13. Nia H. Gill Esq. (D), New Jersey Legislature, www.njleg.state.nj.us/members/bio.asp?Leg=126; Nia Gill, New Jersey Council of Teaching Hospitals, www.njcth.org/PublicInnerPage/Legislative-Profiles/New-Jersey-Senate/Nia-Gill.aspx; interview by Barry Friedman with Nia Gill, Aug. 6, 2015 (hereinafter Gill Interview).
14. Gill Interview, supra note 13.
15. “ACLU-NJ Lauds NJ’s First-in-the-Nation Police Militarization Law,” ACLU-NJ, Mar. 19, 2015, www.aclu-nj.org/news/2015/03/19/aclu-nj-lauds-njs-first-nation-police-militarization-law; Michael Symons, “Lawmakers Want More Scrutiny of Police Military Gear,” Asbury Park Press, Jan. 12, 2015, www.app.com/story/news/politics/new-jersey/2015/01/12/nj-police-surplus-military-equipment/21655389/; N.J. Stat. Ann. § 40A:5-30.1 (2016), www.njleg.state.nj.us/2014/Bills/PL15/23_.HTM; Gill Interview, supra note 13.
16. Bob Adelmann, “Montana Is Second State to Slow Police Militarization,” The New American, Apr. 27, 2015, www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/crime/item/20748-montana-is-second-state-to-slow-police-militarization; Nicholas Schwaderer (R), Montana Legislature, http://leg.mt.gov/css/Sessions/63rd/leg_info.asp?HouseID=1&SessionID=107&LAWSID=15240; Mont. Code Ann. §§ 7-32-401 to-402 (2015).
17. Adam Nagourney, “Police Armored Vehicle Is Unwelcome in California College Town,” N.Y. Times, Sept. 13, 2014, http://nyti.ms/1q24csk (Davis); Susan Shroder, “SD Unified to Return Armored Vehicle: Military Appearance of the Federal Surplus Vehicle Created Uneasiness,” San Diego Union-Tribune, Sept. 18, 2014, www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2014/sep/18/san-diego-unified-to-return-armored-vehicle/; Nick Henderson, “Town Board Declares It Will Never Accept Any Defense Weapons,” Woodstock Times, Aug. 22, 2014 (on file with author).
18. Grovum, supra note 4 (“backed by Democrats and Republicans, in red states and blue states); “ACLU-NJ Lauds NJ’s First-in-the-Nation Police Militarization Law,” supra note 15; interview by Barry Friedman with Ari Rosmarin, Aug. 6, 2015 (hereinafter Rosmarin Interview); Mike Maharrey, “Montana Law Taking on Federal Militarization of Police Now in Effect,” Tenth Amendment Ctr., Oct. 1, 2015, http://blog.tenthamendmentcenter.com/2015/10/montana-law-taking-on-federal-militarization-of-police-now-in-effect/; Mike Maharrey, “First in the Country: New Jersey Law a First Step to Stop Federal Militarization of Local Police,” Tenth Amendment Ctr., Mar. 18, 2015, http://blog.tenthamendmentcenter.com/2015/03/first-in-the-country-new-jersey-law-a-first-step-to-stop-federal-militarization-of-local-police/; Monica Davey and Shaila Dewan, “Law Enforcement Concerns Create Unlikely Alliances in Missouri and Beyond,” N.Y. Times, Feb. 13, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/us/law-enforcement-issues-in-missouri-and-other-states-spur-unlikely-alliances.html (quoting Bill Hennessy).
19. Rick Anderson, “Game of Drones: How LAPD Quietly Acquired the Spy Birds Shunned by Seattle,” L.A. Weekly, June 19, 2014, www.laweekly.com/news/game-of-drones-how-lapd-quietly-acquired-the-spy-birds-shunned-by-seattle-4794894.
20. Katherine Hafner, “Coalition Continues Protest of LAPD’s New Drone Policy with Downtown LA Town Hall,” NBC L.A., Nov. 8, 2014, www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Coalition-Continues-to-Protest-LAPD-Acqusition-of-Aerial-Drones-282030421.html (quoting Chief Beck and noting the formation of Drone-Free LAPD No Drones, LA!); Melissa Pamer and Mark Mester, “LAPD’s 2 Drones Will Remain Grounded During Policy Review, Police Commission Says Amid Protest,” KTLA 5, Sept. 15, 2014, http://ktla.com/2014/09/15/anti-spying-group-drone-free-lapd-to-protest-state-bill-that-would-allow-police-drones/ (noting that the drones were handed over to the Inspector General and reporting the L.A. Police Commission’s tweet); see also Jim Newton, Opinion, “Drones and the LAPD,” L.A. Times, Nov. 16, 2014, www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-newton-column-lapd-drones-20141117-column.html. In June 2014 the LAPD announced it would not do anything with the drones until further public input. As of October 2015 there were no further developments after the LAPD chief handed the drones over to the department’s Inspector General in September 2014. See Shawn Musgrave, “Los Angeles Police Have Spent a Year Figuring Out How to Use Their Drones,” Vice, Oct. 1, 2015, http://motherboard.vice.com/read/los-angeles-police-have-spent-a-year-figuring-out-how-to-use-their-drones.
21. See Robert Salonga, “San Jose: Police Apologize for Drone Secrecy, Promise Transparency,” Mercury News, Aug. 5, 2014, www.mercurynews.com/crime-courts/ci_26279254/san-jose-police-apologize-secret-drone-purchase-promise; Robert Salonga, “San Jose: Drone Debate Continues as SJPD Details Proposed Use Guidelines,” Mercury News, Dec. 6, 2014, www.mercurynews.com/crime-courts/ci_27083927/san-jose-drone-debate-continues-sjpd-details-proposed; Robert Salonga, “San Jose: Commission to Endorse One-Year Pilot for Police Drone,” Mercury News, Apr. 9, 2015, www.mercurynews.com/crime-courts/ci_27875047/san-jose-commission-endorse-one-year-pilot-police.
22. Bonnie Eslinger, “Menlo Park: Council Approves Ordinance Regulating Police Use of Surveillance Data,” Mercury News, May 14, 2014, www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_25766277/menlo-park-council-approves-ordinance-regulating-police-use; Richard A. Oppel, Jr., “Activists Wield Search Data to Challenge and Change Police Policy,” N.Y. Times, Nov. 20, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/11/21/us/activists-wield-search-data-to-challenge-and-change-police-policy.html (Durham).
23. Gill Interview, supra note 13; Chokshi, “School Police Across the Country Receive Excess Military Weapons and Gear,” supra note 8 (quoting Michael Heidingsfield); Recommendations Pursuant to E.O. 13688, supra note 7, at 17 (“Emergency Rescue”). On the use of military vehicles for rescues during extreme weather, see, for example, “NJ Shore Town Receives 5 Surplus Military Vehicles,” AP, Aug. 6, 2015, www.app.com/story/news/local/new-jersey/2015/08/06/nj-shore-town-receives-surplus-military-vehicles/31247845/; Ken Baker, “Armored Vehicles Credited to Saving Flood Victims,” WMBF News, Oct. 14, 2015, www.wmbfnews.com/story/30264283/armored-vehicles-credited-to-saving-flood-victims.
24. Gill Interview, supra note 13; Nagourney, “Police Armored Vehicle Is Unwelcome in California College Town,” supra note 17X (Davis); John Reynolds, “Sangamon County Gets Rid of MRAP Military Vehicle,” State Journal-Register, Feb. 24, 2016, www.sj-r.com/article/20160224/ENTERTAINMENTLIFE/160229764; Jessica Mendoza, “Obama Moves to Curb ‘Militarization’ of Police: A Shift in Law Enforcement’s Role?,” Christian Sci. Monitor, May 18, 2015, www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0518/Obama-moves-to-curb-militarization-of-police-A-shift-in-law-enforcement-s-role-video (Edinburg); Ben Kesling, Miguel Bustillo, and Tamara Audi, “Federal Program Supplies Surplus Military Gear to Schools,” Wall St. J., Sept. 17, 2014, www.wsj.com/articles/federal-program-supplies-surplus-military-gear-to-schools-1410884584 (Edinburg, Los Angeles, Utah); Tami Abdollah, “L.A. School District to Give Up Three Grenade Launchers, Keep 60 M16 Rifles,” Mercury News, Sep. 18, 2014, www.mercurynews.com/california/ci_26559699/l-school-district-give-up-three-grenade-launchers (Los Angeles, Utah, Nevada); Aaron Mendelson, “LAUSD Cuts Ties to Military Weapons Program,” 89.3 KPCC, July 30, 2015, www.scpr.org/news/2015/07/30/53478/lausd-cuts-ties-to-military-weapons-program/ (Los Angeles); Knefel, “Why Are Police Using Military-Grade Weapons in High Schools?,” supra note 8 (Aledo).
25. Chokshi, “School Police Across the Country Receive Excess Military Weapons and Gear,” supra note 8.
26. Cyrus Farivar, “Cops Must Now Get a Warrant to Use Stingrays in Washington State,” Ars Technica, May 12, 2015, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/05/cops-must-now-get-a-warrant-to-use-stingrays-in-washington-state/; Jacob Sullum, “Texas Legislators Vote to Ban Roadside Sexual Assaults by Police,” Reason, Apr. 30, 2015, http://reason.com/blog/2015/04/30/texas-legislators-vote-to-ban-roadside-s.
27. See Barry Friedman and Maria Ponomarenko, “Democratic Policing,” N.Y.U. L. Rev. 90 (2015): 1843–48 (identifying areas where policing policies are missing).
28. Rosmarin Interview, supra note 18.
29. Id.
30. See Donald A. Dripps, “Criminal Procedure, Footnote Four, and the Theory of Public Choice; Or, Why Don’t Legislatures Give a Damn About the Rights of the Accused?,” Syracuse L. Rev. 44 (1993): 1081, 1085–86 (“[T]elephone companies resented the expense and inconvenience of installing [pen-registers or trap-and-trace devices] at the whim of police officers, and joined the ACLU in urging that some hurdle be set up between the cop-on-the-beat and the telephone company’s time and trouble.”); 132 Cong. Rec. H4045-46 (daily ed. June 23, 1986) (statement of Rep. Kastenmeier) (citing support from a “coalition of business, Government and civil liberties groups”); H.R. Rep. No. 99–647, at 29–30 (1986) (listing the organizations and corporations that supported the legislation). For more on the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, see infra Chapter 10.