1. Literally, ‘were slaves to the laws’. The tyranny of Orthagoras’ family lasted from c. 665 to c. 565; Cleisthenes was tyrant from c. 600 to 570.

2. See V v, n. 6 and V x, nn. 4 and 13.

3. See III xiii, n. 10, V x, V xi, n. 5. Gorgus was Periander’s successor.

4. See V iii, n. 4 and V xi, n. 4. Thrasybulus succeeded Hiero in 467.