 93
Iran and, 296–297
Middle East and, 227, 269–270
North Korea, 367
Russia and, 28
Toho, Hideki, 371
Trans-Pacific Partnership, 144
transporter erector launchers (TELs), of North Korea, 387, 391
triangular diplomacy, of Nixon and Kissinger, 84, 128
Truman, Harry, 353
Trump, Donald and administration of
Afghanistan and, 185–195, 213–220
American isolationism and, 354–355
China and, 89–93, 98–99, 126, 130–133, 142–144, 148–149, 355–356, 380, 391, 392
climate change and, 415
deterrence and, 442
Hong Kong protestors and, 108
impeachment of, 72
improving of U.S. strategic competence and, 16–19
INF and, 413–414
Iran and, 293–299, 301–302, 319–320, 324, 334
Middle East and, 225–232, 261, 265, 269, 270, 273, 281–286
North Korea and maximum pressure replacing strategic patience, 355–357, 363–368
Pakistan and, 195–207, 215–216
Putin and, 67–69
reaction to Skripal poisoning, 54
Russian disinformation and, 45–52, 72
South Korea and, 345–346, 369–373
space programs and, 408
Syria and, 27
Trump, Donald Jr., 51
Tsai Ing-wen, 122
Tunisia, 239, 256, 263, 276
Turkey, 268–269, 277–279
Uganda, 134–135
Uighurs, in China, 107, 136–137
Ukraine
Orange Revolution in, 28, 38, 42
Russian invasion of, 1, 17–18, 27, 31–33, 34, 35, 54, 56–58, 62, 65–66, 426
Russian subversion of democracy in, 41–42, 405
Russia’s NotPetya cyber attack and, 26, 402
Umar, Asim, 217
United Kingdom, exit from European Union, 44, 48, 60
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), China and, 130
United States and China, The (Fairbank), 92
United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS), 364, 366
U.S. Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM), 74
velayat e faqih (“rule of the jurist”), in Iran, 323
Venezuela, 114
Vietnam Syndrome, 434, 435
Vietnam War, 427–434
Voronenkov, Denis, 55
Votel, Joseph, 169, 170, 295
Vucic, Aleksandar, 44
Walsh, Katie, 2
Wang, Joe, 29–30, 31
Wang, Xiyue, 312
Wang An, 140–141
Wang Laboratories, 140–141
Wang Wei, 12
Wang Yi, 93, 122–123
War for Kindness, The (Zaki), 414–415
Warmbier, Otto and family, 367–368, 384
wars, fundamental continuities of all, 431–434
Western liberalism, China’s suppression of ideals of, 109
WikiLeaks, 49, 50
Winston, David, 11
Woods, Tyrone, 259
World Trade Center
1993 attack on, 12–13
2001 attack on, 14, 18, 60–61, 159, 170, 186
World Trade Organization, China and, 145–146
World War II, U.S.-Soviet alliance and, 69–70
Wuhan University of Technology, 116
Xi Jinping
China’s policies of co-option, coercion, and concealment, 18, 67, 83–84, 92–95, 97–103, 105–109, 113–114, 120–123, 129–130, 132, 149
during Cultural Revolution, 100–101
indefinite extension of rule of, 95, 123
Military-Civil Fusion policy, 114
Putin and, 67, 83–84
state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and, 105
Taiwan and, 121–122
Trump and, 355–356, 380, 391, 392
Xi Zhongxun, 100–101
Yadlin, Amos, 376
Yameen, Abdulla, 113
Yang Jiechi, 92, 93, 127
Yanukovych, Viktor, 42–43
Yazidis, in Syria, 276
Yemen, 13, 261–263, 265, 274, 280, 282–283, 310, 311, 330–331, 377, 419
Yousef, Ramzi, 12
Yushchenko, Viktor, 42
Zahir Shah, Mohammed, 165, 182
Zaki, Jamil, 414–415
Zarif, Mohammad Javad, 295, 310
Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-, 246–247, 249, 253, 331
Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 169, 217
Zhang Qianfan, 109
Zheng He, 93–94
Zheng Zeguang, 93
Zhou Enlai, 106
Zhu Dai, 95–96
Zhu Di, 97
Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad, 206–207
ZTE, 141, 406
Zume, 421