eBook4283-16.html

Prologue

1. Face the Nation, transcript, CBSNew.com, October 13, 2013, cbsnews.com/8301-3460_162-57607292/face-the-nation-transcripts-october-13-2013-schumer-mccain-ayotte-huelskamp/?pageNum=2.

2. Abraham Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address,” Bartleby.com, bartleby.com/124/pres32.html.

3. “VA History in Brief,” United States Department of Veterans Affairs, va.gov/opa/publications/archives/docs/history_in_brief.pdf.

4. James Dao, “Veterans Report G.I. Bill Fund Delays,” New York Times, September 24, 2009, nytimes.com/2009/09/25/education/25vets.html?_r=0.

5. Ed O’Keefe, “Federal Diary: Post-9/11 GI Bill Problems Dog VA,” Washington Post, October 7, 2009, washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/06/AR2009100603681.html.

6. Peter Nicholas, “Rahm Emanuel’s Old-school Style Was Key to New Presidency,” Los Angeles Times, October 1, 2010, articles.latimes.com/2010/oct/01/nation/la-na-rahm-assess-20101001/2.

7. “New Technology Used For Streamlining Data” Washington Post, September 23, 2009, washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/ 2009/09/22/AR2009092202424.html.

8. Obama Inaugural Address, January 20, 2009, nytimes.com/2009/01/20/us/politics/20text-obama.html.

9. Steve Hamm, “Obama’s Big Gov SWAT Team,” Bloomberg Businessweek, November 25, 2009, businessweek.com/magazine/content/09_49/b4158044764871.htm.

10. “New Automation Process Cuts Post-9/11 GI Bill Claims Processing Times by More Than Half,” United States Department of Veterans Affairs, last modified March 13, 2013, va.gov/opa/pressrel/pressrelease.cfm?id=2432.

11. Peter Orszag, “Modernizing Government,” WhiteHouse.gov, last modified January 14, 2010, whitehouse.gov/omb/blog/10/01/14/Modernizing-Government.

12. “Remarks by the President at Opening Session of the Forum on Modernizing Government,” WhiteHouse.gov, last modified January 14, 2010,whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-opening-session-forum-modernizing-government.

13. “Keynoting at the OGD Camp 2011 . . . Andrew Rasiej!” Open Knowledge Foundation Blog, last modified October 12, 2011, blog.okfn.org/2011/10/12/keynoting-at-the-ogd-camp-2011-andrew-rasiej.

Chapter 1

1. “Publication 100—The United States Postal Service—An American History 1775–2006: The Pony Express,” USPS.com, last modified November 2012, about.usps.com/publications/pub100/pub100_013.htm.

2. Leroy R. Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1849–1869: Promoter of Settlement Precursor of Railroads, p. 166.

3. Michael Lind, Land of Promise: An Economic History of the United States, Harper Reprint edition (April 9, 2013) amazon.com/Land-Promise-Economic-History-United/dp/0061834815/ref=cm_cr_pr_product_top.

4. Michael Lind, Land of Promise: An Economic History of the United States (New York: Harper, 2013).

5. Cynthia Monaco, “The Difficult Birth of the Typewriter,” American Heritage’s Invention & Technology 4, no. 1 (Spring/Summer 1988), 50.57.231.74/IT/content/difficult-birth-typewriter-1?page=6.

6. “The Federal Civil Service and the Death of President James A. Garfield,” The Garfield Observer, last modified September 21, 2012, garfieldnps.wordpress.com/2012/09/21/the-federal-civil-service-and-the-death-of-president-james-a-garfield.

7. Abbrevations for Securities and Exchange Commission, Federal Communications Commission, Civil Aeronautics Board, National Labor Relations Board, National Recovery Administration, Works Progress Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps.

8. “Distrust, Discontent, Anger and Partisan Rancor: The People and Their Government,” Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, last modified April 18, 2010, people-press.org/2010/04/18/section-1-trust-in-government-1958-2010.

9. Seymour Martin Lipset and William Schneider, “The Decline of Confidence in American Institutions,” Political Science Quarterly 98, no. 3 (Autumn 1983): 379–402, http://www.planethan.com/drupal/sites/default/files/The-Decline-of-Confidence-in-American-Institutions-By-Lipset-Seymour-Martin-and-Schneider-William-Political-Science-Quarterly-Fall83-Vol-98-Issue3p379.p

10. The National Commission on Excellence in Education, “A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform, A Report to the Nation and the Secretary of Education,” United States Department of Education, April 1983, scribd.com/doc/49151492/A-Nation-at-Risk.

11. Ben J. Wattenberg, Values Matter Most (New York: Free Press, 2007) 22.

12. Sally R. Sherman, “Public Attitudes Toward Social Security,” Social Security Bulletin 52, no.12 (December 1989), ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v52n12/v52n12p2.pdf.

13. D. Andrew Austin and Mindy R. Levit, “Mandatory Spending Since 1962,” Congressional Research Service, March 23, 2012, fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33074.pdf.

14. “Public Trust in Government: 1958–2013,” Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, October 18, 2013, people-press.org/2013/10/18/trust-in-government-interactive/. And William A. Galston and Elaine C. Kamarck, “Change You Can Believe in Starts with a Government You Can Trust,” Third Way, thirdway.org/publications/133.

15. See Kenneth S. Baer, “The Spirit of ’78, Stayin’ Alive,” Washington Post, July 13, 2008, articles.washingtonpost.com/2008-07-13/opinions/36901048_1_tax-rates-tax-increases-property-taxes. On the larger, worldwide movement toward markets, see: Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy (New York: Touchstone, 1998).

16. Ronald Reagan, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1981, reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1981/12081a.htm.

17. For a summary of the Grace Commisison, see Milton Friedman, “Why Government Is the Problem,” Wriston Lecture, Manhattan Institute, 1991, manhattan-institute.org/html/wl1991.htm.

18. On Pinkerton and the New Paradigm, see Mickey Kaus, “Paradigm’s Loss,” The New Republic 27 (July 1992): 16–22.

19. Richard Darman quotes per nytimes.com/1990/11/17/us/darman-says-bush-is-exploring-shift-in-benefits.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm and nytimes.com/1993/02/28/magazine/how-jack-kemp-lost-the-war-on-poverty.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.

20. Jim Pinkerton, What Comes Next: The End of Big Government—and the New Paradigm Ahead (New York: Hyperion, 1995), amazon.com/What-Comes-Next-Government-Paradigm/dp/0786861053.

21. John Tamny, “What Parkinson’s Law Says About Federal Spending,” RealClearMarkets.com, last modified March 29, 2013, realclearmarkets.com/articles/2011/03/29/what_parkinsons_law_says_about_federal_spending_98934.html.

22. Elaine C. Kamarck, The End of Government As We Know It: Making Public Policy Work (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007).

23. Mickey Kaus, End of Equality (New York: Basic Books, 1993)

24. Peter F. Drucker, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (New York: Harper 1985).

25. David Osborne and Ted Gaebler, Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming the Private Sector (New York: Plume, 1993), 17.

26. On the impetus for reform and the REGO movement, see Elaine C. Kamarck, The End of Government As We Know It: Making Public Policy Work (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007); David Osborne and Ted Gaebler, Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming the Public Sector (New York: Penguin, 1992); Morley Winograd and Dudley Buffa, Taking Control: Politics in the Information Age (New York: Henry Holt 1996).

27. On the rise of the New Democrats, see Kenneth S. Baer, Reinventing Democrats: The Politics of Liberalism from Reagan to Clinton (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2000).

28. Bill Clinton and Al Gore, Putting People First: How We Can All Change America (New York: Times Books, 1992).

29. Quoted in James Pinkerton, What Comes Next: The End of Big Government—and the New Paradigm Ahead (New York: Hyperion, 1995), 82.

30. For an early assessment of REGO, see Donald F. Kettl, Reinventing Government: A Fifth-Year Report Card. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, September 1998.

31. James Fairhall, “The Case for the $435 Hammer,” The Free Library, January, 1, 1987, thefreelibrary.com/The case for the $435 hammer.-a04619906.

32. Paul Light, “Fact Sheet on the New True Size of Government,” the Brookings Institution, September 5, 2003, brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2003/9/05politics%20light/light20030905.pdf.

33. For details on REGO’s accomplishments, see Al Gore, The Best Kept Secrets in Government: How the Clinton Administration is Reinventing How Washington Works. (New York: Random House, 1996).

34. See President George W. Bush’s budget, “A Blueprint for New Beginnings,” (FY 2002): 179, gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BUDGET-2002-BLUEPRINT/pdf/BUDGET-2002-BLUEPRINT.pdf.

35. Christie Dickson, “Christie Dickson’s SAVE Award Story,” WhiteHouse.gov, last modified December 17, 2009, whitehouse.gov/blog/2009/12/17/christie-dicksons-save-award-story.

36. George Washington, “Circular to the States, 8 June 1783,” Writings 26: 484–89.

Chapter 2

1. Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, a.k.a. the Hart-Cellar Act, H.R. 2580; Pub. L. No. 89–236, 79 Stat. 911 (1965), library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/1965_immigration_and_nationality_act .html.

2. Martin Tolchin, “Retreat in Congress; The Catastrophic-Care Debacle—A special report.; How the New Medicare Law Fell on Hard Times in a Hurry,” New York Times, last modified October 10, 1989, nytimes.com/1989/10/09/us/retreat-congress-catastrophic-care-debacle-special-report-new-medicare-law-fell.html.

3. K. Desmond, J. Gabel, and T. Rice, “The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act: A Post-Mortem,” Health Affairs 9, no. 3 (1990): 75–87, content.healthaffairs.org/content/9/3/75.full.pdf.

4. “1993: The Graphical WWW is Born with the Release of NCSA Mosaic,” CED in the History of Media, cedmagic.com/history/mosaic-1993.html.

5. “A Technical History of the ARPANET,” Think: Technical Histories of Network Protocols, last modified January 29, 2010, cs.utexas.edu/users/chris/think/ARPANET.

6. “With Tears in His Eyes, He Recalls Nehru’s ‘Tryst with Destiny’ Speech,” Hindustan Times, last modified August 15, 2010, hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/With-tears-in-eyes-he-recalls-Nehru-s-tryst-with-destiny-speech/Article1-587065.aspx.

Chapter 3

1. “Governor Kaine Announces Partnership with Google to Improve Citizen Access to Digital Government,” Library of Virginia, Governor Timothy Kaine Administration Collection, last modified June 23, 2009, wayback.archive-it.org/263/20091025151045/https://governor.virginia.gov/MediaRelations/NewsReleases/viewRelease.cfm?id=400&printpage=Yes.

2. “2007 Session of the General Assembly: Science and Technology Legislative Update,” the Virginia Joint Commission on Technology and Science, dls.virginia.gov/commission/Materials/Tech%20Legislation%20Update%202007.pdf.

3. “Cloud,” Cio.gov, last modified 2013, cio.gov/building-a-21st-century-government/cloud.

4. Matthew S. Olson, Stall Points: Most Companies Stop Growing —Yours Doesn’t Have To (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), amazon.com/Stall-Points-Companies-Growing-Yours-Doesnt/dp/0300158513.

5. “The Last Kodak Moment?,” The Economist, January 14, 2012, economist.com/node/21542796.

6. “Addressing the Education, Skill, and Workforce Needs of Adults without a High School Diploma or Equivalent: Report of the Virginia Adult Learning Panel, Report to the Governor, September 2008, leg2.state.va.us/dls/h&sdocs.nsf/By+Year/RD4162008/$file/RD416.pdf.

7. PluggedIn VA, last modified October 31, 2013, pluggedinva.com.

8. “Virginia STAR—Index,” Virginia Star, 2013, vastar.schoolfusion.us.

9. “Government Funding and Service Relationships,” Council on Virginia’s Future, no 7 (August 2011), future.virginia.gov/docs/IssueInsights/Insight%207-GovtFundingandServiceRelationships-Web.pdf.

10. “Reproductive Health: Preterm Birth,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, last modified October 30, 2013, cdc.gov/ reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pretermbirth.htm.

11. Productivity Investment Fund, last modified 2011, pif.virginia.gov/programs.shtml.

Chapter 4

1. David Leonhardt, “Obamanomics,” New York Times Magazine, August 20, 2008, nytimes.com/2008/08/24/magazine/24Obamanomics-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

2. “Obama’s Speech on the Economy,” New York Times, last modified January 8, 2009, nytimes.com/2009/01/08/us/politics/08text-obama.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

3. “Track the Money: Recipient Projects,” Recovery.gov, last modified October 30, 2013, recovery.gov/Transparency/RecipientReportedData/Pages/RecipientReportedDataMap.aspx.

4. Mary Le Carnevale, “White House Launches Recovery.gov to Track Stimulus Spending,” Wall Street Journal, February 17, 2009, blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2009/02/17/white-house-launches-recoverygov-to-track-stimulus-spending.

5. “President Obama Discusses Efforts to Reform Spending, Government Waste; Names Chief Performance Officer and Chief Technology Officer,” WhiteHouse.gov, transcript of the President’s weekly address, April 18, 2009, last modified April 18, 2009, whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Weekly-Address-President-Obama-Discusses-Efforts-to-Reform-Spending.

6. Tim O’Reilly, “Why Aneesh Chopra Is a Great Choice for Federal CTO,” O’Reilly Radar, April 18, 2009, radar.oreilly.com/2009/04/aneesh-chopra-great-federal-cto.html.

7. Nominations to the Department of Transportation, the Executive Office of the President, and the Department of Commerce Hearing, Before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 111th Cong. (May 19, 2009), gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111shrg54288/html/CHRG-111shrg54288.htm.

8. “Stumble Safely,” Apps for Democracy: Community Edition, last modified November, 12, 2008, appsfordemocracy.org/stumble-safely.

9. “Crowdsourcing,” m-w.com, merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crowdsourcing.

10. Beth Noveck, “Open Government Directive, Phase III: Drafting,” WhiteHouse.gov, June 22, 2009, whitehouse.gov/blog/Open-Government-Directive-Phase-III-Drafting.

11. See whitehouse.gov/innovation.

12. “Remarks by the President on Innovation and Sustainable Growth,” WhiteHouse.gov, September 21, 2009, whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-on-Innovation-and-Sustainable-Growth-at-Hudson-Valley-Community-College.

13. “Remarks by the President at the Opening Session of the Forum on Modernizing Government,” WhiteHouse.gov, January 14, 2010, whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-opening-session-forum-modernizing-government.

14. Kate Andersen Brower and Julianna Goldman, “Obama Says ‘Progress’ Made in CEO Meeting on Fueling Economy,” Bloomberg.com, December 16, 2010, bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-15/obama-says-progress-was-made-in-meeting-on-economy-with-chief-executives.html.

15. “Remarks by the President at the Signing of the America Invents Act,” WhiteHouse.gov, September 16, 2011, whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/16/remarks-president-signing-america-invents-act.

16. “Remarks by the President at JOBS Act Bill Signing,” WhiteHouse.gov, April 5, 2012, whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/04/05/remarks-president-jobs-act-bill-signing.

17. Jesse Lee, “The President on the National Wireless Initiative: ‘We’re Going to Have to Up Our Game, Marquette,’” WhiteHouse.gov, February 10, 2011, whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/02/10/president-national-wireless-initiative-we-re-going-have-our-game-marquette.

18. “Designing a Digital Future: Federally Funded Research and Development in Networking and Information Technology,” President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, December 2010, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-nitrd-report-2010.pdf.

19. “Obama Administration Unveils ‘Big Data’ Initiative: Announces $200 Million in New R&D Investments,” Office of Science and Technology Policy, March 29, 2012, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/big_data_press_release_final_2.pdf.

20. “Fact Sheet: Big Data Across the Federal Government,” Office of Science and Technology Policy, March 29, 2012, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/big_data_fact_sheet_final.pdf.

21. Aneesh Chopra, “Memorandum for the Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology: Open Innovator’s Toolkit,” WhiteHouse.gov, February 8, 2012, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/openinnovatortoolkit_nstcmemo.pdf.

22. Larry Huston and Nabil Sakkab, “P&G’s New Innovation Model,” Harvard Business School, last modified March 30, 2006, hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/5258.html.

23. Beth Stackpole, “P&G Offers Free Simulation Software to SMB Manufacturers,” Design News, last modified July 6, 2011, designnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=230931.

24. “Partnering with the World to Create Greater Value,” P&G.com, pg.com/en_US/downloads/innovation/C_D_factsheet.pdf.

25. Carl Marinucci, “Tech Leaders Upbeat about Jobs as Debt Drama Ends,” SFGate, August 2, 2011, sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Tech-leaders-upbeat-about-jobs-as-debt-drama-ends-2336748.php.

26. “New TechNet Sponsored Study: Nearly 500,000 ‘App Economy’ Jobs in the United States,” TechNet.org, February 7, 2012, technet.org/new-technet-sponsored-study-nearly-500000-app-economy-jobs-in-united-states-february-7-2012.

27. Friedrich A. Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge in Society,” Library of Economics and Liberty, 1945: econlib.org/library/Essays/hykKnw1.html.

28. “The Meeting at Harvard on a Health Information Technology Platform: Executive Summaries,” September 29, 2009, smartplatforms.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/HMS-HIT-Platform-final-v110909-1.pdf.

29. “Open Data: Unlocking Innovation & Performance with Liquid Information,” McKinsey Global Institute October 2013.

30. Aneesh Chopra, “Memorandum for the Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology: Open Innovator’s Toolkit,” WhiteHouse.gov, February 8, 2012, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/openinnovatortoolkit_nstcmemo.pdf.

31. Thomas Jefferson, “First Inaugural Address,” Bartleby.com, bartleby.com/124/pres16.html.

Chapter 5

1. “Weather Observations,” Monticello, monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/weather-observations.

2. The passages on the history of weather derive from several sources, including: “Evolution of the National Weather Service,” NOAA’s National Weather Service, last modified April 19, 2013, nws.noaa.gov/pa/history/timeline.php; “History of the National Weather Service,” NOAA’s National Weather Service, last modified January 25, 2012, nws.noaa.gov/pa/history/index.php; “A History of Observing the Weather,” NOAA.gov, last modified May 31, 2007, celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/weather_obs/#earlyyear.

3. Frank Millikan, “Joseph Henry’s Grand Meteorological Crusade,” Weatherwise 50 (October–November 1997): 14–18, siarchives.si.edu/history/jhp/joseph03.htm.

4. Lisa Rein, “Civil War Gave Birth to Much of Modern Federal Government,” Washington Post, October 7, 2011, articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-10-07/lifestyle/35279330_1_federal-government-civil-war-federal-employees.

5. “About DOJ,” The United States Department of Justice, last modified March 2012, justice.gov/about/about.html.

6. “Benjamin Harrison: First Annual Message, December 3, 1889,” Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, eds., the American Presidency Project Online, presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29530.

7. “Fair Weather: Effective Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services,” Committee on Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services and Committee on Geophysical and Environmental Data, National Research Council, 2003, nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10610&page=57.

8. Holly Doremus, “Time to Make NOAA Official,” LegalPlanet, January 29, 2010, legalplanet.wordpress.com/2010/01/29/time-to-make-noaa-official.

9. Frank Konkel, “NOAA’s Budget Boost Could Help Weather Satellite Program,” FCW.com, April 11, 2013, fcw.com/articles/2013/04/11/noaa-budget.aspx.

10. “About Us,” CompuWeather.com, 2013, compuweather.com/about-us.

11. The passage relating to NOAA’s private sector policies derive from the following: National Weather Service, Policy on Industrial Meteorology, National Weather Service Operations Manual (78–24, Part A, Chapter 55, 1978) 1–3; “Policy on Partnerships in the Provision of Environmental Information,” NOAA.gov, noaa.gov/partnershippolicy/; Bill Kearny, “Fair Weather: Public vs. Private Forecasting,” The National Academies In Focus 3, no. 1 (Winter–Spring 2003), infocusmagazine.org/3.1/env_weather.html; Committee on Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services et al., Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services, Appendix B (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2003), nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10610&page=121.

12. “National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD) Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) Web Service,” graphical.weather.gov, last modified October 4, 2011, graphical.weather.gov/xml.

Jeremy Zawodny, “XML Weather Data Available,” Jeremy Zawodny’s Blog, December 6, 2004, jeremy.zawodny.com/blog/archives/003201.html.

David Bollier, “Open Source Weather,” On the Commons, December 9, 2004, onthecommons.org/open-source-weather.

13. Richard Mandel and Erik Noyes, “Beyond the NWS: Inside the Thriving Private Weather Forecasting Industry,” Weatherwise.org, 2010, weatherwise.org/Archives/Back%20Issues/2013/January-February%202013/beyond-nws-full.html.

14. “The Weather Channel Apps Rank in Top 10 for iPad, iPhone,” Weather.com, May 3, 2013, weather.com/news/twc-apps-ipad-iphone-20130503.

15. Sam Roberts, “New Figure for 2010 Census: $1.6 Billion Under Budget,” New York Times, August 10, 2010, nytimes.com/2010/08/11/us/politics/11census.html.

16. Michael Lind, Land of Promise: An Economic History of the United States (New York: Harper, 2013).

17. Michael R. Lemov, People’s Warrior: John Moss and the Fight for Freedom of Information and Consumer Rights (Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2011), amazon.com/Peoples-Warrior-Freedom-Information-Consumer/dp/161147471X.

18. “History of FOIA,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, eff.org/issues/transparency/history-of-foia.

19. “Open Government Directive: Evaluating HHS Progress,” United States Department of Health and Human Services, hhs.gov/open/plan/actions.html.

20. Aneesh Chopra, “The Race to the Top for Openness and Innovation: Announcing Agency Open Government Plan Leading Practices,” WhiteHouse.gov, August 12, 2010, whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/08/12/race-top-openness-and-innovation-announcing-agency-open-government-plan-leading-prac.

21. Roni Zeiger, “Making U.S. Community Health Data Accessible and Useful,” Google Public Policy Blog, last modified June 2, 2010, googlepublicpolicy.blogspot.com/2010/06/making-us-community-health-data.html.

22. More information relating to the use of open health data can be found at “Health Data Initiative Starter Kit,” HealthData.gov, last modified January 5, 2012, healthdata.gov/health-data-initiative-starter-kit; Mike Painter, “Lightning Strikes Datapalooza,” Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, June 5, 2012, rwjf.org/en/blogs/pioneering-ideas/2012/06/lightning_strikesda.html.

23. David Maris, “Bon Jovi’s Next Hit Could Be an App for the Homeless,” Forbes.com, June 6, 2012, forbes.com/sites/davidmaris/2012/06/06/bon-jovi-rocks-health-datapalooza.

24. Dylan Scott, “2012 Health Datapalooza Takes Pulse of Open Data Movement,” Governing, June 6, 2012, governing.com/news/technology/gov-2012-health-datapalooza-takes-pulse-of-open-data-movement.html.

25. Kathleen Sebelius and Todd Park, “Entrepreneurs and Innovators Rock 3rd Annual Health Datapalooza,” WhiteHouse.gov, June 18, 2012. whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/06/18/entrepreneurs-and-innovators-rock-3rd-annual-health-datapalooza.

26. Scott Pace, et al., “Appendix B: GPS History, Chronology, and Budgets,” The Global Positioning System: Assessing National Policies, last modified September 28, 2012, cs.cmu.edu/~sensing-sensors/readings/GPS_History-MR614.appb.pdf.

27. Material for the section on GPS derives from multiple sources, including: Catherine Alexandrow, “The Story of GPS,” DARPA: 50 Years of Bridging the Gap (U.S. Department of Defense and Faircount Media Group, Tampa, FL, 2008), darpa.mil/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2565; Thomas B. McCaskill, “Overview,” GPS Inventor, gpsinventor.com/; Office of Science and Technology Policy, “Fact Sheet: U.S. Global Positioning System Policy,” March 29, 1996, clinton4.nara.gov/textonly/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/gps-factsheet.html; Office of Science and Technology Policy, “President Clinton: Improving the Civilian Global Positioning System (GPS),” May 1, 2000, clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/0053_4.html; Office of Science and Technology Policy, “Fact Sheet: U.S. Global Positioning System Policy,” March 29, 1996, clinton4.nara.gov/textonly/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/gps-factsheet.html.

28. Information on the economic aspects of GPS derives from the following sources: “Fiscal Year 2013 Program Funding,” GPS.gov, last modified May 22, 2013, gps.gov/policy/funding/2013/; Nam D. Pham, PhD, “The Economic Benefits of Commercial GPS Use in the U.S. and the Costs of Potential Disruption,” NDPConsulting.com, June 2011, saveourgps.org/pdf/GPS-Report-June-22-2011.pdf.

29. “David Van Sickle,” WhiteHouse.gov, whitehouse.gov/champions/technology-and-innovation/david-van-sickle.

30. “Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP),” The World Bank, last modified 2013, data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.TOTL.ZS.

31. “An Innovative Device to Detect Patterns of Asthma and Improve Treatment,” Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, July 6, 2011, rwjf.org/content/rwjf/en/about-rwjf/newsroom/newsroom-content/2011/07/an-innovative-device-to-detect-patterns-of-asthma-and-improve-tr.html.

32. Rip Empson, “Asthmapolis Wants to Hack the Inhaler and Help 26 Million Americans Better Track and Manage Their Asthma,” TechCrunch.com, techcrunch.com/2013/04/05/asthmapolis-wants-to-hack-the-inhaler-and-help-26-million-americans-better-track-and-manage-their-asthma.

33. Material for Champions of Change is derived from Aneesh Chopra, “Open Government to Solve Problems: Meet Champions of the Open Innovation Movement,” WhiteHouse.gov, August 2, 2011, whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/08/02/open-government-solve-problems-meet-champions-open-innovation-movement; “White House Champions of Change—Open Innovators Event,” Kids Play Guide, June 15, 2011, kidsplayguide.com/mommapsblog/2011/06/white-house-champions-of-change-open-innovators-event/; “Champions of Change: Winning the Future Across America,” WhiteHouse.gov, whitehouse.gov/champions.

34. “White House Champions of Change—Open Innovators Event,” Kids Play Guide, June 15, 2011, kidsplayguide.com/mommapsblog/2011/06/white-house-champions-of-change-open-innovators-event.

35. Material for the section on the Federal Register was supplemented by the following sources: Christine Pierpoint, “Federal Register 2.0 Is The Real Deal,” Welchman Pierpoint, July 29, 2010, welchmanpierpoint.com/blog/federal-register-20-real-deal; “About Us, or Our Pursuit of Free Data,” Critical Juncture, criticaljuncture.org/about-us.html; Paul Blumenthal, “Apps for America 2 Winners,” Sunlight Foundation, September 10, 2009, sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2009/09/10/apps-for-america-2-winners/; Tom Lee, “Meet the New Federal Register,” Sunlight Foundation, July 26, 2010, sunlightlabs.com/blog/2010/meet-the-new-federal-register.

36. “Resolution Celebrating the 75th Anniversary of the Federal Register Act,” American Association of Law Libraries, July 8, 2010, aallnet.org/main-menu/Leadership-Governance/resolutions/resolution-registeract.html.

37. “Transcript of Obama’s Remarks to the U.N. General Assembly,” Wall Street Journal, September 23, 2010, blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2010/09/23/transcript-of-obamas-remarks-to-the-un-general-assembly.

38. “Remarks by the President at Open Government and Technology Exposition,” the White House, November 7, 2010, whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/07/remarks-president-open-government-and-technology-exposition.

39. “Medicare Provider Charge Data,” CMS.gov, last modified October 29, 2013, cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/Medicare-Provider-Charge-Data/index.html.

40. Information on San Francisco’s open data efforts was derived from the following sources: “Open Gov: San Francisco Strengthens Open Data Commitment,” sfgov.org, last modified October 15, 2012, www5.sfgov.org/sf_news/2012/10/open-gov-san-francisco-strengthens-commitment-to-open-data.html; Luke Fretwell, “San Francisco’s Open Data Directive,” govfresh.com, December 20, 2009, govfresh.com/2009/12/san-franciscos-open-data-directive.

41. Jeff Blagdon, “Facebook’s ‘Billion Dollar’ Instagram Acquisition to Actually Cost $715 Million,” the Verge, October 24, 2012, theverge.com/2012/10/24/3551872/facebook-instagram-acquisition-715-million.

42. “Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies: Open Data Policy—Managing Information as an Asset,” Office of Management and Budget, May 9, 2013, m.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/memoranda/2013/m-13-13.pdf.

Chapter 6

1. Bruce Goldfarb, “The 1904 Fire and the Baltimore Standard,” Welcome to Baltimore, Hon! September 20, 2010, welcometobaltimorehon.com/the-1904-fire-and-the-baltimore-standard.

2. Information for the section on VHS and DVD technology was derived from the following sources: Jin Chyung, “New Rules for Setting Standards in Today’s Hi-Tech Market: Lessons Learned from the VHS-Betamax War,” October 8, 2008, besser.tsoa.nyu.edu/impact/f96/Projects/jchyung/; Robert Chapin, “History of DVD,” miqrogroove, September 24, 1999, miqrogroove.com/writing/history-of-dvd.

3. Barry Ritholtz, “DVD Sales Boom, 2004 a Record Year,” The Big Picture, February 9, 2005, ritholtz.com/blog/2005/02/dvd-sales-boom-2004-a-record-year.

4. Rexmond Canning Cochrane, “Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards,” no. 275 (1966) National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, nist.gov/nvl/upload/MP275_06_Chapter_I-__AT_THE_TURN_OF_THE_CENTURY.pdf.

5. “American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/nist.html.

6. “Case Studies in American Innovation: A New Look at Government Involvement in Technological Development,” the Breakthrough Institute, April 2009, thebreakthrough.org/blog/Case%20Studies%20in%20American%20Innovation.pdf.

7. Information on Herbert Hoover and the Associative State was derived from the following sources: David Hart, “Herbert Hoover’s Last Laugh: The Enduring Significance of the ‘Associative State’ in the U.S.,” March 17, 1998, davidhart.gmu.edu/pdfs/publications/articles_essays_reports/JPH%201998%20-%20web%20version.pdf; “Herbert Hoover, Economic Mastermind,” Library of Congress, lcweb2.loc.gov:8081/ammem/amrlhtml/inhoover.html; “National History Day Topics 2011–12: Elimination of Waste—Reforming American Industry in the 1920s,” Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum, hoover.archives.gov/education/nhd/historydayEliminationWaste.html.

8. Ethel H. Triebel, “The Department of Commerce Under Herbert Hoover 1921–1928” (master’s thesis, Loyola University, Chicago, 1939), ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/407.

9. David Hart, Forged Consensus: Science, Technology, and Economic Policy in the United States 1921–1953 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), 44, books.google.com/books?id=EqUuvUdrs_MC&pg=PA44&dq=forged+consensus+hoover+secretary+commerce+waste&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fv-oUczmC4WpiQLHhYDYBQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=forged%20consensus%20hoover%20secretary%20commerce%20waste&f=false.

10. Council on Competitiveness, 2013, compete.org.

11. “Advance: Benchmarking Industrial Use of High Performance Computing for Innovation,” Council on Competitiveness, 2008, compete.org/images/uploads/File/PDF%20Files/HPC_ADVANCE_FINAL0508(1).pdf.

12. “Overview,” NDEMC.org, 2013, ndemc.org/index.php/details.

13. Information for the Jeco Plastics story was derived from the following sources: “Jeco Plastics Project with NDEMC,” YouTube.com, December 7, 2011, youtube.com/watch?v=a7SdKJiRKk4; “NDEMC Helps Jeco to Exceed Growth and Financial Expectations,” Council on Competitiveness, 2012, compete.org/images/uploads/File/PDF%20Files/NDEMC_Jeco_01.pdf.

14. Ronald E. Giachetti, “A Standard Manufacturing Information Model to Support Design for Manufacturing in Virtual Enterprises,” Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 10, no. 1 (1999): 49–60, mel.nist.gov/msidlibrary/doc/standard_sms.pdf.

15. “Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation (DMDI) Institute,” Manufacturing.gov, manufacturing.gov/docs/DMDI_overview.pdf.

16. “Remarks by the President at Applied Materials, Inc.—Austin, TX,” The White House, May 9, 2013, whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/09/remarks-president-applied-materials-inc-austin-tx.

17. James F. Schooley, Responding to National Needs: The National Bureau of Standards Becomes the National Institutes of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce (Washington, DC, 2000), nist.gov/nvl/upload/Responding_to_National_Needs-SP955-FULL.pdf.

18. “Reauthorization of COMPETES Act Brings Changes to NIST,” NIST.gov, January 5, 2011, nist.gov/director/competes_010511.cfm.

19. “Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies: Principles for Federal Engagement in Standards Activities to Address National Priorities,” WhiteHouse.gov, January 17, 2012, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/memoranda/2012/m-12-08_1.pdf.

20. “Electrification History 1—Early Years,” Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century, National Academy of Engineering, 2013, greatachievements.org/?id=2988.

21. Fact Sheet: President Obama’s Blueprint for a Clean and Secure Energy Future,” WhiteHouse.gov, March 15, 2013, whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/03/15/fact-sheet-president-obama-s-blueprint-clean-and-secure-energy-future.

22. Information for the section on the smart grid was supplemented by the following sources: “Fact Sheet: The President’s Plan for a 21st Century Electric Grid,” WhiteHouse.gov, June 13, 2011, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/smart-grid-fact-sheet-6-13-2011.pdf; “What Is the Smart Grid?,” SmartGrid.gov, smartgrid.gov/the_smart_grid#smart_grid; “The Recovery Act: Transforming the American Economy Through Innovation,” WhiteHouse.gov, August 2010, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/Recovery_Act_Innovation.pdf; “A Policy Framework for the 21st Century Grid: Enabling Our Secure Energy Future,” WhiteHouse.gov, June 2011, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/nstc-smart-grid-june2011.pdf.

23. “Fact Sheet: Utility Rate Decoupling,” Alliance to Save Energy, October 24, 2013, ase.org/resources/utility-rate-decoupling.

24. “How PG&E Makes Money,” PGE.com, 2013, pge.com/myhome/myaccount/rateinfo/howwemakemoney.

25. “REQ.21—Energy Services Provider Interface,” North American Energy Standards Board, 2013, naesb.org/ESPI_standards.asp.

26. “Chopra on U.S. Internet-Piracy Bill, Smart Grid,” BloombergTV, January 18, 2011, bloomberg.com/video/84496446-chopra-on-u-s-internet-piracy-bill-smart-grid.html.

27. Jim Witkin, “Pushing the Green Button for Energy Savings,” Green: A Blog About Energy and the Environment, New York Times, January 20, 2012, green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/20/a-phone-app-for-turning-down-the-thermostat.

28. “$100,000 Apps for Energy Contest Launches Today,” Currents: News and Perspectives from Pacific Gas and Electric, April 5, 2012, pgecurrents.com/2012/04/05/100000-apps-for-energy-contest-launches-today.

29. Richard Hillestad, et al., “Economics of Health Information Technology: Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Health Care? Potential Health Benefits, Savings, and Costs,” Health Affairs 24, no. 5 (September 2005): 1103–1117, content.healthaffairs.org/content/24/5/1103.full.

30. Reed Abelson and Julie Creswell, “In Second Look, Few Savings from Digital Health Records,” New York Times, January 10, 2013, nytimes.com/2013/01/11/business/electronic-records-systems-have-not-reduced-health-costs-report-says.html?_r=2&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1369594957-Uia580JHNaL9cuKZ/diU8w.

31. Todd Park and Peter Basch, “A Historic Opportunity: Wedding Health Information Technology to Care Delivery Innovation and Provider Payment Reform,” Center for American Progress, May 2009, americanprogress.org/issues/2009/05/pdf/health_it.pdf.

32. For the broader history of the American health care system and its movement toward value-based payment, the following sources are invaluable: “How Did Healthcare Come about in the United States?” Stay Smart Stay Healthy, 2013, staysmartstayhealthy.com/health_care_history_inthe_united_states; Robert Kocher, MD, “Health Care Reform: Trends Driven by the Evolution of U.S. Health Care Policy,” Castlight Health, October 2012, content.castlighthealth.com/rs/castlighthealth/images/Health%20Care%20Reform%20White%20Pap%20October%202012%20Bob%20Kocher.pdf; Victor R. Fuchs, PhD, “The Gross Domestic Product and Health Care Spending,” The New England Journal of Medicine 369, no. 2 (July 11, 2013): 107–109, nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1305298.

33. “Video: Blue Button to Download Your Health Information,” Markle.org, September 10, 2012, markle.org/publications/1679-video-blue-button-download-capability.

34. Bob Brewin, “Blue Button Access to Health Records Will Save Lives, Top Techie Says,” Nextgov, September 16, 2013, nextgov.com/health/2013/09/blue-button-access-health-records-will-save-lives-top-techie-says/70398/?oref=ng-dropdown.

35. “New Rule Protects Patient Privacy, Secures Health Information,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, January 17, 2013, hhs.gov/news/press/2013pres/01/20130117b.html.

36. “Directed Exchange Adoption,” Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, last modified September 18, 2013, statehieresources.org/program-measures-dashboard/directed-exchange-user-type.

37. Jeanne Lambrew, “More Than Half of Doctors Now Use Electronic Health Records Thanks to Administration Policies,” WhiteHouse.gov, May 24, 2013, whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/05/24/more-half-doctors-now-use-electronic-health-records-thanks-administration-policies.

38. “Blue Button+ Implementation Guide,” BlueButton+, February 4, 2013, bluebuttonplus.org.

39. Erin Gifford, “Food Bloggers: What Is Schema.org Mark Up, What Does It Mean to Me?” ZipList Blog, March 15, 2012, blog.ziplist.com/schema-recipe-mark-up-for-food-blogs.

40. “Recipe,” Schema.org, schema.org/Recipe.

41. Carrie Laureno, “Bringing the Very Best of What We Do to the Veteran Community,” Google Official Blog, November 11, 2011, googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/11/bringing-very-best-of-what-we-do-to.html.

42. Meghan Murphy, “Lightning Developer Challenge: Build an App for the White House,” Twilio Blog, January 17, 2012, twilio.com/blog/2012/01/lightning-developer-challenge-build-an-app-for-the-whitehouse.html.

Chapter 7

1. Information for the ironclads history was derived from several sources, including: Joseph P. Reidy, review of Civil War Ironclads: The U.S. Navy and Industrial Mobilization, by William H. Roberts, H-Net Reviews (April 2005), h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=10473.; Michael MacRae, “Battle of the Ironclads: John Ericsson and the USS Monitor,” ASME.org, October 2011, asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/history-of-mechanical-engineering/battle-ironclads-john-ericsson-uss-monitor; Michael J. Feuer, “Ironclad Solutions,” letter to the editor, New York Times, August 15, 2011, nytimes.com/2011/08/16/science/16letters-IRONCLADSOLU_LETTERS.html?_r=0; Thomas C. Lassman, “Sources of Weapon Systems Innovation in the Department of Defense: The Role of In-House Research and Development, 1945–2000,” Center of Military History, August 15, 2008, history.defense.gov/resources/CMH_51-2-1.pdf.

2. “The Founding of the National Academy of Sciences,” The National Academy of Sciences, 2013, nasonline.org/about-nas/150th-anniversary/moments-in-academy-history/founding-of-the-nas.html.

3. “History,” National Academy of Sciences, 2013, nasonline.org/about-nas/history.

4. Information on F-35 development was derived from several sources, including Bob Brewin, “F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Not Ready For Combat Until At Least 2019, GAO Says,” Nextgov, March 12, 2013, nextgov.com/defense/2013/03/f-35-joint-strike-fighter-not-ready-combat-until-least-2019-gao-says/61832/; Ilana Freedman, “F-22 and F-35: America’s Costly Boondoggles Are the Victims of Arrogance and Appeasement,” Gerard Direct, March 10, 2013, gerarddirect.com/2013/03/10/uss-f-35-and-f-22-americas-costly-boondoggles-the-victims-of-arrogance-and-appeasement; Bob Brewin, “The A-Bomb and the F-35 Debacle,” Nextgov, March 14, 2013, nextgov.com/defense/whats-brewin/2013/03/-bomb-and-f-35-debacle/61886.

5. “F-35 Joint Strike Fighter: Current Outlook Is Improved, but Long-Term Affordability Is a Major Concern,” United States Government Accountability Office, March 2013, gao.gov/assets/660/652948.pdf.

6. “Defence Spending in a Time of Austerity,” The Economist, August 26, 2010, economist.com/node/16886851.

7. “Biography: John Harrison,” Royal Naval Museum Library, 2004, royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_john_harrison.htm.

8. Karim Lakhani and Jill A. Panetta, “The Principles of Distributed Innovation,” Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization 2, no. 3 (summer 2007) research paper, no. 2007-7, the Berkman Center for Internet and Society. Available at SSRN, ssrn.com/abstract=1021034.

9. “Workshop to Assess the Potential Technological Advance through Governmental Sponsored Prizes and Contests,” Report of the Steering Committee, National Academy of Engineering, April 30, 1999, nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9724&page=37.

10. Alan Boyle, “SpaceShipOne Wins $10 million X Prize,” NBCNews .com, October 5, 2004, nbcnews.com/id/6167761/#.UnMPuZSxPrY.

11. “America COMPETES Reauthorization Act,” cio.gov/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/Prize_Authority_in_the_America_COMPETES_Reauthorization_Act.pdf.

12. Information on the Tricorder X PRIZE was supplemented by the following sources: “Qualcomm Tricorder X PRIZE Competition Guidelines,” QualcommTricorderXPrize.org, July 1, 2013, qualcommtricorderxprize.org/files/qtxp.org/QTXP_Guidelines_20130701_v18.pdf; Jason Dorrier, “Diamandis: Tricorder X PRIZE Offers $10 Million to Build Star Trek Inspired Health Scanner,” Singularity Hub, February 20, 2013, singularityhub.com/2013/02/20/diamandis-tricorder-x-prize-offers-10-million-to-build-star-trek-inspired-health-scanner.

13. “The Moment of Proof: A Revolution in Oil Spill Recovery,” Elastec AmericanMarine, elastec.com/PDF/The%20Moment%20of%20Proof%202MB.pdf.

14. David Zax, “Fast Talk: How this Tattoo Artist Became a Tech Entrepreneur,” Fast Company, fastcompany.com/1812665/fast-talk-how-tattoo-artist-became-tech-entrepreneurax.

15. “Non Lethal Vehicle Stopping Technology,” SBIR.gov, sbir.gov/sbirsearch/detail/158780.

16. Information on the Vehicle Stopper Challenge was supplemented by the following sources: “Vehicle Stopper,” InnoCentive, March 2, 2011, gw.innocentive.com/ar/challenge/9932698; “InnoCentive and the Air Force Research Lab Announce Completion of Initial Open Innovation Challenges,” InnoCentive, October 17, 2011, innocentive.com/innocentive-and-air-force-research-lab-announce-successful-completion-initial-open-innovation-challe; Michael Cooney, “Air Force awards $25K to Inventor of Insanely Fast Device That Stops Fleeing Cars,” NetworkWorld, September 2, 2011, networkworld.com/community/blog/air-force-awards-25k-inventor-insanely-fast-d.

17. “HHS and the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology Introduce New Investing in Innovations (i2) Initiative,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, June 8, 2011, hhs.gov/news/press/2011pres/06/20110608a.html.

18. Ibid.

19. “One in a Million Hearts Challenge,” Health 2.0 Developer Challenge, health2con.com/devchallenge/one-in-a-million-hearts-challenge.

20. Information on Aamer Ghaffar’s submission was supplemented by the following sources: “Health 2.0 and Walgreens Announce the Winner of the Health Guide Challenge,” Market Wired, September 26, 2011, marketwire.com/press-release/health-20-and-walgreens-announce-the-winner-of-the-health-guide-challenge-1565539.htm; “mHealthCoach_One in a Million Hearts Challenge submission,” YouTube.com, December 31, 2011, youtube.com/watch?v=CwIdwHnfIqc&feature=youtu.be; “One in a Million Hearts Challenge,” Health 2.0 Developer Challenge, health2con.com/devchallenge/one-in-a-million-hearts-challenge.

21. “Advancing Interoperability and Health Information Exchange,” Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Department of Health and Human Services, Federal Register 78, no. 45 (March 7, 2013), gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-03-07/html/2013-05266.htm.

22. Rick Borstein, “An Interview with Adobe’s Michael Jackson on the Blue Button Initiative,” Adobe Healthcare Blog, December 1, 2010, blogs.adobe.com/healthcare/2010/12/an-interview-with-adobes-michael-jackson-on-the-blue-button-initiative.html.

23. Information on Blue Button challenges was supplemented by the following sources: “Blue Button Mash Up Challenge: Background,” Health 2.0 Developer Challenge, 2011, health2con.com/devchallenge/blue-button-mash-up-challenge/#background; “iBlueButton,” Health 2.0 Developer Challenge, health2con.com/devchallenge/files/BlueButton-Mashup-Challenge-iBlueButton-Slide-Deck.pdf; “Testimony of Christopher R. Burrow, MD, Before the Subcommittee on Health and Technology Small Business Committee, U.S. House of Representatives,” Hearing on Mobile Medical App Entrepreneurs, Changing the Face of Health Care,” June 27, 2013, smallbusiness.house.gov/uploadedfiles/6-27-2013_burrow_testimony.pdf.

24. “Dick Tracy Band,” Minniepaulmusic.com, minniepaulmusic.com/?page_id=213.

25. “The Partnership Fund for Program Integrity Innovation,” partner4solutions.gov.

26. David Levine, “Medicaid Fraud: Is It Worth States’ Time to Fight it?” Governing, May 2013, governing.com/topics/health-human-services/gov-medicaid-fraud-fight-value.html.

27. Mike Isaac, “Why Designers Hate Crowdsourcing,” Forbes.com, July 12, 2010, forbes.com/2010/07/09/99designs-spec-graphic-technology-future-design-crowdsourcing.html.

28. “AIGA Position on Spec Work,” AIGA, aiga.org/position-spec-work.

29. Information on the Department of Interior’s crowdsourcing efforts was derived from the following sources: Mary Koster, “U.S. Department of Interior: Stop the US Department of Interior from Crowdsourcing a Logo,” Change.org, change.org/petitions/us-department-of-the-interior-stop-the-us-department-of-interior-from-crowdsourcing-a-logo; “Logo: U.S. Department of the Interior,” CrowdSpring, June 1, 2011, crowdspring.com/logo-design/project/2296807_logo-us-department-of-the-interior/details.

30. “President Obama’s State of the Union Address,” New York Times, January 24, 2012, nytimes.com/2012/01/25/us/politics/state-of-the-union-2012-transcript.html?pagewanted=all.

31. “Equal Pay Apps Challenge,” equalpay.challengepost.com.

32. “$5.5 Million in Funding from U.S. DOE to Further Goals of Competition,” X Prize Foundation, November 2, 2009, progressiveautoxprize.org/news-events/press-release/55-million-in-funding-from-us-doe-to-further-goals-of-competition.

33. Stephanie Marie Garcia, “Person of the Year: Bad Boy Turned Brazen Brainiac: Oliver Kuttner,” The Hook, Thursday 16, 2010, readthehook.com/86633/cover-person-year-bad-boy-turned-brazen-brainiac-oliver-kuttner.

34. “Obama Administration Finalizes Historic 54.5 MPG Fuel Efficiency Standards,” August 28, 2012, whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/08/28/obama-administration-finalizes-historic-545-mpg-fuel-efficiency-standard.

35. Information about Apps for Abuses was supplemented by the following sources: “About Vice President Biden’s Efforts to End Violence Against Women,” WhiteHouse.gov, whitehouse.gov/1is2many/about; Kathleen Sebelius, “‘Apps Against Abuse’ Challenge to Help Address Sexual Assault and Dating Violence,” WhiteHouse.gov, July 13, 2011, whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/07/13/apps-against-abuse-challenge-help-address-sexual-assault-and-dating-violence; “The Department of Health and Human Services Challenged Developers to Create Apps That Empower Young Adults to Prevent Abuse and Violence,” Apps Against Abuse, appsagainstabuse.challenge.gov.

36. Rosie Spinks, “Tap for Safety: Circle of 6 to Stop Rape,” dowser.org, April 13, 2013, dowser.org/tap-for-safety-circle-of-six-to-stop-rape.

37. “GSA’s Challenge.gov Earns Harvard Innovation Award,” Harvard Kennedy School Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, January 23, 2014, ash.harvard.edu/Home/News-Events/Press-Releases/GSA-s-Challenge.gov-Earns-Harvard-Innovation-Award.

38. “The Grand Challenges of the 21st Century: Prepared Remarks of Tom Kalil at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation,” WhiteHouse.gov, April 12, 2012, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/grandchallenges-speech-04122012-rev.pdf.

39. Heather Kelly, “Self-driving Cars Now Legal in California,” CNN, October 30, 2012, cnn.com/2012/09/25/tech/innovation/self-driving-car-california.

40. Supporting material for the passage on Grand Challenge was derived from the following sources: Cristin Dorgelo and Tom Kalil, “21st Century Grand Challenges,” WhiteHouse.gov, April 9, 2012, whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/04/09/21st-century-grand-challenges; “The Grand Challenges of the 21st Century: Prepared Remarks of Tom Kalil at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation,” WhiteHouse.gov, April 12, 2012, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/grandchallenges-speech-04122012-rev.pdf.

41. “A Strategy for American Innovation: Driving Towards Sustainable Growth and Quality Jobs,” WhiteHouse.gov, September 2009, whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/nec/StrategyforAmericanInnovation.

Chapter 8

1. John Field, “Patton of the Armored Force,” Life Magazine, November 30, 1942, 124, books.google.com/books?id=RkEEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=life+magazine+november+30+1942&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ztrqUbb0I8794APGqYDoCw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=patton%20sears&f=false.

2. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Fireside Chat 15: On National Defense,” The University of Virginia Miller Center, May 26, 1940, millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3316.

3. Bruce Frassinelli, “President Wilson’s ‘$1-a-year men’ Still Inspire,” Morning Call, May 1, 2009, articles.mcall.com/2009-05-01/opinion/4365157_1_lee-iacocca-chrysler-corp-stimulus-package.

4. Dale McFeatters, “Civilian Aluminum Items May Be Made Again Soon,” Pittsburgh Press, March 10, 1944, news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19440310&id=bFIbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lEwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1833,4944987.

5. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Excerpts from the April 15, 1941 Press Conference,” the American Presidency Project, presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16101.

6. “R. Sargent Shriver,” the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, jfklibrary.org/JFK/The-Kennedy-Family/R-Sargent-Shriver.aspx.

7. Scott Stossel, Sarge: The Life and Times of Sargent Shriver (New York: Other Press, 2011), books.google.com/books?id=K2WR945fz2sC&pg=PT279&lpg=PT279&dq=harris+wofford+%22talent+search%22&source=bl&ots=Rsq5I0LJ6q&sig=9Pa2fbk-0K1Z6BQ0_ZahmqePt0Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rdjrUc-9NZS34APk_YC4Aw&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBQ.

8. “Transcript: ServiceNation Presidential Forum at Columbia University,” Clips & Comment, September 11, 2008, clipsandcomment.com/2008/09/11/transcript-servicenation-presidential-forum-at-columbia-university.

9. Joe Davidson, “Top Transition Official Explains How to Make Government ‘Cool’ Again,” Federal Diary, Washington Post, November 10, 2008, voices.washingtonpost.com/federal-diary/2008/11/top_transition_official_explai.html.

10. Information on James Shelton was derived from the following sources: Edmund Newton, “The Root 100 Close-Up: James Shelton,” the Root, December 19, 2011, theroot.com/views/root-100-closeup-james-shelton; “Senior Staff: James H. Shelton III, Assistant Deputy Secretary for Innovation and Improvement – Biography,” Ed.gov, last modified June 2, 2009, www2.ed.gov/news/staff/bios/shelton.html; “i3 Projects Look Back on Progress and Lessons Learned,” Ed.gov, June 6, 2013, ed.gov/oii-news/i3-projects-look-back-progress-and-lessons-learned.

11. Information on Maura O’Neill was derived from the following sources: Joseph Marks, “Development Agency’s Chief Innovator to Step Down,” Nextgov, April 3, 2013, nextgov.com/emerging-tech/emerging-tech-blog/2013/04/development-agencys-chief-innovator-step-down/62272/; “Maura O’Neill,” Impatient Optimists: Blog of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, m.impatientoptimists.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fimpatientoptimists.org%2FAuthors%2FO%2FMaura-ONeill.

12. Tom Kalil and Robynn Sturm Steffen, “We the Geeks: Innovation for Global Good,” WhiteHouse.gov, June 24, 2013, whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/06/24/we-geeks-innovation-global-good.

13. Alec Ross, “Digitizing America,” digitizingamerica.shanti.virginia.edu/sites/shanti.virginia.edu.digitizingamerica/files/Alec%20Ross%20Longform%20Bio.pdf.

14. Jim Puzzanghera, “New Consumer Bureau Proposes Simplified Mortgage Disclosure Forms,” Los Angeles Times, May 18, 2011, articles.latimes.com/2011/may/18/business/la-fi-mortgage-forms-20110519.

15. “Know Before You Owe,” Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, consumerfinance.gov/knowbeforeyouowe/#17.

16. “Integrated Mortgage Disclosures under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (Regulation X) and the Truth In Lending Act (Regulation Z),” Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, Federal Register, 12 CFR Parts 1024 and 1026, files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201207_cfpb_proposed-rule_integrated-mortgage-disclosures.pdf.

17. Lucy Madison, “Obama Unveils Mortgage Refinancing Plan,” CBSNews.com, February 1, 2012, cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57369731-503544/obama-unveils-mortgage-refinancing-plan.

18. Jay Goldman, “Dean Kamen TEDMED2011: What’s on the Horizon for Medical Robotics,” Klick Health, November 2, 2011, klick.com/health/news/blog/tedmed2011-dean-kamen-whats-on-the-horizon-for-medical-robotics.

19. “Entrepreneurs in Residence Program,” FDA.gov, last modified December 13, 2012, fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofMedicalProductsandTobacco/CDRH/CDRHInnovation/InnovationPathway/ucm286138.htm.

20. “FDA Announces Plans to Pilot End-Stage Kidney Disease Technology in New Program,” FDA.gov, April 9, 2012, fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm299339.htm.

21. Alexander Gaffney, “FDA Opens Innovation Pathway to First Round of Devices,” Regulatory Focus, April 10, 2012, raps.org/focus-online/news/news-article-view/article/1227/fda-opens-innovation-pathway-to-first-round-of-devices.aspx.

22. Supplemental information on the EIR program in USCIS was derived from the following sources: “Entrepreneurs in Residence (EIR),” U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, last modified May 8, 2013, uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.eb1d4c2a3e5b9ac89243c6a7543f6d1a/?vgnextoid=d44eee876cb85310VgnVCM100000082ca60aRCRD&vgnextchannel=d44eee876cb85310VgnVCM100000082ca60aRCRD; “DHS Reforms to Attract and Retain Highly Skilled Immigrants,” United States Department of Homeland Security, January 31,2012, dhs.gov/news/2012/01/31/dhs-reforms-attract-and-retain-highly-skilled-immigrants.

23. Supplemental information on the O-1 Visa was derived from the following sources: Vaughan de Kirby, “Playboy Playmate Receives O-1 Visa, Stirs Controversy,” deKirby.net, July 5, 2012, dekirby.net/news/playboy-playmate-receives-o-1-visa-stirs-controversy-20120705.cfm; Sarah McBride, “U.S. ‘Genius’ Visa Attracts Entrepreneurs and Playmates,” Reuters, June 29, 2012, reuters.com/article/2012/06/29/us-usa-visa-extraordinary-idUSBRE85S09A20120629; “USA Immigration Work Permits and Visas,” SkillClear, skillclear.co.uk/usa/extraordinary-ability-o1.asp.

24. “EIR,” U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/eir.whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/11/29/new-front-door-immigrant-entrepreneurs.

25. Supplemental information on Fabien Beckers was derived from the following sources: Emily Maltby, “A New Push for Entrepreneur Visas,” Wall Street Journal, February 12, 2013, online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324880504578298150540138218.html; “Strategic Immigration Reform: Fabien Beckers, Morpheus Medical,” YouTube.com, February 4, 2013, youtube.com/watch?v=PVfBHDkhNus; “Morpheus Medical,” AngelList, angel.co/morpheus-medical.

26. Sarah Rich, “U.S. CTO Todd Park: 3 Ingredients for a Private-Sector Mentality in Government,” Government Technology, October 4, 2012, govtech.com/pcio/US-CTO-Todd-Park-3-Ingredients-for-a-Private-Sector-Mentality-in-Government-.html.

27. “White House Launches Presidential Innovation Fellows Program,” WhiteHouse.gov, August 23, 2012, whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/08/23/white-house-launches-presidential-innovation-fellows-program.

28. “The Presidential Innovation Fellows,” WhiteHouse.gov, whitehouse.gov/innovationfellows.

29. Supplemental information on RPF-EZ was derived from the following sources: “The Presidential Innovation Fellows: RFP-EZ and Innovative Contracting Tools,” WhiteHouse.gov, whitehouse.gov/innovationfellows/rfp-ez; Clay Johnson, “Let’s Make a Deal,” RFP-EZ Marketplace, January 17, 2013, presidential-innovation-fellows.github.com/rfpez-blog.

30. Karen G. Mills and Todd Park, “RFP-EZ Delivers Savings for Taxpayers, New Opportunities for Small Business,” WhiteHouse.gov, May 15, 2013, whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/05/15/rfp-ez-delivers-savings-taxpayers-new-opportunities-small-business.

31. “Deliver Innovative Technology Without Breaking the Bank,” Department of Better Tech, dobt.co/screendoor.

Matt Bevilacqua, “ ‘Department of Better Technology’ Wants to Streamline the Open Government Process,” Next City, April 17, 2013, nextcity.org/daily/entry/department-of-better-technology-wants-to-streamline-the-open-government-pro.

32. Adam Mazmanian, “Pahlka Named Deputy Federal CTO,” FCW Insider, May 30, 2013, fcw.com/blogs/fcw-insider/2013/05/pahlka-deputy-cto.aspx.

33. Vivek Kundra, “Tight Budget? Look to the ‘Cloud,’” New York Times, August 30, 2011, nytimes.com/2011/08/31/opinion/tight-budget-look-to-the-cloud.html?_r=0.

34. “Code for America PSA: ‘What If,’” Vimeo.com, July 15, 2010, vimeo.com/13377489.

35. “Honolulu Answers,” hnlanswers.herokuapp.com. “Code for America 2012 Fellowship Projects: Demo Webinar Part II,” Vimeo.com, October 10, 2012, vimeo.com/51157861.

36. Teke Wiggin, “New Orleans No Longer Most Blighted U.S. City: Detroit and Flint, Mich., Come Out on Top,” AOL Real Estate, August 24, 2012, realestate.aol.com/blog/2012/08/23/new-orleans-no-longer-most-blighted-u-s-city-detroit-and-flint.

37. “2012 Code for America Fellows,” Code For America, codeforamerica.org/2012-fellows.

38. “Providing Up-to-Date Information on Vacant Properties So That Communities Can Find Ways to Make Tangible Improvements to Local Spaces,” Knight Foundation, August 21, 2013, knightfoundation.org/grants/20102537.

39. Supplemental information on the Presidential Innovation Fellows was derived from the following sources: Jennifer Pahlka and Dan Tangherlini, “New Round of Innovators Joins US Government to Tackle Big Challenges,” WhiteHouse.gov, June 24, 2013, whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/06/24/new-round-innovators-joins-us-government-tackle-big-challenges; “The Presidential Innovation Fellows,” WhiteHouse.gov, whitehouse.gov/innovationfellows.

40. “Bob McDonnell quotes Thomas Jefferson in his response about Barack Obama’s State of the Union,” Hark.com, hark.com/clips/prdwkjvcsn-bob-mcdonnell-quotes-thomas-jefferson.

Postscript

1. fora.tv/2012/12/19/Lean_Startups_Eric_Ries_Aneesh_Chopra_and_Todd_Park

2. oversight.house.gov/hearing/obamacare-implementation-rollout-healthcare-gov