1. See https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/sep/25/that-didnt-go-to-plan-cameron-spin-doctor-brexit-vote-craig-oliver and https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/16/cameron-wouldnt-last-30-seconds-if-he-lost-eu-vote-says-ken-clarke.
2. The speech is available at https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-s-speech-to-the-conservative-party-conference-in-full-a6681901.html.
3. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-borderless-eu-harms-everyone-but-the-gangs-that-sell-false-dreams-nrqqz3hdzbb.
4. Shipman (2017), p. 21.
5. ‘Victoire de la liberté! Comme je le demande depuis des années, il faut maintenant le même référendum en France et dans les pays de l’UE.’
6. https://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article7630#4.
7. A brief introduction to this unpleasant subject can be found in http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2016/07/14/boris-johnson-le-boulet-diplomatique_1466219.
8. ‘Dans la campagne, il a beaucoup menti aux Britanniques.’
9. To Davis’s credit he keeps such tweets available online: https://twitter.com/DavidDavisMP/status/735770073822961664.
10. I am being a little bit pedantic here. In common parlance people talk of the UK wanting to leave the customs union, but by definition it has to do so once it leaves the EU. The question then becomes whether or not it wants to join a new one.
11. ‘Leaders must make the case for globalization’, Financial Times, 17 July 2016.
12. See https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/british-anti-imigrant-sentiment-by-kevin-hjortshoj-o-rourke-2016-07.
13. Timothy (2012). In fairness, it is Chamberlain’s radicalism that appealed to Timothy, not his protectionism or imperialism; but on the other hand, Timothy also notes (p. 56) that among the radical measures which Chamberlain advocated was the control of immigration.
14. https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/conservative-party/news/79517/read-full-theresa-mays-conservative.
15. According to Tim Shipman (2018) the decisions to leave the jurisdiction of the ECJ, and the EU Single Market and customs union, were taken by May and Timothy: he comments (p. 12) that ‘it is extraordinary that these, the foundational decisions of Britain’s withdrawal strategy, which would shape the next two years of negotiations, were taken, in essence, by two people. The cabinet certainly had no chance to debate them.’ The implications of the speech were immediately understood in EU capitals but not, apparently, by everyone in the UK: ‘Nick Timothy had defined British policy on Brexit. Now Theresa May had to guide her cabinet to the same place without admitting the policy was already set in stone’ (p. 19).
16. The speech is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/the-governments-negotiating-objectives-for-exiting-the-eu-pm-speech.
17. The citations in the text are taken from a very helpful briefing prepared by the European Parliament, available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2017/599267/EPRS_BRI(2017)599267_EN.pdf; for a list of financial services covered by passporting, see https://www.ceps.eu/system/files/IEForum52016_3.pdf.
18. The speech is reproduced at https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/chancellors-hsbc-speech-financial-services.
19. Alex Barker and Peter Campbell, ‘Honda faces the real cost of Brexit in a former Spitfire plant’, 26 June 2018, available at https://www.ft.com/content/8f46b0d4-77b6-11e8-8e67-1e1a0846c475.
20. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/29/world/europe/uk-brexit-european-union.html.
21. The letter is available at http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/XT-20001-2017-INIT/en/pdf.
22. The statement is available on the European Council’s fabulously helpful website, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-uk-after-referendum/.
23. http://jackofkent.com/2016/06/why-the-article-50-notification-is-important/.
24. Cecilia Malmström broke the bad news in an interview on Newsnight: see https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36678222.
25. Connelly (2018), p. 34.
26. https://www.welt.de/english-news/article161182946/Philip-Hammond-issues-threat-to-EU-partners.html. To be fair, he said that it might do this if it were shut out of European markets after Brexit.
27. An exception is Chris Giles of the Financial Times: see for example https://www.ft.com/content/7ff44a0c-59e2-11e8-b8b2-d6ceb45fa9d0.
28. First, the name of the state is not ‘southern Ireland’, and second the frontier is not internal to the United Kingdom.
29. The anecdote about the email is contained in Connelly (2018), p. 56, while Davis’s remark about the frontier can be found here: https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-36819182.
30. Connelly (2018), p. 53.
31. The Guiers was set as the frontier between the Dauphiné and Savoie under the terms of the 1355 Treaty of Paris. Unfortunately, that treaty did not specify whether the Guiers in question was the Vif or the Mort, a question which was only clarified in 1760 under the terms of the Treaty of Turin. Until that time the region between the two Guiers was disputed, much to the benefit of local smugglers.
32. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40949424.
33. According to the British government there were seventeen of these approved crossings in 1972: see its August 2017 position paper on ‘Northern Ireland and Ireland’, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/638135/6.3703_DEXEU_Northern_Ireland_and_Ireland_INTERACTIVE.pdf.
34. https://www.lrb.co.uk/v39/n07/susan-mckay/diary.
35. The quotation is taken from the wonderful Irish Borderlands project website, available at http://www.irishborderlands.com/index.html.
36. Connelly (2018), p. 252.
37. See https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/police-chief-hard-border-threatens-to-blow-holes-in-our-fragile-peace-29wzcklq9.
38. Connelly (2018), chs 4, 9 and 14 provides an excellent account of the negotiations, upon which I draw in the following paragraphs.
39. My article in the Irish Times on the subject is available at https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/no-special-deal-possible-to-stop-the-return-of-border-controls-1.2981088.
40. As I pointed out here at the time: http://www.irisheconomy.ie/index.php/2016/10/04/what-should-ireland-be-looking-for/.
41. Like other documents referred to subsequently, they are available on the Council’s website (see note 22 above).
42. As pointed out by Donald Tusk in the post-summit press conference: see http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/04/29/tusk-remarks-special-european-council-art50/.
43. Connelly (2018), p. 298.