The page references in this index correspond to the print edition from which this ebook was created, and clicking on them will take you to the the location in the ebook where the equivalent print page would begin. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.
Page references in italic indicate figures.
A
Acheson, Dean 45
Adenauer, Konrad 66
agriculture/farming 15–16
– and Brexit negotiations 232
– and the British Empire 25
– CAP see Common Agricultural Policy
– complication in 1950s of European policies 16
– Conservative Party’s defence of interests 22
– and food self-sufficiency 16
– France 17
– ‘grain invasion’ 15
― and Brexit negotiations 232
– Italy 17
– living standards in sector 12–13, 16
– Netherlands 17
– state intervention 15–16
– UK
― deficiency payments (subsidies) 62–3
― labour force 21
― obstacles to economic cooperation with the Six 62
― political divisions between agricultural, manufacturing and commercial interests 22
― state interventions 62
Ahern, Bertie 124
Alternativ für Deutschland (AfD) 205
Anglo-Irish Free Trade Area Agreement (AIFTA, 1965) 67, 118, 138, 139
Anglosphere 164
Armistice Day celebrations 4–5
asylum seekers 185
Atlantic Charter 34
austerity 178, 179–80, 184, 197–9
– and referendum of 1975 on EEC membership 77
Austria 74
– FPÖ (Freedom Party of Austria) 176
– and OEEC 41
Autor, David 192–3
Ayrault, Jean-Marc 207
B
backstop, Irish 248–62, 261, 264–5, 272–5, 276, 280–91, 293–4, 295, 296
– ‘all weather’ NI backstop/‘backstop to the backstop’ 280, 283, 284
– attempt to make redundant by seeking EU–UK future relationship agreement 267, 268–9, 280, 290
– British outrage at 265
– and Coveney trilemma 260–62, 261, 275
– and customs union 255–62, 261, 272–5
– and EU solidarity 293–4
– and May 265, 275–7, 280, 284, 285, 287–91, 293
– and NI trade advantages 285
– and proposed separate customs territory for NI 271–2, 277
– and Protocol to Withdrawal Agreement 281–3, 285
– and Single Market 255–62, 261, 272–5, 283
– termination problem 285–6, 287–91, 293
– and Tory Trade Bill amendment 271–2
– and UK-wide backstop idea see backstop, UK-wide
backstop, UK-wide 268, 278, 280–91
– and EU solidarity 293–4
– with NI ‘all weather’ backstop 280, 283, 284
– precluding UK trade deals involving tariff concessions 285
– and Protocol to Withdrawal Agreement 281–3, 285
– termination problem 285–6, 287–91, 293
Balfour, Arthur 28–9
Banks, Arron 171
– and Chequers 272–4
– and Ireland 223–4
Becker, Sascha 196
Belgian colonial Empire 37
Belgium
– as EU founding member 2–3, 166
– and GATT 36 see also General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
– and NATO 43–4
– and OEEC 40
– in Second World War 10
– trade with Netherlands 51
Benelux countries see Belgium; Luxembourg; Netherlands
Benn, Anthony Wedgwood (Tony) 75, 76
Berlin blockade 43
Berry, Anthony 115
Beveridge Report 12
Beyen Plan 51–2
– and Bush 164
– and Clinton 164
– and EU enlargement 168
Bolkestein, Frits 193
border controls 54–5, 88, 98–9, 119
– eliminated with Single Market 119
– UK–EU 123, 209, 212–13, 214, 215, 224, 229–30, 231–2, 249, 251, 254–5, 261, 265, 267, 272–5
― and Irish backstop see backstop, Irish
― and ‘Jersey minus’ 278–9
– UK–Ireland 118, 123, 209, 224, 227–8, 229–30, 231–2, 249, 251, 254–5, 261, 265, 267, 272–5
― and EU VAT area 224, 271, 273
― and future technology 249, 250
― and Irish backstop see backstop, Irish
― and ‘Jersey minus’ 278–9
Brexit
– Article 50 triggering see Lisbon Treaty: Article 50 process
– and border controls see border controls
– and British identity 174
– campaigns see Leave campaign: Remain campaign
– Chequers Plan see Chequers Plan
– and the Commission see European Commission: and Brexit
– and the customs union 119, 122, 210, 252, 267, 272–5
― and May’s Lancaster House speech 210, 267
– Department for Exiting the European Union 207, 224–5
– and ECJ jurisdiction 208–10
– EU approach to negotiations 216–23
― and divorce issues 223, 235–7, 241–60 see also citizens’ rights
― financial settlement
― Irish border: and Brexit negotiations
― European solidarity in 236, 237, 253, 293–4
― and the Irish border 223–30 see also backstop, Irish
― backstop, UK-wide
― negotiating guidelines 219, 230–37, 239, 241, 260–62, 267
― and the Single Market 220–23, 272–4 see also Single Market
– European reactions to vote 205
– and EU’s 2004 enlargement 168–9
– explanations 175–202
― Anglo-centric vs international 177–9, 178
― austerity 178, 179–80, 197–9
― with chance and contingency emphasis 176
― choice to bring back sovereignty 1
― cultural 177–9
― economic/cultural, with globalization emphasis 176–80, 178, 187–97, 191
― emphasizing chance and contingency 199–202
― European context 176, 181–6, 182–3
― questioning rationality 179–80
― structural 175–6, 177–9, 178, 201
― trade 196
― transatlantic context with Trump’s election 176
– free movement and UK’s choice to leave Single Market 208, 220–21, 236, 284
– and frictionless trade 212, 213, 214, 215, 221, 224, 248, 250, 268, 270–71, 274–5
– and GATT see General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
– and international supply chains 211–12, 279
– and Ireland see backstop, Irish
― Ireland: and Brexit
― Irish border: and Brexit negotiations
– letter of leaving intention delivered to Tusk 216
– and May see May, Theresa: and Brexit
– negotiations 239–74
― 2018’s events and progress 260–91
― and backstops see backstop, Irish
― backstop, UK-wide
― and citizens’ rights 235, 241–4, 262
― EU approach to see Brexit: EU approach to negotiations
― and financial settlement 235, 244–8
― on future relationship see Brexit: and UK–EU future relationship
― Joint Report 257–62, 263–4, 268, 282
― May’s Florence speech 243, 246
― May’s red lines 209–10, 215, 221, 254, 258, 259–60, 266, 267, 274, 277
― relocation of companies from UK to EU during 247
― sequence 235–7, 241, 246–7, 251–3
― and the ties between goods and services 270
― and the Tory split 240, 267–8, 269
– and Northern Ireland see Northern Ireland: and Brexit
– opposers see Remainers
– Political Declaration 266, 280, 281, 283–4, 286
– referendum deciding see referendum of 2016 on UK’s EU membership
– and Russian-backed populism 296
– second referendum calls/proponents 286–7, 294, 295, 296
– and the Single Market see Single Market: and Brexit
– supporters see Brexiteers/Leavers
– transition period see transition period
– types/models
― Brexit in name only 104–5
― Canada 214
― Chequers see Chequers Plan
― ‘cherry picking’ 221, 236, 269–70
― ‘hard’ 105, 208–10, 215, 219, 260
― ‘have cake & eat it’ 213, 214, 221, 248, 250, 251, 266–7, 268, 270
― ‘Jersey minus’ 278–9
― no deal 219, 260, 267, 287, 295–6
― Norway 213–14
― ‘Norway plus’ 286
– and UK–EU future relationship 219
― balancing rights and obligations 217, 220–21
― and Irish backstop 267, 268–9, 280–84
― and Political Declaration 266, 280, 281, 283–4, 286
― and question of what UK wants 206–16, 294–5
― timing of negotiations 235–6, 290
― and the Tory split 269
― and UK-wide backstop 280–84
– and VAT 91–100, 215, 224, 271, 273
– Withdrawal Agreement 218, 219, 260, 264, 266, 270
― Annex 283
― backstops see backstop, Irish
― backstop, UK-wide
― Cabinet approval 281
― and calls/proponents for second referendum 286–7, 294, 295, 296
― and Chequers 270
― Commons vote possibilities and conjectured outcomes for UK 294–6
― Commons vote postponed 287, 291
― EU refusal to renegotiate 286, 289
― as legally binding 280
― and resignations of government members 285–6
Brexiteers/Leavers 172, 186, 206, 210, 234, 259
– and Chequers 271, 272, 274–5, 277
– and Commons vote on Withdrawal Agreement 294
– denunciation of transition period 262–3
– feeling betrayed by Chequers xix
– happy to remain in Single Market 206
– hatred of Withdrawal Agreement terms 286
– Leave campaign see Leave campaign
– ‘no deal’ advocates 287
– Tory xix, 172, 207, 215, 240, 247, 267
– Trade Bill amendments 271
Britain
– distinguished from UK 104
– and Northern Ireland see United Kingdom
British-Irish Council 121
British Commonwealth 6, 30–31, 36, 38–9, 164
– and the customs union 41–2, 62
– decreasing of trade importance to UK 68
– free trade area advocated by UKIP 164
– Ireland’s departure from 112
– Labours concern in 1960s for 74–5, 164
– and UK’s EEC membership 74
― at application stage 68, 69, 70
British Empire 9–10, 19, 30, 37, 38, 45, 164
– former countries of xx see also British Commonwealth
– and globalization 20
– imperial conferences 30–31, 32
– as a trading bloc 24–5, 27–8, 31–2
Bruges speech (Thatcher) 154–5, 222
Bruton, John 123
Bulgaria 168–9
Bush, George W. 164
C
cakeism 213, 214, 221, 248, 250, 251, 266–7, 268, 270
Cambridge Analytica 177–9
Cameron, David 290
– and Armistice Day celebrations 6
– and austerity drive 179
– austerity drive 197
– and coalition government 164–5
– EU concessions 170, 216, 290
– and Lisbon Treaty 163
– and the referendum 165, 200–201
― attempts to negotiate with Brussels 169–70, 200, 290
― Remain campaign 170
― and resignation 203
― as a Tory party management issue 201–2
– and Scottish independence referendum 173
– Tory leadership 2005–10 162–3
Camps, Miriam 69
Canada 9, 24–5, 27, 30, 53, 62
– EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement 214, 219
– and referendum of 1975 on EEC membership 77
CAP see Common Agricultural Policy
car industry 211–12
Cassis de Dijon case 90
Cavendish, Lord Frederick 25
Chamberlain, Joseph 25, 26–7, 164, 208
Chamberlain, Neville 31
Chequers Plan 270–71
– Brexiteers feeling betrayed by xix
– criticisms/hostility:
― by Brexiteers xix, 271, 274–5, 277
― and Salzburg meeting 275–7
– and Johnson’s ‘suicide bomber’ metaphor 274–5
– May’s defence in Die Welt 275
– meeting resulting in xix, 270
– and a ‘new customs partnership’ of UK with EU 270
– and resignations of Davis and Johnson 271
children’s toy safety measures 283
China
– EU and US most-favoured-nation status 188
– illegal entry of Chinese goods into EU via UK 250
– Second World War legacy 4
– WTO membership 188
Churchill, Winston 10, 12, 33–4, 38, 164
– and Commonwealth 70
– and a united Europe 38–9
– Zurich speech 38–9
citizens’ rights 235, 241–4, 262
Clark, Greg 212
Clarke, Kenneth 203
Clegg, Nick 202
Clinton, Bill 164
coal industry
– UK nationalization 46
Cockfield, Arthur 87
Colantone, Italo 196
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 92
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 17, 65, 72–3, 143
– and the Single Market programme 86
– and Treaty of Rome 72
Common Market see European Economic Community (EEC)
Commonwealth see British Commonwealth
Communist Party 77
Concert of Europe 19
Condliffe, John 33
Connelly, Tony 280
– Brexit and Ireland xxi, 225, 228–30, 232, 237, 255–6
Conservative Party
– austerity drive 178, 179–80, 197–9
– Brexiteers see Brexiteers/Leavers: Tory
– and the British Empire 24–5
– Cabinet: approval of Withdrawal Agreement 281
― Chequers meeting xix, 270
– coalition with Lib Dems (2010–15) 164–5
– concerns about EEC membership among 70
– and the Corn Laws 23–4
– defence of agricultural interests 22
– DUP dependence of Tory government 240, 260, 288
– and ERM 157
– and European integration 85
– Europhiles 158
― Single Market supporters 153
– Eurosceptics 76–7, 154–8, 161, 171, 222 see also Brexiteers/Leavers: Tory
– Germanophobia 155–7
– loss of majority with snap 2017 election 240
– as ‘the nasty party’ 162
– pro-Europeans sceptical of EEC membership 71
– and referendum of 1975 on EEC membership 77, 85
– ‘Remain’ campaign 170
– Remainers see Remainers: Tory
– split/civil war over Europe 161, 163, 175, 201–2, 215
― and Brexit negotiations 240, 267–8, 269
– state shrinkage under 198–9
– Thatcher government 85, 101–2, 153
– Trade Bill 271
Corbyn, Jeremy 172, 175, 200, 240
Corn Laws 23–4
Council of Europe 44
Cox, Geoffrey 280
Crimea 19
Croatia 169
currencies, convertible 42–3
– see also border controls
customs union, European
– Common Commercial Policy 57, 167, 210
– common external tariff 55, 210, 268
– and the Commonwealth 41–2, 62–3
– EEC see European Economic Community
– and the Irish border 119, 122, 252, 272 see also border controls
― and Irish backstop 255–62, 261, 272–5
– and ‘Jersey’ scheme 269–70
– May’s promises to leave xix, 210
– and the Netherlands 51–2
– Single Market as core of 125 see also Single Market
– and UK: and Brexit 119, 122, 210, 252, 267, 272–5, 285
― and Commonwealth problem 41–2, 62–3
― inability to strike independent trade deals before Brexit 207
― inability to strike independent trade deals during backstop arrangements 285
― and Irish backstop 255–62, 261, 272–5
― and Irish border controls 119, 122, 252, 272–5
― membership during Brexit transition period 220, 236, 262 see also transition period
― Treaty of Rome and UK’s self-exclusion from 56, 60, 62
– and UK’s Plan G 64
customs unions
– Brexit negotiations and a ‘new customs partnership’ with EU 250–51, 270, 278–9, 280–81
– Chamberlain’s scheme for imperial union 27, 164
– Irish backstop arrangement of a single customs territory between EU and UK 282–3
Czech Republic 168
D
Daily Express 70
Daily Mail 70
Daily Mirror 70
Daily Telegraph 70
Dangerfield, George 27
Davis, David
– as head of DExEU 207, 241, 247, 248–9, 262, 263
― resignation over Chequers 271
de Gaulle, Charles 38, 59–60, 66, 138
– vetoing UK entry to EEC 71–3
deficiency payments (subsidies) 62–3
Delors, Jacques 87, 154, 155, 158, 166–7
Delors Report 157
democracy, and European Commission 158
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP)
– and Brexit negotiations 240–41, 249
― and the backstop 284, 285, 288
― and renegotiation of Withdrawal Agreement 286
― and union of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 241, 258–60
– Eurosceptics 171
– founding of 115
– Leave campaign support 240
– Tory deal and dependence 240, 260, 288
Denmark
– and EEC see European Economic Community: and Denmark
– as EU member 166
– Maastricht Treaty referendum 160–61
– and NATO 44
– UK relationship wanted after Brexit 206
Dorn, David 192–3
Dover 213
Downing Street Declaration (1993) 119–20
Draghi, Mario 181
Dunraven, Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of 24
DUP see Democratic Unionist Party
E
EAEC see European Atomic Energy Community
economic growth
– Golden Age of see Golden Age of economic growth
– and oil shock 82
– and savings 80
– strategies and problems
― after Second World War 12–13
― balancing unemployment and inflation 82
― with end of Golden Age 82–5, 84
― and European integration 80
ECSC see European Coal and Steel Community
EDC see European Defence Community
Edward VII 29
Ellemann-Jensen, Uffe 160
employment, and welfare states 13
England
– Leave vote 173
– population 21
English Civil War 106
Erhard, Ludwig 64
Estonia 168
EURATOM see European Atomic Energy Community
European Army
– Churchill’s argument for 39
– Pleven Plan 49–50
European Atomic Energy Community 10n, 48, 56
European Central Bank 181
– Brexit and citizens’ rights 235, 241–4, 262
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 1, 46–9, 52, 59, 74
– and the Netherlands 51
– and Brexit:
― Commission as EU’s negotiator 233–4
― and financial services 211
― negotiation principles for Northern Ireland 252
– and democracy 158
– and ECSC 48
– and indirect taxation 97
– and Single European Act 91
European Communities (EC) 48, 59, 166
– and British resistance to supranational political institutions 1, 2, 6–7, 39–40, 55–6, 175
– and Luxembourg Compromise 59
– UK rebate 86–7
– UK’s joining of 74
– see also European Atomic Energy Community
― European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
― European Economic Community (EEC)
European Community (previously EEC) 159
European Constitutional Treaty 193–5
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 44
European Council
– Brexit negotiating guidelines 219, 230, 233, 235–6, 237, 239, 241
― for future relationship 265–6
― for second phase and transitional period 262, 263
– and British–Irish relations 117
– decisions on ‘sufficient’ progress in Brexit negotiations 246, 247
– and ECSC 48
– EMU discussion 157–8
– and Northern Ireland 237
– and the Single Market programme 86
European Court of Human Rights 44
European Court of Justice (ECJ)
– and Brexit 208–10
― and citizens’ rights 242, 243
― and ‘Jersey’ scheme 269
― and revoking Article 50 possibility 287
– Cassis de Dijon case 90
– and ECSC 48
– and European integration 1
European Defence Community (EDC) 49–50
European Development Fund (EDF) 65
European Economic Area (EEA) 167, 208, 213–14
– and passporting 210
European Economic Community (EEC) xix–xx, 59, 67–77, 135, 138
– change in name under EU to European Community 159
– Commission 66
– damaging protectionism 74
― application for membership 70, 73
– economic growth, early 1960s 68
– and ECSC 48
– EDC and creation of 50
– Greek Association Agreement with 138, 139–40
– and Treaty of Rome 56–60 see also Rome, Treaty of (establishing EEC)
– and UK
― application for membership 68–73
― Blair’s 1983 pledge of withdrawal 153
― de Gaulle’s veto on UK membership 71–3
― and ERDF 75–6
― fears about international standing outside EEC 68–9
― Heath’s negotiations for membership 73
― and Irish border controls 119
― joining (1973) 74
― pro-European Tories sceptical of EEC membership 71
― referendum of 1975 on EU membership 74–7
― and sovereignty 76
European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 67–9, 71, 73–4, 135, 138, 166–7, 168, 266
– and EEA 167
European integration 1–15, 175
– and aftermath of Industrial Revolution:
― and relative decline 7–11
― and the roles of State 11–15
― and shares of world GDP, 1000– 2008 8, 9
– and Bruges Group 155
– and Churchill 38–9
– and favouring of skilled workers 194–5
– Franco–British political union proposals (1940) 37–8
– and Leave campaign 172
– and legacy of war 3–7
– Messina process 50, 52, 64, 66
– and national growth strategies 80
– and the path to Rome 45–60
– Plan G, UK integration with Europe 63–6
– to prevent destructive races to the bottom 15, 58, 91, 222
– and rejection of European Constitutional Treaty 193–5
– and Schuman Plan 45–6
– Single European Act (1986) 91, 100–101
– stalled 86–7
– and the Tories 85
– and US 69
European Monetary Union (EMU) 156, 157–8, 159, 160, 162, 170
European Parliament 1
– and ECSC 48
– European People’s Party 163
– UK attitudes to proposals for 39
European Payments Union 43
European People’s Party (EPP) 163, 223
European Political Community (EPC) 50
European refugee crisis 171, 185–6
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) 75–6
European Union
– antifraud office 250
– Armistice Day celebrations 4–6
– Article 50 of Treaty see Lisbon Treaty: Article 50 process
– border controls see border controls
– customs union see customs union, European
– EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement 214, 219
– ‘ever-closer union’ commitment 170
– expansion
― 1995 enlargement 167–8
― 2004 enlargement 168
― 2007 enlargement 168–9
― with Croatia’s joining (2013) 169
– four freedoms see free movement of goods, persons, services and capital
– illegal entry of Chinese goods into EU via UK 250
– and integration see European integration
– and the Irish border see Irish border
– and Irish economy 146–9, 205
– membership to be awarded automatically to NI on joining a united Ireland 237
– pillars 159–60
– political project of 125
– Schengen system/area 170, 185
– Single Market see Single Market
– supranational nature and origins 1–17, 222
― and British resistance to supranational political institutions 1, 2, 6–7, 39–40, 55–6, 175
― with ECSC 47
– trade surplus with UK in goods 269–70
– UK citizens’ post-Brexit rights in EU 235
– UK withdrawal from see Brexit
– UK’s referendum see referendum of 2016 on UK’s EU membership
– VAT Information Exchange System and area 100, 215, 224, 271
Europhiles
– Labour 75
– Tory see Conservative Party: Europhiles
Eurosceptics
– Brexiteers see Brexiteers/Leavers
– DUP 171
– and European citizenship 160
– Labour 71, 74, 85, 153, 154, 171, 172
– and Leave campaign see Leave campaign
– and supranational institutions 2
– Tory 76–7, 154–8, 161, 171, 222 see also Brexiteers/Leavers: Tory
‘Eurosclerosis’ 87
exceptionalism, British 19
Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) 157, 161
exports
– Chinese 188
– German non-ECSC exports 47–8
– Greek 138
– Irish tax relief on export profits 135
– as key to growth 187
– manufactured 24
– share of UK in Ireland’s 143–6, 145
– subsidies 96
F
Fair Trade League 24
Farage, Nigel 171, 173, 200, 201
– Syrian refugee poster 186
Faure, Maurice 10–11
Fianna Fáil 131
financial global crisis (2008) 162
– recovery with coordinated reflation and quantitative easing 181–4
financial services 222
– passporting rights 210–11
financial settlement 235, 244–8
Financial Times 211–12, 246, 248–9
– EFTA membership 138
– EU entry 166
– EU membership 167–8
– Allied blockade of Germany 29
– Armistice Day celebrations 4–5
– franchise extensions following 12
– socialist parties’s increased influence after 12
fishing waters/industry 266, 281, 282
FitzGerald, Garret 119
FitzGerald, John 118
Florence speech (May) 243, 246
food prices 22
– and Corn Laws 23–4
– and transport revolutions 15
food standards 231, 249, 273, 276
Foot, Michael 76
foreign direct investment (FDI)
– Greece 139–40
– Portugal 140
Foster, Arlene 277
Fox, Billy 115
FPÖ (Freedom Party of Austria) 176
France
– agriculture 17
– Anglo-French political union proposals (1940) 37–8
– Armistice Day celebrations 4–6
– economy 143
– and EDC treaty 50
– and her empire 10
– equal pay between genders 14
– as EU founding member 2–3, 166
– in First World War 4
– and GATT 36 see also General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
– income increase since 1980 of poorest 197
– Industrial Revolution in 21
– Napoleonic Wars 19
– National Front 176
– and NATO 43–4
– protectionism 189
– rejection of European Constitutional Treaty 193, 194
– in Second World War 4, 5, 10
– skilled/unskilled worker divide 194–5
– trade with Netherlands 51
– trading bloc 33
– and UK’s Plan G 65–6
– unemployment 86
– veto of UK’s EEC application 71–3
– working week 14
– Chamberlain’s call for universal male suffrage 25
free movement of goods, persons, services and capital
– and Cameron’s attempts to negotiate with Brussels 169–70, 200, 290
– and ‘emergency break’ 170
– following EU’s 2004 enlargement to Eastern Europe 169
– as indivisible freedoms 236, 269
– and Maastricht 160
– and May as Home Secretary 203–4
– and Schengen system/area 170, 185
– and UK choice to leave Single Market 208, 220–21, 236, 284
– agreements between EC and EFTA countries 74, 166–7
– areas 15, 35, 53, 54–5, 61, 67–8, 69, 138
― Anglo-Irish Free Trade Area Agreement (1965) 67, 118, 138, 139
― Commonwealth area advocated by UKIP 164
― European Free Trade Area 65
― and UK’s Plan G 63–6
– and the Conservatives 23–4, 28–9
– and Corn Law abolition 23–4
– European Free Trade Association 67–9
– and GATT see General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
– and a level playing field after Brexit 222–3, 236, 266, 281, 282
– and the Liberals 22, 23–4, 29
– and OEEC 43
– Peel’s adoption xix
– rules of origin 54
– Thatcher’s support of free market 87, 101
– UK suspension during, and resumption following First World War 30
French Empire 10
G
G-20 2009 summit 181–4
Gaitskell, Hugh 75
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 34–6, 55, 214
– Article XXIV and customs union 35, 61
– change to WTO 188
– and indirect taxation 96
Germany
– AfD party 205
– border opening to refugees 185
– and Brussels Treaty 50
– ECSC and German heavy industry 47, 49
– as EU founding member 2–3, 166
– Federal Monopoly Administration for Spirits 90
– in First World War 4
― Allied blockade 29
– as an industrial power 25, 68
– international economy dependence 22
– living standards 14–15
– and NATO 49–50
– and OEEC 40
– Pleven Plan 49–50
– protectionism 189
– Thatcher’s Germanophobia and opposition to reunification 155–6, 157
– trade see trade: German
– trading bloc 33
– US call for West German rearmament 49
– working week 14
Ghana 10
Gibraltar 236
– Remain vote 173
Gillingham, John 49
Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry 86, 87
Gladstone, William Ewart, Irish Home Rule proposals 25
globalization 11, 20, 83, 186–97, 199
– Britain as first industrial nation in a globalized world 20–22
– and ‘the Davos lie’ 187
– and economic/cultural explanations of Brexit 176–80, 178, 187–97
– and favouring of skilled workers 194–5
– and inequality 189–93
– and populism 196
Golden Age of economic growth
– Irish economy during 134–43, 136–7, 141–2
Good Friday Agreement 120–25
– attempts to find political solutions to NI conflict leading up to 116–20
– and Brexit Withdrawal Agreement 283
– and EU membership of both Ireland and UK 122, 123, 124
– institutional strands 121
– and the Irish border 122, 204–5, 255–6, 258
– Preamble 124
Gove, Michael 201
– on experts 172
– in leadership bid after referendum 204
Government of Ireland Act (1920) 109–10
Great Depression 12, 16, 31, 131, 132–3
Greece
– accession to EC 87
– Association Agreement with EEC 67, 138, 139–40
– economy 129, 134, 135, 139–40
― debt and deficit 184–5
― foreign direct investment 139–40
– as EU member 166
– and NATO 44
Grob-Fitzgibbon, Benjamin 37, 71
H
Hamilton, George 229
Hanson, Gordon 192–3
Hartington, Spencer Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington and 8th Duke of Devonshire 25, 26, 28–9
Healey, Denis 118
Higgins, Michael D. 150
Hogan, Phil 232
Hollande, François 205
Honda 211–12
Howe, Geoffrey 158
human rights
– European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 44
– European Court of Human Rights 44
– and Good Friday Agreement 121
Hungary 168
– populist government 176
Hunt, Jeremy 277
I
– and NATO 44
– and OEEC 41
immigration/migration
– countryside to city migration 16
– and free movement under Treaty of Rome 58
– immigration to UK
― and desire to restrict free movement from EU 208, 269
― and ‘Jersey’ scheme 269
― and Powell 76
– intra-imperial migration 30
– Irish emigration following potato famine 128
– and May as Home Secretary 203–4
– US restrictions 189
imperialism
– Belgian colonial Empire 37
– British Empire see British Empire
– and European-ness 37
– French Empire 10
– imperial preference 27–8, 31–2, 36, 64
– imperial trade blocs 33
– intra-imperial migration 30
– Portuguese Empire 37
imports
– Portuguese 138
– share of UK in Ireland’s 143–6, 145
– Spanish 138
– UK dependence on imported food and raw materials 21–2, 25, 27–8
Indochina 10
Industrial Development Authority (IDA), Ireland 135
Industrial Revolution
– aftermath
― and Europe’s relative decline 7–11
― and shares of world GDP, 1000–2008 8, 9
― and the State’s roles in Europe 11–15
– Britain as first industrial nation in a globalized world 20–22
– in France 21
inequality 187, 189–93, 197, 198
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 85, 185
iPhone 270
Ireland
– agriculture see agriculture/farming: Ireland
– application for EEC membership 70, 73
– and Armistice Day celebrations 7
– border see Irish border
― and agriculture 232
― backstops see backstop, Irish
― backstop, UK-wide
― border negotiations see Irish border: and Brexit negotiations
― campaign’s minimal mention of 104
― Joint Report 257–62, 263–4, 268, 282
― May and the Irish government 253–4
― UK’s intention to leave Single Market and the need for border controls 209, 254–5 see also border controls
– Brexit campaign’s minimal mention of 173
– Britain’s Ireland Act (1949) 112
– British-Irish Council 121
– British agreements with
― Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) 119
― Anglo-Irish Free Trade Area Agreement (1965) 67, 118, 138, 139
― Downing Street Declaration (1993) 119–20
― Ireland Act (1949) 112
– civil war (1933–23) 111
– constitutions
― constitutional changes agreed with Downing Street Declaration 120
― Irish Free State Constitution 111
– and the customs union 119
– deaths in Troubles 150
– difference from Britain 103–4
– diplomatic service 223
– dismantling links with British crown 111–12
– dismantling of frontier controls with Northern Ireland 102
– Easter Rising (1916) 151
― centenary 150–51
– economy: 1922–50 131–4
― 1950–73, during European Golden Age 134–43, 136–7, 141–2
― 1973–2015, in Europe 143–9, 144–5, 147–8
― under British rule 127–8
― consumption-driven boom 133
― Economic War with UK 132
― Europe and the Irish economic miracle 127–51
― foreign direct investment 135, 143
― performance benchmarks and assessment 129–31, 130
― and the Single Market 146–9
– EEC/EC membership 119, 138–9, 140, 143–9
– ERM membership 157
– and Good Friday Agreement 120–22 see also Good Friday Agreement
– Government of Ireland Act (1920) 109–10
― Parliaments 110
– Industrial Development Authority 135
– Irish Free State 30, 109, 110–11, 128, 132, 133
– Irish rebellion (1798) 106–7
– Lisbon Treaty referendum 194
– nationalism see nationalism: Irish
– North–South thawed relations in 1960s 113–14
– opening to Eastern European EU members from 2004 169
– partition 105–10
– population 127–8
– post-partition 110–13
– Remain campaign’s ignoring of 104, 173
– republic status declaration and leaving of Commonwealth 112
– share of UK in Ireland’s imports and exports 143–6, 145
– skilled/unskilled worker divide 194–5
– tariffs 138
– tax relief on export profits 135
– Troika interventions 184
– UK relationship wanted after Brexit 206
Irish border 225–9
– and Brexit negotiations xx, 104–5, 204–5, 231–2, 236–7, 241, 280–91
― and Coveney trilemma 260–62, 261, 275
― and Irish backstop see backstop, Irish
― and ‘Jersey minus’ 278–9
― Joint Report on Ireland 257–62, 263–4, 268, 282
― and a ‘Norway plus’ deal 277–8, 286
– and Catholic–Protestant politics 113
– controls between UK and Ireland see border controls: UK–Ireland
– current checks at 265
– and customs union see customs union, European: and the Irish border
– and EU membership by both Ireland and UK 122, 123
– and Good Friday Agreement 122, 204–5, 255–6, 258
– map 226
– and Single Market 119, 122, 232, 236–7, 248–9, 254–5, 272–5, 277–8, 283
– technological proposals for 249, 250
Irish Republican Army (IRA) 108–9, 111
– and Good Friday Agreement 120, 121 see also Good Friday Agreement
– and NI republicans 114
– and referendum of 1975 on EEC membership 77
– split and birth of Provisional IRA 114
Italy
– agriculture 17
– and Brussels Treaty 50
– as EU founding member 2–3, 166
– and NATO 44
– and OEEC 40
– populist government 176
– protectionism 189
– in Second World War 10
– trade with Netherlands 51
Ivanov, Martin 140
J
James II and VII 106
– ‘Jersey minus’ 278–9
– and Brexit negotiations 246
― resignation over Chequers 271
― ‘suicide bomber’ metaphor and Chequers 274–5
– as Foreign Secretary 207
― resignation over Chequers 271
– in leadership bid after referendum 203, 204
– and Leave campaign 172
― last-minute joining 171, 200
– and Maastricht 159
Johnson, Jo 286
Juncker, Jean-Claude 216
K
Kenny, Enda 224–5
Kenny, Michael 164
Kopsidis, Michael 140
Korea 4
L
labour market regulations 11–12
Labour Party
– and 2017 snap general election 240
– ambivalent attitudes to Europe 175
– and the Commonwealth 74–5, 164
– election manifestos (1974) 75
– Europhiles 75
– Eurosceptics 71, 74, 85, 153, 154, 171, 172
– evolving attitude to Europe after 1983 election 153–4, 162
– government after Second World War 12, 39, 46
– Labour In for Britain campaign 172
– and referendum of 1975 on EEC membership 77
Lancaster House speech and red lines (May) 209–10, 213, 215, 221, 254, 258, 259–60, 266, 267, 274, 277
Larne Harbour 265
Latvia 168
Le Pen, Jean-Marie 205
Le Pen, Marine 205
Leave campaign
– DUP support 240
– Johnson’s late joining of 171
– Leave.EU 171–2
― and Cambridge Analytica 179
― Syrian refugee poster 171
– Vote Leave (official campaign) 171–2
― EU money for NHS statement on bus 172
― ‘Take back control’ slogan 172
― Turkey joining EU claim 172
Leavers see Brexiteers/Leavers
Legatum Institute 249
Lemass, Seán 114
– coalition with Tories (2010–15) 164–5
Liberal Party
– and referendum of 1975 on EEC membership 77
– split over Irish Home Rule 25–6
Liberal Unionist Party 25–6, 28
– Article 50 process 216, 217–19, 265–6
― revoking possibility for UK 287
Lithuania 168
– for agricultural sector 12–13, 16
Lloyd, Sampson 24
London
– the City 102, 210, 211, 213, 215
– Remain vote 173
Luxembourg
– as EU founding member 2–3, 166
– and NATO 43–4
– and OEEC 40
– in Second World War 10
Luxembourg Compromise 59
M
Macmillan, Harold xx, 55, 63, 64, 66, 67, 72
– applications for UK’s EEC membership 68–70
Macron, Emmanuel 276
Mair, Peter xxi–xxii
Malta 168
Marshall Aid 40
May, Theresa
– and Brexit
― Chequers Plan see Chequers Plan
― and Irish backstop 265, 275–7, 280, 284, 285, 287–91, 293
― and Irish border 225, 265, 275–7, 280, 284, 285, 287–91, 293
― Lancaster House speech see Lancaster House speech and red lines
― postponement of Commons vote on Withdrawal Agreement 287, 291
― promise to leave Single Market and customs union xix, 208–9, 210
― red lines 209–10, 215, 221, 254, 258, 259–60, 266, 267, 274, 277
― task of uniting Leave and Remain factions 204
― Tory Party 2016 conference speech 208–9
― and the Tory split 240, 267–8
― and transition period extension possibility 282
– on EU sovereignty vs domestic democratic control 1
– general election call (2017) 239–40
– as Home Secretary 203–4
– hostility to free movement 203–4, 208
– and the Irish government 253–4
– and Kenny 225
– premiership
― cabinet appointments 207
― candidacy 203
― election 204
― no-confidence vote by own MPs 288
– as Remainer 204
– Salzburg meeting 275–7
McGuinness, Martin 204
McVey, Esther 286
Messina process 50, 52, 64, 66
migration see immigration/migration
Milward, Alan 13
Mitchell, George 124
Mitterrand, François 87
Mollet, Guy 46
Molloy, Claire 150
Monnerville, Gaston 10
Monnet, Jean 30, 37–8, 45, 47, 72
Moravcsik, Andrew 72–3
Mountbatten, Louis, 1st Earl 115
N
Napoleonic Wars 19
National Army of the Irish Free State 111
National Farmers Union 77
National Front (France) 176
National Front (UK) 77
National Health Service (NHS) 19
– creation of 12
– Leave campaign’s EU money for NHS statement on bus 172
― Johnson’s resurrection of 246
nationalism
– Irish
― Chamberlain’s rejection 25
― at end of nineteenth century 107
― and formation of Ulster Volunteers and Irish Volunteers 107–8
― and Home Rule 25–6, 107–8, 109–10
― and Sinn Féin 108
― Varadkar’s rejection 7
– and rise of imperial blocs 33
nationalization, UK coal industry 46
NATO 43–4
– and Germany 49–50
– and Pleven Plan 49–50
Nazis 4
Neave, Airey 115
Netherlands
– agriculture 17
– Beyen Plan 51–2
– and the customs union 51–2
– Dutch expulsion from Indonesia 10
– and ECSC 51
– as EU founding member 2–3, 166
– and GATT 36 see also General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
– and Great Depression 16
– and NATO 43–4
– rejection of European Constitutional Treaty 194
– in Second World War 10
– skilled/unskilled worker divide 194–5
– tariffs 50–51
– UK relationship wanted after Brexit 206
New Zealand 9, 24–5, 27, 30, 62, 75
– and referendum of 1975 on EEC membership 77
– and UK’s negotiations for EEC membership 73
Newfoundland 30
Nissan 212
North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) 2, 53
Northern Ireland
– and Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) 119
– border see Irish border
– border controls see border controls
– and Brexit
― backstops see backstop, Irish
― backstop, UK-wide
― campaign’s minimal mention of 104, 173
― and the DUP 240–41
― and proposed separate customs territory 271–2
― and trade advantages under the backstop 285
― and union of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 241, 258–60, 265, 271–2, 277 see also backstop, Irish
– British Army sent in 1969 to 114
– Catholic minority 113, 114, 122–3
– civil rights campaign 114
– dismantling of frontier controls with Ireland 102
– DUP see Democratic Unionist Party
– EU membership to be awarded automatically on joining a united Ireland 237
– European Commission’s principle of Brexit negotiation 252
– and European Council 237
– and EU’s Union Customs Code 283
– Good Friday Agreement see Good Friday Agreement
– Home Rule Parliament 110, 113
– and the Ireland Act (1949) 112
– and a no deal Brexit 295
– North–South thawed relations in 1960s 113–14
– opt-out of Irish Free State 109
– from partition to Good Friday Agreement 113–16
– peace process 117–18, 119–24, 205, 249
– police service (PSNI) 229–30
– and referendum of 1975 on EEC membership 76–7
– Remain vote 173
– Sunningdale Agreement 116–17
– trade with Britain passing through Dublin 284–5
― life along the border 228
― and reconciliation symbols between communities 204
– application for EEC membership 70, 73
– EU relations (‘Norway-style deal’) 167–8, 213–14
― Brexit with a ‘Norway plus’ deal 277–8, 286
– and NATO 44
– and OEEC 40–41
Novy, Dennis 196
O
Ó Gráda, Cormac 149
OECC see Organisation for European Economic Co-operation
Offer, Avner 27
oil embargo 82
O’Neill, Terence 114
OPEC oil embargo 82
Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) 40–43, 44, 52, 55, 61, 62, 67, 135, 138
P
Palestine 10
Paris, Treaty of 46
Parnell, Charles Stewart 107
Paseta, Seňia 114
passporting rights, financial services 210–11
Pearce, Nick 164
Pearse, Patrick 108
Peel, Sir Robert xix, 23
Pétain, Philippe 38
Philippe, Édouard 5–6
Pleven Plan 49–50
Poland 168
– Polish plumbers 193
– populist government 176
Political Declaration for EU–UK relationship 266, 280, 281, 283–4, 286
poppy-wearing 6–7
– Brexit as populist backlash 200
― foreign direct investment 140
– EFTA membership 138
– as EU founding member 166
– and NATO 44
– negotiations with EC 87
– and OEEC 41
Portuguese Empire 37
Powell, Enoch 76
productivity 16
– agricultural 15–16
– and industrial competition 68
protectionism 13, 28, 131–2, 135, 189
– disguised 96
PSNI (Police Service of Northern Ireland) 229–30
R
Raab, Dominic 280
– resignation as Brexit Minister 285–6
Reagan, Ronald 164
Rees-Mogg, Jacob xix, 274
referendum of 1975 on UK’s EEC membership 74–7, 85
referendum of 2016 on UK’s EU membership
– and Cameron see Cameron, David: and the referendum
– campaigns see Leave campaign
– Electoral Commission 171
– European reactions to vote 205
– failed attempts to negotiate with Brussels before 169–70, 200, 290
– result 173–4, 175 see also Brexit
– as a Tory party management issue 201–2
– and Tory rebellion in 2011, voting for referendum 165
refugee crisis, European 171, 185–6
Remain campaign
– Britain Stronger in Europe (official campaign) 172–3
– and Cameron 170
– Ireland barely mentioned in 173
– Labour In for Britain 172
– negative feel of 173
– ‘Project Fear’ 172
– and call for second referendum 286–7, 294, 295, 296
– and Chequers 271
– and Commons vote on Withdrawal Agreement 294
― backing May as candidate for premiership 203, 204
― and Brexit campaign 247
― hatred of Withdrawal Agreement terms 286
Reynaud, Paul 38
Reynolds, Albert 119
Ridley, Nicholas 156–7
Rodrik, Dani 199
Rolls-Royce 270
― in legislation 106
– NI’s Catholic minority 113, 114, 122–3
– and Thatcher 85
Romania 168–9
– perceived threat of Romanian competition in European countries 195
Rome, Treaty of (establishing EEC) 11, 13–15, 45–60, 65
– and Beyen Plan 51
– Common Agricultural Policy and French acceptance of 72
– and indirect taxation 97
– path to 45–60
Rome, Treaty of (establishing European Atomic Energy Community) 10n
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 33–4
– Brexit and Russian-backed populism 296
– see also Soviet Union
Rutte, Mark 216
S
Saint Pierre d’Entremont 225
Schulz, Martin 216
Schuman Plan 45–6
Scotland
– economy 146
– independence referendum, and Cameron 173
– and a no deal Brexit 295
Scottish National Party (SNP) 153
second referendum calls/proponents 286–7, 294, 295, 296
– post-war European economic cooperation 40
security
– and trade 22
– UK concerns 19
– All Out War xxi, 104, 170, 171
Simms, Brendan 19
Single European Act (1986) 91, 100–101, 166
Single Market 2, 85–91, 125, 153, 166, 221–2
– the 1992 programme 86–91, 99–102
― politics 100–102
– barriers
― and the British economy 210
― and ‘cherry picking’ 221, 236, 269–70
― and frictionless trade possibility 215
― and Irish backstop 255–62, 261, 272–5, 283, 284
― and Irish border 232, 236–7, 248–9, 254–5, 272–5, 277–8, 283
― Leavers happy to remain 206
― May’s promises to leave xix, 208–9, 210
― payment for access question 246
― UK membership during transition period 220, 236, 262
– capital controls 102
– Cockfield White Paper (1985) 87–8, 99, 102
– and EEA 167
– and EFTA 167
– elimination of border controls 119
– and EU decision-making autonomy 222
– and the Irish border 119, 122, 232, 236–7, 248–9, 254–5, 272–5, 277–8, 283 see also border controls
– and Irish economy 146–9
– and ‘Jersey’ scheme 269–70
– majority/qualified majority voting 101–2
– and services 102
– and Single European Act 91, 100–101
– social dimension 154
– and Good Friday Agreement 120 see also Good Friday Agreement
Skeffington, Sheehy 150
skill premium 192
Slovakia 168
Slovenia 168
Social Democratic Party 153
social dumping 193
social welfare systems 12–13, 14–15, 19, 134, 193, 198
socialism, increased influence of parties after First World War 12
Soros, George 161
South Africa 30
– and Churchill’s Zurich speech 39
– USSR/Russia as a leading military power 9–10, 11
Spaak Committee 52–5
Spain 100
– negotiations with EC 87
– OEEC membership 138
Stanig, Piero 196
steel industry
– tariffs 47
Stockholm Convention 67
Stuart, Gisela 201
suffrage see franchise
Summers, Larry 187
Sun 239
Sunday Telegraph 263
Sunningdale Agreement 116–17
supply chains, international 211–12, 279
– opening to Eastern European EU members from 2004 169
– protectionism 189
Syrian refugees 185
– Leave.EU poster 171
T
tariffs
– abolished in free trade areas 53, 91 see also free trade: areas
– and Anglo-Irish Free Trade Are Agreement 118
– backstop precluding UK trade deals involving tariff concessions 285
– British Empire’s tariff reform 24–9, 31–2
– common external tariff 41, 54, 55, 210, 268
– and customs unions see customs union, European
– Dutch 50–51
– and ECSC 47
– and EFTA 71
― Corn Laws 23
– GATT see General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
– Irish 138
– and a ‘new customs partnership’ of UK with EU 250–51, 270
– OEEC abolition of 61
– Portuguese 138
– Spanish 138
– steel 47
– UK idea of collecting customs tariffs for EU 270–71
taxation
– and balancing of unemployment and inflation 82
– indirect 91
― and GATT 96
― VAT see Value Added Tax
– Irish tax relief on export profits 135
Tebbit, Margaret 115
technology
– developing world’s inability to compete with new technologies 20
– European imports of new technologies from US 79–80
– investment in factories for new technologies 80
– and the Irish border 249, 250
– and transport revolutions 20
Thatcher, Margaret 19, 85, 115, 158
– and Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) 119
– and Bruges Group 158
– and EC protectionism 87
– and EMU 157–8
– and ERM 157
– European rebate 86–7
– Euroscepticism 154–8, 161, 222
– as free market supporter 87, 101
– Germanophobia and opposition to German reunification 155–6, 157
– and majority voting in Single Market 101–2
– and Reagan 164
– and the Single Market programme 85–7
– as a ‘Yes’ campaigner in 1975 referendum 85
Thatcherism 101
Thorneycroft, Peter 63
The Times 70
Timothy, Nick 208
Tory Party see Conservative Party
trade
– Atlantic Charter 34
– backstop precluding UK trade deals involving tariff concessions 285
– bilateral 32, 33, 43, 67, 118, 207, 232
– blocs see trading blocs
– border controls see border controls
– Brexit and goal/ideal of frictionless trade 212, 213, 214, 215, 221, 224, 248, 250, 268, 270–71, 274–5
– as Brexit vote factor 196–7
– Chinese 188, 192, 193, 195–6
– and convertible currencies 42–3
– and ‘the Davos lie’ 187
– Department for International Trade (UK) 207
– EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement 214
– EU’s trade surplus with UK in goods 269–70
– exports see exports
– Fair Trade League 24
– free see free trade
– GATT see General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
– German 51
― Allied blockade 29
― non-ECSC exports 47–8
– imports see imports
– and inequality 189–93
– and international supply chains 211–12, 279
– international trade theory 187
– liberalization 17, 22, 23–4, 50–51, 65, 135–9 see also free trade
– most-favoured-nation policy 34–6, 188, 214–15, 220
– Northern Ireland’s trade with Britain passing through Dublin 284–5
– OEEC’s restoration of multilateral trade within Europe 42
– and political union and Chamberlain 27
– protectionism see protectionism
– relocation of companies from UK to EU during Brexit negotiations 247
– rules of origin 54
– and security 22
– tariffs see tariffs
– Tory Trade Bill 271
– UK’s inability to strike independent trade deals before Brexit 207
― possibly continuing with backstop 285
– US–UK possible trade deal, and chlorinated chicken question 231, 249
– and welfare states 15
– WTO see World Trade Organization
Trades Union Congress (TUC) 154
trading blocs
– British Empire 24–5, 27–8, 31–2
– European in 1930s 33
– nationalism and rise of imperial blocs 33
transition period 220, 236, 241, 260, 262–3
– and citizens’ rights 244, 262
– denounced by Brexiteers 262–3
– extension possibility 282
– UK membership of Single Market and customs union during 220, 236, 262
Trudeau, Justin 214
Trump, Donald 176, 177, 179, 196, 199
– Cambridge Analytica and Trump Campaign 179
Turkey
– association agreement with EEC 67
– and Leave campaign 172
– and NATO 44
– and OEEC 41
Tusk, Donald 216, 253, 256–7, 276, 277, 288
U
UK see United Kingdom
UKIP (UK Independence Party) 170, 201
– Cameron’s comments on 163
– and a Commonwealth free trade area 164
Ulster 109–10
– Protestants 26, 76–7, 109–10
― Unionists 108
United Kingdom
– agriculture see agriculture/farming: UK
– ambivalent attitudes to Europe 124, 175
– Anglo-EDC treaty 50
– Anglo-French political union proposals (1940) 37–8
– Anglosphere 163–4
– and Armistice Day celebrations 6–7
– Atlantic Charter 34
– Board of Trade 64
– Brexit see Brexit
– British-Irish Council 121
– British identity 174
– coal nationalization 46
– coalition government (2010–15) 164–5
– Concert of Europe membership 19
– Corn Laws 23–4
– and Council of Europe 44
– customs authorities 250
– and the customs union see customs union, European: and UK
– Department for Exiting the European Union (DExEU) 207, 224–5
– Department for International Trade 207
– economic performance during Golden Age 80–82, 81
– economy 143
– and EEC see European Economic Community: and UK
– ERM membership 157
― and forced withdrawal 161
– as EU member 166
― ‘ever-closer union’ concession 170
― with rebate 86–7
― Schengen system opt-out 170, 185–6
– EU referendum see referendum of 2016 on UK’s EU membership
– exceptionalism 19
– formation in 1801 by merger of Ireland and Great Britain 107
– as founding member of international organizations at heart of Europe in 1940s 40–44
– and free trade see free trade
– and GATT 36 see also General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
– general elections
― 1885 election 12
― 1906 election 29
― 1931 election 31
― 1945 election 12
― 1947 election 75
― 1950 election 45
― 1974 election 76
― 1983 election 153
― 2005 election 162–3
― 2010 election 162
― 2017 election 239–40
– illegal entry of Chinese goods into EU via 250
– imported food/raw materials dependence 21–2
– and the Industrial Revolution 20–22
– international economy dependence 21–2
– Ireland Act (1949) 112
– Ireland’s Economic War with UK 132
– Irish agreements see Ireland: British agreements with
– island status 19
– merging in 1707 of England and Scotland 106
– in Napoleonic Wars 19
– and NATO 43–4
– naval hegemony 22
– NHS see National Health Service
– nineteenth-century Legacies 19–36
– and Northern Ireland’s opting out of Irish Free State 109
– opening to Eastern European EU members from 2004 169
– Plan G, integration with Europe 63–6
– quantitative easing 181
– referendum of 1975 on EEC membership 74–7, 85
– Reform Act (1832) 24
– security concerns 19
– share in Ireland’s imports and exports 143–6, 145
– and social chapter
― Blair’s opt-in 162
― Major’s opt-out 159
– and Spaak Committee 52–5
– state shrinkage under Tories 198–9
– sterling and the ERM 157, 161
– welfare state 19
United States
– and Anglosphere 164
– Atlantic Charter 34
– and British security 29
– and Churchill’s Zurich speech 39
– and ECSC 45
– and EEC 69
– and EFTA 69
– and EURATOM 56
– European imports of new technologies from 79–80
– and European integration 69
– and European Payments Union 43
– European wish to avoid condescension from 10
– and French veto of UK’s EEC application 72
– and GATT 36 see also General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
– immigration restrictions 189
– as an industrial power 25
– as a leading military power 9–10, 11
– Marshall Aid 40
– median household incomes 190
– and NATO 43–4
– and North American Free Trade Area 53
– quantitative easing 181
– Trump’s election 176, 177, 179
– UK trade deal possibility, and chlorinated chicken question 231, 249
– and West German rearmament 49
– world output 9
USSR see Soviet Union
V
Value Added Tax (VAT) 91–100, 273
– VAT Information Exchange System (VIES) 100, 215, 224, 271
Varadkar, Leo 7, 253, 254, 276, 288, 289
VAT see Value Added Tax
VIES (VAT Information Exchange System) 100, 215, 224, 271
Vote Leave see Leave campaign: Vote Leave
W
wages
– gender equality 14
– and welfare states 13
Wales
Wallace, William, Baron Wallace of Saltaire 6
welfare states 12–13, 14–15, 19, 134, 193, 198
Western European Union (WEU) 50
Wilders, Geert 205
William III (William of Orange) 106
Williamson, Jeff 188–9
Wilson, Harold 73, 74, 75, 76, 165
working week, German and French 14
World Trade Organization (WTO) 188
Y
Yom Kippur War 82
– This Blessed Plot xx–xxi, 101
Z