1. Nourishing broth dates back: Richard Wrangham, Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human (Basic, 2009), 124–125, 145; Janet Clarkson, Soup (Reaktion Books, 2010), 21–23; Thoms AV. The fire stones carry: ethnographic records and archaeological expectations for hot-rock cookery in western North America. J Anthropological Archaeology. 2008.27:443–460; Wu X, Zhang C, Goldberg P, et al. Early pottery at 20,000 years ago in Xianrendong cave, China. Science. 2012.336(6089):1696–1700; Shelach G. On the invention of pottery. Science. 2012.336(6089):1644–1645; Victoria R. Rumble, Soup through the Ages: A Culinary History with Period Recipes (McFarland, 2009), 6. The translations of The Frogs vary. Some say “soup” or “stew,” others specify minestrone, pea, lentil. “Sudden urge” has also been translated as “burning desire.”
2. The Jewish philosopher: Fred Rosner, The Medical Legacy of Moses Maimonides (Ktav, 1997), 27.
3. According to Martin Yan: Teresa M. Chen, A Tradition of Soup: Flavors from China’s Pearl River Delta, foreword by Martin Yan (North Atlantic Books, 2009), xi.
4. virtually all the feet: Clifford Krauss, “Chinese Taste for Chicken Feet May Save US Exports,” New York Times, September 15, 2009; Clifford Krauss, “Chewy Chicken Feet May Quash a Trade War,” New York Times, September 15, 2009; “Chicken Feet to China: America’s Next Great Export,” Bloomberg News, December 10, 2012, http://www.nj.com/business/index.ssf/2012/12/chicken_feet_to_china_americas.html.
5. Pat Willard notes old: Pat Willard, A Soothing Broth (Broadway Books, 1998), 71, 124–125.
6. Florence Nightingale emphasized: Florence Nightingale, Notes on Nursing (Dover Books on Biology, 1969), 43.
7. Broth would seem: Rumble, Soup through the Ages, 123–124; Clarkson, Soup, 68–71; Betty Fussell, Masters of American Cookery: M.F.K Fisher, James Andrew Beard, Raymond Craig Claiborne, Julia McWilliams Child (University of Nebraska Press, 1983), 100.
8. viable with Justus von Liebig: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_extract; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebig_Extract_of_Meat_Company.
9. military’s need for portability: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Appert; Douglas Collins, America’s Favorite Food: The Story of Campbell Soup Company (Harry N. Abrams, 1994), 18–20, 24; http://www.advertisement-gallery.com/food-ads/campbells-printanier-soup.jpg.php; Robert Reiss, “Creating Touch Points at Campbell Soup Company,” Forbes, July 14, 2011, http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertreiss/2011/07/14/creating-touchpoints-at-campbell-soup-company/.
10. John Lawson Johnston developed: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawson_Johnston; ww.bovril.co.uk/content/history/history.pdf.
11. In 1679, Denis Papin: Denis Papin, A New Digester or Engine for Softening Bones: 1681, Containing the Description of Its Make and Use: Viz. Cookery (Dawsons Pall Mall, facsimile of 1681 edition, 1966).
12. Charles Knox developed: http://www.kraftbrands.com/knox/knox_history.html.
1. Collagen is the glue: Amélie A. Walker, “Oldest Glue Discovered.” Archaeology, May 21, 1998, http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/glue.html.
2. Types I to V are: Kadler KE, Holmes DF. Collagen fibril formation [review article]. Biochem J. 1996.316:1–11; Peter Fratzl, Collagen: Structure and Mechanics (Springer, 2008); Di Lullo GA, Sweeney SM, Körkkö J, Ala-Kokko L, San Antonio JD. Mapping the ligand-binding sites and disease-associated mutations on the most abundant protein in the human, type I collagen. J Biol Chem. 2002.277(6):4223–4231.
3. collagenous proteins are gigantic: Rich A. The molecular structure of collagen. J Mol Biol. 1961.3(5):483–506; Rich A, Crick FHC. The structure of collagen. Nature. 1955.176:915–916; Fraser RDB, MacRae TP, Suzuki E. Chain conformation in the collagen molecule. J Mol Biol. 1979.129(3):463–481; Kadler, Holmes, Collagen fibril formation; Fratzl, Collagen.
4. lower in cold-water fish: Szpak P. Fish bone chemistry and ultrastructure: implications for taphonomy and stable isotope analysis. J Archaeological Sci. 2011.38(12):3358–3372.
5. bovine gelatin sprays may: Antoniewski MN, Barringer SA, et al. Effect of a gelatin coating on the shelf life of fresh meat. J Food Sci. 2007.72(6):E382–387.
6. How Now Mad Cow: “Questions and Answers about Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE),” Food Insight: Your Nutrition and Food Safety Resource, April 24, 2012, http://www.foodinsight.org/Resources/Detail.aspx?topic=Questions_and_Answers_about_Bovine_Spongiform_Encephalopathy_BSE_; Gelatine Manufacturers of Europe (GME), “The Removal and Inactivation of Potential TSE Infectivity by the Different Gelatin Manufacturing Processes,” June 2003, http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/03/briefing/3969B1_1d.pdf; Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), “Quantitative Assessment of the Human BSE Risk Posed by Gelatine with Respect to Residual BSE Risk.” January 18, 2006, http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/312.pdf; US Food and Drug Administration, “The Sourcing and Processing of Gelatin to Reduce the Potential Risk Posed by Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in FDA-Regulated Products for Human Use,” http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm125182.htm; European Commission: Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General: The Scientific Steering Committee, “Updated Opinion on the Safety with Regard to TSE Risks of Gelatine Derived from Ruminant Bones or Hides,” March 6–7, 2003, http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/ssc/out321_en.pdf.
7. FDA has also approved: http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm049349.htm.
1. most common type of cartilage: Donald Resnick and Gen Niwayama, General Diagnoses of Bone and Joint Disorders (Saunders, 1988), 758; William J. Koopman, ed., Arthritis and Allied Conditions: A Textbook of Rheumatology, 13th ed. (Williams & Wilkins, 1997).
2. A Change in Proportion: Silberberg R, et al. Aging changes in ultrastructure and enzymatic activity of articular cartilage of guinea pigs. J Gerontol. 1970.25(3):184–198; Murakami H, Yoon TS, et al. Quantitative differences in intervertebral disc-matrix composition with age-related degeneration. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2010.48(5):469–474; Buckwalter JA, Rosenberg LC. Electron microscopic studies of cartilage proteoglycans. Electron Microsc Rev. 1988.1(1):87–112; Caplan AI. Cartilage. Scientific American. 1984.251:84–94; Soldani G, Romagnoli J. Experimental and clinical pharmacology of glycosaminoglycans (GAGS). Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1991.18(1):81–85; Rovetta G. Galactosaminoglycuronoglycan sulfate (matrix) in therapy of tibiofibular osteoarthritis of the knee. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1991.17(1):53–57; Zheng H, Martin JA, et al. Impact of aging on rat bone marrow-derived stem cell chondrogenesis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007.62(2):136–148; Roughley PJ, Alini M, Antoniou J. The role of proteoglycans in aging, degeneration and repair of the intervertebral disc. Biochem Soc Trans. 2002.30(Pt 6):869–874; Rutjes AW, Jüni P, da Costa BR, Trelle S, Nüesch E, Reichenbach S. Viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012.157(3):180–191; Holmes MWA, Bayliss MT, Muir H. Hyaluronic acid in human articular cartilage: age related changes in content and size. Biochem J. 1988.250:435–441.
3. Can We Regenerate Our Cartilage?: All quotes from Dr. Prudden in this book came from telephone interviews with Kaayla T. Daniel on September 3, 8, 14, 19, 24, and 25 and October 3 and 8, 1997; Prudden JF. “Summary of Bovine Tracheal Cartilage (BTC) Research Programs,” in Foundation for Cartilage and Immunology Research: A Compilation of Scientific Research on Bovine Tracheal Cartilage, Version 2.0 (Foundation for Cartilage and Immunology Research, August 9, 1996), 7.
4. human body can revert: Silberberg et al., Aging changes; Murakami et al., Quantitative differences; Buckwalter, Rosenberg, Electron microscopic studies; Caplan, Cartilage; Soldani, Romagnoli, Experimental and clinical pharmacology; Rovetta, Galactosaminoglycuronoglycan sulfate (matrix); Zheng et al., Impact of aging; Roughley et al., The role of proteoglycans; Rutjes et al., Viscosupplementation; Holmes et al., Hyaluronic acid.
1. mineral content found in bones: “Overview of Calcium: Bone Formation and Remodeling,” in Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, edited by Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium; Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, et al. (National Academies Press, 2011).
2. in 1934 when researchers: McCance RA, Sheldon W, Widdowson EM. Bones and vegetable broth. Arch Dis Child. 1934.52:251–258.
3. Despite its low calcium content: Anderson JJ, Roggenkamp KJ, Suchindran CM. Calcium intakes and femoral and lumbar bone density of elderly U.S. men and women: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006 analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012.97(12):4531–4539; Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, et al. Calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004.1(1):CD004526; Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Calcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007.86(6):1780–1790; Cumming RG, Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, et al. Calcium intake and fracture risk: results from the study of osteoporotic fractures. Am J Epidemiol. 1997.145(10):926–934.
4. larger reason broth supports bone: Shuster S. Osteoporosis, a unitary hypothesis of collagen loss in skin and bone. Medical Hypotheses. 2005.65(3):426–432; Wegrzyn J, Roux JP, et al. The role of bone intrinsic properties measured by infrared spectroscopy in whole lumbar vertebra mechanics: organic rather than inorganic bone matrix? Bone. 2013.56(2):229–233; Saito M. [Biochemical markers of bone turnover. New aspect. Bone collagen metabolism: new biological markers for estimation of bone quality]. Clin Calcium. 2009.19(8):1110–1117 [Article in Japanese]; Leng H, Reyes MJ, et al. Effect of age on mechanical properties of the collagen phase in different orientations of human cortical bone. Bone. 2013.55(2):288–291; Turner CH, Wang T, Burr DB. Shear strength and fatigue properties of human cortical bone determined from pure shear tests. Calcif Tissue Int. 2001.69(6):373–378; George WT, Vashishth D. Susceptibility of aging human bone to mixed-mode fracture increases bone fragility. Bone. 2006.38(1):105–111; Arnold WV, Fertala A. Skeletal diseases caused by mutations that affect collagen structure and function. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013.45(8):1556–1567.
5. some people have bones thick: Saito M, Marumo K. Bone quality in diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2013.4:72.
6. studied 120 osteoporosis patients: Reinhard Schrieber and Herbert Gareis, Gelatine Handbook: Theory and Industrial Practice (Wiley-VCH, 2007), 307, with reference to Adam M. Welche Wirkung haben Gelatinepraraparte? Therapiewoche. 1991.41:2456–2461.
7. a study on 108 postmenopausal women: Adam M, Spacek P, et al. [Postmenopausal osteoporosis: treatment with calcitonin and a diet rich in collagen proteins]. Cas Lek Cesk. 1996.135(3):74–78 [Article in Czech].
8. In 2000, Roland Moskowitz: Moskowitz RW. Role of collagen hydrolysate in bone and joint disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2000.30(2):87–99; Reginster J-Y, Burlet N. Osteoporosis: a still increasing prevalence. Bone. 2006.38:S4–S9.
9. With osteoporosis a threat: National Osteoporosis Foundation: available at http://www.nof.org.
1. a major role in human evolution: “Ape-Man; Adventures in Human Evolution,” BBC; 2003; http://bufvc.ac.uk/dvdfind/index.php/title/av34821; Aiello LC, Wheeler P. The expensive tissue hypothesis: the brain and digestive system in human and primate evolution. Curr Anthropol. 1995.36(2):199–221.
2. amount and type of fat in bone marrow: Loren Cordain, author of The Paleo Diet, reports “African ruminant marrow” to be nutrient dense with 488 calories, 51 grams of fat, and 7 grams of protein in just 3½ ounces or about 100 grams. Cordain L, Watkins BA, et al. Fatty acid analysis of wild ruminant tissues: evolutionary implications for reducing diet-related chronic disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002.56(3):181–191; Diane Sanfilippo, author of Practical Paleo, offers figures for roasted beef marrow that are quite different: 132 calories and 9 grams of fat, of which 3.7 mg are saturated fat, 0.7 grams monounsaturated fat, and 0.2 grams polyunsaturated fat. Meanwhile, nutritiondata.self.com reports a 100-gram serving of caribou marrow to have 786 calories and 84 grams fat, which is not broken down into types of fat.
In terms of cholesterol, Sanfilippo reports 30.3 mg per 100 grams for the beef marrow, while nutritiondata.self.com reports zero cholesterol—nada!—for the caribou. Other Internet sources say 150 mg cholesterol per 100 grams, and so it goes. As for the fat, Loren Cordain thinks it’s mostly monounsaturated, others believe it to be polyunsaturated, while others say almost entirely saturated.
Why such major discrepancies? Some of the data are undoubtedly for raw marrow. Sanfilippo’s is for roasted, which would be markedly lower in fat and calories because of fat running off into the roasting pan. There may also be significant differences among African ruminants, caribou, and grass-fed beef, the three species tested.
Data on caribou bone marrow: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/ethnic-foods/8088/2; Roasted marrow bones recipe from Practical Paleo: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/recipe/2603988/2; Cholesterol in bone marrow: http://en.allexperts.com/q/Heart-Cardiology-964/2008/3/cholestrol-bone-marrow.htm; C Wilson, K Meyerholtz, and S Hooser, “Bone Marrow Fat Analysis: To Support a Diagnosis of Starvation/Malnutrition,” Purdue University, Spring 2007 Newsletter. https://www.addl.purdue.edu/newsletters/2007/Spring/BMFA.htm; Meyerholtz KA, Wilson CR, et al. Quantitative assessment of the percent fat in domestic animal bone marrow. J Forensic Sci. 2011.56(3):775–777.
3. Different types of marrow: Vilhjalmur Stefansson, The Fat of the Land (Macmillan, 1956), 27; Sally Fallon, “Bone Marrow,” Wise Traditions, Summer 2007. http://www.westonaprice.org/food-features/bone-marrow.
4. percentage of fat in bone marrow: Wilson et al., “Bone Marrow Fat Analysis.”
5. Babies start out life: Gurevitch O, Slavin S, Feldman AG. Conversion of red bone marrow into yellow: cause and mechanisms. Med Hypotheses. 2007.69(3):531–536; Malkiewicz A, Dziedzic M. Bone marrow reconversion: imaging of physiological changes in bone marrow. Pol J Radiol. 2012.77(4):45–50; Wilson et al., “Bone Marrow Fat Analysis.”
6. ability to perform hematopoiesis: J Domen, A Wagers, and IL Weissman, “Bone Marrow (Hematopoietic) Stem Cells,” National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://stemcells.nih.gov/staticresources/info/scireport/PDFs/D.%20Chapter%202.pdf.
7. Bovine marrow and spleen: Dale Kiefer, “Anti Cancer Benefits of Shark Liver Oil,” Life Extension Magazine, August 2005. http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2005/aug2005_report_shark_01.htm.
Pugliese PT, Jordan K, Cederberg H, Brohult J. Some biological actions of alkylglycerols from shark liver oil. J Altern Complement Med. 1998.4(1):87–99; Iannitti T, Palmieri B. An update on the therapeutic role of alkylglycerols. Mar Drugs. 2010.8(8):2267–2300; Kantah MK, Wakasugi H, et al. Intestinal immune-potentiation by a purified alkylglycerols compound. Acta Biomed. 2012.83(1):36–43.
8. research on bone marrow stem cells: “Stem Cell Information.” National Institutes of Health. http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics6.aspx.
9. Price learned marrow was highly prized: Fallon, “Bone Marrow”; Weston A. Price, Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 9th ed. (Price Pottenger Nutrition, 2009).
1. public health authorities enlisted: Hemberger E. Gelatine as a food for the people. Scientific American. 1916(Suppl 2097):167; Totani G. Feeding experiments with a dietary in which tyrosine is reduced to a minimum. Biochem. 1916.10:390.
2. Gotthoffer argued in his 1945 book: Nathan R. Gotthoffer, Gelatin in Nutrition and Medicine (Grayslake, 1945), 3.
3. exert “remarkable sparing powers,”: Gotthoffer, Gelatin, 7–9.
4. Protein synthesis breaks: Jackson AA. Amino acids: essential and non-essential? Lancet. 1983.1:1034–1037; Irwin MI, Hegsted DM. A conspectus of research on amino requirements of man. J Nutr. 1971.101:539–566; Jackson AA. The glycine story. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1991.45:59–65; Jackson AA. Salvage of urea nitrogen and protein requirements. Proc Nutr Soc. 1995.54:535–547; A. A. Jackson, “Critique of Protein-Energy Interactions in Vivo: Urea Kinetics,” in Protein-Energy Interactions: Proceedings of an I/D/E/C/G Workshop Held in Waterville Valley, NH, USA, October 21–25, 1991, edited by NS Scrimshaw and B Schürch (Nestle Foundation, 1992); Gibson NR, Farook J, et al. Endogenous glycine and tyrosine production is maintained in adults consuming a marginal-protein diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002.75(3): 511–518; Persaud C, McDermott J, et al. The excretion of 5-oxyproline in urine as an index of glycine status during normal pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989.96:440–444; Irwin, Hegsted, A conspectus of research; Meakins TS, Jackson AA. Salvage of exogenous urea-nitrogen enhances nitrogen balance in normal men consuming marginally inadequate protein diets. Clin Sci. 1996.90:215–225; Segrest JP, Cunningham LW. Variations in human urinary o-hydroxylysyl glycoside levels and their relationship to collagen metabolism. J Clin Invest. 1970.49:1497–1509; Yu YM, Yang RD, et al. Quantitative aspects of glycine and alanine nitrogen metabolism in postabsorptive young men: effects of level of nitrogen and dispensable amino acid intake. J Nutr. 1985.115(3):399–410.
5. has limiting amino acids: Schwick HG, Heide K. Immunochemistry and immunology of collagen and gelatin: modified gelatins as plasma substitutes. Bibl Haematol. 1969.33:111–125.
6. balance them out by eating parts: C. Masterjohn, “Meat, Organs, Bones and Skin: Nutrition for Mental Health,” Wise Traditions, Spring 2013, 35; Harper AE, Benevenga NJ, Wohlhueter RM. Effects of ingestion of disproportionate amounts of amino acids. Physiolog Rev. 1970.80(3):428–558. Meakins TS, Persaud C, Jackson AA. Dietary supplementation with L-methionine impairs the utilization of urea-nitrogen and increases 5-L-oxoprolinuria in normal women consuming a low protein diet. J Nutr. 1998.128:720–727; Sugiyama K, Kushima Y, Muramatsu K. Effect of dietary glycine on methionine metabolism in rats fed a high-methioine diet. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1987.33(3):195–205; Roth JS, Allison JB. The effect of feeding excess glycine, L-arginine and DL-methionine to rats on a casein diet. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1949.70(2):327–330.
1. individuals in normal health: Jaksic T, Wagner DA, Young VR. Plasma proline kinetics and concentrations in young men in response to dietary proline deprivation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990.52:307–312.
2. the body cannot produce proline: Richard S. Lord and Alexander Bralley, Laboratory Evaluations for Integrative and Functional Medicine (Metametrix Institute, 2008), 238.
3. individuals will show low proline: Lord and Bralley, Laboratory Evaluations, 238.
4. suffer a proline shortfall: Chris Masterjohn, “Meat, Organs, Bones and Skin: Nutrition for Mental Health,” Wise Traditions, Spring 2013, 35–43.
5. become proline deficient: Bates CJ. Vitamin C deficiency in guinea pigs: changes in urinary excretion of proline, hydroxyproline and total amino nitrogen. Int J Vit Nutr Res. 1979.49:152–159; Lord and Bralley, Laboratory Evaluations, 4–24; Richard S. Lord, IAACN Post-Graduate Seminars in Clinical Nutrition, Orlando, Florida, June 24, 2000; Nusgens B, Lapiere CM. The relationship between proline and hydroxyproline urinary excretion in human as an index of collagen catabolism. Clinica Chimica Acta. 1973.48:203–211; Kaddam IM, et al. Comparison of serum osteocalcin with total and bone specific alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline creatinine ratio in patients with Paget’s disease of bone. Ann Clin Biochem. 1994.31:327–330; Secrest JP, Cunningham LW. Variations in human urinary O-hydroxylysyl glycoside levels and their relationship to collagen metabolism. J Clin Invest. 1970.49:1497–1509; Walford M. Glutamine metabolism and function in relation to proline synthesis and the safety of glutamine and proline supplementation. J Nutr. 2008.138(10):2003S–2007S.
6. Glycine is the other important: Jackson AA. The glycine story. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1991.45:59–65; Jackson AA, et al. Urinary excretion of 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic aciduria) as an index of glycine insufficiency in normal man. Br J Nutr. 1987.58:207–214; Wheeler MD, Ikejema K, et al. Glycine: a new anti-inflammatory immunonutrient. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999.56(9–10):843–856.
7. glycine contributes to gastric acid: Richardson CT, et al. Studies on the mechanism of food-stimulated gastric acid secretion in normal human subjects. J Clin Invest. 1976.58:623–631; Wald A, Adibi SA. Stimulation of gastric acid secretion by glycine and related oligopeptides in humans. Am J Physiol. 1982.5:242, G86–G88.
8. a vital role in wound healing: Minuskin M, et al. Nitrogen retention, muscle creatine and orotic acid excretion in traumatized rats fed arginine and glycine enriched diets. J Nutr. 1981.3(7):1265–1274.
9. copious amounts of glycine: Ottenberg R. Painless jaundice. JAMA. 1935.104(9):1681–1687; Jackson AA, et al. Urinary excretion; Okoko T, Awhin EP. Glycine reduces cadmium-induced alterations in the viability and activation of macrophage U937 cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010.48(2):536–8.
10. improve methylation: Masterjohn, “Meat, organs, bones and skin,” 35; Harper AE, Benevenga NJ, Wohlhueter RM. Effects of ingestion of disproportionate amounts of amino acids. Physiolog Rev. 1970.80(3):428–558; Meakins TS, Persaud C, Jackson AA. Dietary supplementation with L-methionine impairs the utilization of urea-nitrogen and increases 5-L-oxoprolinuria in normal women consuming a low protein diet. J Nutr. 1998.128:720–727; Sugiyama K, Kushima Y, Muramatsu K. Effect of dietary glycine on methionine metabolism in rats fed a high-methioine diet. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1987.33(3):195–205; Roth JS, Allison JB. The effect of feeding excess glycine, L-arginine and DL-methionine to rats on a casein diet. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1949.70(2):327–330; Fukada S, Shimada Y, et al. Suppression of methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia by glycine and serine in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006.70(10):2403–2409.
11. diverse metabolic demands: Jackson AA. Salvage of urea nitrogen and protein requirements. Proc Nutr Soc. 1995.54:535–547; Jackson et al. Urinary excretion; Gibson NR, Farook J, et al. Endogenous glycine and tyrosine production is maintained in adults consuming a marginal-protein diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002.75(3):511–518; Yu YM, Yang RD, Matthews DE, et al. Quantitative aspects of glycine and alanine nitrogen metabolism in postabsorptive young men: effect of level of nitrogen and dispensable amino acid intake. J Nutr. 1985.115:399–410.
12. Glutamine becomes a conditionally: Bertand J, Goichon A, et al. Regulation of intestinal protein metabolism by amino acids. Amino Acids. 2013.45(3):443–450; Newsholme P, Procopio J, et al. Glutamine and glutamate: their central role in cell metabolism and function. Cell Biochem Funct. 2003.21(1):1–9; Eagle H, Oyama VI, et al. The growth response of mammalian cells in tissue culture to l-glutamine and l-glutamic acid. J Biol Chem. 1956.218:607–616; Wu G. Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism. J Nutr. 1998.128(8):1249–1252; Wang WW, Qiao SY, Li DE. Amino acids and gut function. Amino Acids. 2009.37(1):105–110; Lacey JM, Wilmore DW. Is glutamine a conditionally essential amino acid? Nutr Rev. 1990.48(8):297–309; Neu J, DeMarco V, Li N. Glutamine: clinical applications and mechanisms of action. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002.5(1):69–75; Windmueller HG, Spaeth AE. Uptake and metabolism of plasma glutamine by the small intestine. J Biol Chem. 1974.249:5070–5079; Rhoads JM, Argenzio RA, et al. L-glutamine stimulates intestinal cell proliferation and activates mitogen-activated protein kinases. Am J Physiol. 1997.272:G943–G953; Labow B, Souba WW. Glutamine. World J Surg. 2000.24(12):1503–1513.
13. Glutamine stimulates immune: Newsholme EA. Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, post-injury, surgery, or infection? J Nutr. 2001.131:2515–2522; Newsholme P, Curi R, et al. Glutamine metabolism by lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils: its importance in health and disease. J Nutr Biochem. 1999.10(6):316–324; Newsholme EA. The possible role of glutamine in some cells of the immune system and the possible consequence for the whole animal. Experientia. 1996.52(5):455–459; Bongers T, Griffiths RD, McArdle A. Exogenous glutamine: the clinical evidence. Crit Care Med. 2007.35(9 Suppl):S545–552; Kelly D, Wischmeyer PE. Role of L-glutamine in critical illness: new insights. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003.6(2):217–222; Wischmeyer PE. Clinical applications of L-glutamine: past, present, and future. Nutr Clin Pract. 2003.18(5):377–385; Kim H. Glutamine as an immunonutrient. Yonsei Med J. 2011.52(6):892–897; Tiader I, Berg A, Wernerman J. Exogenous glutamine: compensating a shortage? Crit Care Med. 2007.35(9 Suppl):S553–S556.
14. Glutamine also supports liver health: Wessner B, Strasser EM, et al. Effect of single and combined supply of glutamine, glycine, N-acetylcysteine, and R,S-alpha-lipoic acid on glutathione content of myelomonocytic cells. Clin Nutr. 2003.22(6):515–522; Jackson AA, Gibson NR, et al. Synthesis of erythrocyte glutathione in healthy adults consuming the safe amount of dietary protein. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004.80(1):101–107; Jackson AA, Badaloo AV, Forrester T, Hibbert JM, Persaud C. Urinary excretion of 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic aciduria) as an index of glycine insufficiency in normal man. Br J Nutr. 1987.58:207–214; Wang Y, Tao YX, et al. Protective effect of parenteral glutamine supplementation on hepatic function in very low birth weight babies. Clin Nutr. 2010.29(3):307–311; Naoyuki Taniguchi, Glutathione Centennial: Molecular Perspectives and Clinical Implications (Academic Press, 1989); Hong RW, Rounds JD, et al. Glutamine preserves liver glutathione after lethal hepatic injury. Ann Surg. 1992.215(2):114–119; Kretzschmar M. Regulation of hepatic glutathione metabolism and its role in hepatotoxicity. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 1996.48(5):439–446; Yuan L, Kaplowitz N. Glutathione in liver diseases and hepatotoxicity. Mol Aspects Med. 2009.30(1–2):29–41.
15. Soup is frequently prescribed: N. Perricone, “The Perricone Weight Loss Program: Superstar Supplement #1—Glutamine,” November 2005. http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2005/nov2005_cover_perricone_06.htm; Gamrin L, Essen P, et al. Protein-sparing effect in skeletal muscle of growth hormone treatment in critically ill patients. Ann Surg. 2000.231(4):577–586.
16. Glutamine helps people who need: Bonet A, Grau T. [Glutamine, an almost essential amino acid in the critically ill patient]. Med Intensiva. 2007.31(7):402–406 [Article in Spanish]; Andrews FJ, Griffiths RD. Glutamine: essential for immune nutrition in the critically ill. Br J Nutr. 2002.87(Suppl 1):S3–S8; Griffiths RD. The evidence for glutamine use in the critically ill. Proc Nutr Soc. 2001.60(3):403–410; Griffiths RD. Outcome of critically ill patients after supplementation with glutamine. Nutrition. 1997.13(7–8):752–754; Griffiths RD, Jones C, Palmer TE. Six-month outcome of critically ill patients given glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition. Nutrition. 1997.13(4):295–302; Sacks GS. Glutamine supplementation in catabolic patients. Ann Pharmacother. 1999.33(3):348–354; Jones C, Palmer TE, Griffiths RD. Randomized clinical outcome study of critically ill patients given glutamine-supplemented enteral nutrition. Nutrition. 1999.15(2):108–115; Kelly D, Wischmeyer PE. Role of L-glutamine in critical illness: new insights. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003.6(2):217–222; Wischmeyer PE. Clinical applications of L-glutamine: past, present, and future. Nutr Clin Pract. 2003.18(5):377–385; Beautheu S, Ouelaa W, et al. Glutamine supplementation, but not combined glutamine and arginine supplementation, improves gut barrier function during chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis in rats. Clin Nutr. 2013 Sep 25. pii: S0261-5614(13)00241-0; Novak F, Heyland DK, et al. Glutamine supplementation in serious illness: a systematic review of the evidence. Crit Care Med. 2002.30(9):2022–2029; Houdijk AP, Rijnsburger ER, et al. Randomised trial of glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition on infectious morbidity in patients with multiple trauma. Lancet. 1998.352:772–776; O’Riordain MG, De Beaux A, Fearon KC. Effect of glutamine on immune function in the surgical patient. Nutrition. 1996.12:S82–S84; Sacks GS. Glutamine supplementation in catabolic patients. Ann Pharmacother. 1999.33(3):348–354; Ziegler TR, Young LS, et al. Clinical and metabolic efficacy of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition after bone marrow transplantation: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Ann Intern Med. 1992.116:821–828; Ziegler RR. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving bone marrow transplantation and high dose chemotherapy. J Nutr. 2001.131(9 Suppl):2578S–2584S, discussion 2590S.
17. Glutamine can even counter some: Hensley CT, Wasti AT, DeBarardinis RJ. Glutamine and cancer: cell biology, physiology, and clinical opportunities. J Clin Invest. 2013.123(9):3678–3684; Shanware NP, Mullen AR, et al. Glutamine: pleiotropic roles in tumor growth and stress resistance. Mol Med (Berl). 2011.89(3):229–236; Kuhn KS, Muscaritoli M, et al. Glutamine as indispensable nutrient in oncology: experimental and clinical evidence. Eur J Nutr. 2010.49(4):197–210; Ziegler, Glutamine supplementation.
18. For fitness buffs, glutamine stimulates: Mason BC, Lavallee ME. Emerging supplements in sports. Sports Health. 2012.4(2):142–146; Clarkson P, Hubal M. Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002.81:52–69; Cruzat VF, Rogero MM, Tirapegui J. Effects of supplementation with free glutamine and the dipeptide alanyl-glutamine on parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in rats submitted to prolonged exercise. J Cell Biochem Funct. 2010.28:24–30; Kreider RB. Dietary supplements and the promotion of muscle growth with resistance exercise. Sports Med. 1999.27:97–110; Phillips GC. Glutamine: the nonessential amino acid for performance enhancement. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2007.6(4):265–268.
19. glutamine is a “brain food”: Albrecht J, Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz M, et al. Roles of glutamine in neurotransmission. Neuron Glia Biol. 2010.6(4):263–276; Yamadera W, Inagawa K. Glycine ingestion improves subjective sleep quality in human volunteers, correlating with polysomnographic changes. Sleep and Biological Rhythms. 2007.5(2):126–131.
20. fourth most prevalent amino acid: Yu YM, Yang RD, et al. Quantitative aspects of glycine and alanine nitrogen metabolism in postabsorptive young men: effects of level of nitrogen and dispensable amino acid intake. J Nutr. 1985.115(3):399–410; Stellingwerff T, Anwander H, et al. Effect of two β-alanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine synthesis and washout. Amino Acids. 2012.42(6):2461–2472; Stegen S, Bex T. et al. The beta-alanine dose for maintaining moderately elevated muscle carnosine levels. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014 Jan 1 [Epub ahead of print]; del Favero S, Roschel H, et al. Beta-alanine (Carnosyn™) supplementation in elderly subjects (60–80 years): effects on muscle carnosine content and physical capacity. Amino Acids. 2012.43(1):49–56; Smith AE, Stout JR, et al. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: the effects of β-alanine supplementation in women. Amino Acids. 2012.43(1):77–90; Stellingwerff T, Decombaz J, et al. Optimizing human in vivo dosing and delivery of β-alanine supplements for muscle carnosine synthesis. Amino Acids. 2012.43(1):57–65; Hipkiss AR. On the enigma of carnosine’s anti-ageing actions. Exp Gerontol. 2009.44(4):237–242.
21. Bones to Pick with the Lead in Bone Broth Study: Monro, JA, Leon R, Puri BK. The risk of lead contamination in bone broth diets. Med Hypotheses. 2013 Jan 30. pii: S0306-9877(13)00013-3; Bradbury MW, Deane R. Permeability of the blood-brain barrior to lead. Neurotoxicology. 1993.14(2–3):131–136; Hou S, Yuan L, et al. A clinical study of the effects of lead poisoning on the intelligence and neurobehavioral abilities of children. Theor Biol Med Model. 2013.10(1):13; Kaayla T. Daniel, “Bone Broth and Lead Contamination: A Very Flawed Study in Medical Hypotheses,” March 12, 2013. http://www.westonaprice.org/blogs/kdaniel/2013/03/12/bone-broth-and-lead-contamination-a-very-flawed-study-in-medical-hypotheses/; Kaayla T. Daniel, “Chicken Soup with Lead? Looking into a Controversy,” March 12, 2013. http://drkaayladaniel.com/boning-up-is-broth-contaminated-with-lead/; Kaayla T. Daniel, “Bones to Pick with the Lead in Bone Broth Study.” http://www.thehealthyhomeeconomist.com/bones-to-pick-with-the-lead-in-bone-broth-study/; E-mail to Kaayla T. Daniel from the Breakspear Medical Group, July 2, 2013. The letter reads:
Dear Dr. Daniel, am writing to apologise as you were previously informed that the chickens used in the study were raised on a farm (organic company called Highlander). I have since been told that they were, in fact, supplied by a local supermarket; With best wishes
Vicky McLucas
Medical Secretary
Breakspear Medical Group Ltd
Results from National Food Lab, Livermore, CA. No lead detected in grass-fed beef broth, pastured chicken broth. On February 19, 2013, the broths were tested at the minimum detection level of 10 parts per billion. On March 5, 2013, a retest was performed at MDLs of 5 parts per billion. Both times no lead was detected in the reverse osmosis water at MDL of 1 part per billion. An online copy of the Analytical Report can be seen at: http://drkaayladaniel.com/boning-up-is-broth-contaminated-with-lead/.
22. The Downside of Glutamine: The MSG Connection: Rick Rockwell, “Side Effects of L-Glutamine,” Livestrong.com. http://www.livestrong.com/article/70525-side-effects-lglutamine-supplement/; Kelly A, Stanley CA. Disorders of glutamate metabolism. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2001.7:287–295; Russell Blaylock, Excitotoxins: The Taste that Kills (Health Press, 1996); Russell Blaylock, Health and Nutrition Secrets, rev. ed. (Health Press, 2006); “Names of Ingredients That Contain Processed Free Glutamic Acid (MSG),” March 2014. http://www.truthinlabeling.org/hiddensources.html; Joseph Mercola, “MSG: Is This Silent Killer Lurking in Your Kitchen Cabinets?” Mercola.com. April 21, 2009. http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2009/04/21/msg-is-this-silent-killer-lurking-in-your-kitchen-cabinets.aspx; Carol Hoernlein, “What Foods to Avoid,” MST Truth. http://www.msgtruth.org/avoid.htm; Natasha Campbell-McBride, Gut and Psychology Syndrome: Natural Treatment for Autism, Dyspraxia, A.D.D., Dyslexia, A.D.H.D., Depression, Schizophrenia, rev. ed. (Medinform, 2010); Kim Schuette, “Stock vs Broth: Are You Confused?” Biodynamic Wellness: http://www.biodynamicwellness.com/stock-vs-broth-confused/; Ghanizadeh A. Increased glutamate and homocysteine and decreased glutamine levels in autism: a review and strategies for future studies of amino acids in autism. Dis Markers. 2013.35(5):281–286; Kelly, Stanley, Disorders of glutamate metabolism; Ghanizadeh A. Targeting of glycine site on NMDA receptor as a possible new strategy for autism treatment. Neurochem Res. 2011.36(5):922–923; Blaylock, Health and Nutrition Secrets, 139–145; Alcaraz-Contreras, Garza-Ocanas L, et al. Effect of glycine on lead mobilization, lead-induced oxidative stress, and hepatic toxicity in rats. J Toxicol. 2011.430539.
1. In the 1930s, Dr. Francis Pottenger: Pottenger F. Hydrophilic colloid diet. Am J Digestive Diseases. 1938.5(2)96–99; Iozzo RV. Matrix proteoglycans: from molecular design to cellular function. Annu Rev Biochem. 1998.67:609–652.
2. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a type of proteoglycan: Toole BP. Hyaluronan is not just a goo! J Clin Invest. 2000.106(3):335–336; Fraser JRE, et al. Hyaluronan: its nature, distribution, functions and turnover. J Intern Med. 1997.242 (1): 27–33.
3. Structured Like a Christmas Tree: Iozzo, Matrix proteoglycans; Roughley PJ, Lee ER. Cartilage proteoglycans: structure and potential functions. Microsc Res Tech. 1994.28(5):385–397; Buckwalter JA, Rosenberg LC. Electron microscopic studies of cartilage proteoglycans. Electron Microsc Rev. 1988.1(1):87–112; Holmes MWA, Bayliss MT, Muir H. Hyaluronic acid in human articular cartilage: age related changes in content and size. Biochem J. 1988.250:435–441; Soldani G, Romagnoli J. Experimental and clinical pharmacology of glycosaminoglycans (GAGS). Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1991.18(1):81–85; Miller K, Clegg D. Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2011.37(1):103–118.
4. Because HA lives three days or less: Stern R. Hyaluronan catabolism: a new metabolic pathway. Eur J Cell Biol. 2004.83(7):317–325; Yannariello-Brown J, Chapman SH, et al. Circulating hyaluronan levels in the rodent: effects of age and diet. Am J Physiol. 1995.268(4 Pt 1):C952–957; Rutjes AW, Jüni P, da Costa BR, Trelle S, Nüesch E, Reichenbach S. Viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012.157(3):180–191; Holmes MWA, Bayliss MT, Muir H. Hyaluronic acid in human articular cartilage: age related changes in content and size. Biochem J. 1988.250:435–441.
5. HA was once extracted: “Find a Vitamin or Supplement: Hyaluronic Acid.” WebMD. http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1062-HYALURONIC%20ACID.aspx?activeIngredientId=1062&activeIngredientName=HYALURONIC%20ACID; “Hyaluronan.” Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronan; “Hyaluronic acid—Hyasis.” Novozymes. http://www.biopharma.novozymes.com/en/products/hyaluronic-acid/Pages/default.aspx.
6. often incorporated into skin lotions: “Hyaluronan.” Wikipedia; K. Kimata, “Report on the HA 2010 Conference,” 8th International Conference on Hyaluronan Research, Kyoto, June 6–11, 2010. http://www.glycoforum.gr.jp/science/hyaluronan/HA36/HA36E.html#1; “Hyaluronic Acid,” Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. http://naturaldatabase.therapeuticresearch.com/nd/Search.aspx?cs=&s=nd&pt=100&id=1062&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1; Rutjes et al., Viscosupplementation; Goa KL, Benfield P. Hyaluronic acid: a review of its pharmacology and use as a surgical aid in ophthalmology, and its therapeutic potential in joint disease and wound healing. Drugs. 1994.47(3):536–566.
7. modern medicine may soon promote HA: Kwak TI, Jin MH, et al. Long-term effects of glans penis augmentation using injectable hyaluronic acid gel for premature ejaculation. Int J Impot Res. 2008.20(4):425–428; Kim JJ, Kwak TI, et al. Effects of glans penis augmentation using hyaluronic acid gel for premature ejaculation. Int J Impot Res. 2004.16(6):547–551.
8. Glucosamine is a natural constituent: Henrotin Y, Mobasheri A, Marty M. Is there any scientific evidence for the use of glucosamine in the management of human osteoarthritis? Arthritis Res Ther. 2012; 14(1): 201; Muller-Fassbender H, Bach GL, et al. Glucosamine sulfate compared to ibuprofen in osteoarthritis of the knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1994.2(1):61–69; Henrotin et al., Is there any scientific evidence; Bassleer C, Royati L, Franchimont stimulation of proteoglycan production by glucosamine sulfate in chondrocytes isolated from human osteoarthritic articular cartilage in vitro. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1998.6(6):427–434; Igarashi M, Kaga I, et al. Effects of glucosamine derivatives and uronic acids on the production of glycosaminoglycans by human synovial cells and chondrocytes. Int J Mol Med. 2011.27(6):821–827.
9. In the gut, glucosamine helps: Forstner JF. Intestinal mucins in health and disease. Digestion. 1978.17(3):234–263; Corfield AP, Carroll D, et al. Mucins in the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease. Front Biosci. 2001.6:D1321–D1357; Murch SH, MacDonald TT, Walker-Smith JA, Levin M, Lionetti P, Klein NJ. Disruption of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in intestinal inflammation. Lancet. 1993.341:711–714; Salvatore S, Heuschkel R, Tomlin S, et al. A pilot study of N-acetyl glucosamine, a nutritional substrate for glycosaminoglycan synthesis, in pediatric chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000.14:1567–1579; J. A. Walker-Smith and S. H. Murch, “Architecture and Matrix of the Small Intestine,” in Diseases of the Small Intestine in Childhood, 4th ed. (Isis Medical Media, 1999), 11–27; Murch SH, MacDonald TT, et al. Disruption of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in intestinal inflammation. Lancet. 1993.341:711–714; Pender SLF, Lionetti P, et al. Proteolytic degradation of intestinal mucosal extracellular matrix after lamina propria T cell activation. Gut. 1996.39:284–290.
10. Galactosamine, the other sugar: Bond A, Cooke A, Hay FC. Glycosylation of IgG, immune complexes and IgG subclasses in the MRL-lpr/lpr mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol. 1990.20(10):2229–2233; Kuroda Y, Nakata M, et al. Abnormal IgG galactosylation in MRL-lpr/lpr mice: pathogenic role in the development of arthritis. Pathol Int. 2001.51(12):909–915; Tertov VV, Orekhov AN, et al. Carbohydrate composition of protein and lipid components in sialic acid-rich and -poor low density lipoproteins from subjects with and without coronary artery disease. J Lipid Res. 1993.34(3):365–375; Kamel M, Hanafi M, Bassiouni M. Inhibition of elastase enzyme release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by N-acetyl-galactosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1991.9(1):17–21.
11. Chondroitin is a large, gel-forming: National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine. The NIH Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT). J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2008.22(1):39–43; Black C, Clar C, et al. The clinical effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin supplements in slowing or arresting progression of osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Tech Assess. 2009.13(52). doi: 10.3313/hta13520; http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/65268/FullReport-hta13520.pdf.
12. Critics contend that chondroitin: Joseph Pizzorno and Michael T. Murray, eds., Textbook of Natural Medicine (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012), 1654; Guy Montague-Jones, “Martek Works on a Vegetarian Source of Chondroitin,” March 31, 2010. NUTRA-Ingredients USA. http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Suppliers2/Martek-works-on-a-vegetarian-source-of-chondroitin.
13. The Body’s Many Sugars: Emil Mondoa, Sugars That Heal: The New Healing Science of Glyconutrients (Ballantine 2001); Gardiner T. Biological activity of eight known dietary monosaccharides required for glycoprotein synthesis and cellular recognition processes: summary. GlycoScience and Nutrition. 2000.1(13):1–7; R. K. Murray, “Glycoproteins,” in Harper’s Biochemistry, 24th ed., edited by R. K. Murray, D. K. Granner, et al. (Appleton and Lange, 1996), 648–666; Schnaar RL, Freeze HH. A “glyconutrient sham” Glycobiology. 2008.18(9):652–657; Ray Sahelian, “Glyconutrients, an Honest Review,” February 24, 2014. http://www.raysahelian.com/glyconutrients.html; Axford JS. 7th Jenner Glycobiology and Medicine Symposium. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2005.564:v–viii; Currier NL, Lejtenyi D, Miller SC. Effect over time of in-vivo administration of the polysaccharide arabinogalactan on immune and hemopoietic cell lineages in murine spleen and bone marrow. Phytomedicine. 2003.10:145–153; Hauer J, Anderer FA. Mechanism of stimulation of human natural killer cytotoxicity by arabinogalactan from Larix occidentalis. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1993.36:237–244; Kaiser J. Science and commerce: who owns glycobiology? Science. 2007.318:734–737; Hurtley S, Service R, Szuromi P. Cinderella’s coach is ready. Science. 2001.291(5512):2337. doi: 10.1126/science.291.5512.2337; Rudd PM, Elliott T, et al. Glycosylation and the immune system. Science. 2001.291(5512):2370–2376.
14. Proteoglycans are valued for: Pecora F, et al. In vivo contribution of amino acid sulfur to cartilage proteoglycan sulfation. Biochem J. 2006.398:509–514; Gandhi NS, Macera RL. The structure of glycosaminoglycans and their interactions with proteins. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2008.72(6):455–482.
15. Sulfur deficiency is widespread: S. Seneff, “Sulfur Deficiency,” Wise Traditions, Summer 2011. http://www.westonaprice.org/vitamins-and-minerals/sulfur-deficiency; Black et al., The clinical effectiveness of glucosamine.
1. Why were the studies so variable: Kaayla T. Daniel, “Why Broth Is beautiful,” Wise Traditions, Spring 2003, 25–36; Nathan R. Gotthoffer, Gelatin in Nutrition and Medicine (Grayslake, 1945), 156–159.
2. Dr. Prudden and Cartilage Research: Quotations from Dr. Prudden throughout this book come from Kaayla T. Daniel’s telephone interviews with him on September 3, 8, 14, 19, 24, and 25 and October 3 and 8, 1997.
3. Nathan R. Gotthoffer, PhD: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drackett; Nathan R. Gotthoffer and Charles T. Nugent, “Method of Manufacturing Soybean Protein.” Publication # US 2172540A. Publication date July 5, 1955. Filing date September 16, 1953. http://www.google.com/patents/US2712540; Cornell Alumni News, “Alumni Notes,” February 7, 1924, 240; Cornell Alumni News, “New Mailing Addresses,” November 13, 1924, 112; Cornell Alumni News, “Alumni Notes,” November 18, 1926; Cornell Alumni News, “News of the Alumni,” January 1950, 242; Cornell Alumni News, “News from the Classes,” May 1962, 45; Cornell Alumni News, “New Students Here This Year Include 340 Alumni Children,” December 15, 1947, 206; Cornell Alumni News, “Alumni Deaths,” July 1983, 48.
4. John F. Prudden, MD, DSci: John F. Prudden interviews with Kaayla T. Daniel during September and October 1997; Ford Burkhart, “John F. Prudden, 78, Surgeon and Researcher,” New York Times, September 29, 1998; “Dr. John F Prudden Wins ‘Linus Pauling Scientist of the Year’ Award,” Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients, 1996, #150, 21; John F. Prudden, ed., Foundation for Cartilage and Immunological Research: A Compilation of Scientific Research on Bovine Tracheal Cartilage: An Effective Agent in the Treatment of Cancer, Arthritis, Wound Healing, Skin Disorders and Other Conditions, Version 2.0 (Foundation for Cartilage and Immunology Research, 1996); “Foundation for Cartilage and Immunology Research Press Release,” Henry Kriegel & Associates, October 25, 1995.
1. More than 52.5 million Americans: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Arthritis: Frequently Asked Questions—General Public.” http://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/faqs.htm.
2. Skeletal evidence proves that arthritic: Dequeker J, Luyten FP. The history of osteoarthritis-osteoarthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008.67(1):5–10; Bridges PS. Prehistoric arthritis in the Americas. Annu Rev Anthropol. 1992.21:67–91; Buchanan WW, Kean WF, Kean R. History and current status of osteoarthritis in the population. Inflammopharmacology. 2003.11(4):301–316; Braunstein EM, White SJ, et al. Paleoradiologic evaluation of the Egyptian royal mummies. Skeletal Radiol. 1988.17(5):348–352; Rogers J, Watt J, Dieppe P. Arthritis in Saxon and mediaeval skeletons. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981.283(6307):1668–1670; Thould AK, Thould BT. Arthritis in Roman Britain. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983.287(6409):1909–1911.
3. the bones of healthy primitive people: Weston A. Price. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 8th ed. (Price Pottenger Nutrition, 2009). www.westonaprice.org.
4. “Imagine rubbing together: Jason Theodosakis, Brenda Addly, and Barry Fox, The Arthritis Cure (St. Martin’s, 1997), 23.
5. No one knows what initial event triggers: Caplan AI. Cartilage. Scientific American. 1984.251:84–94; F. A. Wollheim, “Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis,” in Rheumatology, vol. 2, 3rd ed., edited by M. C. Hochberg, A. J. Silman, et al. (Mosby, 2003); Felson DT, Lawrence RC, et al. Osteoarthritis: new insights, part 1: the disease and its risk factors. Ann Intern Med, 2000.133:635; K. D. Brandt, M. Doherty, et al., Osteoarthritis (Oxford University Press, 1998).
6. University of Maryland Medical Center’s health information website: University of Maryland Medical Center. “Cartilage.” https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/cartilage.
7. Consumed every day, bone broth: Reinhard Schrieber and Herbert Gareis, Gelatine Handbook: Theory and Industrial Practice (Wiley-VCH, 2007), 1.
8. Broth also helps us recover from the athletic: “Secondary Arthritis,” Arthritis Support. Wikispaces.com. http://arthritis-support.wikispaces.com/Secondary+arthritis.
9. According to the 2007 textbook: Schrieber and Gareis, Gelatine Handbook, 94, 162, 238, 278, 301–309.
10. In 1982, a report by B. Goetz: Goetz B. Chondropathia patellae. Aertzliche Praxis. 1982.92:3130–3134.
11. In 1989, Drs. Klaus Seeligmuller: Seeligmuller K, Happel HK. Can a mixture of gelatin and l-cysteine stimulate proteoglycan synthesis? Therapiewoche, 1989.38:2456–2461.
12. In 1991, Milan Adam: Schrieber and Gareis, Gelatine Handbook, 304, 307.
13. Since then, there have been at least nine: Kaayla T. Daniel, telephone interview with Dr. Prudden. September 14, 1997.
14. Over the years, sports physiologists: Michael Teppner, ed., Collagen Hydrolysate and Its Relationship to Joint Health: A Scientific Compendium (Gelita Health Initiative, 2004); Schrieber and Gareis, Gelatine Handbook, 305.
15. In 2008, Kristine L. Clark: Clark KL, Sebastianell W, et al. 24-week study on the use of collagen hydrolysate as a dietary supplement in athletes with activity-related joint pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008.24(5):1485–1496.
16. Collagen hydrolysate received its biggest boost: Moskowitz RW. Role of collagen hydrolysate in bone and joint disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2000.30(2):87–99.
17. In 2012, J. P. Van Vijven: Van Vijven JP, Luijsterburg PA, et al. Symptomatic and chondroprotective treatment with collagen derivatives in osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012.20(8):809–821.
18. Not long after, in 1997: “Hard Knocks for Knox Nutrajoint: Company’s Claim for Dietary Supplement Are Overblown,” Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter, 1997, 15, 6, 1.
19. In a major article published in the summer 1974: Prudden JF, Balassa L. The biological activity of bovine cartilage preparation: a clinical demonstration of their potent anti-inflammatory capacity. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1974.3(4):187–321.
20. “desperate over their pain: Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, September 14, 1997.
21. Thrilled by this success, Dr. Prudden: Prudden, Balassa, The biological activity.
22. “Growth factors are ideal: Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, September 14, 1997.
23. Dr. Rejholec concluded: Rejholec V. Long term studies of antiosteoarthritic drugs: an assessment. Sem Arth Rheum. 1987.17(2 Suppl 1):35–53.
24. was published by Alfred Jay Bollet: Bollet AJ. Stimulation of protein—chondroitin sulfate synthesis by normal and osteoarthritic articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 1968.11(5):663–673.
25. during the same period, I. William Lane: I. William Lane and Linda Comac, Sharks Don’t Get Cancer: How Shark Cartilage Could Save Your Life (Avery, 1992).
26. Anti-angiogenesis factors would be helpful: Conversations with Drs. Folkman and Langer, reported by Dr. Prudden, October 3, 1997; Conversations with Drs. Folkman and Langer, reported in David Kirchhof and Elisabeth Kirchhof, The Successful Use of Bovine Cartilage in the Treatment of Cancer (Kriegel & Associates, 1995).
27. Furthermore, Lane built: Lane and Comac, Sharks Don’t Get Cancer; I. William Lane and Linda Comac, Sharks Still Don’t Get Cancer (Avery, 1996); “Dr. Serge Orloff.” Zoomimfo. http://www.zoominfo.com/p/Serge-Orloff/370778399.
28. Clearly Lane’s marketing: Sabo J, Enquist IF. Wound stimulating effect of homologous and heterologous cartilage. Arch Surg. 1965.91:523–525.
29. Studies on chicken sternal cartilage: Schauss A, Stenehjem J, et al. Effect of the novel low molecular weight hydrolyzed chicken sternal cartilage extract, BioCell Collagen, on improving osteoarthritis-related symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Agric Food Chem. 2012.60(16):4096–4101.
30. Despite success with whole food: Paul Coates, Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements (CRC Press, 2005), 281.
31. Chondroitin sulfate is a large: J. L. Ong and Mark R. Appleford, Introduction to Biomaterials: Basic Theory with Engineering Applications (Cambridge University Press, 2013), 227.
32. Glucosamine and chondroitin supplements: Jason Theodosakis, Barry Fox, and Brenda D. Adderly, The Arthritis Cure (St. Martin’s Press, 1997).
33. Even so, glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate: Sawitzke AD, Shi H, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of glucosamine, chondroitin sulphate, their combination, celecoxib or placebo taken to treat osteoarthritis of the knee: 2-year results from GAIT. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010.69(8):1459–1464.
34. The dangers of these over-the-counter drugs: Gary S. Firestein, Ralph C. Budd, et al., Kelley’s Textbook of Rheumatology, 9th ed. (Saunders, 2012), 883.
35. Findings that glucosamine and chondroitin: Sawitzke et al., Clinical efficacy and safety; Henrotin Y, Mobasheri A, Marty M. Is there any scientific evidence for the use of glucosamine in the management of human osteoarthritis? Arthritis Res Ther. 2012.14(1):201; Black C, Clar C, et al. The clinical effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin supplements in slowing or arresting progression of osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Tech Assess. 2009.13(52). doi: 10.3313/hta13520.
36. The Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial: Clegg DO, Reda DJ, et al. Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis. N Engl J Med. 2006.354:795–808; Sawitzke et al., Clinical efficacy and safety.
37. Although patient dropout complicates study: Laba TL, Brien JA, et al. Patient preferences for adherence to treatment for osteoarthritis: the Medication Decisions in Osteoarthritis Study (MEDOS). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013.14:160.
38. a year before his death, Dr. Prudden: Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, September 24, 1997.
1. five-thousand-year-old mummy: Hart FD. History of the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. British Med J. 1976.1:763–765; Joshi VR. Rheumatology, past, present and future. JAPI. 2012.60; Aceves-Avila FJ, Medina F, Fraga A. The antiquity of rheumatoid arthritis: a reappraisal. J Rheumatol. 2001.28(4):751–757.
2. ancient remedies: Hart, History of the treatment; Joshi, Rheumatology; Aceves-Avila et al., The antiquity of rheumatoid arthritis; W. S. A. Copeman, Short History of the Gout and the Rheumatic Diseases (University of California, 1964), 144–146.
3. three million people in the United States alone: http://www.arthritis.org/files/images/newsroom/media-kits/Rheumatoid_Arthritis_Fact_Sheet.pdf; http://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/rheumatoid.htm; Developer of new rheumatoid drug says 3 million have RA in the US. http://www.argentisrx.com/content/show.asp?mne=pipeline; Myasoedova E, Crowson CS, et al. Is the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis rising? Results from Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1955–2007. Arth Rheum. 2010.62(6):1576–1582.
4. Dr. Prudden reported: Prudden JF, Balassa L. The biological activity of bovine cartilage preparation: a clinical demonstration of their potent anti-inflammatory capacity. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1974.3(4):187–321.
5. Dr. Prudden used injections: Conversations with Drs. Folkman and Langer, reported by Dr. Prudden, October 3, 1997; Conversations with Drs. Folkman and Langer, reported in David Kirchhof and Elisabeth Kirchhof, The Successful Use of Bovine Cartilage in the Treatment of Cancer (Kriegel & Associates, 1995).
6. shark cartilage: Chuan-Ying Y, Lei Z. Effects of shark cartilage polysaccharides on the secretion of IL-6 and IL-12 in rheumatoid arthritis. Pharm Biol. 2012.50(12):1567–1572.
7. rats treated with glucosamine: Haleagrahara N, Tudawe D, et al. Amelioration of collagen-induced arthritis in female dark agouti rats by glucosamine treatment. ISRN Pharmacol. 2013. 2013:562905.
8. glucosamine and methionine: Yamagishi Y, Igarashi M, et al. Evaluation of the effect of methionine and glucosamine on adjuvant arthritis in rats. Exp Ther Med. 2012.4(4):640–644.
9. β-D-glucosamine: Jawed H, Anjum S, et al. Anti-arthritic effect of GN1, a novel synthetic analog of glucosamine, in the collagen-induced arthritis model in rats. Inflamm Res. 2011.60(12)1113–1120.
10. David E. Trentham, MD: Trentham D, Dynesius-Trentham R, et al. Effects of oral administration of type ii collagen on rheumatoid arthritis. Science. 1993.261(5129):1727–1730.
11. Dr. Trentham and eleven other researchers: Barnett ML, Kremer JM, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with oral type II collagen: results of a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 1998.41(2):290–297.
12. Trentham and two colleagues: Barnett ML, Combitchci D, Trentham DE. A pilot trial of oral type II collagen in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arth Rheum. 1996.39(4):623–628.
13. Thomas McPherson Brown: Thomas McPherson Brown and Henry Scammel, The Road Back: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Its Cause and ITS Treatment (Evans, 1988); Henry Scammel, The New Arthritis Breakthrough: The Only Medical Therapy Clinically Proven to Produce Long-Term Improvement and Remission of RA, Lupus, Juvenile RS, and Other Inflammatory Forms of Arthritis (Evans, 1998).
14. “turn it right side up!”: Scammel, The New Arthritis Breakthrough.
15. respect of many health experts: Paulus, HE. Minocycline treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med. 1995.122:81–89; Tilley BC, Alarcon GS, et al. Minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis: a 48-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. MIRA Trial Group. Ann Intern Med. 1995.15.122(2):81–89; Stone M, Fortin PR, et al. Should tetracycline treatment be used more extensively for rheumatoid arthritis? Metaanalysis demonstrates clinical benefit with reduction in disease activity. J Rheumatol. 2003.30(10):2112–2122; Kim NM, Freeman CD. Minocycline for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Pharmacother. 1995.29(2):186–187.
16. theory of “molecular mimicry”: Zarnitsyna VI, Evavold BD, et al. Estimating the diversity, completeness, and cross-reactivity of the T cell repertoire. Front Immunol. 2013.4:485; Wucherpfennig KW, Stominger JL. Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein. Cell. 1995.890(5):695–705; Wucherpfennig KW. Structural basis of molecular mimicry. J Autoimmun. 2001.16(83):293–302.
17. alternative practitioners: David Brownstein, Overcoming Arthritis (Medical Alternatives, 2001); Joseph Mercola, “Rheumatoid Arthritis: Painful Debilitating Disease More Devastating Than Previously Recognized,” August 16, 2010. http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2010/08/16/rheumatoid-arthritis-protocol.aspx.
18. Thomas Cowan, MD: Thomas S. Cowan, The Fourfold Path to Healing (New Trends, 2004).
19. fundamental causes of his disorder: Cowan, The Fourfold Path to Healing.
1. Scleroderma is an autoimmune disease: “What Is Scleroderma?” Scleroderma Foundation. http://www.scleroderma.org/site/PageServer?pagename=patients_whatis#.UyyXqlxD1Zg; G. P. Rodnan, “Progressive System Sclerosis (Scleroderma),” in Arthritis and Allied Conditions, 9th ed., edited by D. J. McCarty (Lea & Febiger, 1980), 762–810; Fleckman PH, Jeffrey JJ, Eisen AZ. A sensitive microassay for prolyl hydroxylase activity in normal and psoriatic skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1973.60(1):46–52.
2. injections of bovine tracheal cartilage: Prudden JF, Balassa L. The biological activity of bovine cartilage preparation: a clinical demonstration of their potent anti-inflammatory capacity with supplementary notes on certain relevant fundamental supportive studies. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1974.3(4):187–321.
3. calcinosis cutis lesion: Piombino L, Pallara T, et al. A novel surgical approach to calcinosis cutis using a collagen-elastin matrix. J Wound Care. 2013.22(1):22–23.
4. Dr. Wuerthele-Caspe: Wuerthele-Caspe (Livingston) V. Scleroderma treated with promin, with report of a case. J Med Soc NJ. 1947.44:52–53; Wuerthele-Caspe (Livingston) V, Brodkin E, Mermod C. Etiology of scleroderma: preliminary clinical report. J Med Sci NJ. 1947.44:256–259; Wuerthele-Caspe (Livingston) V, Alexander-Jackson E, Anderson JA, et al. Cultural properties and pathogenicity of certain microorganisms obtained from various proliferative and neoplastic diseases. Am J Med Sci. 1950; 220:638–648.
5. microbial cause and a possible cure for cancer: Virginia Livingston-Wheeler and Owen Webster Wheeler, The Microbiology of Cancer: Compendium (Livingston Wheeler Medical Clinic, 1977), 18.
6. found the bacteria in nine additional cases: Cantwell AR Jr, Wilson JR. Scleroderma with ulceration secondary to atypical mycobacteria. Arch Dermatol. 1966.94:663–664.
7. Henry Scammell: T. M. Brown and H. Scammell, The Road Back: Rheumatoid Arthritis—Its Cause and Treatment (Evans, 1988); H. Scammell, The New Arthritis Breakthough (Evans, 1998); H. Scammell, Scleroderma: The Proven Therapy That Can Save Your Life (Evans, 1998).
8. Alan R. Cantwell Jr., MD: Cantwell, Wilson, Scleroderma; Cantwell AR Jr, Craggs E, et al. Acid-fast bacteria as a possible cause of scleroderma. Dermatologica. 1968.136(3):141–150; Cantwell AR Jr, Kelso DW. Acid-fast bacteria in scleroderma and morphea. Arch Dermatol. 1971.104(1):21–25; Cantwell AR Jr, Kelso DW, Rowe L. Hypodermitis sclerodermiformis and unusual acid-fast bacteria. Arch Dermatol. 1979.115(4):449–452; Cantwell AR Jr. Histologic forms resembling “large bodies” in scleroderma and “pseudoscleroderma.” Am J Dermatopathol. 1980.2(3):273–276; Cantwell AR, Kelso DW. Histologic observations of pleomorphic corynebacterium-like microorganisms in diabetic scleredema adultorum. Cutis. 1980.26(6):575–583; Cantwell AR Jr, Kelso DW. Autopsy findings of nonacid-fast bacteria in scleroderma. Dermatologica. 1980.160(2):90–99; Cantwell AR Jr, Rowe L, Kelso DW. Nodular scleroderma and pleomorphic acid-fast bacteria. Arch Dermatol. 1980.116(11):1283–1290; Cantwell AR Jr. Variably acid-fast bacteria in a case of systemic sarcoidosis and hypodermitis sclerodermiformis. Dermatologica. 1981.163(3):239–248; Rowe L, Cantwell AR Jr. Hypodermitis sclerodermiformis: successful treatment with ultrasound. Arch Dermatol. 1982.118(5):312–314; Cantwell AR Jr, Cove JK. Variably acid-fast bacteria in a necropsied case of systemic lupus erythematosus with acute myocardial infarction. Cutis. 1984.33(6):560–567; Cantwell AR Jr, Jones JE, Kelso DW. Pleomorphic, variably acid-fast bacteria in an adult patient with disabling pansclerotic morphea. Arch Dermatol. 1984.120(5):656–661; Cantwell AR Jr. Histologic observations of pleomorphic, variably acid-fast bacteria in scleroderma, morphea, and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Int J Dermatol. 1984.23(1):45–52.
9. scientific community: Amy Proal, “Bacteria and Cancer: An Interview with Dr. Alan Cantwell,” Bacteriality: Exploring Chronic Disease. http://bacteriality.com/2007/09/11/cantwell/; Zarnitsyna VI, Evavold BD, et al. Estimating the diversity, completeness, and cross-reactivity of the T cell repertoire. Front Immunol. 2013.4:485; Wucherpfennig KW, Stominger JL. Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein. Cell 1995.890(5):695–705; Wucherpfennig KW. Structural basis of molecular mimicry. J Autoimmun. 2001.16(83):293–302.
10. publish his findings in the books: Alan Cantwell, AIDS and the Doctors of Death: An Inquiry into the Origin of the AIDS Epidemic (Aries Rising Press, 1988); Alan Cantwell, Queer Blood: The Secret AIDS Genocide (Aries Rising Press, 1993); Alan Cantwell, AIDS, the Mystery and the Solution (Aries Rising Press, 1993); Alan Cantwell, The Cancer Microbe (Aries Rising Press, 1990); Alan Cantwell, Four Women against Cancer (Aries Rising, 2005).
11. tuberculosis: Nathan R. Gotthoffer, Gelatin in Nutrition and Medicine (Grayslake Gelatin, 1945), 77–80; Lack CH, Tanner F. The significance of pleomorphism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis. J Gen Microbiol. 1953.8:18–26; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Tuberculosis (TB).” www.cdc.com/tb.
12. leprosy: O. C. Gruner, A Treatise on the Canon of Medicine of Avicenna (Luzac; 1930), 407; Bar Sela A, Hoff HE, Faris E. Moses Maimonides’ two treatises on the regimen of health. Trans Am Phil Soc. 1964.54(4). http://greenmedicine.ie/school/images/Library/Regimen%20of%20Health.pdf.
13. Dr. Prudden put it: Kaayla T. Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, October 3, 1997.
1. psoriasis: National Psoriasis Foundation, “Psoriasis and Comorbid Conditions Issue Brief: Executive Summary.” http://www.psoriasis.org/document.doc?id=793; Weger W. Current status and new developments in the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis with biological agents. Br J Pharmacol. 2010.160(4):810–820.
2. The problem begins: Menter A, Gottlieb A, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Section 1. Overview of psoriasis and guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008.58(5):826–850; Griffiths CE, Barker JN. Pathogenesis and clinical features of psoriasis. Lancet. 2007.370(9583):263–271; Krueger JG, Bowcock A. Psoriasis pathophysiology: current concepts of pathogenesis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005.64(Suppl II):ii30–ii36.
3. rich network of capillaries: Telner P, Fekete Z. The capillary responses in psoriatic skin. J Invest Derm. 1969.20:225–230; Ross JB. The psoriatic capillary. Br J Dermatol. 2006.76(12).
4. Dr. Prudden was called: Prudden JF, Balassa L. The biological activity of bovine cartilage preparation: a clinical demonstration of their potent anti-inflammatory capacity with supplementary notes on certain relevant fundamental supportive studies. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1974.3(4):187–321.
5. Of all the remarkable cases: Kaayla T. Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, October 3, 1997.
6. psoriasis itself should be classified: Prudden, Balassa, The biological activity; Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, October 3, 1997.
7. Koebner theorized: Kuta A, Neumann E. Koebner’s phenomenon in a study concerning the primary epidermal pathogenesis of psoriasis. Determatologica. 1957.116(51).
8. As Dr. Prudden put it: Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, October 3, 1997.
9. shark cartilage as a natural cure for cancer: I. William Lane and Linda Comac, Sharks Don’t Get Cancer (Avery, 1992); I. William Lane and Linda Comac, Sharks Still Don’t Get Cancer (Avery, 1996); Folkman J. Angiogenesis in psoriasis: therapeutic implications. J Invest Dermatol. 1972.59(1):40–43.
10. extracts of shark cartilage: Dupont E, Savard PE, et al. Antiangiogenic properties of a novel shark cartilage extract: potential role in the treatment of psoriasis. J Cutan Med Surg. 1998.2(3):146–152.
11. Judah Folkman, MD: Conversations with Drs. Folkman and Langer, reported by Dr. Prudden, October 3, 1997; Conversations with Drs. Folkman and Langer, reported in David Kirchhof and Elisabeth Kirchhof, The Successful Use of Bovine Cartilage in the Treatment of Cancer (Kriegel & Associates, 1995).
12. anti-angiogenic factors survive the digestive process: Sauder DN, Dekoven J, et al. Neovastat (AE-941), an inhibitor of angiogenesis: randomized phase I/II clinical trial results in patients with plaque psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002.47(4):535–541.
13. side effects reported by clinicians: University of Maryland Medical Center, “Cartilage.” https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/cartilage.
14. glucosamine: McCarty MF. Glucosamine for psoriasis? Med Hypotheses. 1997.48(5):437–441.
15. literature review of chondroitin sulfate: Vallieres M, du Souich P. Modulation of inflammation by chondroitin sulfate. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010.18(Suppl 1):S1–S6; de Souich P, Garcia AG, et al. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of chondroitin sulphate. J Cell Mol Med. 2009.13(8A):1451–1463; Möller I, Pérez M, Monfort J, Benito P, Cuevas J, Perna C, et al. Effectiveness of chondroitin sulphate in patients with concomitant knee osteoarthritis and psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010.8(Suppl. 1):532–540; Verges J, Montell E, Herrero M, Perna C, Cuevas J, Perez M, et al. Clinical and histo-pathological improvement of psoriasis with oral chondroitin sulfate: a serendipitous finding. Dermatol Online J. 2005.11:31.
16. Gelatin served well: Nathan R. Gotthoffer, Gelatin in Nutrition and Medicine (Grayslake, 1945), 149–151.
17. pleomorphic bacteria: Gilroy CB, Keat A, Taylor-Robinson D. The prevalence of Mycoplasma fermentans in patients with inflammatory arthritides. Rheumatol. 2001.40(12):1355–1358.
1. least eight studies: Adelle Davis, Let’s Get Well (Signet, 1972). Davis cites numerous studies on nutrition and wound healing from the 1930s to 1960s.
2. Gelatin: Nathan R. Gotthoffer, Gelatin in Nutrition and Medicine (Grayslake, 1945), 81–111.
3. Chinese medicine: Jing-Nuan Wu, An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica (Oxford University Press, 2002), 284–285.
4. Florence Nightingale: Florence Nightingale, Notes on Nursing (Dover Books on Biology, 1969), 43.
5. research on wound healing: Prudden JF, Wolarsky ER, Balassa L. The acceleration of healing. Surg Gynecol Obst. 1969.128(6):1321–1326.
6. Dr. John F. Prudden: Kaayla T. Daniel, telephone interview with Dr. Prudden, September 3, 1997.
7. fast and positive result: Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, September 3, 1997; Lattes R, Martin JR, et al. Effect of cartilage and other tissue suspensions on reparative processes of cortisone-treated animals. Am J Pathol. 1956.32(5):979–991.
8. As he told the story: Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, September 3, 1997.
9. ascertain the rate of gain: Prudden et al., Acceleration of healing.
10. cartilage in the form of pellets: Houck JC, Jacob RA, et al. Inhibition of inflammation and acceleration of tissue repair by cartilage powder. Surgery. 1962.51:632–638.
11. cartilage therapy: Prudden et al., Acceleration of healing.
12. two sets of experiments: Prudden JF, Allen J. The clinical acceleration of healing with a cartilage preparation: a controlled study. JAMA. 1965.192:352–356.
13. The second was a better-controlled study: Prudden, Allen, The clinical acceleration of healing.
14. Dr. Lattes’s finding: Lattes et al., Effect of cartilage.
15. His study: Prudden JF, Wolarsky E. The reversal by cartilage of the steroid-induced inhibition of wound healing. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1967.125(1):109–113.
16. speed wound healing: Prudden JF, Migel P, et al. The discovery of a potent pure chemical wound-healing accelerator. Am J Surg. 1970.119(5):560–564.
17. Whatever the type of cartilage chosen: Sabo J, Enquist IF. Wound stimulating effect of homologous and heterologous cartilage. Arch Surg. 1965.91:523–525; Prudden et al., The discovery.
18. Dr. J. Madden: J. Madden, “Wound Healing,” in Sabiston’s Textbook of Surgery (Saunders, 1987).
19. Dr. Prudden’s comments in 1997: Kaayla T. Daniel, telephone interview with Dr. Prudden, October 7, 1997.
20. Back in 1965, an editorial: Editorial: Healing with cartilage. JAMA. 1965.192(5):151–152.
1. chicken soup’s healing effect: Saketkhoo K, Januszkiewicz A, Sackner MA. Effects of drinking hot water, cold water and chicken soup on nasal mucus velocity and nasal airflow resistance. Chest. 1978.74(4):408–410.
2. chicken soup’s healing power: Rennard BO, Ertl RE, et al. Chicken soup inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. Chest. 2000.118(4):1150–1157; “Chicken Soup for a Cold: Research Hints That Chicken Soup Remedy May Have Scientific Validity in Reducing Cold Symptoms,” Department of Public Relations, University of Nebraska Medical Center. October 21, 2008. http://www.unmc.edu/publicrelations/chickensoup_newsrelease.htm; Bender BS. Barbara, what’s a nice girl like you doing writing an article like this? The scientific basis of folk remedies for colds and flu. Chest. 2000.118(4)887–888; Duma RJ, Markowitz SM, Tipple MA. The chicken soup controversy [letter]. Chest. 1975.68:604; Green LF. The chicken soup controversy [letter]. Chest. 1975.68:605; Chutkow JG. The chicken soup controversy [letter]. Chest. 1975.68:606; Lawrence DS. The chicken soup controversy [letter]. Chest. 1975.68:606; Lavine JB. Chicken soup or Jewish medicine. Chest. 2001.119(4):1295; Hopkins AB. Chicken soup cure may not be a myth. Nurse Pract. 2003.28(6):16.
3. greater neutrophil-inhibiting effect: Rennard et al., Chicken soup.
4. Tara Parker-Pope: Tara Parker-Pope, “The Science of Chicken Soup,” New York Times, October 12, 1007.
5. effect on immunity is short term: Babizhayev MA, Deyev AI. Management of the virulent influenza virus infection by oral formulation of nonhydrolized carnosine and isopeptide of carnosine attenuating proinflammatory cytokine-induced nitric oxide production. Am J Ther. 2012.19(1):e25–e47; Babizhayev MA, Deyev AI, Yegorov YE. Non-hydrolyzed in digestive tract and blood natural L-carnosine peptide (“bioactivated Jewish penicillin”) as a panacea of tomorrow for various flu ailments: signaling activity attenuating nitric oxide (NO) production, cytostasis, and NO-dependent inhibition of influenza virus replication in macrophages in the human body infected with the virulent swine influenza A (H1N1) virus. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2013.24(1):1–26.
6. Glutamine: Levintow L, Eagle H Piez KA. The role of glutamine in protein biosynthesis in tissue culture. J Biol Chem. 1957.227:929–941; Eagle H, Oyama VI, et al. The growth response of mammalian cells in tissue culture to l-glutamine and l-glutamic acid. J Biol Chem. 1956.218:606–616; Salzman NP, Eagle H, Sebring ED. The utilization of glutamine, glutamic acid and ammonia for the biosynthesis of nucleic acid bases in mammalian cell cultures. J Biol Chem. 1958.230(2):1001–1012; Eagle H, Piez K. The population dependent requirement by cultured mammalian cells for metabolites which they can synthesize. J Exp Med. 1962.116:29–43; Eagle H, Washington CL, Levy M. End product control of amino acid synthesis by cultured human cells. J Biol Chem. 1965.240(10):3944–3950.
7. John Alverdy, MD: Soeters PB. Glutamine the link between depletion and diminished gut function? J Am Coll Nutr. 1996.15(3):195–196; Burke DJ, Alverdy JC, et al. Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition improves gut immune function. Arch Surg. 1989.124(12):1396–1399; Alverdy JA, Aoys E, et al. The effect of glutamine-enriched TPN on gut immune cellularity. J Surg Res. 1992.51(1):34–38.
8. linked glutamine depletion to immunosuppression: Castell LM, Newsholme EA. The relation between glutamine and the immunodepression observed in exercise. Amino Acids. 2001.20(1):49–61; Bailey DM, Castell LM, et al. Continuous and intermittent exposure to the hypoxia of altitude: implications for glutamine metabolism and exercise performance. Br J Sports Med. 2000.34 (3):210–212; Castell LM, Newsholme EA. The effects of oral glutamine supplementation on athletes after prolonged exhaustive exercise. Nutr. 1997.13(7–8):738–742; Newsholme EA, Calder PC. The proposed role of glutamine in some cells of the immune system and speculative consequences for the whole animal. Nutr. 1997.(7–8):728–730; Castell LM, Poortmans JR, Newsholme EA. Does glutamine have a role in reducing infections in athletes? Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1996.73(5):488–490; Newsholme EA. Biochemical mechanisms to explain immunosuppression in well-trained and overtrained athletes. Int J Sports Med. 1994.15(Suppl 3):S142–S147; Parry-Billings M, Budgett R, et al. Plasma amino acid concentrations in the overtraining syndrome: possible effects on the immune system. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992.24(12):1353–1358; Parry-Billings M, Baigrie RJ, et al. Effects of major and minor surgery on plasma glutamine and cytokine levels. Arch Surg. 1992.127(10):1237–1240; Parry-Billings M, Evans J, et al. Does glutamine contribute to immunosuppression after major burns? Lancet. 1990.336(8714):523–525; Parry-Billings M, Blomstrand E, et al. A communicational link between skeletal muscle, brain and cells of the immune system. Int J Sports Med. 1990.11(Suppl 2):S122–S128; Newsholme EA. Psychoimmunology and cellular nutrition: an alternative hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry. 1990.27(1):1–3; Parry-Billings M, Evans J, et al. Does glutamine contribute to immunosuppression after major burns? Lancet. 1990.336(8714):523–525.
9. said Dr. Prudden: Daniel, telephone interview with Dr. Prudden, September 19, 1997.
10. Cartilage doesn’t kill viruses directly: John F. Prudden, “Summary of Catrix Research Programs,” in A Compilation of Scientific Research on Bovine Tracheal Cartilage: An Effective Agent in the Treatment of Cancer, Arthritis, Wound Healing, Skin Disorders and Other Conditions, Version 2.0 (Foundation for Cartilage and Immunology Research, 1996), 5.
11. Arthur G. Johnson, PhD: Arthur G. Johnson, “Immunological Research Project,” in A Compilation of Scientific Research on Bovine Tracheal Cartilage: An Effective Agent in the Treatment of Cancer, Arthritis, Wound Healing, Skin Disorders and Other Conditions, Version 2.0 (Foundation for Cartilage and Immunology Research: August 9, 1996).
12. killer T-cells: Durie BGM, Soehnlen B, Prudden JF. Anti-tumor activity of bovine cartilage extract (Catrix-S) in the human tumor stem cell assay J Biol Response Mod. 1984.4:490–595; Rosen J, Sherman WT, Prudden JF, Thorbecke GJ. Immunoregulatory effects of catrix. J Biol Response Mod. 1988.7:498–512.
13. natural killer (NK) cells: Durie et al., Anti-tumor activity.
14. respiratory and digestive viruses: Rosen et al., Immunoregulatory effects.
15. The same has been found: Houck JC. The inhibition of inflammation and the acceleration of tisue repair by cartilage powder. Surg. 1962.51:632; Nathan R. Gotthoffer, Gelatin in Nutrition and Medicine (Grayslake, 1945).
16. G. Gautieri: Gotthoffer, Gelatin, 60–61.
17. In 1932, researchers: Gotthoffer, Gelatin, 152.
18. Florence Nightingale: Florence Nightingale, Notes on Nursing (Dover Books on Biology, 1969), 43.
1. Tens of millions of Americans: “National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse.” National Institutes of Health (NIH) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services publication (94-1447). http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/statistics/statistics.aspx.
2. In the nineteenth century: Pat Willard, A Soothing Broth (Broadway Books, 1998), 71, 124; Florence Nightingale, Notes on Nursing (Dover Books on Biology, 1969), 43.
3. Broth and gelatin: Nathan R. Gotthoffer, Gelatin in Nutrition and Medicine (Grayslake, 1945), 70–75.
4. Nathan Gotthoffer: Gotthoffer, Gelatin, 25–37.
5. Mary G. Enig, PhD: Authors’ conversations with Mary G. Enig, PhD.
6. “It is said to be retained: Hogan quoted in Gotthoffer, Gelatin, 26.
7. Gelatin was valued: Gotthoffer, Gelatin, 7–9.
8. Gelatin was also widely recognized: Gotthoffer, Gelatin, 62–69, 76–80.
9. Doctors also valued gelatin: Gotthoffer, Gelatin, 66.
10. Christian Archibald Herter, MD: Christian Archibald Herter, On Infantilism from Chronic Intestinal Infection: Characterized by the Overgrowth and Persistence of Flora of the Nursling Period, a Study of the Clinical Course, Bacteriology, Chemistry and the Therapeutics of of Arrested Development in Infancy (Ulan Press, 2012, reprint of book first published in 1908).
11. broth was a staple: Reinhard Schrieber and Herbert Gareis, Gelatine Handbook: Theory and Industrial Practice (Wiley, 2007), 233; “Bland Diet,” Medline Plus: A Service of the US National Library of Medicine. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000068.htm; “Bland Diet for Peptic Ulcer Patients, History.” Raw Food Explained.com. http://www.rawfoodexplained.com/there-are-no-cures/bland-diet-for-peptic-ulcer-patients.html; Haubrich WS. Sippy of the Sippy diet Regimen. Gastroenterology. 2005.128(4):832. http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016%E2%80%935085(05)00358%E2%80%936/abstract; Gluck SM. Modification of the Sippy diet. JAMA. 1984.251(16):2083–2084; William Ira Bennet, “Body and Mind; Overactive Machinery,” New York Times, May 7, 1989.
12. Francis Pottenger Jr., MD: Pottenger FM. Hydrophilic colloidal diet. Am J Digest Dis. 1938.5(2):96–99.
13. To condense his main points: “Summary: Hydrophilic Colloidal Diet by F.M. Pottenger,” SpringerLink. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF03010602#page-1.
14. Soymilk, tofu, and other soy foods: Kaayla T. Daniel, The Whole Soy Story: The Dark Side of America’s Favorite Health Food (New Trends, 2005).
15. Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT): Scaldaferri F, Pizzoferrato M, et al. The gut barrier: new acquisitions and therapeutic approaches. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012.46(Suppl):S12–S17.
16. gastric acid secretion: Richardson CT, et al. Studies on the mechanism of food-stimulated gastric acid secretion in normal human subjects. J Clin Invest. 1976.58:623–631.
17. Glycine is one of those that do: Wald A, Adibi SA. Stimulation of gastric acid secretion by glycine and related oligopeptides in humans. Am J Physiol. 1982.5(242):G86–G88.
18. Herbert G. Windmueller: Windmueller HG, Spaeth AE. Uptake and metabolism of plasma glutamine by the small intestine. J Biol Chem. 1974.249:5070–5079; Windmueller HG, Spaeth AE. Respiratory fuels and nitrogen metabolism in vivo in small intestine of fed rats: quantitative importance of glutamine, glutamate and aspartate. J Biol Chem. 1980.255(1):107–112; Windmueller HG, Spaeth AE. Intestinal metabolism of glutamine and glutamate from the lumen as compared to glutamine from blood. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1975.171(2):662–672; Eisenberg S, Windmueller HG, Levy RI. Metabolic fate of rat and human lipoprotein apoproteins in the rat. J Lipid Res. 1973.14(4):446–458; Dewitt Stetten, NIH: An Account of Research in Its Laboratories and Clinics (Academic Press, 1984; Forgotten Books, 2013).
19. Glutamine also nourishes the GALT: Li J, King BK, et al. Glycyl-l-glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition maintains small intestine gut-associated lymphoid tissue and upper respiratory tract immunity. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1998.22(1):31–36; Newsholme P. Why is l-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, postinjury, surgery or infection? J Nutr. 2001.131:2515S–2522; Newsholme P, Curi R, et al. Glutamine metabolism by lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils: its importance in health and disease. J Nutr Biochem. 1999.10(6):316–324; Newsholme EA, Carrie AL. Quantitative aspects of glucose and glutamine metabolism by intestinal cells. Gut. 1994.35(1 Suppl):S13–S17; Sevastiadou S, Malamitsi-Puchner A, et al. The impact of oral glutamine supplementation on the intestinal permeability and incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis/septicemia in premature neonates. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011.24(10):1294–1300.
20. Glutamine furthermore stems the loss of electrolytes: Li Y, Guo M, Li J. Effect of growth hormone, glutamine, and enteral nutrition on intestinal adaptation in patients with short bowel syndrome. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2013.24(5):463–468; Byrne TA, Morrissey TB, et al. Growth hormone, glutamine, and a modified diet enhance nutrient absorption in patients with severe short bowel syndrome. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1995.19(4):296–302; Braga-Neto MB, Warren CA, et al. Alanyl-glutamine and glutamine supplementation improves 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal epithelium damage in vitro. Dig Dis Sci. 2008.53(10):2687–2696; Carneiro-Filho BA, Oria RB, et al. Alanyl-glutamine hastens morphologic recovery from 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis in mice. Nutrition. 2004.20(10):934–941; Steinmetz OK, Meakins JL. Care of the gut in the surgical intensive care unit: fact or fashion? Can J Surg. 1991.34(3):207–215; Ding LA, Li JS. Effects of glutamine on intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation in TPN-rats with endotoxemia. World J Gastroenterol. 2003.9(6):1327–1332; Buchman AL. Glutamine for the gut: mystical properties or an ordinary amino acid? Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 1999.1(5):417–423.
21. John F. Prudden, MD, DSci: Prudden JF, Balass L. The biological activity of bovine cartilage preparation: a clinical demonstration of their potent anti-inflammatory capacity. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1974.3(4):187–321.
22. Dr. Prudden said: Kaayla T. Daniel, telephone interview with Dr. Prudden, September 25, 1997.
1. More than fifteen hundred Americans: “Cancer Facts and Figures, 2013,” American Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2013/index.
2. Susan Sontag: Illness as Metaphor (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1977).
3. Brian G. M. Durie, MD: Durie BG, Soehnlen B, Prudden JF. Antitumor activity of bovine cartilage extract (Catrix-S) in the human tumor stem cell assay. J Biol Response Mod. 1985.4(6):590–595.
4. Dr. Prudden thought it was: John F. Prudden, “Summary of Catrix Research Programs,” in Foundation for Cartilage and Immunology Research: A Compilation of Scientific Research on Bovine Tracheal Cartilage: An Effective Agent in the Treatment of Cancer, Arthritis, Wound Healing, Skin Disorders and Other Conditions, Version 2.0 (Foundation for Cartilage and Immunology Research, 1996), 5.
5. Dr. Johnson also found: Arthur G. Johnson, “Immunological Research Project,” in Foundation for Cartilage and Immunology Research: A Compilation of Scientific Research on Bovine Tracheal Cartilage: An Effective Agent in the Treatment of Cancer, Arthritis, Wound Healing, Skin Disorders and Other Conditions, Version 2.0 (Foundation for Cartilage and Immunology Research, 1996).
6. Bruce Ames, PhD: Jane Brody, “Scientist at Work: Bruce N. Ames; Strong Views on Origins of Cancer,” New York Times, July 5, 1994.
7. Peyton Rous, MD: G. Klein, “Award Ceremony Speech, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1966. Peyton Rous, Charles B. Huggins,” in Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1963–1970 (Elsevier, 1972). http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1966/press.html.
8. virus theory of cancer: Ralph Moss, The Cancer Answer (Equinox, 1996), 274.
9. Theories of pleomorphic bacteria: Barry Lynes, The Cancer Cure That Worked! Fifty Years of Suppression (Marcus Books, 1987), 17–24; Thomas A. Dorman, “On a Competitive Balance within the Endobiont,” Live Blood Analysis Diploma Course. http://www.professorenderlein.com/CompBalance.html; Nenah Sylver, Rife Frequency Handbook (Desert Gate, 2011); Louisa Williams, Curing CASPERS: A Naturopathic Doctor’s Guide to Treating Chronic, Autoimmune Stealth Pathogens Evolved from Resistant Bacteria Syndrome, ebook 2013. http://www.radicalmedicine.com/product/curing-caspers/; Christopher Bird, The Persecution and Trial of Gaston Naessens: The True Story of the Efforts to Suppress an Alternative Treatment for Cancer, AIDS, and Other Immunologically Based Diseases (Kramer, 1991); Antoine Bechamp, The Blood and Its Third Element (Review, 2002); Ethel D. Hume, Bechamp or Pasteur?: A Lost Chapter in the History of Biology (CreateSpace, 2011); Alan Cantwell Jr., The Cancer Microbe (Aries Rising, 1990); Alan Cantwell Jr., Four Women against Cancer (Aries Rising, 2005); Gerald Domingue, Cell Wall-Deficient Bacteria: Basic Principles and Clinical Significance (Addison-Wesley, 1982); Philip Hadley, “Microbic Dissociation,” Santa Monica Ca Institute of Science; Shakman SH. 2012. Originally published in J Infect Disease. 1927.240(1); Lida Mattman, Cell Wall Defective Forms: Stealth Pathogens, 3rd ed. (CRC Press, 2001); Louisa Williams, Radical Medicine (Healing Arts Press, 2011).
10. Dr. Livingston: Cantwell, The Cancer Microbe; Cantwell, Four Women against Cancer; Virginia Livingston-Wheeler, The Conquest of Cancer: Vaccines and Diet (CreateSpace, 2013); Edmond G. Addeo, The Woman Who Cured Cancer: The True Story of Cancer Pioneer Dr. Virginia Livingston-Wheeler (CreateSpace, 2012).
11. Instead, the medical establishment: Kaayla T. Daniel, telephone interviews with Dr. Prudden, October 3 and 8, 1997.
12. Dr. Prudden repeatedly demonstrated: John F. Prudden, “Summary of Catrix Research Programs,” in Foundation for Cartilage and Immunology Research: A Compilation of Scientific Research on Bovine Tracheal Cartilage: An Effective Agent in the Treatment of Cancer, Arthritis, Wound Healing, Skin Disorders and Other Conditions, Version 2.0 (Foundation for Cartilage and Immunology Research, 1996), 5.
13. Dr. Prudden suggested: Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, October 8, 1997.
14. Dr. Prudden published: Prudden JF. Treatment of human cancer with agents prepared from bovine cartilage. J Biol Response Mod. 1985.4(6):551–584.
15. As of 1997, Dr. Prudden reported: Daniel, interviews with Dr. Prudden, October 3 and 8, 1997.
16. anti-angiogenesis protein: Raza Forough, ed., New Frontiers in Angiogenesis (Springer, 2006), 1.
17. Normal cartilage has no blood vessels: Clarkin C, Olsen BR. On bone-forming cells and blood vessels in bone development. Cell Metab. 2010.12(4):314–316.
18. interest in anti-angiogenesis: Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med. 1971.258(21):1182–1186; Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: a possible control point in tumor growth. Ann Intern Med. 1975.82(1):96–100; Folkman J. The vascularization of tumors. Scientific American. 1976.234:5973; Folkman J. How is blood vessel growth regulated in normal and neoplastic tissue? Cancer Res. 1986.46(2):467–473; Langer R, Brem H, et al. Isolation of a cartilage factor that inhibits tumor neovascularization. Science. 1976.193(4247):70–72; Langer R, Conn H, et al. Control of tumor growth in animals by infusion of an angiogenesis inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1980.77(7):4331–4335; Robert Langer, as quoted by Henry Kriegel, “Dr John Prudden and Bovine Tracheal Cartilage Research,” Alternative and Complementary Therapies, April/May 1995, 188.
19. protein molecules that give cartilage: Mathews J. Sharks still intrigue cancer researchers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992.84(13):1000–1002.
20. One of Dr. Prudden’s dreams: Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, October 8, 1997.
21. I. William Lane’s book: Conversations with Drs. Folkman and Langer, reported by Dr. Prudden, October 3, 1997; Conversations with Drs. Folkman and Langer, as reported in David Kirchhof and Elisabeth Kirchhof, The Successful Use of Bovine Cartilage in the Treatment of Cancer (Kriegel & Associates, 1995), 14–15.
22. unwarranted claim: I. William Lane and Linda Comac, Sharks Don’t Get Cancer (Avery, 1992), 45; Conversation between Dr. Langer and Dr. Prudden, as reported by Dr. Prudden to Kaayla T. Daniel in telephone interview, October 3, 1997.
23. therapeutic effect: Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, October 3, 1997.
24. Dr. Prudden pointed to the fact: Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, October 3, 1997.
25. Dr. Prudden was intrigued: Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, October 3, 1997.
26. Robert Atkins, MD: Atkins R. Don’t put the cartilage before the horse. Dr. Robert Atkins’s Health Revelations. 1996.4(3):6–7.
27. Alan Gaby, MD: Alan Gaby, Editorial. Townsend Letter for Doctors, April 1994.
28. non-cartilage components of broth: Inamura Y, Koide T, et al. In vivo anti-tumor activities of gelatin. Exp Oncol. 2009.31(3):144–148; Castro GA, Maria DA, et al. In vitro impact of a whey protein isolate (WPI) and collagen hydrolysates (CHs) on B16F10 melanoma cells proliferation. J Dermatol Sci. 2009.56(1):51–57.
29. glucosamine inhibition: Ju Y, Yu A, et al. Glucosamine, a naturally occurring amino monosaccharide, inhibits A549 and H446 cell proliferation by blocking G1/S transition. Mol Med Rep. 2013.8(3):794–798.
30. glucosamine and chondroitin: Kantor ED, Lampe JW, et al. Use of glucosamine and chondroitin supplements and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2013.24(6):1137–1146.
31. It began trials: Romano, C, Lipton A, et al. A phase II study of Catrix-S in solid tumors. J Biol Response Mod. 1985.4(6):585–589.
32. The failure: Kaayla T. Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, October 8, 1997.
33. The dark side of glutamine: Aidan Goggins, “Glutamine and Cancer: What You Need to Know,” Huffpost Lifestyle United Kingdom, February 22, 2013; Vander Heiden MG, Cantley, LC, Thompson CB. Understanding the Warburg Effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science. 2009.324(5930):1029–1033; Wise DR, Thompson CB. Glutamine addiction: a new therapeutic target in cancer. Trends Biochem Sci. 2010.35(8):427–433; Dang CV. Glutaminolysis: supplying carbon or nitrogen or both for cancer cells? Cell Cycle. 2010.9(19):3884–3886; DeBerardinis RJ, Cheng T. Q’s next: the diverse functions of glutamine in metabolism, cell biology and cancer. Oncogene. 2009.29(3):313–324; Shanware N, Mullen AR, et al. Glutamine and cancer. J Mol Med (Berl). 2011.89(3):229–236; Huang W, et al. A proposed role for glutamine in cancer cell growth through acid resistance. Cell Res. 2013.23(5):724–727; Kuhn KS, et al. Glutamine as indispensable nutrient in oncology: experimental and clinical evidence. Eur J Nutr. 2010.49(4):197–210; Kuhn KS, Muscaritoli M, et al. Glutamine as indispensable nutrient in oncology: experimental and clinical evidence. Eur J Nutr. 2010.49(4):197–210; Hensley CT, Wasti AT, DeBerardinis RJ. Glutamine and cancer: cell biology, physiology, and clinical opportunities. J Clin Invest. 2013.123(9):3678–3684; Shanware NP, Mullen AR, et al. Glutamine: pleiotropic roles in tumor growth and stress resistance. Mol Med (Berl). 2011.89(3):229–236; Souba WW. Glutamine and cancer. Ann Surg. 1993.218(6):715–728; Beautheu S, Ouelaa W, et al. Glutamine supplementation, but not combined glutamine and arginine supplementation, improves gut barrier function during chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis in rats. Clin Nutr. 2013 Sep 25. pii: S0261-5614(13)00241-0; Yoshida S, Kaibara A, et al. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients. Nutrition. 2001.17(9):766–768; Ziegler RR. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving bone marrow transplantation and high dose chemotherapy. J Nutr. 2001.131(9 Suppl):2578S–2584S, discussion 2590S.
34. As Dr. Prudden found: Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, October 8, 1997.
35. Dr. Prudden felt it may: Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, October 8, 1997.
36. Dr. Prudden felt massive research was needed: Daniel, interview with Dr. Prudden, October 8, 1997.
1. diagnosable mental disorder: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml; Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry, 2005.62(6):617–627.
2. Chris Masterjohn, PhD: Chris Masterjohn, “Meat, Organs, Bones and Skin: Nutrition for Mental Health,” Wise Traditions, Spring 2013, 35.
3. Moses Maimonides: Fred Rosner, Medicine in the Bible and the Talmud: Selections from Classical Jewish Sources (Ktav, 1995), 136–139; Rosner F. Medical writings of Moses Maimonides. N Y State J Med. 1987.87(12):656–661; J. O. Leibowitz and S. Marcus, Moses Maimonides on the Causes of Symptoms (University of California Press, 1974), 113–114.
4. Rebecca Schwartz, ND, LAc: Rebecca Schwartz, “Medicine in a Bowl,” Blog at Dr. Rebecca Schwartz.com. http://drrebeccashwartz.com/2012/01/04/medicine-in-a-bowl/.
5. One exception is a 2003 study: Zain AM, Syedsahiliamalulail S. Effect of taking chicken essence on stress and cognition of human volunteers. Malays J Nutr. 2003.9(1):19–29.
6. Nathan Gotthoffer, PhD: Nathan R. Gotthoffer, Gelatin in Nutrition and Medicine (Grayslake, 1945), 129–131.
7. Francis Pottenger Jr., MD: Pottenger FM. Hydrophilic colloidal diet. Am J Digest Dis. 1938.5(2):96–99.
8. glycine’s role in glucose manufacture: Alvarado-Basquex N, Zamudio P, et al. Effect of glycine in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003.134(4):521–527; Alvarado-Vásquez N, Lascurain R, et al. Oral glycine administration attenuates diabetic complications in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci. 2006.79(3):225–232; Bahmani F, Bathaie SZ, et al. Glycine therapy inhibits the progression of cataract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Mol Vis. 2012.18:439–448; Lezcano Meza D, Teran Ortiz L, et al. Effect of glycine on the immune response of the experimentally diabetic rats. Rev Alerg Mex. 2006.53(6):212–216; Ramakrishnan S, Sulochana KN, Punitham R. Free lysine, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid reduce the glycation of human lens proteins by galactose. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1997.34:518–523; Gannon MC, Nuttal JA, Nuttal FQ. The metabolic response to ingested glycine, Am J Clin Nutr. 2002.76(6):1302–1307.
9. Glycine also improves sleep quality: Luppi PH, Clement O, et al. New aspects in the pathophysiology of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: the potential role of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glycine. Sleep Med. 2013.14(8):714–718; Bannai M, Kawai N, et al. The effects of glycine on subjective daytime performance in partially sleep-restricted healthy volunteers. Front Neurol. 2012.3:61; Yamadera W, Inagawa K. Glycine ingestion improves subjective sleep quality in human volunteers, correlating with polysomnographic changes. Sleep and Biological Rhythms. 2007.5(2):126–131; Inagawa K, Hiraoka T, Kohda T, Yamadera W, Takahashi M. Subjective effects of glycine ingestion before bedtime on sleep quality. Sleep and Biological Rhythms. 2006.4(1):75–77.
10. Both glycine and glutamine: Cocchi R. Antidepressive properties of I-glutamine: preliminary report. Acta Psychiatr Belg. 1976.76(4):658–666; Young LS, Bye R, et al. Patients receiving glutamine-supplemented intravenous feedings report an improvement in mood. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1993.17(5):422–427; Jukic T, Rojc B, et al. The use of a food supplementation with D-phenylalanine, L-glutamine and L-5-hydroxytriptophan in the alleviation of alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Coll Antropol. 2011.35(4):1225–1230; Cross DR, Kellermann G, et al. A randomized targeted amino acid therapy with behaviourally at-risk adopted children. Child Care Health Dev. 2011.37(5):671–678; R. Cocchi, “Glutamine as the Key Amino Acid in Promoting Cell-Mediated Immunity: 20 Years of Clinical Experience,” Paper presented at the 6th International Congress on Amino Acids, Bonn 1999. http://www.stress-cocchi.net; Newsholm EA, Calder C. The proposed role of glutamine in some cells of the immune system and speculative consequences for the whole animal. Nutrition. 1997.13:728–730.
11. glycine as a neurotransmitter: Levy U, Javitt DC, et al. Efficacy of high-dose glycine in the treatment of enduring negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999.56:29–36.
12. Renato Cocchi, MD, PhD: Cocchi, Antidepressive properties of I-glutamine; Cocchi, “Glutamine as the Key Amino Acid.”
13. glutamate, which is excitatory: Russell Blaylock, Excitotoxins: The Taste That Kills (Health Press, 1996); Russell Blaylock, Health and Nutrition Secrets, rev. ed. (Health Press, 2006); Kelly A, Stanley CA. Disorders of glutamate metabolism. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2001.7:287–295.
14. Glutamine supplements: Young et al., Patients receiving glutamine-supplemented intravenous feedings.
1. High-protein diets: Kaayla T. Daniel, The Whole Soy Story: The Dark Side of America’s Favorite Health Food (New Trends, 2005).
2. Randy Roach: Randy Roach, Muscle, Smoke and Mirrors, vol. 1 (AuthorHouse, 2008); Randy Roach, Muscle, Smoke and Mirrors, vol. 2 (Author House, 2011); Randy Roach, “Splendid Specimens: The History of Nutrition in Bodybuilding,” Wise Traditions, Fall 2004. http://www.westonaprice.org/mens-health/splendid-specimens.
3. Bovril ads: Bovril, Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovril; Google Images, Vintage Bovril advertisements.
4. Walter Meredith Boothby, MD: Boothby WM, Adams M, Power MH, et al. Myasthenia gravis: second report on the effect of treatment with gycine. Mayo Clin Proc. 1932.1:1200–1201; Manwaring WH. Editorial comment: GLYCIN and muscular fatigue. Cal West Med. 1939.51(1):9; Keesey JC. A history of treatments for myasthenia gravis. Semin Neurol. 2004.24(1):5–16.
5. Dr. Boothby’s finding was confirmed: Nathan R. Gotthoffer, Gelatin in Nutrition and Medicine (Grayslake, 1945), 45–46.
6. Professor Lazar Remen: Freedman S. Anti-Semitism and the history of myasthenia gravis. IMAJ. April 2010.12:195–197; Ohry, A. Dir Lazar Remen (1907–74): a forgotten pioneer in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. J Med Biography. 2009.17(2):73.
7. Regidius M. Kaczmarek: Kaczmarek RM. Effect of gelatin on the work output of male athletes and non athletes and girl subjects. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. 1940.11(4):110–119.
8. Russell Morse Wilder, MD: Randall G. Sprague, “Russell Morse Wilder Sr (1885–1959).” http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/9/5/419.full.pdf+html.
9. glycine-endurance controversy: Wilder quoted in Gotthoffer, Gelatin, 57.
10. One such effort: Gotthoffer, Gelatin, 52–53.
11. Nathan Gotthoffer, PhD: Gotthoffer, Gelatin, 48.
12. results of bodybuilders: Roach, Muscle, Smoke and Mirrors, Vol. 1.
13. Milk contains glutamine, glycine, and proline: Emilia H, Manso H, et al. Glutamine and glutamate supplementation raise milk glutamine concentrations in lactating gilts, J Animal Sci Biotechnol. 2012.3(1):2.
14. In 1985, researchers concluded: Minuskin M, et al. Nitrogen retention, muscle creatine and orotic acid excretion in traumatized rats fed arginine and glycine enriched diets. J Nutr. 1981.3(7):1265–1274.
15. Another popular supplement among athletes: Mason BC, Lavallee ME. Emerging supplements in sports. Sports Health. 2012.4(2):142–146; Clarkson P, Hubal M. Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002.81:52–69; Cruzat VF, Rogero MM, Tirapegui J. Effects of supplementation with free glutamine and the dipeptide alanyl-glutamine on parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in rats submitted to prolonged exercise. J Cell Biochem Funct. 2010.28:24–30; Kreider RB. Dietary supplements and the promotion of muscle growth with resistance exercise. Sports Med. 1999.27:97–110; Phillips GC. Glutamine: the nonessential amino acid for performance enhancement. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2007.6(4):265–268.
16. glutamine supplements: Reinhard Schrieber and Herbert Gareis, Gelatine Handbook: Theory and Industrial Practice (Wiley, 2007), 230.
17. glutamine supports the immune system: Newsholme EA. Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, post-injury, surgery, or infection. J Nutr. 2001.131:2515–2522; Newsholme P, Curi R, et al. Glutamine metabolism by lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils: its importance in health and disease. J Nutr Biochem. 1999.10(6):316–324; Newsholme EA. The possible role of glutamine in some cells of the immune system and the possible consequence for the whole animal. Experientia. 1996.52(5):455–459; Bongers T, Griffiths RD, McArdle A. Exogenous glutamine: the clinical evidence. Crit Care Med. 2007.35(9 Suppl):S545–S552; Kelly D, Wischmeyer PE. Role of L-glutamine in critical illness: new insights. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003.6(2):217–222; Wischmeyer PE. Clinical applications of L-glutamine: past, present, and future. Nutr Clin Pract. 2003.18(5):377–385; Kim H. Glutamine as an immunonutrient. Yonsei Med J. 2011.52(6):892–897; Tiader I, Berg A, Wernerman J. Exogenous glutamine—compensating a shortage? Crit Care Med. 2007.35(9 Suppl):S553–S556.
18. neurotransmitter GABA: Powers M. GABA supplementation and growth hormone response. Med Sport Sci. 2012.59:36–46; Cavagnini F, Invitti C, et al. Effect of acute and repeated administration of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in man. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1980.93(2):149–154; Cavagnini F, Benetti G, et al. Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in man: influence of pimozide and domperidone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1980.51(4):789–792.
19. collagen hydrolysate: Schrieber and Gareis, Gelatine Handbook, 305; Michael Teppner, ed., Collagen Hydrolysate and Its Relationship to Joint Health: A Scientific Compendium (Gelita Health Initiative, 2004); Clark KL, Sebastianell W, et al. 24-week study on the use of collagen hydrolysate as a dietary supplement in athletes with activity-related joint pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008.24(5):1485–1496.
20. The usual treatment: Gary S. Firestein, Ralph C. Budd, et al., Kelley’s Textbook of Rheumatology, 9th ed. (Saunders, 2012), 883.
21. William Campbell Douglass II, MD: William Campbell Douglass II, “Super-charge Your Muscle without Strenuous Exercise,” The Douglass Report: Real Health News from Medicine’s Most Notorious Myth-Buster. October 13, 2013.
1. Linus Pauling, PhD: Linus Pauling, How to Live Longer and Feel Better (Avon, 1987), 143.
2. Currently 65 percent of Americans: Centers for Disease Control, “Health, United States, 2012, table 63.” http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus12.pdf#063; “U.S. Weight Loss Market Forecast to Hit $66 Billion in 2013: Growth to Improve Due to Pent-up Demand,” Finds Marketdata Enterprises (PRWEB), December 31, 2012. http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/12/prweb10278281.htm.
3. This surprising finding: Flegal KM, Kit BK, et al. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard boyd mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013.309(1):71–82; Flegal KM, Graubard BI, et al. Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight and obesity. JAMA. 2005.293(15):1861–1867; Vitousek KM, Gray, JA, Grubbs KM. Caloric restriction for longevity, 1: Paradigm, protocols and physiological findings in animal research. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. 2004.12:279–299.
4. David Weeks, MD: David Weeks and Jamie James, Secrets of the Superyoung (Villard, 1998).
5. Dr. Prudden’s least known research: Prudden JF, Balassa L. The biological activity of bovine cartilage preparation: a clinical demonstration of their potent anti-inflammatory capacity with supplementary notes on certain relevant fundamental supportive studies. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1974.3(4):187–321; Elson ML. The anti-inflammatory effect of bovine cartilage preparation on Retin-A irritation. J Dermatol Treatment, 1993.4:45–46.
6. Cartilage cream and suppositories: Prudden, Balassa, The biological activity.
7. Dr. Prudden performed no studies: Kaayla T. Daniel, telephone interviews with Dr. Prudden, September 14 and 19, 1997.
8. Moses Maimonides: Fred Rosner, Medicine in the Bible and the Talmud: Selections from Classical Jewish Sources (Ktav, 1995), 137–139.
9. famous cookbook published in Naples: Ken Albala, Food in Early Modern Europe (Greenwood, 2003), 32.
10. velvet deer antler: Gilbey A, Perezgonzalez JD. Health benefits of deer and elk velvet antler supplements: a systematic review of randomised controlled studies. N Z Med J. 2012.125(1367):80–86; Li C, Suttie JM. Histological studies of pedicle skin formation and its transformation to antler velvet in red deer (Cervus elaphus). Anat Rec. 2000.260(1):62–71; Price JS, Fauceux C, Allen S. Deer antlers as a model of mammalian regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2005.67:1–48; Price JS, Allen S, et al. Deer antlers: a zoological curiosity or the key to understanding organ regeneration in mammals? J Anat. 2005.207(5):603–618; Wu F, Li H, et al. Deer antler base as a traditional Chinese medicine: a review of its traditional uses, chemistry and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013.145(2):403–415; Park HJ, Lee DH, et al. Proteome analysis of red deer antlers. Proteomics. 2004.4(11):3642–3653.
11. Broth for Cellulite: Avram MM. Cellulite: a review of its physiology and treatment. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2004.6(4):181–185; L. Kravitz and B. S. Achenbach, “Cellulite: A Review of Its Anatomy, Physiology and Treatment.” http://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/cellulite2.html; Rosenbaum M, Prieto V, et al. An exploratory investigation of the morphology and biochemistry of cellulite. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 1998.101:1934–1939; Katherine Harman, “Is Cellulite Forever?” Scientific American, May 4, 2009. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-cellulite-forever/; Hexsel D, Siega C, et al. A comparative study of the anatomy of adipose tissue in areas with and without raised lesions of cellulite using magnetic resonance imaging. Dermatol Surg. 2013.39(12):1877–1886; Pierard GE, Nizet JL, and Pierard-Franchimont C. Cellulite: from standing fat herniation to hypodermal stretch marks. American J Dermatopathology. 2000.22(1):34–37; Rawlings AV. Cellulite and its treatment. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2006.28(3):175–190; Pierard-Franchimont C, Pierard GE, et al. A randomized placeobo-controlled trial of topical retinol in the treatment of cellulite. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2000.1(6):369–374; Lionel Bisson, The Cellulite Cure (Meso Press, 2006), 3–4; Rossi AB, Vergnanini AL. Cellulite: a review. J Eur Acad Dematolo Veneroel. 2000.14(4):251–262; Wanner M, Avram M. An evidence-based assessment of treatments for cellulite. J Drugs in Dermat. 2008.7(4):341–345.
1. become entangled: Harold McGee, On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, rev. upd. ed. (Scribner, 2004), 603.
2. Meat contains only: McGee, On Food and Cooking, 598.
3. more cross-linked collagen: McGee, On Food and Cooking, 598.
4. The cold start: McGee, On Food and Cooking, 600.