1. Cf. the treatment of the past in George Orwell’s 1984 (Penguin edition), esp. pp. 198–200, and the Appendix, ‘On the Principles of Newspeak’, ad init.: ‘The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotees of Ingsoc, but to make all other modes of thought impossible. It was intended that when Newspeak had been adopted… a heretical thought… should be literally unthinkable, at least so far as thought is dependent on words.’