Introduction
1. Nathaniel Hawthorne,
American Notebooks. Quoted in
Richard Brilliant, Portraiture (London: Reaktion, 1991), 178.
2. Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Painters, Volume V, 221–2, trans. G. du C. de Vere (New York: Abrams, 1979), 1139–40.
3. Giorgio Vasari,
Lives of the Painters, 1139–40.
4. Giorgio Vasari,
Lives of the Painters, 1139–40.
5. John Ashbery, “Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror,” in The New York Poets: An Anthology, ed. Mark Ford (Manchester: Carcanet, 2004), 81.
6. John Ashbery, “Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror,” 81.
7. Leon Edel, The Age of the Archive (Center for Advanced Studies, Wesleyan University, 1966), 21.
8. Autobiography is of course notoriously hard to define. The French critic Philippe Lejeune, in his essay “The Autobiographical Contract,” reflects that autobiography “is as much a way of reading as a kind of writing.” See “The Autobiographical Contract,” in
Tzvetan Todorov, ed., French Literary Theory Today (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 220. But Lejeune has also offered the most tenacious definition of an autobiography: “a retrospective prose narrative produced by a real person concerning his own existence, focusing on his individual life, in particular on the development of his personality.” See “The Autobiographical Contract,” 193.
9. Edmund Gosse, Father and Son: A Study of Two Temperaments, ed. Michael Newton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 3.
10. Virginia Woolf, “The New Biography,” in Leonard Woolf, ed., Collected Essays IV (London: Hogarth Press, 1967), 229.
11. Virginia Woolf, “The New Biography,” 229.
12. Virginia Woolf, “The New Biography,” 231.
13. Virginia Woolf, “The New Biography,” 231.
14. Virginia Woolf, “Sketch of the Past,” in Moments of Being, ed. Jeanne Schulkind (London: Pimlico, 2002), 92.
15. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 92.
16. Virginia Woolf, “The Art of Biography,” in The Death of the Moth and Other Essays (London: Hogarth, 1942), 124.
17. Edmund Gosse, “The Custom of Biography,”
Anglo-Saxon Review, VIII (March 1901), 195.
18. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 87.
19. As Paul John Eakin wrote in 1988, “writing an autobiography is usually not itself presented as a major event in the life of the biographical subject … There are, in fact, very few examples one can point to in the practice of biography that direct attention to the biographical significance of the writing of an
autobiography in the life of its subject.” See
Paul John Eakin, “Henry James’s ‘Obscure Hurt’: Can Autobiography Serve Biography?,” New Literary History, 19:3 (Spring, 1988), 676, 680.
20. Hermione Lee, Body Parts: Essays on Life-Writing (London: Chatto & Windus, 2005), 6.
21. Susan Sontag, Reborn: Early Diaries 1947–1963 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 2009), 166.
22. Marcel Proust, A la recherche du temps perdu, trans. C. K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, revised by D. J. Enright (London: Chatto & Windus/Vintage, 1992), Volume VI, 253.
23. Leon Edel,
The Age of the Archive, 21.
Chapter 1
1. Joseph Conrad to Sidney Colvin, December 28,1908,
The Collected Letters of Joseph Conrad, ed. Frederick R. Karl and Laurence Davies, Volume 4 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 175.
2. Joseph Conrad to J. M. Barrie, December 31, 1903,
Collected Letters, Volume 3, 104.
3. Joseph Conrad to John Galsworthy, January 7 or 14, 1904,
Collected Letters, Volume 3, 109.
4. Joseph Conrad to George Gissing, December 1, 1903,
Collected Letters, Volume 9, 95.
5. Joseph Conrad to Catherine Hueffer, December 26, 1903,
Collected Letters, Volume 9, 95.
6. From an entry in Olive Garnett’s diary, quoted in
Leon Edel, Henry James: A Life (London: Collins, 1987), 525.
7. Zdzisław Najder, Joseph Conrad: A Chronicle (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 239.
8. Henry James to H. G. Wells, October 7, 1902. Quoted in
Nicholas Delbanco, Group Portrait (London: Faber, 1982), 146–7.
9. For more on the mooted James–Wells collaboration, see Nicholas Delbanco,
Group Portrait, 145–51.
10. Jessie Conrad, Joseph Conrad and His Circle (London: Jarrolds, 1935), 157.
11. Both these accusations appear in chapter nine of
Jessie Conrad’s Joseph Conrad and His Circle (London: Jarrolds, 1935), among other denunciations of Ford.
12. Ford Madox Ford, Joseph Conrad: A Personal Remembrance (London: Duckworth, 1924), 11.
13. Joseph Conrad to H. G. Wells, February 7, 1904,
Collected Letters, Volume 3, 112.
14. Joseph Conrad to H. G. Wells, February 7, 1904,
Collected Letters, Volume 3, 112.
15. Joseph Conrad to Sidney Colvin, March 4, 1904,
Collected Letters, Volume 3, 119.
16. Joseph Conrad to James B. Pinker, March 4[14?], 1904,
Collected Letters, Volume 3, 121. “No 6 of the Mor of the Sea finished last night.”
17. Joseph Conrad to Pinker, March 7, 1904,
Collected Letters, Volume 3, 120–1.
18. Joseph Conrad to Ford, May 29, 1904,
Collected Letters, Volume 3, 142.
19. John Conrad, Joseph Conrad: Times Remembered (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 62.
20. Joseph Conrad to Pinker, February 1904,
Collected Letters, Volume 3, 114.
21. Joseph Conrad to Pinker, April 18, 1904,
Collected Letters, Volume 3, 133.
22. Quoted in Najder,
Joseph Conrad: A Chronicle, 324.
23. H. G. Wells to Joseph Conrad, 1906,
The Correspondence of H. G. Wells, ed. David C. Smith (London: Pickering & Chatto, 4 vols., 1998), Volume 2, 103.
24. Joseph Conrad, “Author’s Note” to The Mirror of the Sea in A Personal Record and The Mirror of the Sea, ed. Mara Kalnins (London: Penguin, 1998), 134.
25. The Mirror of the Sea, 176.
26. The Mirror of the Sea, 176.
27. The Mirror of the Sea, 177.
28. Jessie Conrad, Joseph Conrad as I Knew Him (London: Heinemann, 1926), 18.
29. The Mirror of the Sea, 190–1.
30. As Najder notes, in
A Chronicle, 49, Hans Van Marle, after detailed research in Marseilles, ascertained “that in the period in question not one out of thirty-five hundred ships that docked at Marseilles bore the name
Tremolino or was commanded by Dominic Cervoni.”
31. See
Frederick Karl, The Three Lives (London: Faber, 1979), 171 for more on fact and fiction in
The Mirror of the Sea.
32. See Frederick Karl,
The Three Lives, 142; Najder also notes Norman Sherry’s discovery of the real-life son of César Cervoni, in
Joseph Conrad: A Chronicle, 49.
33. Joseph Conrad to Pinker, February 4, 1917,
Collected Letters, Volume 6, 25.
34. Conrad also briefed his friend Sidney Colvin, who was reviewing the book for
The Observer, to emphasize its autobiographical elements in his review.
35. Jessie Conrad, Joseph Conrad as I Knew Him, 16.
36. Letter to A. T. Saunders, quoted in
Norman Sherry, Conrad’s Eastern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966), 13.
37. Joseph Conrad to the Baroness Janina de Brunnow, October 2, 1897. Quoted in Frederick Karl,
The Three Lives, 404.
38. Jessie Conrad,
Joseph Conrad and his Circle, 119.
39. A Personal Record, 10.
40. See Najder,
Joseph Conrad: A Chronicle, 341, for more on this theory.
41. A Personal Record, 101.
42. Joseph Conrad to Edward Garnett, August 28, 1908,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 112.
43. Joseph Conrad to Pinker, September 18, 1908,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 125.
44. Ford Madox Ford, Return to Yesterday (London: Gollancz, 1931), 195.
45. Ford Madox Ford, Return to Yesterday, 197.
46. Joseph Conrad to Pinker, September 18, 1908,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 125.
47. Joseph Conrad to Pinker, October 7, 1908,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 138–9.
48. Joseph Conrad to Harpers, October 31, 1909,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 284.
49. Najder,
Joseph Conrad: A Chronicle, 373.
50. Joseph Conrad to H. G. Wells, September 25, 1908,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 129.
51. Joseph Conrad to Ford, September 29, or October 6, 1908,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 131.
52. Joseph Conrad to Pinker, October 7, 1908,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 138–9.
53. Joseph Conrad to Pinker, December 9, 1908,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 159.
54. Joseph Conrad to E. V. Lucas, June 3, 1909,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 247.
55. “The First Thing I Remember,” in Congo Diary and Other Uncollected Pieces, ed. Zdisław Najder (New York, 1978), 98–9.
56. “The First Thing I Remember,” 98–9.
57. “The First Thing I Remember,” 98–9.
58. “The First Thing I Remember,” 98–9.
59. Zdzisław Najder was the first to reveal this influence of Bobrowski’s
Memoirs on the reminiscences.
60. Joseph Conrad to Wells, November 3, 1908,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 149.
61. Ford Madox Ford,
Joseph Conrad: A Personal Remembrance, 180.
62. Joseph Conrad, “Stephen Crane: a Preface to Thomas Beer’s ‘Stephen Crane’,” Last Essays (London: Dent, 1926), 93.
63. Joseph Conrad, “Stephen Crane: a Preface to Thomas Beer’s ‘Stephen Crane’,” 93.
64. Joseph Conrad, “Henry James: An Appreciation,” Notes on Life and Letters (London: Dent, 1921), 17.
65. Joseph Conrad, “A Familiar Preface” to
A Personal Record, 17.
66. A Personal Record, 19.
67. Much later, in 1918, Gosse and Conrad corresponded, with Gosse sending Conrad a copy of
Father and Son, and asking Conrad to send him
A Personal Record. See
Collected Letters, Volume 6, 209.
68. A Personal Record, 19.
69. A Personal Record, 19.
70. A Personal Record, 32.
71. A Personal Record, 24.
72. A Personal Record, 24.
73. A Personal Record, 24.
74. A Personal Record, 27.
75. A Personal Record, 28.
76. A Personal Record, 28.
77. A Personal Record, 28.
78. A Personal Record, 32.
79. A Personal Record, 32.
80. A Personal Record, 34.
81. A Personal Record, 69.
82. A Personal Record, 68.
83. A Personal Record, 74.
84. A Personal Record, 89.
85. A Personal Record, 92.
86. A Personal Record, 95.
87. A Personal Record, 96.
88. A Personal Record, 96.
89. A Personal Record, 127.
90. Henry James to Violet Hunt, November 2, 1909, in
Henry James Letters, ed. Leon Edel (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 4 vols., 1974–84), Volume 4, 533. Hunt also publishes this letter in her memoir
The Flurried Years (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1926), 88.
91. Quoted in Najder,
Joseph Conrad: A Chronicle, 349–50.
92. Joseph Conrad to Ford Madox Ford, April 28, or May 5, 1909,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 223.
93. Joseph Conrad to Ford Madox Ford, May 20, 1909,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 236–7.
94. Joseph Conrad to Ford Madox Ford, July 31, 1909,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 263.
95. Joseph Conrad to Ford Madox Ford, July 31, 1909,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 263.
96. Joseph Conrad to Ford Madox Ford, July 31, 1909,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 263.
97. Joseph Conrad to Ford Madox Ford, July 31, 1909,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 263.
98. Joseph Conrad to Austin Harrison, February 15, 1912,
Collected Letters, Volume 5, 20.
99. Walter Benjamin, “A Berlin Chronicle,” in One-Way Street (London: Verso, 1997 ed.), 295.
100. Joseph Conrad, “Poland Revisited,” in Notes on Life and Letters (London: Dent, 1921), 149.
101. “Poland Revisited,” 150.
102. “Poland Revisited,” 164.
103. “Poland Revisited,” 168.
104. “Poland Revisited,” 168.
105. “Poland Revisited,” 169.
106. Conrad had been asked in 1904 for any early material he had, to be printed in a newspaper. He wrote to Ford: “If you have something written that you do
not care for
in the least send it on. I’ll put in a few of my jargon phrases and send it on. As I remarked: nothing matters—and we are intimate enough to say anything to each other. You may as well have their modest cheque. If the thing shocks you, tear the sweet note up.”
Collected Letters, Volume 3, 152.
107. Joseph Conrad to James Pinker, August 4, 1909,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 254–5.
108. Joseph Conrad to David Meldrum, December 31, 1909,
Collected Letters, Volume 4, 312.
109. Ford Madox Ford to Joseph Conrad, November 15, 1923, in Ludwig,
Letters, 157.
110. Frederick Karl,
The Three Lives, 897.
111. Joseph Conrad to Ford Madox Ford, quoted in Najder,
A Chronicle, 483.
112. Jessie Conrad,
Joseph Conrad as I Knew Him, 159.
Chapter 2
1. Henry James, William Wetmore Story and His Friends; From Letters, Diaries, and Recollections, Volume 2 (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1903), 198.
2. Henry James to Edith Wharton, March 16, 1912,
Henry James Letters IV, ed. Leon Edel (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1984), 605.
3. Leon Edel, Henry James: The Master 1901–1916 (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1972), 460.
4. Leon Edel, The Master 1901–1916, 488.
5. See, for example,
Henry James, The Art of the Novel: Critical Prefaces, ed. R. P. Blackmur (New York: Scribner, 1935), 148. There are many other instances.
6. See, for example,
Henry James, Autobiography, ed. Frederick W. Dupee (London: W. H. Allen, 1956), 84.
7. For a much more recent volume collecting
A Small Boy and Others, Notes of a Son and Brother, and
The Middle Years, alongside other, shorter autobiographical pieces, see
Philip Horne, ed., Henry James, Autobiographies (New York: The Library of America, 2016).
8. A recurring phrase in the New York prefaces, see, e.g.
The Art of the Novel, 236.
9. The Art of the Novel, 47.
10. Henry James, Partial Portraits, with intro. by Leon Edel (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1970), essay on George du Maurier, 327.
11. The Art of the Novel, 320–1.
12. Henry James, The Complete Notebooks of Henry James, ed. Leon Edel and Lyall H. Powers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 54; the observation was Hippolyte Taine’s, over lunch with James, although James thought it sufficiently noteworthy to jot it down.
13. Henry James to H. G. Wells, 1913, quoted in
Nicholas Delbanco, Group Portrait (London: Faber, 1982), 161.
14. For more on James’s autobiographical writings in his later years across several genres, see
Oliver Herford, Henry James’s Style of Retrospect: Late Personal Writings 1890–1915 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
15. The Complete Notebooks of Henry James, 214.
16. Partial Portraits, essay on Robert Louis Stevenson, 138.
17. See Henry James to Harry James, November 15–18, 1913,
The Letters of Henry James, ed. Percy Lubbock (London: Macmillan, 1920), Volume II, 357. “From the moment of those of my weeks in Cambridge of 1911 during which I began, by a sudden turn of talk with your Mother, to dally with the idea of a ‘Family Book’, this idea took on for me a particular light, the light which hasn’t varied, through all sorts of discomfitures and difficulties—and disillusionments, and in which in fact I have put the thing through. That turn of talk was the germ, it dropped the seed.”
18. From preface to Somerset Maugham, ed.,
The Greatest Stories of All Time (1939). Quoted in
Henry James Letters IV, ed. Leon Edel, 364.
19. Henry James to Harry James, January 13, 1913,
The Letters of Henry James, ed. Percy Lubbock, Volume II, 302.
20. Harry James to William James, March 9, 1910, quoted in Leon Edel,
The Master 1901–1916, 440.
21. The Complete Notebooks of Henry James, 314.
22. Henry James to Edith Wharton, June 10, 1910, quoted in Leon Edel,
The Master 1901–1916, 443.
23. The Complete Notebooks of Henry James, 214.
24. The Complete Notebooks of Henry James, 237.
25. The Complete Notebooks of Henry James, 331.
26. Henry James to Theodora Bosanquet, October 27, 1911, ed. Edel,
Henry James Letters IV, 589.
27. Henry James to Edith Wharton, November 19, 1911, ed. Edel,
Henry James Letters IV, 590–2.
28. Henry James to Theodora Bosanquet, November 2, 1911, ed. Edel,
Henry James Letters IV, 590.
29. The Complete Notebooks of Henry James, 80.
30. Theodora Bosanquet, “Henry James at Work” (London: Hogarth Essays, 1924), 11.
31. Theodora Bosanquet, “Henry James at Work,” 11.
32. Henry James,
Autobiography, 460.
33. Theodora Bosanquet, “Henry James at Work,” 10.
34. The Art of the Novel, 185.
35. The Art of the Novel, 59.
37. Leon Edel,
The Master 1901–1916, 19.
38. Leon Edel,
The Master 1901–1916, 19.
39. Henry James, “The Beast in the Jungle,” in
The Novels and Tales of Henry James [“New York Edition”] 24 vols. New York: Scribner’s (London: Macmillan, 1908–9), Volume 17, 64.
46. The Art of the Novel, 164.
48. Henry James to Harry James, quoted in
Adeline R. Tintner, “Autobiography as Fiction: ‘The Usurping Consciousness’ as Hero of James’s Memoirs,” Twentieth Century Literature, 23:2 (1977), 242.
49. Henry James to Harry James, November 26, 1911, in
Philip Horne, ed., Henry James: A Life in Letters (London: Allen Lane, 1999), 503.
52. F. W. Dupee, introduction to Henry James,
Autobiography, xiv.
53. William Wetmore Story and his Friends, Volume 2, 14.
54. Henry James to Harry James, July 16, 1912, ed. Lubbock,
The Letters of Henry James, II, 248.
55. The Complete Notebooks of Henry James, 335.
56. The Complete Notebooks of Henry James, 357.
57. Henry James to Mrs. William James, November 13, 1911, in Philip Horne, ed.,
Henry James: A Life in Letters, 503–4.
58. The Complete Notebooks of Henry James, 368.
59. Henry James to Harry James, November 25, 1912, ed. Edel,
Henry James Letters IV, 798.
62. Autobiography, 414–15.
64. Autobiography, 530–1.
66. Henry James to Harry James, ed. Edel,
Henry James Letters IV, 803.
67. Henry James to Harry James, ed. Edel,
Henry James Letters IV, 803–4.
68. See
Tamara Follini, “Pandora’s Box: The Family Correspondence in Notes of a Son and Brother,” Cambridge Quarterly, 25 (1996), 26–40 for more on James’s alterations to the family letters.
69. Henry James to Harry James, November 15–18, 1913, ed. Lubbock,
The Letters of Henry James II, 358–9.
70. Lyndall Gordon, A Private Life of Henry James: Two Women and His Art (London: Chatto & Windus, 1998), 352.
71. Henry James to Harry James, November 15–18, 1913, ed. Edel,
Henry James Letters IV, 803: “I daresay I did instinctively regard it at last as all
my truth, to do what I would with.” The letter from Henry James to Henrietta Temple, May 5, 1914, uses the same phrase about Minny’s letters, “[…] sending them to
me (to do what I would with).” Quoted in Gordon,
A Private Life of Henry James, 356.
72. Leon Edel,
The Master 1901–1916, 366. The scene appears in
H. G. Wells, Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II (London: Faber, 1984), 538.
73. The Art of the Novel, 164.
74. The Complete Notebooks of Henry James, 66.
75. Henry James, “She and He: Recent Documents,” in Literary Criticism: French Writers, Other European Writers, The Prefaces to the New York Edition, ed. Leon Edel and Mark Wilson (New York: The Library of America, 1984), 740.
76. “She and He: Recent Documents,” 740.
77. “She and He: Recent Documents,” 742–3.
79. Quoted in Leon Edel,
The Master 1901–1916, 537.
80. Henry James, “Gustave Flaubert,” in Literary Criticism: French Writers, Other European Writers, The Prefaces to the New York Edition, ed. Leon Edel and Mark Wilson, 297.
81. See Henry James to Charles Scribner’s Sons, February 16, 1915, in Edel,
Henry James Letters IV, 736. “My Tillapenny shall certainly be Tullafinny on the next opportunity – though I am sorry it should have to, being as it is, I think, slightly the less ugly form of the two […] I thank your correspondent particularly for setting right my error in using U.S.C.T. when I should have named the 55th Massachusetts; an error for which I blush, feeling it now, as Prof. Wilder says, a bad one. We must absolutely attend to it. I can only plead in attenuation that my remoteness from sources of reference and refreshments of memory laid frequent traps, no doubt, for my poor old imagination.” As Oliver Herford points out, James did at least intend for the facts, references, and allusions in
A Small Boy and Others and
Notes of a Son and Brother to be correct. In an earlier letter, to Thomas Sargent Perry on September 17, 1913, he wrote: “these and their like are all ghostly little facts—but […] as I go over the heterogeneous pages I want to
verify […] it should be right, as all should be.” See
Oliver Herford, Henry James’s Style of Retrospect (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 77.
82. Anonymous review of Proust’s
Du Côté de Chez Swann, TLS, December 4, 1913, by A. B. Walkley.
83. Henry James to Harry James, April 7, 1914. Quoted in
Carol Holly, “Absolutely Acclaimed: The Cure for Depression in James’s Final Phase,” The Henry James Review 8:2 (1987), 133.
84. H. G. Wells, Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 611.
Chapter 3
1. Ford Madox Ford to H. G. Wells, November 20, 1908, quoted in
Max Saunders, Ford Madox Ford: A Dual Life, Volume II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 438.
2. Ford Madox Ford, Joseph Conrad (London: Duckworth, 1924), 25.
3. Max Saunders,
Ford Madox Ford: A Dual Life, Volume II, 467.
4. Fernando Pessoa, Selected Prose, ed. trans. Richard Zenith (New York: Grove, 1998), 40. “Fernando Pessoa himself would be a pagan, were he not a ball of string inwardly wound around itself.”
5. Violet Hunt, The Flurried Years (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1926), 213. See Max Saunders,
Ford Madox Ford: A Dual Life, Volume I, 368.
6. Ford Madox Ford, Mightier Than the Sword (London: Allen & Unwin, 1938), 36.
7. Leon Edel, Henry James: A Life (London: Collins, 1987), 655.
8. Ford Madox Hueffer, Henry James: A Critical Study (London: Secker, 1914), 82–90.
9. Arthur Mizener, The Saddest Story: A Biography of Ford Madox Ford (London: The Bodley Head, 1971), xxi.
10. David Dow Harvey, Ford Madox Ford: 1873–1939: A Bibliography of Works and Criticism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962), 147.
11. Quoted in David Dow Harvey,
Ford Madox Ford: 1873–1939: A Bibliography of Works and Criticism, 157.
12. Max Saunders,
Ford Madox Ford: A Dual Life, Volume I, 227–8.
13. Ford Madox Ford, Return to Yesterday (London: Victor Gollancz, 1931), 359.
14. Ford, “Literary Portraits—V.; Miss Violet Hunt and ‘The Desirable Alien’,”
Outlook, 32 (October 11, 1913), 497–8. Quoted in Saunders,
Ford Madox Ford: A Dual Life, Volume I, 238–9.
15. Violet Hunt,
The Flurried Years, 21.
16. Violet Hunt,
The Flurried Years, 93.
17. According to Harvey’s bibliography, 33, chapters I, II, III, and V appeared in
Harper’s in February, April, October 1910; March 1911 with slight changes; chapters XI, IV in
Fortnightly in October 1910 and March 1911.
18. Max Saunders,
Ford Madox Ford: A Dual Life, Volume I, 314.
19. See Saunders,
Ford Madox Ford: A Dual Life, Volume I, 350–1.
20. Violet Hunt,
The Flurried Years, 187.
21. See Saunders,
Ford Madox Ford: A Dual Life, Volume I, 305–45.
22. Ford Madox Hueffer, Ancient Lights and Certain New Reflections (London: Chapman and Hall, 1911), xiv–xv.
24. Ancient Lights, viii.
25. Ancient Lights, viii.
26. Ancient Lights, viii–ix.
30. Ancient Lights, vii–viii.
35. Ancient Lights, facing 5.
41. Ford to
James B. Pinker, January 1911, Letters of Ford Madox Ford, ed. Richard M. Ludwig (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965), 46–7.
44. Ford Madox Brown, The Diary of Ford Madox Brown, ed. Virginia Surtees (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), 80.
45. Ford, “Literary Portraits XLIII: Mr Wyndham Lewis and Blast,” quoted in
Sondra Stang, ed., The Ford Madox Ford Reader (Manchester: Carcanet, 1986), 175.
46. Ford, “Literary Portraits XLIII: Mr Wyndham Lewis and Blast,” 173–4.
47. Ford, “Literary Portraits XLVIII. M. Charles-Louis Philippe and ‘Le Père Perdrix’,”
Outlook, 34 (August 8, 1914), 174–5. Quoted in
Ford Madox Ford, War Prose, ed. Max Saunders (Manchester: Carcanet, 1999), 207.
48. Ford, “Dedicatory Letter to Stella Ford,” The Good Soldier (London: Penguin, 2002), 4.
49. Ford Madox Hueffer, “Footsloggers,” in On Heaven and Poems Written in Active Service (London: John Lane, 1918), 72.
50. Ford Madox Ford, It Was the Nightingale (London: Heinemann, 1934), 175.
51. It Was the Nightingale, 175.
52. Ford to F. S. Flint, Red Ford Cottage, June 23, 1920,
Letters of Ford Madox Ford, ed. Richard Ludwig, 105.
53. Ford to Alec Waugh, July 26, 1920,
Letters of Ford Madox Ford, ed. Richard Ludwig, 116.
54. Ford Madox Hueffer, Thus to Revisit (London: Chapman and Hall, 1921), 20.
57. Thus to Revisit, 113.
58. Thus to Revisit, 113.
59. Thus to Revisit, 121.
61. Thus to Revisit, 193.
62. Thus to Revisit, 186–7.
63. It Was the Nightingale, 137–8.
64. Ford to Victor Gollancz, March 1, 1932,
Letters of Ford Madox Ford, ed. Richard Ludwig, 204.
65. Ford to James B. Pinker, January 22, 1920, quoted in Max Saunders,
Ford Madox Ford: A Dual Life, Volume II, 80.
66. Ford Madox Ford, No Enemy (New York: Macaulay, 1929), 100.
69. See Max Saunders,
Ford Madox Ford: A Dual Life, Volume II, 158.
70. It Was the Nightingale, 285.
71. For more on the
transatlantic review, see
Bernard J. Poli, Ford Madox Ford and the Transatlantic Review (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1967).
72. Ford to H. G. Wells, October 14, 1923, in Richard Ludwig,
Letters of Ford Madox Ford, 154.
73. Ford to Joseph Conrad [n.d., but between October 7 and 13, 1923], Yale. Quoted in Max Saunders,
Ford Madox Ford: A Dual Life, Volume II, 139.
74. Ford Madox Ford, Joseph Conrad: A Personal Remembrance (London: Duckworth, 1924), 23.
76. See
Joseph Conrad, 73.
77. See, for example, Ford on Conrad’s identification with figures whose memoirs or biographies he read, and the importance he attached to, say, having Christina Rossetti’s desk in the Pent,
Joseph Conrad, 89.
83. H. G. Wells, “Letter to the editor,”
English Review, XXXI (August 1920), 178–9. See Harvey,
Ford Madox Ford: 1873–1939, 335–6.
85. Ford Madox Hueffer, “Footsloggers,” in
On Heaven, 68.
86. Return to Yesterday, vii.
87. Return to Yesterday, vii.
88. Return to Yesterday, vii.
89. Return to Yesterday, vii.
90. Return to Yesterday, 3.
91. Return to Yesterday, 8.
92. Harvey notes, in his bibliography of Ford, 75, that “there are, besides many echoes from earlier works, particularly
Ancient Lights and
Thus to Revisit […] two chapters reprinted, with very little change from earlier published periodical articles […] Ford makes no explicit acknowledgement of these earlier publications. In addition the sketches of Meary Walker and Meary Spratt in Chapter I, Part Three, first appeared in
Women & Men.”
93. Ford to Hugh Walpole, March 30, 1930,
Letters of Ford Madox Ford, ed. Richard Ludwig, 193.
94. Return to Yesterday, ix.
95. Return to Yesterday, 213.
96. Return to Yesterday, 22.
97. Return to Yesterday, 213–14.
98. Return to Yesterday, 13.
99. Return to Yesterday, 24.
100. Return to Yesterday, 52.
101. Return to Yesterday, 109.
102. Return to Yesterday, 202.
103. Return to Yesterday, 109.
104. Return to Yesterday, 418.
105. Return to Yesterday, 418.
106. Return to Yesterday, 435–6.
107. Return to Yesterday, 435–6.
108. According to Harvey’s bibliography, 78.
109. Return to Yesterday, 139.
110. It Was the Nightingale, vi.
111. It Was the Nightingale, vi.
112. It Was the Nightingale, vi.
113. It Was the Nightingale, x.
114. It Was the Nightingale, 3.
115. It Was the Nightingale, 15.
116. It Was the Nightingale, 17.
117. It Was the Nightingale, 88.
118. It Was the Nightingale, 66–7.
119. It Was the Nightingale, 49.
120. It Was the Nightingale, 173–4.
121. It Was the Nightingale, 161.
122. It Was the Nightingale, 161.
123. It Was the Nightingale, 161.
124. James Mellow, Charmed Circle: Gertrude Stein & Company (London: Phaidon, 1974), 242.
125. It Was the Nightingale, 161.
126. Stella Bowen, Drawn from Life (London: Virago, 1984), 171.
127. It Was the Nightingale, 189.
128. Ford Madox Ford, Some Do Not … in Max Saunders, ed., Some Do Not … (Parade’s End 1) (Manchester: Carcanet, 2010), 3.
129. It Was the Nightingale, 192.
130. It Was the Nightingale, 139.
131. It Was the Nightingale, 158–9.
132. It Was the Nightingale, 233–4.
133. Stella Bowen,
Drawn from Life, 62.
134. Stella Bowen,
Drawn from Life, 164.
135. As Max Saunders writes, Ford “cultivated the enjoyment of disbelief, the savouring of the sceptical after-taste. He was the great twentieth-century writer about the great nineteenth-century topic: doubt.” See Saunders,
Ford Madox Ford: A Dual Life, Volume II, 192.
Chapter 4
1. Edith Wharton to Bernard Berenson, November 23, 1912, on her novel
The Reef. From
The Letters of Edith Wharton, ed. R. W. B. Lewis and Nancy Lewis (London: Simon & Schuster, 1988), 284.
2. Edith Wharton, A Backward Glance (New York, London: Appleton-Century, 1934), 177.
3. Edith Wharton to Mary Cadwalader Jones, Sainte-Claire, December 26, 1920,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 436.
4. Edith Wharton to Rutger B. Jewett, February 21, 1923,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 464–5.
5. Edith Wharton to Rutger B. Jewett, February 21, 1923,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 464–5.
6. Edith Wharton to Rutger B. Jewett, February 21, 1923,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 464–5.
7. Edith Wharton to Rutger B. Jewett, February 21, 1923,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 464–5.
8. Edith Wharton to Rutger B. Jewett, February 21, 1923,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 464–5.
9. Shari Benstock’s No Gifts From Chance: A Biography of Edith Wharton (New York: Scribner’s, 1994), is consistently good on Wharton’s reading of biographies and autobiographies. See, e.g., 162, 181, 253, 263.
10. See Wharton’s 1902 review of
Herbert W. Paul’s Matthew Arnold, in The Uncollected Critical Writings of Edith Wharton, ed. Frederick Wegener (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 94–8.
11. See
Hermione Lee, Edith Wharton (London: Chatto & Windus, 2007), 653.
12. From
Quaderno dello Studente, quoted in
R. W. B. Lewis, Edith Wharton: A Biography (New York: Harper & Row), 1975, xii.
13. From
Quaderno dello Studente, quoted in R. W. B. Lewis,
Edith Wharton, xii.
14. R. W. B. Lewis,
Edith Wharton, xii.
15. Hermione Lee,
Edith Wharton, 638.
16. Cynthia Griffin Wolff, in A Feast of Words: The Triumph of Edith Wharton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 417, asserts that “Life & I,” “almost certainly serving as a first draft of the published autobiography,
A Backward Glance,” was “probably written as early as 1920 or 1922.” In the notes of
Edith Wharton, Novellas and Other Writings (New York: Library of America, 1990), 1136, Wolff writes that “Life & I,” “never completed,” may pre-date the 1923 Jewett letter.
17. “Life & I,” in
Edith Wharton, Novellas and Other Writings, 1074.
30. R. W. B. Lewis,
Edith Wharton, xi.
31. Edith Wharton to Bernard Berenson, February 18, 1931,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 534.
32. Nor, it transpires, did Edel really want to write the Berry biography. According to Lewis, the whole project was a complicated cover for one of Edel’s friends, who wanted to see Wharton’s letters to Berry. Edel went to St. Brice in June 1931, and agreed to abandon the Berry project. See Lewis,
Edith Wharton, 501.
33. Edith Wharton to Mary Berenson, June 4, 1932,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 553.
34. Edith Wharton to Gaillard Lapsley, March 2, 1933,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 557.
35. Shari Benstock,
No Gifts From Chance, 433.
36. A Backward Glance, vii.
37. A Backward Glance, vii.
38. A Backward Glance, 1.
39. A Backward Glance, 1.
40. A Backward Glance, 7.
41. A Backward Glance, 37.
42. A Backward Glance, 24.
43. A Backward Glance, 46.
44. A Backward Glance, 82.
45. A Backward Glance, 70.
46. For a full account of the 1914 manuscript of “Literature,” see
Nancy R. Leach, “Edith Wharton’s Unpublished Novel,” American Literature, 25:3 (November 1953), 334–53.
47. A Backward Glance, 113.
48. A Backward Glance, 169.
49. A Backward Glance, 172.
50. A Backward Glance, 172.
51. A Backward Glance, 175.
52. Edith Wharton to Gaillard Lapsley, early 1916, quoted in Lewis,
Edith Wharton, 383.
53. A Backward Glance, 248.
54. A Backward Glance, 178.
55. A Backward Glance, 179.
56. A Backward Glance, 179.
57. Millicent Bell, Edith Wharton and Henry James: The Story of Their Friendship (New York: George Braziller, 1965), 147.
58. A Backward Glance, 180.
59. A Backward Glance, 323.
60. A Backward Glance, 241.
61. A Backward Glance, 193–4.
62. A Backward Glance, 231.
63. Edith Wharton to Morton Fullerton, March 19, 1910,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 201–2.
64. A Backward Glance, 90.
65. Grace Kellogg, The Two Lives of Edith Wharton: The Woman and Her Work (New York: Appleton-Century, 1965), 64.
67. A Backward Glance, 215–16.
68. A Backward Glance, 221–2.
69. A Backward Glance, 170–1.
70. A Backward Glance, 170–1.
71. A Backward Glance, 170–1.
72. A Backward Glance, 379.
73. See
Edith Wharton, The Writing of Fiction (New York: Scribner’s, 1925), 78. What sets “apart the born novelist from the authors of self-confessions in the novel-form […] [is] the absence of the objective faculty in the latter. The subjective writer lacks the power of getting far enough away from his story to view it as a whole and relate it to its setting; his minor characters remain the mere satellites of the principal personage (himself), and disappear when not lit up by their central luminary.”
74. A Backward Glance, 210–11.
75. A Backward Glance, 210–11.
76. Henry James,
The Art of the Novel, 320–1.
77. Henry James to H. G. Wells, 1913, quoted in Nicholas Delbanco,
Group Portrait, 161.
78. From “The Fullness of Life.” Quoted, among other places—nearly every writer on Wharton uses this quotation, since it is so central to understanding how she saw herself—by Lewis,
Edith Wharton, 65–6.
79. Hermione Lee,
Edith Wharton, 10.
80. The Life Apart, 670. First published in 1994 in
American Literature (66:4), December 1994. “Texts and Contexts of Edith Wharton’s Love Diary,” ed. Kenneth M. Price and Phyllis McBride, 663–88.
81. A Backward Glance, 6.
82. Cynthia Griffin Wolff,
A Feast of Words: The Triumph of Edith Wharton, 147.
90. “Terminus,” quoted in Lewis,
Edith Wharton, 259–60.
93. Lewis,
Edith Wharton, 259.
94. Edith Wharton to Morton Fullerton, August 26, 1908,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 162.
97. Edith Wharton to Morton Fullerton, May 20, 1908,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 145.
98. Edith Wharton to Morton Fullerton, June 5, 1908,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 147.
99. In a late letter, Wharton wrote: “I feel about my houses as a crab must about its carapace.” Edith Wharton to Mary Cadwalader Jones, April 10, 1934,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 577.
100. The Life Apart, 671.
101. The Life Apart, 672.
102. Edith Wharton to Morton Fullerton, July 1, 1908,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 156.
103. Edith Wharton to Sara Norton, November 18, 1908,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 166.
104. See Edith Wharton,
The Uncollected Critical Writings, ed. Wegener, 287.
105. Edith Wharton to John L. B. Williams, March 17, 1937, [Yale], quoted in Wegener, 287.
106. “A Little Girl’s New York,” Wegener, 274.
107. “A Little Girl’s New York,” Wegener, 277.
108. Edith Wharton to Mrs. Royall Tyler, May 23, 1936,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 594–5.
109. Edith Wharton to Minnie Jones, January 24, 1932, quoted in Benstock,
No Gifts From Chance, 431.
110. Edith Wharton to Mary Berenson, October 11, 1936,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 598.
111. Edith Wharton to Mary Berenson, October 11, 1936,
Letters, ed. Lewis, 598.
Chapter 5
1. Letter from H. G. Wells to “Mrs Tooley,” October–November 1908. See
David C. Smith, ed., The Correspondence of H. G. Wells, Volume II, 1904–1918 (London: Pickering & Chatto, 1998), 228.
2. H. G. Wells to the Editor,
Queen, July 6, 1900.
The Correspondence of H. G. Wells, ed. David C. Smith, Volume I, 1880–1903, 359–60.
3. H. G. Wells to Ford Madox Ford, November 14, 1908. Quoted in Max Saunders,
Ford Madox Ford: A Dual Life, Volume II, 438.
4. H. G. Wells to Frederick Macmillan,
c.September 26, 1910.
The Correspondence of H. G. Wells, ed. David C. Smith, Volume II, 1904–1918, 286.
5. As Geoffrey West writes in
H. G. Wells: A Sketch for a Portrait (London: Gerald Howe, 1930), 186: “To-day Wells feels that he should have set them [the Webbs] boldly in his novel under their own names.”
6. One of many examples: in his
Experiment in Autobiography, Volume I (London: Faber, 1984), 171, Wells writes: “In a novel of mine called
Love & Mr Lewisham which is about just such a Grammar School teacher as I was, I have described how he had pinned up on his wall a ‘Schema’, planned to make the utmost use of his time and opportunities. I made that
Schema.” At the same time, Wells in later life became more and more touchy about other people depicting him in their memoirs or novels. His late correspondence from the 1930s on is strewn with letters from Wells to various publishers threatening libel suits.
7. Henry James to H. G. Wells, March 3, 1911. Quoted in Norman and
Jeanne MacKenzie, The Time Traveller: The Life of H. G. Wells (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973), 271.
8. H. G. Wells, Boon, The Mind of the Race, The Wild Asses of the Devil and The Last Trump (London: Unwin, 1915), 98.
9. H. G. Wells,
Boon, 118.
10. H. G. Wells,
Boon, 100.
11. As Lovat Dickson writes, “Wells continued publicly to maintain that the true authorship lay with another; the most he would admit was that the book was of ‘blended’ origin.” See
H. G. Wells: His Turbulent Life and Times (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1969), 260.
12. H. G. Wells,
Boon, 123.
13. H. G. Wells,
Boon, 169.
14. H. G. Wells,
Boon, 169.
15. H. G. Wells,
Boon. Quoted in
David C. Smith, H. G. Wells: Desperately Mortal (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), 170.
16. H. G. Wells, The World of William Clissold, Volume I (London: Ernest Benn, 1926), i.
17. H. G. Wells,
The World of William Clissold, Volume I, i.
18. H. G. Wells,
The World of William Clissold, Volume I, ii–iii.
19. As David C. Smith writes,
William Clissold can, of course, be seen “as a trial run” for Wells’s
Experiment in Autobiography. Reviewers took little notice of Wells’s stipulations, as Smith also reveals. “When the book was reviewed in
Nature, the reviewer, Henry E. Armstrong, called it Wells’s autobiography—‘a photograph taken with a wide lens, but not a very deep focus’.” See
Desperately Mortal, 417–18.
20. H. G. Wells, preface to The New Machiavelli (London: Penguin, 2005), 3.
21. H. G. Wells,
The New Machiavelli, 3.
22. H. G. Wells to Edward Clodd, March 30, 1904.
The Correspondence of H. G. Wells, Volume II, 19.
23. This is also recounted by Wells in a much later letter to Edmund Gosse.
Correspondence of H. G. Wells, Volume II, 434. Here it is dated as Summer 1915, but there is some confusion since the same letter appears in the
Correspondence, Volume III, 215, dated as Summer 1926.
24. David C. Smith, in
The Correspondence of H. G. Wells, Volume II, 14, notes that Wells’s proposed preface was printed in
Monthly Review as “George Gissing: An Impression” (August 1904), 160–72. S. J. James also discusses the Gissing–Wells relationship, and the
Veranilda preface, in “The Truth about Gissing: Reassessing the Literary Friendship of George Gissing and H. G. Wells,”
The Wellsian, 24 (2001), 2–21.
25. See MacKenzies,
The Time Traveller, 334.
26. Alan Judd, Ford Madox Ford (London: Collins, 1990), 104.
27. Hermione Lee, Virginia Woolf (London: Vintage, 1997), 4.
28. “Geoffrey West” was the pseudonym chosen by the young Geoffrey Wells, who was no relation to H. G.
29. Geoffrey West,
H. G. Wells: A Sketch for a Portrait, iv.
30. Wells’s introduction to Geoffrey West,
H. G. Wells, 13.
31. Wells’s introduction to Geoffrey West,
H. G. Wells, 13.
32. See Wells’s own description of his “
Drive” in a revealing letter to Rebecca West. Quoted in
Gordon Ray, H. G. Wells and Rebecca West (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1974), xviii.
33. As recounted in David C. Smith,
H. G. Wells: Desperately Mortal, 157.
34. H. G. Wells, The Bulpington of Blup (London: Hutchinson, 1932), 403.
35. H. G. Wells,
The Bulpington of Blup, 403.
36. H. G. Wells,
Experiment in Autobiography, Volume I, 24.
37. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume I, 15.
38. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume I, 37.
39. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume I, 36.
40. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 435.
41. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume I, 33–4.
42. H. G. Wells in Love (London: Faber, 1984), 102.
43. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 827.
44. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 417–18.
45. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 494–5.
46. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume I, 28.
47. And yet, as John S. Partington writes, Wells’s theory of global governance has been hugely influential. If Wells is not credited as much as he should be for his cosmopolitan ideas, this is perhaps because “he broke with organized campaigns for world government” and “never actually produced a single consolidated book containing his theory of global governance.” See
Building Cosmopolis: The Political Thought of H. G. Wells (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), 9.
48. Michael Draper, “Wells, Jung and the Persona,” English Literature in Transition, 30:4 (1987), 437–49.
49. H. G. Wells to S. S. Kotelianski, January 8, 1933.
The Correspondence of H. G. Wells, Volume III, 465.
50. Anthony West, in H. G. Wells: Aspects of a Life (London: Hutchinson, 1984), 381, writes that the correct name for this house is “Uppark,” not “Up Park,” which “has been copied from book to book on Wells, following the lead given by him in his autobiography.” But I have followed Wells.
51. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 737.
52. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume I, 76.
53. Anthony West, an acute reader of Wells’s autobiography, isn’t quite convinced by the broken tibia story, noting that “my father drops his account of the accident and its sequel into the narrative between two curious passages, the first concerned with his mother, and the second with the beginnings of his interest in sex.”
Aspects of a Life, 179.
54. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume I, 311.
55. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume I, 280.
56. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume I, 280.
57. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 419.
58. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 439.
59. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 439.
60. Gene K. Rinkel and Margaret E. Rinkel, The Picshuas of H. G. Wells: A Burlesque Diary (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006), 40.
61. Experiment in Autobiography, 439.
62. Experiment in Autobiography, 444.
63. Experiment in Autobiography, 444.
64. Experiment in Autobiography, 442–3.
65. Gene K. Rinkel and Margaret E. Rinkel,
The Picshuas of H. G. Wells: A Burlesque Diary, 101.
66. Janet Malcolm, Two Lives: Gertrude and Alice (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2007), 205–6.
67. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 490.
68. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 619.
69. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 620.
70. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 620.
71. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 615.
72. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 615–16.
73. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 618.
74. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 622.
75. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 617.
76. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 536.
77. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 535.
78. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 599.
79. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 623.
80. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 493.
81. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 503.
82. The lack of data in the last parts of the
Experiment has been well-noted by previous critics. David C. Smith, for example, notes that the first fifty years of Wells’s life are laid out in considerable detail, while “the last twenty years were treated very lightly, and the second section of the book is a restatement of his political and social philosophy.” See
Desperately Mortal, 418.
83. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 799.
84. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 798.
85. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 822.
86. Experiment in Autobiography, Volume II, 824.
87. Lovat Dickson, H. G. Wells: His Turbulent Life and Times (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1969), 3.
88. Anthony West,
H. G. Wells: Aspects of a Life, 124.
89. See
Deborah McDonald and Jeremy Dronfield, A Very Dangerous Woman: The Lives, Loves and Lies of Russia’s Most Seductive Spy (London: Oneworld, 2015) for a recent account of Moura’s love affairs and career as a spy.
90. Andrea Lynn, Shadow Lovers: The Last Affairs of H. G. Wells (Oxford: Westview, 2001), 113.
91. H. G. Wells in Love, 16.
92. H. G. Wells in Love, 17.
93. H. G. Wells in Love, 18.
94. Andrea Lynn,
Shadow Lovers: The Last Affairs of H. G. Wells, 28.
95. See Andrea Lynn,
Shadow Lovers: The Last Affairs of H. G. Wells, 28, for more on these cuts.
96. Andrea Lynn,
Shadow Lovers: The Last Affairs of H. G. Wells, 25.
97. H. G. Wells in Love, 234.
98. H. G. Wells in Love, 234.
99. H. G. Wells in Love, 234.
100. Indeed, Martha Gellhorn always refuted, throughout her life, the idea that she had anything more than a close friendship with the much older Wells. See
Caroline Moorehead, Martha Gellhorn: A Life (London: Vintage, 2004), 114–16.
101. See, for example,
John Huntingdon, “H. G. Wells: Problems of an Amorous Utopian,” Literature in Transition, 30:4 (1987), 411–22.
102. H. G. Wells in Love, 31.
103. H. G. Wells in Love, 32.
104. H. G. Wells in Love, 63.
105. Anthony West plausibly asserts that the scandal that was made of Wells’s affair with Amber Reeves (a key omission in the
Experiment) affected Wells more deeply than nearly anything else in his life.
Aspects of a Life, 332.
106. H. G. Wells in Love, 96.
107. H. G. Wells in Love, 96–7.
108. H. G. Wells in Love, 235.
109. H. G. Wells in Love, 69.
110. H. G. Wells in Love, 176.
111. “No consolidated John Smith wakes up. There are endless variants of the theme we recognize and which recognizes itself as John Smith […] All the John Smiths, from John Smith 1 to John Smith 5,000 or John Smith 5,000,000, have a common core in this belief that John Smith is really one person, because they are not only all aboard the same body, but also built round a similar conception of himself, his
persona as Jung has it.
But in fact they are a collection of mutually replaceable individual systems held together in a common habitation. One ascends; another fades before it.” See
’42 to ’44: A Contemporary Memoir (London: Secker, 1944), 171.
112. David C. Smith,
H. G. Wells: Desperately Mortal, 361.
113. H. G. Wells in Love, 190.
114. H. G. Wells in Love, 192.
115. H. G. Wells in Love, 183.
116. H. G. Wells in Love, 183.
117. From G. K. Chesterton,
Autobiography. Quoted in MacKenzies,
The Time Traveller, 341.
118. The World of William Clissold, 575.
119. The World of William Clissold, 575.
120. Philippe Lejeune and Victoria A. Lodewick, “How Do Diaries End?,” Biography, 24:1 (2001), 99–112.
121. H. G. Wells in Love, 200.
122. Andrea Lynn,
Shadow Lovers: The Last Affairs of H. G. Wells, 449.
Chapter 6
1. Gertrude Stein, The Geographical History of America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), edited with an introduction by William Gass, 105.
2. Much to the dismay of some Picasso scholars. In a catalogue essay in
Matisse Picasso, by Elizabeth Cowling, Anne Baldessari, John Elderfield, John Golding, Isabelle Monod-Fontaine, and Kirk Varnedoe (London: Tate Publishing, 2002), John Elderfield notes the fact that Stein’s account is the only first-hand record, and queries the validity of her claim that there were eighty or ninety sittings—more than was usual for Picasso. See the footnotes to his essay, 348.
3. Gertrude Stein, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (London: The Bodley Head, 1933), 50.
4. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 51.
5. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 51.
6. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 54–5.
7. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 57.
8. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 61.
9. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 13.
10. Gertrude Stein, Picasso, English edition (London: Batsford, 1938), 8.
11. For more conceptualizations of the “portrait transaction” in different periods, see, for example, the essays by Angela Rosenthal and David Lomas in
Joanna Woodall, ed., Portraiture (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), 147–88.
12. Seeing Gertrude Stein, ed. Wanda M. Corn and Tirza True Latimer (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011) provides a detailed overview of the many portraits, in many media, for which Stein sat during her life.
13. Brenda Wineapple, in Sister Brother (London: Bloomsbury, 1996), 270, writes that Stein “instructed Emily Dawson, Mary Berenson’s cousin, to send from London the English translations of the diary and letters of Madame D’Arblay (Fanny Burney), as well as the letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Hugh Walpole, and the memoirs, if such existed, of William Tecumseh Sherman, Abraham Lincoln, and John Adams.”
14. Diana Souhami, Gertrude and Alice (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991), 80.
15. Wendy Steiner, in Exact Resemblance to Exact Resemblance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978) has much to say about the relation of Stein’s portraiture to older traditions, including Pope.
16. William James, The Principles of Psychology, reprint (Dover Publications, 1950), 238–9. Quoted in S. C. Neuman,
Gertrude Stein: Autobiography and the Problem of Narration (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1979), 37.
17. Wendy Steiner,
Exact Resemblance to Exact Resemblance, 23.
18. Gertrude Stein,
The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 170.
19. Gertrude Stein,
Picasso, 15.
20. Stella Bowen, Drawn From Life (London: Virago, 1941), reprint, 1984, 215.
21. Gertrude Stein, A Portrait of One: Harry Phelan Gibb, in Geography & Plays (Boston: Four Seas, 1922), 201.
22. Gertrude Stein, “Susie Asado,” in
Geography & Plays, 13.
23. Gertrude Stein, “Sherwood’s Sweetness,” in Reflection on the Atomic Bomb, Volume One of the Previously Uncollected Writings of Gertrude Stein, ed. Robert Bartlett Haas (Los Angeles: Black Sparrow Press, 1975), 61.
24. Wendy Steiner, in
Exact Resemblance to Exact Resemblance, suggests that there are three phases of portraiture in Stein’s work. While useful, especially in marking out the first two phases, Steiner’s division into three phases breaks down rather in the third phase, which is more heterogeneous and hard to classify. I think it is fair to mark out a fourth phase of portraiture, as I do here, in the narrative portraits and the autobiographies, even though the general tradition of many Stein critics is to denigrate the autobiographies and see them either in opposition to the more “serious” experimental work, or as a relaxation of it. This chapter looks at the fourth phase of narrative portraiture, in the autobiographies, in detail, and shows that it too had its own phases.
25. Ulla E. Dydo, Gertrude Stein: The Language That Rises (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2003), 7.
26. Linda Wagner-Martin, in Favoured Strangers: Gertrude Stein and her Family (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 197, gives a sense of just how many memoirs by Stein’s friends had recently appeared. “The model Kiki of Montparnasse had written her memoirs,” writes Wagner-Martin, “[…] so had Fernande Olivier […] Memoirs by friends Lincoln Steffens, Frank Harris, Theodore Dreiser, Muriel Draper, Sherwood Anderson, Ford Madox Ford, Janet Scudder, Isadora Duncan, Emma Goldman, Margaret Anderson, Amelia Earhart, Helen Keller, Gertrude Atherton, Mabel Dodge, and Mary Austin also appeared. Gertrude read the good reviews of Robert Graves’s
Goodbye to All That, which he had written in eight weeks during a summer, and of Natalie Barney’s
Aventures de l’esprit.”
27. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 268.
28. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 212.
29. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 268.
30. Gertrude Stein, “The Story of a Book,” in How Writing is Written, Volume Two of the Previously Uncollected Writings of Gertrude Stein, ed. Robert Bartlett Haas (Los Angeles: Black Sparrow Press, 1974), 61.
31. Gertrude Stein to Fania Marinoff, August 9, 1932. Quoted in
Edward Burns, The Letters of Gertrude Stein and Carl Van Vechten, Volume I (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), 258.
32. Gertrude Stein, Stanzas in Meditation, from Volume Six of the Yale Edition of the Unpublished Writings of Gertrude Stein, ed. Carl Van Vechten (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1956), 77.
33. This is mentioned in Ulla Dydo,
The Language That Rises, 537. Of all Stein critics, Dydo has written the most about, and seems to have the most interest in, Stein’s manuscripts; and her book offers detailed analysis of them.
34. Edward Burns, in an Appendix to Volume II of
The Letters of Gertrude Stein and Carl Van Vechten, 852, writes: “From various materials in the Yale archives, it is clear that Stein actually began
The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas in the early summer. Her reference to those six weeks in the fall is a smooth concealing manoeuvre.” Burns also has his doubts about the table Stein says she sat at when she wrote the book. “The table,” writes Burns, “(now in a private collection in
Germany) would appear to be too small and unsteady to have been used as a work table.” Burns,
Letters of GS and CVV, Volume I, 263.
35. Gertrude Stein, “A Transatlantic Interview—1946,” in A Primer for the Gradual Understanding of Gertrude Stein, ed. Robert Bartlett Haas (Los Angeles: Black Sparrow Press, 1973), 19.
36. See Linda Wagner-Martin,
Favoured Strangers: Gertrude Stein and her Family, 199–200.
37. All these names were discovered through Ulla Dydo’s work with the manuscripts; she writes brilliantly on the secret exchanges between Stein and Toklas. See Dydo,
The Language That Rises, 51.
38. Quoted in Dydo,
The Language That Rises, 50.
39. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 268.
40. As Wanda M. Corn notes, the first edition’s title page said simply
The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, without naming Stein; and the caption for the Man Ray photograph used for the cover also made no mention of Stein, “even though she was at her desk in the picture.”
Seeing Gertrude Stein, 212.
41. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 231.
42. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 235.
43. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 268.
44. Gertrude Stein to Carl Van Vechten, March 17, 1924. Quoted in Edward Burns, ed.,
The Letters of Gertrude Stein and Carl Van Vechten 1913–1946, Volume I, 95.
45. See
James Mellow, Charmed Circle: Gertrude Stein and Company (London: Phaidon, 1974), 212. The telegram read: “Sorry to say unable to receive here at present any visits from London. Have come down for complete retirement. Henry James.”
46. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 134.
47. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 12.
48. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 268.
49. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 15.
50. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 15.
51. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 97.
52. In a letter to Carl Van Vechten, July 21, 1925, Stein wrote: “it is rather strange but for the first time there is you around through and behind it […] the you has come in differently in a way it seems to have gotten out of your control you I mean and gotten into the book, it intrigues and puzzles me […] it bothers and kind of pleases me […]” See Edward Burns, ed.,
Letters of Gertrude Stein and Carl Van Vechten, Volume I, 119. In 1923 Stein wrote to Sherwood Anderson about his novel
Many Marriages, “there is perhaps a little bit too much tendency to mix yourself and the hero together, it is a little your weakness in your long things.” Quoted in
Elizabeth Sprigge, Gertrude Stein: Her Life and Work (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1957), 133.
53. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 16.
54. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 12.
55. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 98.
56. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 83.
57. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 83.
58. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 92–3.
59. Ulla Dydo relates in
The Language That Rises that although she herself, in her article “Stanzas in Meditation: The Other Autobiography” in
Gertrude Stein Advanced: An Anthology of Criticism, ed. Richard Kostelanetz (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1990), 112–27, had argued that the tension in the
Stanzas resulted from Alice’s anger and jealousy over
Q.E.D., she now thinks that Alice only read
Q.E.D. and became jealous in December 1932, i.e. after both the
Stanzas and the
Autobiography were written. Linda Wagner-Martin attributes the writing of the
Autobiography to an attempt to appease Alice in her anger—yet if Dydo’s later findings are correct, this is unlikely.
60. Ulla Dydo,
The Language That Rises, 499.
61. Gertrude Stein, Everybody’s Autobiography (London: Heinemann, 1938), 5–6.
62. Everybody’s Autobiography, 21.
63. Leo Stein to Mabel Weeks, quoted in
John Malcolm Brinnin, The Third Rose: Gertrude Stein and Her World (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1960), 311.
64. Quoted in
Diana Souhami, Gertrude & Alice (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991), 194.
65. Ulla Dydo is the source for “Belley 168,” in
The Language That Rises, 547.
66. Everybody’s Autobiography, 66.
67. Lectures in America (New York: Random House, 1935), 167.
68. Gertrude Stein, “A Transatlantic Interview—1946,” in
A Primer for the Gradual Understanding of Gertrude Stein, ed. Robert Bartlett Haas, 21.
69. Everybody’s Autobiography, 53.
70. Everybody’s Autobiography, 82.
71. Everybody’s Autobiography, 32.
72. Everybody’s Autobiography, 38.
73. Everybody’s Autobiography, 50.
74. Everybody’s Autobiography, 49.
75. See Dydo,
The Language That Rises, 574.
76. Gertrude Stein, “And Now,” quoted in
Robert Bartlett Haas, ed., How Writing is Written, Volume Two of the Previously Uncollected Writings of Gertrude Stein, 63.
77. Quoted in
The Language That Rises, 576.
78. Four in America (reprint: Books for Libraries Press, 1969), 138.
79. Four in America, 143.
80. Four in America, 152–8.
81. Everybody’s Autobiography, 94.
82. Everybody’s Autobiography, 150.
83. Everybody’s Autobiography, 220.
84. Everybody’s Autobiography, 278.
85. Everybody’s Autobiography, 153.
86. Everybody’s Autobiography, 168.
87. Everybody’s Autobiography, 57.
88. Everybody’s Autobiography, 61.
89. S. C. Neuman, in
Gertrude Stein: Autobiography and the Problem of Narration, 16, and elsewhere in this monograph, was one of the first critics to have noted how
Everybody’s Autobiography functions as a meta-autobiography.
90. Everybody’s Autobiography, 53.
91. Everybody’s Autobiography, xi.
92. As John Whittier-Ferguson writes, Stein spent “the last years of her life living in wartime, musing on the causes and effects and experience of war, and working war into her art and her theories about art.” See “The Liberation of Gertrude Stein: War and Writing,”
Modernism/modernity, 8:3 (2001), 406.
93. Gertrude Stein, Paris France (Liveright reprint, 1970), 30.
97. See Edward Burns, ed.,
Letters of GS and CVV, Volume II, 652, for more on how Stein’s real conversations with Hélène Bouton became the material for the Helen Button story.
99. Gertrude Stein to Carl Van Vechten, postmark: January 10, 1940, in Burns, ed.,
Letters of GS and CVV, Volume II, 663.
100. Gertrude Stein to Thornton Wilder, postmark: September 15, 1940. In
The Letters of Gertrude Stein and Thornton Wilder, ed. Edward Burns and Ulla E. Dydo with William Rice (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 270.
101. Gertrude Stein to Thornton Wilder, postmark: December 18, 1940.
Letters of GS and TW, 276.
102. Gertrude Stein to Carl Van Vechten, postmark: September 9, 1941.
Letters of GS and CVV, Volume II, 736.
103. Dydo and Burns tell how these titles are on the first notebook. See
Letters of GS and TW, 417. Another title for the book was
All Wars are Interesting. This is how the forthcoming book is mentioned in the article “The Liberation of Gertrude Stein” in
Life, October 2, 1944.
104. Wars I Have Seen (London: Batsford, 1945), 1.
105. Wars I Have Seen, 1.
106. The nearest she came was the experimental piece “A Diary” in the 1920s: a short text mainly about trying to keep a diary, and deciding against it. “Will there be a diary a daily diary. There will not be a daily diary […]” See “A Diary” in “Alphabets and Birthdays,” Volume Seven of the Yale Edition of the Unpublished Writings of Gertrude Stein, ed. Carl Van Vechten (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957).
107. Gertrude Stein, The Geographical History of America, 64.
108. Wars I Have Seen, 54.
109. Wars I Have Seen, 16.
111. Wars I Have Seen, 134.
112. Wars I Have Seen, 156.
113. The most detailed account to date of Stein’s relationship with Faÿ is Barbara Will’s
Unlikely Collaboration: Gertrude Stein, Bernard Faÿ and the Vichy Dilemma (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011). This builds on Malcolm’s account, and reveals a good deal about Faÿ’s wartime activities; but what Stein really knew of these remains in question.
114. Quoted in
Barbara Will, Unlikely Collaboration: Gertrude Stein, Bernard Faÿ and the Vichy Dilemma, 135.
115. Unlikely Collaboration: Gertrude Stein, Bernard Faÿ and the Vichy Dilemma, 181.
116. Wars I Have Seen, 32.
117. Wars I Have Seen, 13.
118. Wars I Have Seen, 23.
119. Wars I Have Seen, 26.
120. Gertrude Stein letter to Francis Rose, n.d., Gertrude Stein collection, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, Austin. Quoted in
Barbara Will, Unlikely Collaboration: Gertrude Stein, Bernard Faÿ and the Vichy Dilemma, 181.
121. Alice Toklas to Carl Van Vechten, July 31, 1946.
Letters of GS and CVV, Volume II, 834–5.
122. Carl Van Vechten to Alice Toklas, August 4, 1946.
Letters of GS and CVV, Volume II, 839.
Chapter 7
1. Wyndham Lewis to William Rothenstein
c.1922, as quoted by Rothenstein in
Men and Memories, 1900–22, Volume 2 (London: Faber, 1932), 378.
2. “Wyndham Lewis Vortex No. 1,” in
Blast: War Number (July 1915), 91.
3. “Wyndham Lewis Vortex No. 1,” in
Blast: War Number (July 1915), 91.
4. “The Code of a Herdsman,” 1917, in
The Essential Wyndham Lewis: An Introduction to His Work, ed. Julian Symons (London: André Deutsch, 1989), 29.
5. “The Code of a Herdsman” (1917), in
The Essential Wyndham Lewis: An Introduction to His Work, ed. Julian Symons, 26–7.
6. Wyndham Lewis, Tarr, ed. Scott W. Klein (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 46.
7. Wyndham Lewis,
Tarr, 46.
8. For reproductions of six self-portraits from 1920, see
Walter Michel, Wyndham Lewis: Paintings and Drawings (London: Thames and Hudson, 1971), plate 53.
9. Self-Portrait with Chair and Table is reproduced in Walter Michel,
Wyndham Lewis: Paintings and Drawings, plate 66.
10. Both the
Portrait of the Artist as the Painter Raphael and
Mr Wyndham Lewis as a Tyro have been widely reproduced in monographs on Lewis’s art. See for example,
Wyndham Lewis: Portraits, ed. Paul Edwards with Richard Humphreys (London: National Portrait Gallery, 2008), 24–6.
11. Wyndham Lewis on Art: Collected Writings, 1913–1956, ed. Walter Michel and C. J. Fox (London: Thames and Hudson, 1969), 190.
12. See Walter Michel,
Wyndham Lewis: Paintings and Drawings, plate 99.
13. See
Wyndham Lewis: Portraits, ed. Paul Edwards with Richard Humphreys, 27 for a color reproduction of this self-portrait.
14. See
Wyndham Lewis: Portraits, ed. Paul Edwards with Richard Humphreys, 29.
15. See Walter Michel,
Wyndham Lewis: Paintings and Drawings, plate 99.
16. Wyndham Lewis, One-Way Song (London: Faber, 1933), 44, 56.
17. See
Wyndham Lewis: Portraits, ed. Paul Edwards with Richard Humphreys, 30.
18. Paul O’Keeffe notes that the identification of Olive Johnson for these two drawings is “unmistakable.” See
O’Keeffe, Some Sort of Genius: A Life of Wyndham Lewis (London: Jonathan Cape, 2000), 105.
19. Quoted in
Paul Edwards, Wyndham Lewis: Painter and Writer (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), 58.
20. Wyndham Lewis, “Super-Nature Versus Super-Real,” in Wyndham Lewis the Artist: From “Blast” to Burlington House (London: Laidlaw and Laidlaw, 1939), 59.
21. Wyndham Lewis, Men Without Art (London: Cassell, 1934), 128.
22. Wyndham Lewis,
Men Without Art, 120.
23. William Rothenstein, Since Fifty: Men and Memories 1922–1938 (New York, 1940), 73; quoted in
W. K. Rose, The Letters of Wyndham Lewis (London: Methuen, 1963), 259.
24. Wyndham Lewis, “The Credentials of the Painter,” in Creatures of Habit and Creatures of Change: Essays on Art, Literature and Society 1914–1956, ed. Paul Edwards (Los Angeles: Black Sparrow Press, 1989), 68–9.
25. Lewis to Sydney Schiff, March 22, 1922, (BL), quoted in Paul O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 237.
26. Edith Sitwell to Lady Snow, January 8, 1951 in
Edith Sitwell, Selected Letters, ed. John Lehmann and Derek Parker (London: Macmillan, 1970), 231.
27. Quoted in
Jeffrey Meyers, The Enemy: A Biography of Wyndham Lewis (London: Routledge, 1980), 292. Eliot’s statement originally comes from an article, “White Light,” in
Time (May 30, 1949), 60.
28. Wyndham Lewis, Blasting and Bombardiering (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1937), 215.
29. Wyndham Lewis,
Blasting and Bombardiering, 215.
30. Lewis to O. R. Drey, September 4, 1925, in Rose,
The Letters of Wyndham Lewis, 162.
31. Wyndham Lewis, “Studies in the Art of Laughter,”
The London Mercury, 30:180 (October 1934), 509–15. Quoted in
Geoffrey Wagner, Wyndham Lewis: A Portrait of the Artist as the Enemy (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957), 515.
32. Wyndham Lewis, Time and Western Man, ed. Paul Edwards (Los Angeles: Black Sparrow Press, 1993), 59.
33. Wyndham Lewis,
Time and Western Man, ed. Paul Edwards, 101.
34. Wyndham Lewis,
Men Without Art, 149.
35. Wyndham Lewis,
Men Without Art, 153.
36. Quoted in O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 294.
37. See W. K. Rose,
The Letters of Wyndham Lewis, 180.
38. Wyndham Lewis, Rude Assignment: A Narrative of my Career Up-to-Date (London: Hutchinson, 1950).
39. Virginia Woolf, October 11, 1934, in
A Writer’s Diary, ed. Leonard Woolf (London: Hogarth Press, 1953), 220–1. Quoted in Meyers,
The Enemy, 166.
40. Wyndham Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 199.
41. Wyndham Lewis to C. H. Prentice, April 12, 1926, in W. K. Rose,
The Letters of Wyndham Lewis, 167.
42. Quoted in Paul O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 320–1.
43. Wyndham Lewis to T. S. Eliot, July 31, 1936. Quoted in O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 361.
44. W. H. Auden and Louis MacNeice, Letters from Iceland (London: Faber, 1937), 233.
45. Wyndham Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 209.
46. Lewis mentions “May 1937” on 94; “June 26, 1937” on 222 and “autumn 1937” on 303 of
Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937 edition.
47. Thomas R. Smith, Introduction to Wyndham Lewis, “Preliminary Aside to the Reader; Regarding Gossip, and its Pitfalls,”
Modernism/modernity, 4:2, 182.
48. From an interview with Lewis by
Louise Morgan, in Writers at Work (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931). Quoted in Meyers,
The Enemy, 200.
49. Lewis to the editor of “Twentieth Century Verse,” November 21, 1937, quoted in W. K. Rose,
The Letters of Wyndham Lewis, 247.
50. See Meyers,
The Enemy, 231.
51. See Paul O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 346.
52. See Paul O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 369.
53. See Paul O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 237.
54. “Cantelman” fragments appeared in
Blast 2 (1915) and the
Little Review (1917), for example, in different versions and with “Cantelman” given different names. See
Tom Holland’s PhD thesis “Ezra Pound, Wyndham Lewis, and the Crowd” (York, 2007).
55. Ezra Pound to Wyndham Lewis, February 13, 1930, in
Pound/Lewis: The Letters of Ezra Pound and Wyndham Lewis, ed. Timothy Materer (London: Faber, 1985), 169.
56. Wyndham Lewis to Ezra Pound, before June 1930, in
Pound/Lewis, 171.
57. The manuscript is in Cornell University, Ithaca. Wyndham Lewis,
Cantelman-Crowd Master mss. and tss. Wyndham Lewis Papers. Cornell University, Ithaca. See “Ezra Pound, Wyndham Lewis, and the Crowd” by Tom Holland (York, 2007) for a reproduction of this text. As Holland notes, the spelling of “Cantelman” by Lewis was different in the manuscript (“Cantelman”) and in
Blasting and Bombardiering (“Cantleman”).
58. The short sketches “The King of the Trenches,” “Cantleman’s Spring-Mate,” and “The War Baby” were also published by Lewis’s wife in the posthumous 1967 edition of
Blasting and Bombardiering (London: Calder & Boyars, 1967), these stories being described by her in a brief preface as “part of an unfinished war book.”
59. Wyndham Lewis to Ezra Pound, August 20, 1916. In W. K. Rose,
The Letters of Wyndham Lewis, 83.
60. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 19.
61. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 16.
62. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 19.
63. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 1.
64. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 2.
65. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 67.
66. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 2.
67. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 2.
68. Thomas R. Smith, Introduction to Wyndham Lewis, “Preliminary Aside to the Reader; Regarding Gossip, and its Pitfalls,” 182.
69. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 258.
70. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 9.
71. Thomas R. Smith, Introduction to Wyndham Lewis, “Preliminary Aside to the Reader; Regarding Gossip, and its Pitfalls,” 183.
72. T. S. Eliot, ed.
Frank Kermode, Selected Prose (London: Faber, 1975), 40.
73. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 14.
74. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 13.
75. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 6.
76. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 43, 46.
77. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 39.
78. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 39.
79. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 40.
80. Blast is dated June 20, but did not appear until July 1, 1914.
81. Blast. No. 1 (June 1914), 149.
82. From
The Selected Letters of Rebecca West, ed. Bonnie Kime Scott (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), 23.
83. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 43.
84. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 44.
85. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 47.
86. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 54.
87. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 62–3.
88. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 69.
89. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 89.
90. Although Cantleman himself does not appear in
Blast 2, as Lewis says, the material is similar.
91. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 68.
92. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 84.
93. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 81.
94. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 50.
95. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 183.
96. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 91.
97. W. K. Rose,
The Letters of Wyndham Lewis, 78.
98. See W. K. Rose,
The Letters of Wyndham Lewis, 83–4.
99. Lewis to his mother, France, June 6, 1917, in W. K. Rose,
The Letters of Wyndham Lewis, 88–9.
100. Lewis to Pound, June 6, 1917, in
Pound/Lewis, 73.
101. Lewis to Pound, June 8, 1917, in
Pound/Lewis, 73–4.
102. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 8.
103. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 205.
104. Lewis to Pound, No. 8 (Michelham) Home for Convalescent British Officers, France, July 26, 1917,
Pound/Lewis, 90.
105. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 154.
106. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 163.
107. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 164.
108. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 189.
109. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 212.
110. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 282.
111. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 283.
112. Blasting and Bombardiering, 1937, 5.
113. Paul Edwards,
Wyndham Lewis: Portraits, 91.
114. See Paul O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 379.
115. From a letter to Naomi Mitchison, quoted in Paul O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 396.
116. Lewis to Archibald MacLeish, Toronto, October 21, 1941, in W. K. Rose, 302.
117. Lewis to James Johnson Sweeney, April 30, 1942 (Cornell), quoted in O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 449.
118. Lewis to James Johnson Sweeney, April 30, 1942, (Cornell), quoted in O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 449.
119. Lewis to Eric Kennington, Toronto, June 26[?], 1942, in W. K. Rose,
The Letters of Wyndham Lewis, 325.
120. Paul O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 450.
121. Lewis to Iris Barry, July 18, 1942 (Cornell). In Meyers,
The Enemy, 255.
122. Wyndham Lewis,
America, I Presume (New York: Howell, Soskin, 1940), 33.
123. Paul O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 404.
124. Wyndham Lewis,
Self Condemned, 1954. Reprint, ed. Rowland Smith (Los Angeles: Black Sparrow Press, 1983), 162–3.
125. Lewis,
Self Condemned, 169.
126. Lewis,
Self Condemned, 177.
127. Lewis,
Self Condemned, 176.
128. Lewis,
Self Condemned, 210.
129. Lewis,
Self Condemned, 245.
130. Lewis,
Self Condemned, 407.
131. Lewis to D. D. Paige, August 17, 1947 (Cornell). Quoted in Meyers,
The Enemy, 286.
132. Lewis to Geoffrey Stone, January 15, 1948, in W. K. Rose,
The Letters of Wyndham Lewis, 427.
133. Paul O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 520.
134. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 12.
135. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 10–11.
136. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 103.
137. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 10.
138. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 13.
139. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 103.
140. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 110.
141. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 113.
142. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 113.
143. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 117.
144. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 118.
145. Augustus John to Lewis, June 1907, quoted in
Michael Holroyd, Augustus John (London: Penguin, 1976), 173n–174n.
146. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 197.
147. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 121.
148. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 122.
149. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 122.
150. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 122.
151. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 148.
152. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 124.
153. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 125.
154. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 129.
155. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 140.
156. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 139.
157. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 192.
158. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 221–2.
159. Lewis,
Rude Assignment, 188.
160. Lewis to Frank Morley, October 17, 1941 in W. K. Rose,
The Letters of Wyndham Lewis, 299–301.
161. Lewis to David Kahma, July 5, 1951, in W. K. Rose,
The Letters of Wyndham Lewis, 541.
162. Lewis to David Kahma, July 5, 1951, in W. K. Rose,
The Letters of Wyndham Lewis, 541.
163. Lewis, “The Sea-Mists of the Winter,”
The Listener, 45:1158 (May 10, 1951). Reprinted in
Wyndham Lewis: An Anthology of his Prose, ed. E. W. F. Tomlin (London: Methuen, 1969), 394.
164. Lewis, “The Sea-Mists of the Winter,” in
WL: An Anthology of his Prose, ed. E. W. F. Tomlin, 395–6.
165. Lewis, “The Sea-Mists of the Winter,” in
WL: An Anthology of his Prose, ed. E. W. F. Tomlin, 396.
166. Lewis, “The Sea-Mists of the Winter,” in
WL: An Anthology of his Prose, ed. E. W. F. Tomlin, 397.
167. Lewis, “The Sea-Mists of the Winter,” in
WL: An Anthology of his Prose, ed. E. W. F. Tomlin, 397.
168. John Rothenstein, “Introduction,” in Jane Farrington, Wyndham Lewis (London: Lund Humphries in association with the City of Manchester Art Galleries, 1980), 13.
169. Paul O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 615.
170. Wyndham Lewis to Hugh Kenner,
c.March 1956, in W. K. Rose,
The Letters of Wyndham Lewis, 564.
171. Paul O’Keeffe,
Some Sort of Genius, 616.
Epilogue
1. Virginia Woolf, “Sketch of the Past,” in Moments of Being, ed. Jeanne Schulkind (London: Pimlico, 2002), 78.
2. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 78.
3. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 122.
4. These pieces, “22 Hyde Park Gate,” “Old Bloomsbury,” and “Am I a Snob?” were presented to the Memoir Club in 1920–1, 1921–2, and 1936 respectively. See the Editor’s Note to
Moments of Being, 171–5.
5. Virginia Woolf, February 3, 1927, in
The Diary of Virginia Woolf, ed. Anne Olivier Bell and Andrew McNeillie, 5 vols. (London: Hogarth Press, 1977–84), Volume III, 125.
6. Virginia Woolf, August 17, 1938, in
The Diary of Virginia Woolf, ed. Anne Olivier Bell and Andrew McNeillie, 5 vols. (London: Hogarth Press, 1977–84), Volume V, 162.
7. Virginia Woolf, June 29, 1939, in
The Diary of Virginia Woolf, ed. Anne Olivier Bell and Andrew McNeillie,Volume V, 222.
8. Virginia Woolf, October 20, 1940, in
The Diary of Virginia Woolf, ed. Anne Olivier Bell and Andrew McNeillie, Volume V, 330–2.
9. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 105.
10. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 109.
11. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 109.
12. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 109.
13. Hermione Lee, Virginia Woolf (London: Vintage, 1997), 10–11.
14. Virginia Woolf, “Stopford Brooke,”
TLS, November 29, 1917, in
The Essays of Virginia Woolf, Volume II, ed. Andrew McNeillie (London: Hogarth Press, 1986), 184.
15. Virginia Woolf, Collected Essays, Volume IV, ed. Leonard Woolf (London: Chatto & Windus, 1966–7), 54.
16. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 96.
17. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 96.
18. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 96.
19. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 78.
20. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 78.
21. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 78.
22. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 78–9.
23. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 78–9.
24. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 82.
25. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 82.
26. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 80.
27. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 80.
28. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 83.
29. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 83.
30. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 84.
31. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 83.
32. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 108.
33. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 108.
34. Virginia Woolf, December 19, 1940, in
The Diary of Virginia Woolf, ed. Anne Olivier Bell and Andrew McNeillie, Volume V, 345.
35. Virginia Woolf to Leonard Woolf, March 28?,
1941, The Letters of Virginia Woolf, ed. Nigel Nicolson and Joanne Trautmann, 6 vols. (London: Hogarth Press, 1975–80), Volume VI, 3710, 486–9.
36. Virginia Woolf to Leonard Woolf, March 28?,
1941, The Letters of Virginia Woolf, ed. Nigel Nicolson and Joanne Trautmann, Volume VI, 3710, 486–9.
37. H. G. Wells,
Boon, quoted in David C. Smith,
H. G. Wells: Desperately Mortal, 170.
38. Ford Madox Ford to Catherine Hueffer, July 3, 1919, Stow Hill Papers, BH Box 1, File 6, House of Lords Record Office London. Quoted in
Ros Pesman, “Autobiography, Biography and Ford Madox Ford’s Women,” in Women’s History Review, 8:4 (1999), 657.
39. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 87.
40. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 98.
41. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 141.
42. “Sketch of the Past,”
Moments of Being, 85.
43. H. G. Wells, H. G. Wells in Love, ed. G. P. Wells (London: Faber, 1984), 236.
44. H. G. Wells, H. G. Wells in Love, 236.
45. H. G. Wells, H. G. Wells in Love, 236.
46. H. G. Wells, H. G. Wells in Love, 236.