1. Unless you consider the abbreviation ‘UK’ to be an adjective.
2. ‘Politics and the English Language’, 1946. Widely available online, for example at https://archive.org/details/PoliticsAndTheEnglishLanguage.
3. Shipman (2017).
4. Which helps to explain the presence of Irish colleges in many European cities, including Paris, whose function was to educate Irish Catholics. The Parisian college, on the rue des Irlandais, is now an Irish cultural centre.
6. Wales and England had previously been united in 1536.
7. In 1913 the militias were organized into the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).
8. A rebranding of the Irish Volunteers.
9. A facsimile of the treaty is available at http://treaty.nationalarchives.ie/the-treaty/.
10. The Northern Ireland Census 1991, Religion Report, available at http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/census/1991/religion-report.pdf. Another option would have been to choose only the four Ulster counties with Protestant majorities, while yet another would have been to choose all of Ulster. The actual solution led to a substantial Catholic minority in Northern Ireland, and a small Protestant minority in the Irish Free State.
11. Leary (2016), p. 125.
12. The declaration came unexpectedly when the Irish Taoiseach, John A. Costello, was on an official visit to Canada, and there has been speculation over the years about why it happened. When I was a graduate student at Harvard in the 1980s the distinguished Irish Studies Professor John Kelleher, who had been there at the time, gave me the Cambridge Massachusetts explanation. Costello apparently visited Harvard before going to Canada, and was shown the Irish book collection in Widener Library. Unfortunately, the idiosyncratic cataloguing system used there shelved (and for all I know still shelves) Irish-related history books under the bookmark ‘Br’: Br for Britain. The librarians realized that this might be provocative, and got a workman to do up a sign with an ‘Ir’ bookmark for the occasion. Unfortunately, he only arrived to nail it up on the shelves while the Taoiseach was being shown around, and offence was duly taken. And the rest, according to Kelleher, was history.
13. The legislation is available at http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/12-13-14/41/enacted.
14. For a fascinating account of these ‘word wars’ see Mary Daly’s ‘Ireland: The Politics of Nomenclature’, available at http://www.these-islands.co.uk/publications/i279/ireland_the_politics_of_nomenclature.aspx.
15. There is good evidence for occupational segmentation, which was one important driver of inequality: as late as 1992 only 5 per cent of the workforce at Harland and Wolff, the famous shipbuilding company, was Catholic (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2861269.stm). While there are few good empirical studies of discrimination per se, there is anecdotal evidence of discrimination when it came to hiring and promotions.
16. Based on Table 8 in the 1971 Northern Irish Census’s Religion Tables, available at https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/1971-census-religion-tables.PDF.
17. Pašeta (2003), p. 110.
18. All figures are calculated based on the Sutton Index of Deaths; the cross-tabulations are available at http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html.
19. https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/000067671.
20. The text of the agreement is available at http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/sunningdale/agreement.htm.
21. The quotations are taken from the said committee’s report, available at https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/ldeucom/76/7607.htm.
22. The minister in question being Paddy Hillery.
23. The text of the Anglo-Irish Agreement is available at https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/alldfawebsitemedia/treatyseries/uploads/documents/treaties/docs/198502.pdf.
24. The text of the Declaration is available at https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/alldfawebsitemedia/ourrolesandpolicies/northernireland/peace-process--joint-declaration-1993.pdf.
25. You will recall that Sinn Féin was also the name of the party that swept to victory in the 1918 general election and achieved independence subsequently. The Sinn Féin politicians who accepted the treaty founded Cumann na nGaedhal, which subsequently merged with other smaller groupings to form Fine Gael, the party currently (September 2018) in power in Dublin. Those who did not, but who eventually entered Dáil Éireann in the 1920s under Éamon de Valera, formed the Fianna Fáil party as we have already seen.
26. The text of the Good Friday Agreement is available at http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/docs/agreement.htm.
27. I am using the Census’s ‘Classification 1’, and excluding respondents who identified themselves as having in whole or in part another EU identity (i.e. an EU identity other than British or Irish). The data are available at http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Winzip/2011/DC2238NI%20(a).ZIP.
28. In contrast, only 2 per cent of Protestants defined themselves as ‘Irish only’, and 16 per cent as ‘Northern Irish only’. The percentage of Protestants defining themselves as Irish declined during the Troubles: as might have been expected, violence led to a hardening of attitudes making a political settlement harder to find. 55% of Catholics defined themselves as ‘Irish only’.
29. http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/european-union-committee/brexit-ukirish-relations/oral/42544.html.
30. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/ldeucom/76/7607.htm#_idTextAnchor069.
31. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-42412972.