1. Grob-Fitzgibbon (2016), p. 8.
2. Ibid., p. 18.
3. https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-160/articles-wsc-s-three-majestic-circles/.
4. Grob-Fitzgibbon (2016), pp. 51–2.
5. Ibid., p. 39.
6. Roberts (2018), pp. 900, 917.
7. Ibid., p. 71.
8. I enjoy pointing this out to multinational groups of students since it irritates both the British and the French, albeit for different reasons.
9. The OEEC became the OECD of our own day in 1961, with Canada and the United States joining in that year.
10. Initially, Germany was represented at the OEEC by two delegations acting on behalf of the Anglo-American Bizone and the French occupied zone. There were thus eighteen participants, rather than seventeen, in the original OEEC. In 1949 the British, French and American occupation zones were merged to form the Federal Republic of Germany, henceforth referred to for simplicity as ‘Germany’. In addition, that portion of the Free Territory of Trieste which was under Anglo-American control also participated in the organization, until it was handed back to Italy in 1954.
11. Urwin (1995), p. 20.
12. Grob-Fitzgibbon (2016), p. 68.
13. Dollars were convertible, but no one had enough of them.
14. The classic reference on the EPU is Eichengreen (1993).
15. The text of the treaty is available on the site of the now-defunct Western European Union, www.weu.int. Unlike the Treaty of Dunkirk, which had been signed by the UK and France a mere six months earlier, the Treaty of Brussels did not single out Germany as the only potential aggressor, although it was named as a potential aggressor.
16. I recognize that the title of this chapter and the present subsection has become a cliché, but I am using it in part in memory of my godfather Joe, whose first present to his future wife Pauline was a copy of Belloc’s book.
17. ‘Cette proposition réalisera les premières assises concrètes d’une Fédération européenne indispensable à la préservation de la paix.’
18. Grob-Fitzgibbon (2016), pp. 125–9.
19. Ibid., p. 129.
20. Ibid., p. 144.
21. See notably Gillingham (1995).
22. Eichengreen and Boltho (2010).
23. Gillingham (1995).
24. Grob-Fitzgibbon (2016), pp. 169–72.
25. Milward (2000), pp. 151–71.
26. Camps (1964), chap. II.
27. Ibid., p. 39.
28. Ibid., p. 41.
29. Kaiser (1996), pp. 48–9; Schaad (1998), pp. 44–5.
30. Kaiser (1996), pp. 91–2.
31. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:11957E/TXT&from=EN. An English translation is available at https://ec.europa.eu/romania/sites/romania/files/tratatul_de_la_roma.pdf.