Abinger, Robert Scarlett, 6th Baron, 325
Aboukir Bay, Battle of (1798), 234–5
Académie Française: foundation by Richelieu, 155n; rebellious acts, 336
Achillopoulos, Costa, 295n
Action Française, 324
Adela of Champagne, 3rd Queen of Louis VII, 33
Adélaïde, Madame (sister of Louis-Philippe), 256, 258, 260, 266, 268
Adhemar, Bishop of Le Puy, 19–20
affaire des poisons, l’, 166, 171n
Agincourt, Battle of (1415), 87–90
Agnadello, Battle of (1509), 114
Agnes-Anna of Byzantium (Philip Augustus’s sister), 43
Aigle (French imperial yacht), 297–8
Aix-en-Provence: founded (as Aquae Sextiae), 1
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748), 180
Al-Adil (brother of Saladin), 37
Al-Mansura, Battle of (1250), 51
Albert, Prince Consort: visits France, 285
Albigensian Crusade (and heresy), 48–9
Albret, Charles d’, 88–90
Albret, Charlotte d’, 113
Aleppo: in Second Crusade, 28
Alesia (?Mont Auxois), 3 & n, 4
Alexander I, Tsar of Russia, 240
Alexander III, Pope, 33
Alexander VI, Pope (Rodrigo Borgia), 109, 112
& n, 114
Alexandria, 233–4
Alfonso II, King of Naples, 109
Algeria: French capture (1830) and incorporate, 252, 326; in Second World War, 345–8
Allocution of 29 April 1848 (papal), 274
Alsace: annexed by Dagobert I, 9; Bismarck demands, 307, 314; Paris statue covered, 327; France reclaims, 332
Alsace-Lorraine: created, 14
Alys, Princess of France (sister of Philip Augustus), 43
Amboise, 111, 119; Edict of (1563), 143
America: Seven Years’ War in, 183
American Revolution, 187–8
Amiens, Treaty of (1802), 232, 238–9
Ancre, Concino Concini, Marquis of, 149–50
Ancre, Laura Galigai (Concini), Marquise of, 149–50
Anet, Château d’, 138
Anet, Louis de Brézé, Seigneur d’, 137
Angoulême, Charles, Duke of, 153
Angoulême, Louis Antoine, Duke of (later Dauphin), 249
Anjou, Francis, Duke of, 145
Anjou, Geoffrey, Count of, 33
Anjou, Louis I, Duke of (son of John II), 80
Anjou and Blois, Robert the Strong, Count of, 16
Anne of Austria, Queen of Louis XIII: marriage, 150, 168; as regent, 157, 159–60
Anne of Brittany, Queen of Charles VIII, then of Louis XII, 106–7, 112
Anne de Beaujeu, regent of France, 106–7
Anthony of Bourbon, 141, 143
anti-Semitism, 322–4
Aquitaine: granted to England as Eleanor’s dowry, 3; Eleanor brings to France as dowry, 21–2; English disputes with France over, 66, 68–9, 85
Aquitania: as Roman province, 4
Aramon, Gabriel d’, 139
Arc, Joan of, 92–4, 98
Ardennes: annexed by Dagobert I, 9; Battle of the Bulge (1944–5), 353–4
Arianism, 7
Armagnac, Bernard VII, Count of, 84
Armagnacs (Orléans party), 84, 87, 90–1
Arnold of Brescia, 23n
Arques, Battle of (1589), 146
Arras: peace conference (1435), 95
Artois, Charles, Comte de see Charles X, King of France
Artois, Robert, Count of, 69
Arverni (Gaulish tribe), 3
Attila the Hun, 6
Auerstadt, Battle of (1806), 246
Augsburg, League of, 165
Augsburg, Peace of (1555), 152
Augustus II (‘the Strong’), King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, 177, 179n
Augustus III, King of Poland, 177
Aumale, Henri-Eugène Philippe Louis d’Orléans, Duc d’, 320
Aunay, Gautier and Philippe d’, 62
Auphan, Admiral Paul, 347
Aurore, L’ (newspaper), 323
Austerlitz, Battle of (1805), 240
Austria: succession question, 172–3; war with Revolutionary France, 213, 215, 221; Napoleon’s campaigns against, 229, 237–8; and Italian independence movement, 273–6; Napoleon III’s campaign to drive from Italy, 289–91; Bismarck plans war against, 295–6; Hitler annexes, 339
Austrian Succession, War of (1740–8), 178–80
Avaricum, 3
Avignon, 56–7
Baldwin II, Emperor of Constantinople, 52
Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem, 29
Baldwin IV, King of Jerusalem, 35–6
Baldwin V, King of Jerusalem, 36
Balian of Ibelin, 36–7 balloons: in siege of Paris, 308–9
Balzac, Honoré de, 283; Les Chouans, 214
Barbarossa, Kheir-ed-din, 133–5
Barras, Paul, 221, 226
Basil, St: Order of, 9
Bastille (Paris): stormed (14 July 1789), 194–5
Bayard, Pierre du Terrail, Chevalier de, 121
Beaufort, Cardinal Henry, Bishop of Winchester, 93–4
Beaufort, Thomas, 84–5
Beauharnais, Hortense de, 266n, 298n
Beauregard, Harriet Howard, Comtesse de, 273, 281–2
Becket, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, 33–4
Bedford, Anne, Duchess of, 91
Bedford, John, Duke of, 91–5
Bela III, King of Hungary, 34
Belgium: revolt and independence (1830), 260
Belle et la Bête, La (film), 138n
Bellerophon, HMS, 345
Belloc, Hilaire, 82
Benedict, St, Order of, 9
Benedict XI, Pope, 56
Berengaria of Navarre, Queen of Richard I of England, 44–5
Bergeret, Jules, 317
Bernard of Clairvaux, St, 15, 24–5, 27, 35
Bernhardt, Sarah, 324
Berry, Charles, Duc de: killed in riding accident, 175
Berry, Charles Ferdinand, Duc de, 249–50
Berry, John, Duke of, 83–4
Berry, Margaret, Duchess of: marriage to Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy, 140
Berry, Marie Caroline, Duchesse de, 251, 260
Bertrand, François, 218
Bidault, Georges, 353
Billault, Adolphe Augustin Marie, 280
Biron, General Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duc de, 206, 217
Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 295–7, 299, 306–7, 311–13
Black Death (1348–58), 78
Blanc, Louis, 270–1
Blanche of Castile, Queen of Louis VIII, 51
Blanche, Queen of Charles IV of France, 62–3
Blenheim, Battle of (1704), 171
Blessington, Marguerite, Countess of, 273
Bloc National, 334
Blois, Stephen, Count of, 20
Blois, Treaty of (1513), 115
Blücher, Field Marshal Gebhard von, 243–4
Blumenthal, Count Leonhard von, 308
Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni, 4
Boissy d’Anglas, François Antoine de, 225
Bologna: university, 33
Bonaparte, Jerome (son of Napoleon III), 281, 283
Boniface VIII, Pope, 54–7
Bonnemains, Marguerite de, 321
Bonnier, Fernand, 347
Borgia, Cesare, 112
Borgia, Lucrezia, 115
Borodino, Battle of (1812), 240
Boucher, François, 182
Boucicault, Marshal Jean, 88, 90
Boulanger, General Georges, 320–1, 324
Boulogne, Baldwin, Count of, 20, 22
Bourbon dynasty, 18
Bourbon, Louis Henri I, Duke of, Prince of Condé, 76
Bourges, 96
Bouvines, Battle of (1214), 47
Bowles, Tommy, 310
Brabant, Anthony, Duke of, 90
Bradley, General Omar, 354
Brémule, Battle of (1119), 21
Bretaylle, Louis de, 104
Brétigny, Treaty of (1360), 80, 84
Briand, Aristide, 334–5
Brinon, Fernand de, 356
Brissot, Jacques Pierre, 204
Britain: alliance with Prussia, 183; and American independence, 188; war with France (1793), 213; Louis-Philippe’s friendship with, 259; in Crimean War, 285; attitude to French empire, 326; in First World War, 331; and German occupation of Rhineland, 338; declares war on Germany (September 1939), 340; navy shells French fleet (1940), 343; see also England
Brittany, Arthur, Duke of, 43, 47
Brittany, Geoffrey, Duke of, 35
Broglie, Jacques Victor Albert, Duc de, 319
Broussel, Pierre, 159
Brueys d’Aigaïlliers, Vice-Admiral François-Paul, 233–4
Brune, Marshal Guillaume Marie-Anne, 249n
Brunhilda, wife of Sigebert, 8
Brunswick, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of, 206, 210
Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st Duke of, 153
Buckland, William, 173n
Budé, Guillaume, 118
Burgoyne, Sir John: helps Eugénie escape to England, 301
Burgoyne, General John, 188
Burgundy: conflict with Orléans (Armagnacs), 83–4, 90–1; reconciliation with France (1435), 95; power and threat to Charles VII, 97; Louis XI’s hostility to, 100; reverts to French crown, 101
Burgundy, Charles the Bold, Duke of, 100
Burgundy, John the Fearless, Duke of, 83, 90–1, 95
Burgundy, Louis, Duke of (later Dauphin), 170–1
Burgundy, Philip the Bold, Duke of, 82–3, 98
Burgundy, Philip the Good, Duke of, 91–2, 94, 98, 100, 102
‘Ça ira’ (song), 201 & n
Caesar, Julius, 2–4
Caillaux, Henriette, 328
Caillaux, Joseph, 327–8
Calais: Edward III besieges and occupies, 75–8; Henry V marches on, 87; English retain, 95; ceded to France (1559), 140 calendar: regularised by Charles IX, 143n; reformed in French Revolution, 218
Calixtus III, Pope, 97
Calmette, Gaston, 328
Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, 189
Cambon, Pierre Joseph, 222
Cambrai, Treaty of (the Ladies’ Peace, 1529), 129
Campo Formio, Treaty of (1797), 229–30
Canada: in Seven Years’ War, 183
Capetian dynasty: formed, 16; succession, 18, 53, 67; ends, 64, 67
Carey, Captain Jaheel Brenton, 304
Caribbean: in Seven Years’ War, 183–4
Carlyle, Thomas, 226, 299
Carolingian Empire and dynasty: founded, 11; decline, 13; rule in West, 14
Carolingian Renaissance, 13
Casablanca Conference (January 1943), 348
Catalaunian Plains, Battle of (451), 6
Cateau-Cambrésis, Peace of (1559), 139
Cathars (Albigensians), 48
Catherine de’ Medici, Queen of Henry II, 130, 137–8, 141–2, 144, 146, 149
Catherine of Valois, Queen of Henry V, 84–5, 91
Catholic League, 146–7
Cavaignac, General Louis, 272–3
Cavour, Count Camillo, 274, 289–90, 292
Celtic language: in Brittany, 17
Cerignola, Battle of (1503), 113
Chamberlain, Neville, 338–40
Chambord, Henri Charles Dieudonné, Comte de, 319–20
Chambord, Treaty of (1552), 138
Champagne, Philippe de, 151
Champagne, Theobald II, Count of, 22
Chanel, Coco, 357
Chanson de Roland, 11
Charlemagne, Emperor of the West: and founding of the Holy Roman Empire, 8, 14; conquests and achievements, 11–12, 14; crowned Emperor, 12–13; crowned King of the Franks, 17n
Charles V, Emperor: under guardianship of Margaret of Austria, 107n; as successor to imperial crown, 122; and Francis I’s claim to Milan, 123; and defeat and capture of Francis I, 125; conflicts with Francis I, 127–8; ransoms Francis I’s sons, 129; threatened by Kheir-ed-din Barbarossa, 133–4; Henry II detests and makes war against, 138–9; visits ill Francis I, 126–7
Charles VI, Emperor (1714), 172–3, 178
Charles VII, Emperor, 179n
Charles I, King of England: sends force to La Rochelle, 153
Charles Martel, Frankish king: defeats Muslims at Tours (732), 10
Charles I (‘the Bald’), King of France and Holy Roman Emperor, 14
Charles III (‘the Simple’), King of France, 15
Charles IV, King of France, 62, 65–7
Charles V, King of France (formerly Dauphin), 80–1
Charles VI, King of France: bouts of insanity, 81–3; succeeds to throne, 81–2; death, 91
Charles VII, King of France (formerly Dauphin), 92 & n, 93, 95–7, 99
Charles VIII, King of France: appearance and character, 106; marriage to Anne, 107; expedition to Naples, 108–11, 113; death, 111–12, 137
Charles IX, King of France: regency, 142–3; death, 144; and St Bartholomew massacre, 144
Charles X, King of France (formerly Comte d’Artois), 175, 204, 209, 249, 251–5, 257, 259
Charles II, King of Spain, 167–9
Charles Albert, King of Savoy, 274–5
Charles of Anjou, 51–2
Charles II of Anjou, 56
Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, 141
Charles of Valois, 67
Charlotte of Belgium, wife of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, 293–5
Charlotte of Savoy, second Queen of Louis XI, 96n, 100n
Charnay, Geoffroy de, 59
Charter, the (Louis XVIII’s), 241, 249, 257
Chartres, Louis Philippe, Duke of see Louis Philippe, King of the French
Chartres, Robert, Duc de, 32
Chartres, Treaty of (1409), 83
Chateaubriand, François-René, Vicomte de, 252–3, 262
Châteauroux, Marianne de Mailly, Duchess of, 179, 181
Chautemps, Camille, 336
Chelmsford, General Frederick Augustus, 2nd Baron, 303
Chenonceau, 138
Chevalier, Maurice, 357
Chiappe, Jean, 336
Childeric III, Merovingian king, 11
Childeric, son of Merovich, Frankish king, 7
Chilperic, Merovingian king, 8
Chislehurst, Kent: Eugénie and Napoleon III settle in, 302
Chlothar II, Merovingian king, 8
Choiseul, Claude, Duc de, 187
Choisy, François Timoléon, Abbé de, 164–5
Choltitz, Lieutenant General Dietrich von, 350–1
Christianity: introduced into Roman Empire, 5
Church (Catholic): supports Hugh Capet, 17; threatened in l’affaire des placards, 131; persecuted in Revolution, 200, 218; condemned by Paris Commune, 316; separation from State, 326
Churchill, Winston S., 338, 340–2, 344, 349–50, 352, 354
Cisalpine Gaul, 3
Clairvaux, 24
Claremont House, Surrey, 268
Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, 86
Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, 4th Earl of, 285–6
Clark, Kenneth, Baron, 13
Clark, General Mark, 346
Claude, Queen of Francis I, 120, 136
Claude Lorraine, 173
Clemenceau, Georges: moustache, 4; anger at peace treaty with Prussians (1871), 312; at shooting of Clément-Thomas, 315; recommends Boulanger as Minister for War, 320; accused of taking bribes, 322; supports Dreyfus, 324; at Paris Peace Conference (1919), 332; loses presidency to Deschanel, 333; resolution, 341
Clement V, Pope (Bertrand de Got), 56–7, 59–60
Clement VII, Pope, 123, 127, 130–1
Clément, Jacques, 146
Clément-Thomas, General Jacques Léon, 315, 317
Clementia of Hungary, second Queen of Louis X, 65
Clermont-Ferrand: Vercingetorix statue, 4;
Council of (1095), 19
Clotilde, wife of Clovis, 7
Clouet, François, 136, 137n
Clovis, King of the Franks, 7, 17
Cocteau, Jean, 351n
Coeur, Jacques, 96–8
Cognac, League of (1526), 127, 129
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, Marquis de Torcy, 162, 170
Coligny, Admiral Gaspard de, 143–4
Columbus, Christopher, 111
Combes, Emile, 325
Commines, Philippe de, 96, 103–4, 111
Committee of Public Safety, 214–15, 223
Condé, Henri, Prince of, 150
Condé, Louis of Bourbon, Prince of, 143
Condé, Louis II de Bourbon, 4th Prince de (‘le Grand Condé’; formerly Duke of Enghien), 160–1
Conneau, Henri, 302
Conrad of Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Emperor, 23, 25, 27–9
Conrad, Marquis of Montferrat, 46
Constance of Castile, second Queen of Louis VII, 33
Constance of Sicily (daughter of Roger II), 42
Constantine the Great, Roman Emperor, 5
Constantinople: as capital of Eastern Empire, 14; Second Crusade reaches, 26–7
Constitution of the Year III, 225–6
Cooper, Duff, 338, 340, 344 & n, 349, 355
Corday, Charlotte, 216
Corneille, Pierre, 173
Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquess, 188
Cornwell, Bernard: Waterloo, 243–4 & n
Corunna, Battle of (1809), 240
Counter-Reformation, 154
Courbet, Gustave, 316
Cowley, Henry Richard Charles Wellesley, 1st Earl of, 282, 285–6, 297
Crécy, Battle of (1346), 73–4
Crimean War (1854–6), 284–8
Croix-de-Feu, 337
Crouchback, Edmund, Earl of Leicester, 61
Crusade, First (1096–9), 18–19, 22–3
Crusade, Second (1147–9), 23, 25–30, 35
Crusade, Third (1190–1), 37–9, 42
Crusades, later, 51, 60
Curchod, Suzanne, 188
Custine, General Armand-Louis de, 213, 215, 217
Custoza, Battle of (1848), 275
Czechoslovakia: Hitler annexes, 339–40
Dagobert I, Merovingian king, 9
Daladier, Edouard, 336–7, 339
Damascus: in Second Crusade, 29
Dante Alighieri, 56
Danton, Georges, 204, 212–15, 219–20
Darboy, Georges, Archbishop of Paris, 317
Darlan, Admiral François, 346–8
Darnand, Joseph, 356
Dauphin: as title, 80 & n
David, Jacques-Louis, 219–20, 239; Marat assassiné (painting), 216
Dawes plan (for reorganising German reparations), 335
Decazes, Elie, 250–1
Delescluze, Charles, 317
Denis, St, Bishop of Paris: martyred, 5
Déroulède, Paul, 324, 328
Desaix, General Louis, 238
Deschanel, Paul, 333–4
Desmoulins, Camille, 194, 204, 212, 219
Destailleur, Hippolyte, 302
Destez, Jacques, 203
Dettingen, Battle of (1743), 179, 217
Diane de Poitiers, 137–8
Diderot, Denis, 182
Dillon, General Theobald, 206
Diocletian, Roman Emperor, 5
Djezzar Pasha (‘the Butcher’), 235
Dominic, St (Domingo de Guzmán), 48
Dorset, John Frederick Sackville, 3rd Duke of, 196
Dorylaeum, Battle of (1147), 27–8
Doumergue, Gaston, 337
Dreyfus, Captain Alfred: convicted and cleared, 323–4
Dronne, Captain Raymond, 350
Drouet, Jean-Baptiste, 203
Drumont, Edouard, 324
Druon, Maurice: Les rois maudits, 62n du Barry, Jeanne Bécu, Comtesse (Mademoiselle Lange), 182, 184, 217 du Deffand, Marie de Vichy-Chamrond, Marquise, 5n duelling: made capital offence, 154
Dugommier, General Jacques François, 229
Dumas, Alexandre: La Tour de Nesle, 62n
Dumouriez, General Charles, 210, 213–14, 255
Dunant, Henri, 291
Duncannon, Eric, Viscount (later 10th Earl of Bessborough), 345
Dunkirk evacuation (1940), 340
Eckenwald, Treaty of (1797), 229
Eden, Anthony, 352
Edessa, 22
Edgeworth de Firmin, Henry Essex, Abbé, 211
Edward I, King of England, 58, 60–1, 68
Edward II, King of England, 58–9, 61–3, 66
Edward III, King of England: claim to French throne, 66–70, 78; victory at Crécy, 74–5; advance to Calais, 75–8; and Treaty of Brétigny, 80
Edward IV, King of England, 101–4
Edward VI, King of England, 138
Edward, Prince of Wales (‘the Black Prince’), 73–4, 78
Egypt: Napoleon’s expedition to, 230–1, 233–6
Eiffel, Gustave, 322
Einhard (Frankish historian), 13
Eisenhower, General Dwight D., 346, 349, 354
Elba, 241
Eleanor, Queen of Francis I, 126
Eleanor, Queen of Henry III of England, 52
Eleanor of Aquitaine: marriage to Louis VII, 21–2, 28–9, 31; accompanies husband Louis VII on Second Crusade, 26, 28, 30–1; marriage dissolved, 31; remarries (Henry II of England), 32–3; cultural interests, 38; visits Sicily with proposed bride for Richard I, 43–4; and release of Richard I, 46; death, 47
Eleanor of Austria, second Queen of Francis I, 120, 131
Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Edward I, 61
Eléonore of Champagne, 22
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 144
Elizabeth of York, Queen of Henry VII, 104
Elizabeth of Austria, Queen of Charles IX, 144
Elizabeth, Madame (Louis XVI’s sister), 202–3, 207
Elizabeth, Princess (daughter of George III), 256
Elysée Palace: as President’s official residence, 273n
Empire, Second French, 326
Ems telegram (1870), 299
Encyclopédie, 182
Enghien, François de Bourbon, Count of, 133
England: Norman Conquest (1066), 18; archers, 68; claims to Aquitaine and Flanders, 68; in Hundred Years’ War, 69–71; William and Mary succeed to throne, 167; Napoleon threatens invasion, 230, 239; France renews war with (1803), 239; see also Britain
Enlightenment, 190
Estates General: reconvened under Louis XVI, 189–93
Esterhazy, Major Ferdinand, 323
Etampes, Anne d’Heilly, Duchesse d’, 120–1
Eugene, Prince of Savoy, 170–1
Eugénie, Empress of Napoleon III: marriage, 281–2; background and character, 282–3; and Empress Charlotte’s appeal, 294; attends opening of Suez Canal, 297–8; Bismarck praises, 297; and Napoleon III’s surrender at Sedan, 300–1; exile in England, 301–2; and death of Prince Imperial, 304–5; as regent, 306
Eugenius III, Pope, 23, 25, 31
Evans, Dr Thomas, 273, 301
Excalibur (sword), 44
Fabre, Philippe (Fabre d’Eglantine), 218–19
Fagon, Dr, 165
Fashoda affair (1898), 327
Faure, Félix, 324–5
Favre, Jules, 307, 312
Ferdinand II, Emperor, 151
Ferdinand IV, King of Naples, 274
Ferdinand (the Catholic), King of Spain, 109
Ferrantino (son of Alfonso of Naples), 110
Ferrara, Alfonso d’Este, Duke of, 115
Fersen, Frederik Axel von, Count, 202, 207, 217
Fesch, Cardinal Joseph, 239
Feuillants (club), 216
Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520), 122–3
Fieschi, Joseph, 262
Finisterre, Cape: Battle of (1805), 240
First World War I (1914–18): outbreak, 328; conduct and conditions, 329–32; armistice, 332
Fisher, H. A. L., 106n
Flanders: as source of dispute between France and England, 68; and Hundred Years’ War, 71
Flanders, Ferdinand, Count of, 47–8
Flanders, Philip of Alsace, Count of, 45
Flanders, Robert, Count of (1326), 66
Flanders, Robert II, Count of (1095), 20
Flanner, Janet, 336
Flaubert, Gustave, 306, 318
Flemish language: in northern France, 17
Fleurus, Battle of (1794), 221
Fleury, Cardinal André Hercule, 176–7, 179
Floquet, Charles, 321
Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 329n
Fontainebleau: Francis I develops, 119; Edict of (1540), 132; Edict of (1685), 167; Treaty of (1814), 241
Fontanges, Marie-Adélaïde de, 166
Fontenoy, Battle of (1745), 179
Fornovo, Battle of (1495), 110, 112
Foullon de Doué, Joseph, 197
Fouquet, Nicolas, 162 franc: introduced as national currency, 232n
France: name, 7; religious unification under Clovis, 7; early Church stabilises, 9; languages, 17; royal line, 18; in First Crusade, 20–1; in Hundred Years’ War, 69–71; army reorganised under Bertrand du Guesclin, 81; rejects Henry V of England’s demands, 84–5; trading in Middle East, 96; standing army, 99; war with Spain (1500–3), 113; peace with Holy Roman Empire (1529), 129; religious persecution and wars, 132–3, 143–5, 147; in Thirty Years’ War, 152, 155; freedom of worship restored (1787), 167; Huguenots flee, 167; North American possessions, 171; in War of Austrian Succession, 179–80; in Seven Years’ War (1756–63), 183; supports American Revolution, 187–8; population and power under Louis XVI, 189–90; dissatisfaction in, 190; monarchy abolished, 212; war with England, Holland, Spain and Austria (1793–4), 213, 216, 221; Constitution of the Year III, 226; renews war with England (1803), 239; monarchy restored under Louis XVIII, 248–50; borders retracted (1815), 250; invades and occupies Algeria, 252, 326; insurrections under Louis-Philippe, 261; and Napoleon III’s 1851 coup, 279 & n; war against Austria (1859), 289–91; Government of National Defence (1870), 306; elections (February 1871), 313; peace treaty with Prussia (1871), 314; monarchist revival (1870s), 319–20; religious instruction in schools suppressed (1882), 325; Second Empire, 326; entente with Britain and Russia, 327; in First World War, 328–33; occupies Ruhr (1923), 334–5; fascism in, 336; Germans invade and occupy (1940), 340–1; divided by Germans, 342; proposed union with Britain (1940), 342; navy shelled by British (1940), 343; Resistance (Second World War), 344–5; scuttles fleet at Toulon, 347; reaction to D-Day landings, 348; liberated (1944), 350–2; Allied landings on Riviera (1944), 352; agreement with Soviet Union (1944), 353; and founding of United Nations, 355; zone of occupation in Germany, 355; conditions after liberation, 356; post-war purging (épuration), 357; influence and cultural achievements, 359–61
France, Anatole, 324
Francis I (of Lorraine), Emperor, 179n
Francis II, Austrian Emperor, 240
Francis I, King of France: sees John of Burgundy’s skull, 91n; character and interests, 118–21, 174; succeeds to throne, 119; campaigns in Italy, 121–2, 124; claims Milan, 121, 123–4, 127; relations with Henry VIII of England, 122–3; captured at Pavia and moved to Madrid, 124–5; illness in Madrid, 126; signs and disregards Treaty of Madrid, 126; released, 127; sons held as hostages in Spain, 127–8; relations with Suleiman and Ottomans, 128–30; agrees to Treaty of Cambrai (the Ladies’ Peace), 129; and son Henry’s marriage, 130; responds to l’affaire des placards with persecutions, 131–3; pacifies Kheir-ed-din Barbarossa, 134–5; health decline and death, 135–6; invades Piedmont, 140
Francis II, King (formerly Dauphin): marriage to
Mary Stuart, 138, 141–2; reign and death, 141–2
Franc is II, Duke of Brittany, 106
Franco, General Francisco, 339
Franco-Prussian War (1870), 299–301
Franklin, Benjamin, 188, 201n
Franks: origins and rule, 7
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, 328
Franz Josef, Emperor of Austria, 290
Fredegund, third wife of Chilperic, 8
Frederick (Barbarossa), Duke of Swabia and Holy Roman Emperor, 26, 33–4
Frederick II (‘the Great’), King of Prussia, 179–80, 183
Frederick William II, King of Prussia, 204
Free French forces (Second World War), 344
French Committee of National Liberation, 348
French Forces of the Interior (FFI), 350
French, General Sir John, 331
French Revolution: outbreak (1789), 194–6; conduct and atrocities (the Terror), 197, 210, 212–15, 217–24; anti-clericalism, 200–1, 218; introduces new calendar, 218; reaction against, 225–6
Fréron, Louis Stanislas, 221
Freycinet, Charles-Louis de Saulces de, 320
Froissart, Jean, 70–2, 74, 76, 79
fronde, 159–61
Fugger family, 122
Galletti, Giuseppe, 274
Gallia Belgica, 4
Gallia Celtica, 4
Gallieni, General Joseph, 329, 331
Galswintha, second wife of Chilperic, 8
Gama, Vasco da, 111
Gambetta, Léon, 306–8, 312, 314, 319
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 274–7, 290, 295
Gascony: in English disputes with France, 66
Gaul: settled, 1; lifestyle, 2; Romans invade (58 BC), 2; as Roman territory, 4–5; disintegrates after collapse of Roman Empire, 7
Gaulle, Charles de: appeals for support (1940), 338; establishes and leads Free French forces, 343–4; fury at Darlan deal, 347; and Allied invasion of France, 348–9; difficult nature, 348–50, 355–7; relations with Giraud, 348; returns to France, 350; and liberation of Paris, 351–2; meets Stalin in Moscow, 352–3; defiance over Strasbourg, 354; not invited to Yalta conference, 355; leadership qualities, 357–8; and post-war épuration légale, 357
Gauthier de Brienne, 78
Gaveston, Piers, 62
Gensoul, Admiral Marcel, 343
Geoffrey, Bishop of Langres, 27
Geoffrey de Vinsauf, 32, 39n, 42
George III, King of Great Britain, 252
George, Prince Regent (later King George IV), 245, 248
George VI, King of Great Britain, 179
Gergovia, battle of (52 BC), 3
German Confederation: threatens France, 291
German language: spoken in eastern France, 17
Germany: religious unification with France, 7; and partition of Carolingian Empire at Verdun, 14; and Second Crusade, 25–6; divided after Treaty of Westphalia, 159; disunity, 295–6n; as twentieth-century threat, 327; in First World War, 328–32; and peace terms (1919), 332–4; hyperinflation, 334; war threat (1930s), 338–9; annexes Austria and Czechoslovakia, 339–40; non-aggression pact with Soviet Union (1939), 340; in Second World War, 340
Gerow, Major-General Leonard T., 350–1
Giambologna (sculptor), 149
Gibbon, Edward: on battle of Tours, 10; on conversion of Vikings, 15
Gibraltar: captured by British (1704), 171
Gide, André, 359n
Giraud, General Henri, 347–8
Girondins: in French Revolution, 205, 212, 214
Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 94–5
Godfrey of Bouillon see Lorraine, Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of
Goncourt, Edmond de, 309, 311
Goths, 5–6
Granada, Treaty of (1500), 113
Grand Alliance (England–Holland–the Empire, 1701), 169
Grande Armée (Napoleon’s), 239, 241–2, 244
Gregory VIII, Pope, 37
Gregory XIII, Pope, 144
Gregory XV, Pope, 151
Gregory of Tours, 8
Grouchy, Marshal Emmanuel, Marquis de, 243
Guadeloupe, 183
Guesclin, Bertrand du, 81
Guillaume aux Blanches Mains, Archbishop of Reims, 32
Guillotin, Joseph-Ignace, 193, 211
Guise family, 141, 145
Guise, Francis, Duke of, 139 & n, 141–3
Guise, Henry, Duke of, 144–5
Guitry, Sacha, 357
Guizot, François, 263–7
Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 154–5
Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, 36
Habsburg dynasty: claim to Spanish throne, 168; and Austrian Succession, 172, 178–9; France supports, 183
Hadrian I, Pope, 12
Haig, General Sir Douglas (later 1st Earl), 331
Hainaut, John, Count of, 75
Hamilton, Alexander, 255
Harding, Stephen, Abbot of Cîteaux, 24
Hare, Augustus, 173n
Harfleur: Henry V besieges and captures (1415), 85–7
Haussmann, Baron Georges-Eugène, 283
Henri I, King of the Franks, 18
Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I of England, 148
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 19
Henry VI (of Hohenstaufen), Emperor, 42, 46
Henry I, King of England, 21
Henry II, King of England, 6, 33–5, 38
Henry III, King of England: crowned, 50; Louis IX concedes territories to, 52; borrows from Templars, 58; succeeded by Edward I, 60
Henry IV, King of England, 84
Henry V, King of England: expedition to France, 84–5; succeeds father, 84; takes
Harfleur and challenges Dauphin to single combat, 86; Agincourt victory, 87–90; death, 91
Henry VI, King of England: proclaimed king of France and crowned, 91, 94; regency, 91; in France, 93–4; and Franco–Burgundy reconciliation, 95; deposed, 101; death, 104
Henry VIII, King of England: relations with Francis I, 122–3; death, 136
Henry II, King of France (formerly Duke of Orléans): held hostage as child, 127, 137–8; marriage to Catherine de’ Medici, 130, 137; commissions tomb for father, 136; and Diane de Poitiers, 137–8; succeeds to throne, 137; character and reign, 138; war with Emperor Charles V, 139; death, 140
Henry III, King of France: succeeds to throne, 144–5; and Henry IV’s succession, 145–6; assassinated, 146
Henry IV (of Navarre), King of France: poverty, 137; first marriage (to Margaret of Valois), 144; Protestantism, 144–5; popularity and reign, 147–9; second marriage (to Marie de’ Medici), 148; assassinated, 149; signs Edict of Nantes, 167
Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, 47n
Herbert of Cherbury, Edward, 1st Baron, 150
Hérisson, Captain d’, 312
Herz, Cornelius, 322
Hibbert, Christopher: The French Revolution, 185n, 192n
Hidalgo, José Manuel, 292
Hitler, Adolf, 338–9, 350, 353
Hoche, General Lazare, 225
Holinshed, Ralph, 78
Holy League: formed, 109
Holy Roman Empire: founded, 8
Hompesch, Ferdinand von, 231–2
Hood, Admiral Samuel, 1st Viscount, 215
Horne, Alistair: The Siege of Paris, 310n
Horns of Hattin, Battle of (1187), 36
Hospitallers, Order of, 23, 60
Howard, Harriet (‘Lizzie’; later Comtesse de Beauregard), 273, 281–2
Hugh, Count of Vermandois, 20
Hugh, Duke of Burgundy, 41–2, 45
Hugh Capet, King of the Franks, 16–18
Hugo, Victor: on Napoleon III, 270; elected, 271; opposes Napoleon III’s coup d’état, 279; appeals for clemency for Maximilian of Mexico, 295; in siege of Paris, 309–10; resigns over 1871 peace treaty with Prussia, 314; Gide on, 359n; Quatrevingt-treize, 214n
Huguenots see Protestants
Humbert II of Viennois, 80n
Humphrey of Toron, 37n
Hundred Days, the (1815), 242
Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453), 61, 69–81, 95, 104
Huns, 5–6
Île de Ré, 153
Innocent III, Pope, 48, 55
Innocent VIII, Pope, 108
Innocent XII, Pope, 168
Inquisition, Holy, 48, 168
International Red Cross: founded, 291
Irene, Byzantine Empress, 12
Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of Charles VI, 83, 91
Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Philip III, 53
Isabella of France, Queen of Edward II of England, 58, 61–3, 66, 68
Isabella, Queen of Jerusalem, 37n, 346
Isabella I, Queen of Spain, 109
Isabella II, Queen of Spain, 298
Isabelle of Hainaut, Queen of Philip II, 37n
Ismail Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, 297
Italy: Louis XII contends for territories in, 112–15; Francis I campaigns in, 121, 124; Napoleon’s campaign in, 229; independence movement following revolution of 1848, 274–6; Napoleon III intervenes in, 288–91; alliance with Prussia against Austria (1866), 296; campaign in (1943–4), 348; declares war on Germany (1943), 348
Iturbide, Agustín, 292
Ivry, Battle of (1590), 146
Jacobins (Society of the Friends of the Constitution), 205, 212, 216, 225, 237
James I, King of England, 150
James II, King of England: death, 169
Jaurès, Jean, 328
Jean de Vienne, 76–7
Jeanne, Queen of Louis XII, 112
Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, 279–80
Jerusalem: in Second Crusade, 35–6; surrenders to Saladin, 36–7, 46n
jeu de paume (or tennis), 65 & n, 137, 193n
Jews: burnt alive by Crusaders in Jerusalem, 20; Philip Augustus persecutes, 49; Philip IV expels, 58; readmitted to France under Louis X, 64–5; vilified in La Libre Parole, 322; deported from France by Germans, 343
Joan I of Navarre, Queen of Philip IV, 54, 64
Joan of Burgundy, Queen of Philip V, 62–3, 65–6
Joan, Queen of Navarre, 141
Joan of Arc, 92–4, 98
Joanna, Queen of William II of Sicily, 40, 43–4
Joffre, Marshal Joseph, 331
John, King of England, 35, 45–8, 50
John I (‘the Posthumous’), King of France, 65
John II (‘the Good’), King of France, 78–81, 98
John of Luxembourg (Joan of Arc’s captor), 94
John of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia, 74
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, 84
Joinville, François, Duc de, 264
Joseph I, Emperor: death and succession, 172, 178
Josephine de Beauharnais, Empress of Napoleon I, 229, 239, 241n
Juárez, Benito, 292–5
Juin, General Alphonse, 351
Julius II, Pope (Giuliano della Rovere), 114–16
Kellermann, General François, 210
Kléber, General Jean-Baptiste, 237
Koenig, General Marie-Pierre, 351
Kohl, Helmut, 331
Laborde, Admiral Jean de, 346–7
Labouchère, Henry, 310
La Bruyère, Jean de, 173
Lafayette, Marie-Jean-Gilbert, Marquis de, 188, 196, 198, 201, 204, 258 la Fontaine, Jean de, 162
Lally-Tollendal, Trophime-Gérard, Marquis de, 196–7
Lamarque, General Jean Maximilien, 261
Lamartine, Alphonse de, 263, 270–3
Lamballe, Marie-Thérèse, Princesse de, 186, 210
Lambeth, Treaty of (1216), 50
langue d’oc, 17
Lannoy, Charles de, 125
La Rochefoucauld, Alexandre, Duc de, 195
La Rochefoucauld, François, Duc de, 173
La Rochelle: ceded to English, 80; in Thirty Years’ War, 152; siege (1527–8), 153
Lattre de Tassigny, General Jean de, 352
Launay, Bernard René, Marquis de, 195
Laval, Pierre, 357 la Vallière, Louise de, 164–5, 171n
League of Nations: and French occupation of Ruhr, 335
League of Patriots, 324, 328
Lebrun, Albert, 342
Leclerc, General Philippe, 350–2
Lecomte, General Claude, 315, 317
Leicester, Edmund Crouchback, Earl of, 61
Leipzig, Battle of (1813), 241
Leningrad: siege ends (1944), 348
Le Nôtre, André, 173
Leo III, Pope, 8, 12–13
Leo X, Pope (Giovanni de’ Medici), 116, 123
Leonardo da Vinci, 119
Leopold I, Emperor, 168–9, 172, 178
Leopold II, Emperor (brother of Marie Antoinette), 204–5
Leopold I, King of the Belgians (formerly Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld), 260
Leopold, Duke of Austria, 45
Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 298
Lesseps, Charles de, 322
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 321–2
Libre Parole, La (newspaper), 322, 324
Licinius, Roman Emperor, 5
Liège: revolt against Burgundy, 100
Ligny, 243
Ligurian Republic, 237
Lincoln, Abraham, 293
Lloyd George, David, 332, 333n
Locarno Pact (1925), 335
Loménie de Brienne, Cardinal Etienne Charles de, Archbishop of Toulouse, 189 longbow (Welsh): employed by English, 68, 73, 75, 90; French fail to employ, 79, 89
Lorraine: Bismarck demands, 307, 314; France reclaims (1919), 332
Lorraine, Charles, Duke of, 16
Lorraine, Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of, 20
Lothair, son of Louis I (‘the Pious’), 14
Loubet, Emile, 324, 326
Louis: as name of monarch, 7
Louis I (‘the Pious’), Carolingian Emperor, 14
Louis II (‘the German’), King of Austrasia, 14
Louis V (‘the Lazy’), Carolingian King of France, 16
Louis VI (‘the Fat’), King of the Franks, 21
Louis VII, King of the Franks, 21–3, 28–31, 33; death, 32–3
Louis VIII, King of France: in England, 50; death, 51
Louis IX (St Louis), King of France: on Crusades, 51–2; piety, 51–2; succeeds to throne, 51; concedes territories to English king, 52; canonised, 53–4; death, 53; ransom paid by Templars, 58; ends Hundred Years’ War, 104; qualities, 118
Louis X (‘the Quarrelsome’), King of France, 61–2, 64–5, 137
Louis XI, King of France (formerly Dauphin): hostility to father, 97–9; character and reign, 99–100, 104–5, 118; dealings and agreement with Edward IV of England, 102–4; death, 105
Louis XII, King of France: claims to Naples and Milan, 112; succeeds to throne and marries Anne of Brittany, 112; conflict with Pope Julius II, 114–15; third marriage (to Mary of England) and death, 117
Louis XIII, King of France: succeeds to throne, 149; marriage to Anne of Austria, 150, 168; reign, 150–1; and siege of La Rochelle, 153; death and achievements, 155–6; agrees to Anne’s regency, 157
Louis XIV, King of France: succeeds to throne aged four, 157; threatened by fronde rebels, 160–1; character and manner, 161–2; crowned (1654), 161; retains Mazarin, 161; despotism, 162; life at Versailles, 162–4, 170; marriage to Maria Theresa, 164; mistresses, 164–6, 170; revokes Edict of Nantes, 166–7; and War of Spanish Succession, 169–70; dominance in Europe, 170; and War of Austrian Succession, 172; campaigning, 173; death, 173; reputation and achievements, 173–4; successor, 175
Louis XV, King of France: succeeds to throne, 175–6; marriage and children, 176–7; character and appearance, 177; and War of Austrian Succession, 179–80; mistresses, 181–2, 186; plans invasion of England, 183; assassination attempt on, 184; weakness, 184; death, 184
Louis XVI, King of France: appearance and character, 185; marriage to Marie Antoinette, 185–6; succeeds to throne, 185; children, 186; indecision, 186; rule, 187; recognises American independence, 188; and national finances, 189; and popular unrest, 190–1; apprehension over National Assembly, 193; and outbreak of Revolution, 195–7; detained in Tuileries, 198; and suppression of Church, 200–1; swears to maintain constitution, 200; escape attempt and capture, 202–3; addresses Estates General proposing war on Austria and Prussia, 205–6; addresses National Assembly, 205–6; and mob attack on Tuileries, 207–8; arrested and imprisoned in Temple, 209; tried, condemned and executed, 210–11
Louis XVIII, King of France (formerly Count of Provence), 224, 241–2, 248–51
Louis-Philippe, King of the French (formerly Duke of Chartres, then of Orléans ‘the Citizen-King’): defects to Austrians after Valmy, 213; background and travels, 254–6; close relations with sister Adélaïde, 256; marriage, 256; succeeds Charles X as king, 257–9; troubled reign, 261–2; and death of Adélaïde, 266; abdication, exile and death, 267–8; succession question, 270; receives Napoleon’s remains in Paris, 272
Louis, Dauphin (Francis I’s son), 127, 137
Louis Charles, Dauphin (later Louis XVII), 198, 202
Louis-Napoleon, Prince (‘Plon-Plon’), 281, 289
Louis, Prince Imperial: sent to England, 300–2; death in second Zulu War, 303–5
Louise of Lorraine, Queen of Henry III of France, 145
Louise of Savoy, Regent of France, 119, 126, 129
Louise-Marie, Queen of Leopold I of Belgium, 260, 265
Louisiana (North America), 171 & n, 184
Lunéville, Treaty of (1801), 238
Luxor obelisk, 263n
Luynes, Charles d’Albert, Duke of, 150–1
Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, 1st Earl, 297
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 114
MacMahon, Marshal Patrice, 287, 290, 317, 320
Madrid, Treaty of (1526), 126–7
Magenta, Battle of (1859), 290
Magna Carta (1215), 48
Mailly, Madame de see Châteauroux, Duchess of
Maintenon, Françoise Scarron, Marquise de, 166
Maitland, Captain Frederick, RN, 245
Malplaquet, Battle of (1709), 171, 179
Malta: surrenders to Napoleon, 231–2; recovered by British, 232–3
Mamelukes, 231 & n, 250
Manichaeanism, 48
Manny, Sir Walter, 77
Mansart, Jules Hardouin, 173
Mantua, Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of, 110
Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor, 26–8
Maquis (Second World War resistance fighters), 344
Marat, Jean-Paul, 210, 213–14, 216–17
Marboeuf, Henriette Françoise de, 218
Marengo, Battle of (1800), 237–8
Margaret, wife of Emperor Leopold I, 168
Margaret of Alençon, 126
Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI of England, 101–2, 104
Margaret of Austria, 107, 129
Margaret (daughter of Mary of Burgundy): betrothal to Dauphin, 101
Margaret of Provence, Queen of Louis IX, 51, 53
Margaret, Queen of Bela III of Hungary, 34
Margaret, Queen of Louis X, 61–3, 65
Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Louis XI, 100n
Margaret, second Queen of Edward I, 61
Margaret of Valois, first Queen of Henry IV, 144, 147
Maria, wife of Emperor Ferdinand III of Austria, 168
Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily, Queen of Louis-Philippe, 256, 258, 368
Maria Clotilde, Princess (wife of Plon-Plon), 289
Maria Leszczyńska, Queen of Louis XV, 176–7
Maria Theresa, Empress, 178–80
Maria Theresa, Queen of Louis XIV, 164–6, 168
Mariana Victoria, Infanta of Spain, 176
Marie of Anjou, Queen of Charles VII, 98
Marie Antoinette, Queen of Louis XVI: enmity with Comtesse du Barry, 182; marriage, 185–6; fear of popular voice, 193–4; popular calls for death, 198; behaviour in Revolution, 199–200, 208; escape attempt fails, 202–3; imprisoned in Temple, 209; confined in Conciergerie, tried and executed, 217; Charles X as supposed lover, 251
Marie de’ Medici, second Queen of Henry IV of France, 148–9
Marie Louise, second Empress of Napoleon, 241n, 246
Marie-Thérèse of Savoy, Queen of Charles X, 251
Marie-Thérèse Charlotte (later Duchesse d’Angoulême; Marie Antoinette’s daughter), 209
Marignano, Battle of (1515), 121
Marigny, Abel Poisson de Vandières, Marquis de, 182
Marlborough, John Churchill, 1st Duke of, 170–1
Marmont, Marshal Auguste Frédéric, 254
Marne, Battle of the (1914), 329
‘Marseillaise, la’, 207, 298n
Marseille: founded, 11
Martinique, 183
Mary of Burgundy, wife of Maximilian of Austria (later Emperor Maximilian I), 101, 106
Mary of England, third Queen of Louis XII, 117
Mary II (Stuart), Queen of England, 167
Mary Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart): marriage to Francis II, 138, 141–2
Masaniello (Tommaso Aniello), 159
Matilda, Empress, 33
Matilda, Duchess of Saxony, 47n
Maurepas, Jean Frédéric, Comte de, 186
Maurois, André, 138, 176n
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, 101, 106, 109, 116, 122
Maximilian, Ferdinand Joseph, Emperor of
Mexico, 293–5
Mayor of the Palace (Merovingian official), 11
Mazarin, Cardinal Jules (Giulio Mazarini): as adviser to Anne of Austria, 158; achievements, 159; opposed by Grand Condé, 160–1
Medici, Lorenzo de’, 108
Melas, General Michael von, 237–8
Melisande, Queen of Jerusalem, 29
Merda, Charles André, 222
Mérindol (Vaucluse), 132
Merovingians, 7–8, 10–11
Mers-el-Kebir, 343, 346, 348
Messina, Sicily, 39–43, 45
Metternich, Clemens Wenzel Lothar, Prince, 273
Metternich, Richard, Prince, 301
Metz, 314; siege of (1552), 138
Mexico, 292–3
Michelangelo Buonarroti, 116
Michelet, Jules, 177
Milan: Edict of (1313), 5; Louis XII claims and occupies, 112–13; Francis I seizes and claims, 121, 123–4, 127; Francis I renounces claims to, 129; Austrians occupy, 274–5
Mirabeau, Honoré, Comte de, 192–4, 197, 199, 201, 213, 216
Mitford, Nancy, 154
Mitterrand, François, 331, 337n
Modena, Francis, Duke of, 289
Mohammed Ali, Khedive of Egypt, 263n
Molay, Jacques de, 58–60
Molé, Count Louis-Mathieu, 263–4
Molière, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, 173
Moltke, General Helmuth, Count von, 300, 306–7, 311 & n
Moniteur Universel, Le (newspaper), 253
Monségur, massacre of (1244), 48
Montagnards, 212
Montespan, Françoise-Athénaïs, Marquise de, 165–6, 170
Montfort, Simon de, 48
Montgomery, General Sir Bernard Law, 346, 350
Montgomery, Gabriel, Comte de, 140
Montpensier, Anne Marie Louise d’Orléans, Duchess de (‘la Grande Mademoiselle’), 160
Moore, Dr John, 214
Mortier, Marshal Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph, 262
Mortimer, Roger, 63, 66, 68
Moscow: burned by Russians (1812), 240
Mouvement Franciste, 337
Munich agreement (1938), 339
Murat, Joachim (later King of Naples), 226
Muslims: early conquests, 10
Mussolini, Benito, 340, 348
Nancy, Battle of (1477), 100
Nantes, Edict of (1598), 147; Louis XIV revokes (1685), 173, 194
Naples: Charles VIII’s expedition against, 108–9; reoccupied by Spanish, 110; Louis XII claims, 113; Spain drives French from (1503), 113; rebels under Masaniello, 159
Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of the French: demolishes Temple in Paris, 209; rise to power, 227; background and appearance, 228–9, 245; early military successes, 229; marriage to Josephine, 229; expedition to Egypt and Middle East, 230–1, 233–7; threatens invasion of England, 230, 239; establishes Consulate on return to Paris, 237; victories against Austrians, 237–8; crowned Emperor of the French, 238–9; campaigns and victories (1805–12), 240; invades Russia (1812), 240; abdicates, 241; marriage to Marie Louise, 241n; leaves Elba for Hundred Days, 242; Waterloo defeat, 243–4; second abdication and exile in St Helena, 244–5; qualities and achievements, 245–7; body returned to France, 264–5
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (formerly Louis-Napoleon): celebrates Vercingetorix, 4; attempted coups, 266; return from exile and elected President, 270–3; and fight for Rome, 276–7; coup d’état (1851), 278–99; presidential rule, 278; proclaimed Emperor, 280; marriage to Eugénie, 281–2; and Crimean War, 285–6, 288; exchanges state visits with Queen Victoria, 286–7; assassination attempt on, 288–9; in war against Austrians, 289–90; and Mexico, 293; agrees to support Bismarck against Austria, 295–7; health problems, 297, 300, 302; surrenders to Bismarck (1870) and imprisoned, 300–1, 306; exile and death in England, 302; builds up navy, 327
Nares, Captain George, RN, 298
National (political group), 270
National, Le (newspaper), 253
National Assembly: and Austria–Prussia’s support for Louis XVI, 20; formed, 193–4; powers and reforms, 196; meetings, 198
National Convention, 210–14
National Guard, 196, 210
National Workshops, 271
Nattier, Jean-Marc, 182 navy (French), 327, 343, 347
Necker, Jacques, 188–9, 192, 194, 196
Neipperg, Count Adam Albert von, 246n
Nelson, Admiral Horatio, Viscount, 230–1, 234–5
Nemours, Gaston de Foix, Duke of, 115
Nemours, Louis Charles Philippe d’Orléans, Duke of, 260
Nemours, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha, Duchesse de, 268
Neptune (balloon), 308
Nero, Roman Emperor, 5
Nevers, Louis de, ruler of Flanders, 69
Nevers, Philip, Count of, 90
Newport, HMS, 298
Ney, Marshal Michel, 242, 249n
Nice: siege and occupation of (1543), 134–5
Nicholas V, Pope, 96–7
Nicolson, Harold, 352
Nine Years’ War (1688–97), 167
Nivelle, General Robert, 331
Noailles, Louis Marie, Vicomte de, 1976
Nogaret, Guillaume de, 55–7
Normandy: Edward III invades, 72; Allied invasion (June 1944), 348
Normandy, Robert, Duke of, 20
Normans: invade and settle in France, 15, 19; conquest of Britain, 18–19
North Africa: Allies invade (1942), 345–6
North German Confederation, 296
Notre-Dame de Paris (cathedral), 33
Novara, Battle of (1513), 116
Noyon: Cathedral, 17
Nur-ed-Din: in Second Crusade, 28–9
Odo of Deuil, 23–5
Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, 332
Orléans: English besiege (1428–9), 92
Orléans, Charles, Duke of, 83
Orléans, Ferdinand-Philippe, Duke of, 264
Orléans, Françoise, Duchess of (Madame Lucifer), 175
Orléans, Gaston, Duke of, 154–5, 160
Orléans, Helena Louise Elisabeth, Duchess of, 264
Orléans, Louis, Duke of (1392), 82–3, 109
Orléans, Louis-Philippe, Duke of see Louis-Philippe, King of the French, 255
Orléans, Louis-Philippe Joseph, Duke of (‘Philippe Egalité’), 211n, 217, 255, 259
Orléans, Philip, Duke of: regency, 175–6
Orléans, Valentina (Visconti), Duchess of, 83
Orme, Philibert de l’, 136
Orsini, Felice, 288–9
Otto IV, Emperor, 47–8
Ottoman Empire: and Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt and Middle East, 231, 235–6; in Crimean War, 284–5; see also Suleiman I (‘the Magnificent’)
Oudenarde, Battle of (1708), 171
Oudinot, General Nicolas, 276–7
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount, 260
Panama canal, 321–2
Paris: University (the Sorbonne), 33; Treaty of (1229), 48; improvements under Philip Augustus, 49; Sainte-Chapelle, 52; Louvre, 148; Place de la Concorde, 182, 263n; Peace of (1763), 183; life in Revolution, 199; cost of living in Revolution, 226; Napoleon enters (1815), 242; Treaty of (1815), 250; in revolution of 1830, 254; unrest (1835), 262; Arc de Triomphe, 263; and revolutions of 1848, 267; Haussmann develops, 283–4; siege and bombardment (1870–1), 306–13; food relief after siege, 313; Commune (1871), 315–18; Vendôme column, 316; recovered from Commune, 317–18; Sacré Coeur (church), 318; Eiffel Tower, 322n; Peace Conference (1919), 332; liberated (1944), 350–2; conditions after liberation, 356
Paris, Louis Philippe, Comte de, 319–20
Paris, Louis Philippe Albert d’Orléans, Comte de, 268
Paris, Matthew, 47
Parlement: role, 61n; tries Queens Blanche and Margaret, 62; clears Joan of Burgundy, 65; prosecutes placards activists, 132; Provence president decorated, 133; absence in La Rochelle, 152; and regency for Louis XIV, 157; attempts to suppress Encyclopédie, 182
‘Partant pour la Syrie’ (anthem), 18 & n
Pascal, Blaise, 173
Patton, General George S., 354
Paul III, Pope (Alexander Farnese), 131, 133
Pavia, siege (1524–5) and battle (1525), 124
Pearl Harbor (7 December 1941), 345
Pedroncini, Guy: Les Mutineries de 1917, 332n
Pepin the Short, King of the Franks, 11–12
Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, Duc de, 282–3
Pétain, Marshal Philippe, 330, 332, 341–2, 344, 346–7, 356
Peter of Castelnau, 48
Peter of Courtenay, 45
Peter I (‘the Great’), Tsar of Russia, 176
Peter Martyr, St, 115
Pétion, Jérôme, 203
Petrarch, 57
Petronilla of Aquitaine, wife of Raoul of Vermandois, 22
Philip the Fair, King of Castile, 101
Philip I (‘the Amorous’), King of the Franks, 18–19, 21
Philip II (Philip Augustus), King of France: title, 18, 33–4; crowned, 32; in Sicily, 32, 39–43; birth, 33; reign, 34–5; qualities, 37–8; on Third Crusade, 37–40, 45; hostility to Richard I of England, 41–4, 46; sails for
Palestine, 44; returns to France from
Palestine, 45; war with King John of England, 46–7; victory at Bouvines, 47; achievements, 49, 118; death, 49; and improvements in Paris, 49
Philip III (‘the Bold’), King of France, 53
Philip IV (‘the Fair’), King of France: reign, 53–4, 56–8, 118; conflict with popes, 54–6; persecutes Templars, 57–60; death, 60–1; successors cursed, 60n
Philip V, King of France, 61, 65–6, 68–9
Philip VI (‘the Fortunate’, of Valois), King of France, 67–8, 70–5, 80n
Philip II, King of Spain, 139, 144
Philip IV, King of Spain, 167
Philip V, King of Spain (formerly Duke of Anjou): and Spanish Succession, 168–9, 172–3
Philip of Evreux, 67
Philippa of Hainault, Queen of Edward III of England, 67, 70, 77
Philippe Egalité, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of Orléans, 211n, 217, 255, 259
Philippeaux, Pierre, 212
Piaf, Edith, 357
Picardy: reverts to French crown, 101
Picquart, Colonel Georges, 323
Picquigny, near Amiens, 103–4
Piedmont, 274–5, 288–91 pigeons: carry messages in siege of Paris, 309
Pillnitz, near Dresden, 204–5
Pitt, William the Younger, 205
Pius III, Pope, 114
Pius V, Pope, 143
Pius VI, Pope, 200–1
Pius VII, Pope, 239
Pius IX, Pope, 194, 274–6
Pius X, Pope, 326
placards, l’affaire des, 131–2
Plaisant, Marie Angélique, 218
Plutarch, 3
Poincaré, Henri, 324
Poincaré, Raymond, 319, 327–8, 334, 341
Poitiers, Battle of (1356), 79
Poland: Hitler invades, 340
Polastron, Louise de, 252
Polignac, Jules de, 253
Pompadour, Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de, 181–2, 187
Portes, Countess Hélène de, 342
Portsmouth: raided by French (1338), 70
Poussin, Nicolas, 173
Pragmatic Sanction, 178
Praguerie (rebellion), 98
Prie, Jeanne Agnès Berthelet de Pléneuf, Marquise de, 176
Primaticcio, Francesco, 119
Protestants (Huguenots): Francis I persecutes, 120, 132; persecuted under Guises, 141–2; in wars of religion, 143; massacred on St Bartholomew’s day (1572), 144–5; granted rights under Edict of Nantes (1598), 147; in Thirty Years’ War, 152; in La Rochelle, 153; mass flight from France, 173, 195; and revocation of Edict of Nantes, 166–7
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 266
Prussia: in War of Austrian Succession, 179; rise to power, 183; in Battles of Ligny and Waterloo (1815), 243–4; war with Austria (1866), 296; defeats France (1870), 299–300; besieges Paris, 306–8, 311; peace treaty with France (1871), 314
Puccini, Giacomo: Tosca, 238n
Pyramids, Battle of the (1798), 234
Quatre Bras, Battle of (1815), 243
Quebec, 183
Rabelais, François, 119
Racine, Jean, 173
Radetzky, Marshal Josef, 275 & n
Raglan, Lord Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron, 286n
Raoul of Vermandois, Seneschal of France, 22
Ravaillac, François, 149
Ravenna, Battle of (1512), 115
Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Count of Toulouse, 20, 28–9
Réforme (political group), 270
Reinach, Jacques de, 322
Remigius, St, 17
Renan, Ernest, 313
Renaudie of Périgord, Seigneur de la, 141–2
Renault, Louis, 357
Republic: First (1792), 210, 212; Second (1848), 270, 272; Third (1870), 301, 306, 319–20, 342
Retz, Cardinal Jean François Paul de Gondi, 159 revolutions of 1848, 266–7, 271
Reynaud, Paul, 340–4
Rhineland: Germany occupies (1936), 338
Richard I (Coeur-de-Lion), King of England: on Third Crusade, 35, 37–45; relations with Philip Augustus, 41–4, 46; imprisoned and released, 45–6; massacres Muslim prisoners, 45; death, 46
Richard II, King of England, 84
Richard III, King of England (formerly Prince of Wales and Duke of Gloucester): marriage to Anne Neville, 102; denounces Picquigny agreement, 104; suspected of murder of Henry VI, 104
Richelieu, Cardinal Armand du Plessis, Duc de: as adviser to Louis XIII, 151; character and appearance, 151; in Thirty Years’ War, 152, 154; and siege of La Rochelle, 153; autocracy, 154; death and achievements, 155–6; declares war on Empire, 155; Anne of Austria detests, 157
Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de, 249–51
Rigord (chronicler), 33
Robert of Anjou, King of Naples, 70
Robert of Artois, 51
Robert Capet, King of the Franks, 18
Robert the Pious, King of the Franks, 18
Robespierre, Augustin, 222–3
Robespierre, Maximilien, 198, 212, 215–16, 219–24
Rochambeau, General Jean-Baptiste de, 188
Rodin, Auguste: The Burghers of Calais (sculpture), 77n
Roger, King of Sicily, 23
Roger II, King of Sicily, 30n, 31, 44
Roger of Wendover, 47
Rohan, Henry de, Duke, 153
Roland, Jean Marie, 205
Roland, Marie-Jeanne, 205, 212–13
Rollo (Viking), 15–16
Rome (ancient): conquers and colonises Gaulish France, 1–4; overrun by barbarians and collapse, 5–7
Rome (modern): fight for independence, 275–7
Romulus Augustulus, Roman Emperor, 7
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 345, 349, 352–3, 355
Rosetta Stone, 234
Rossbach, Battle of (1757), 183
Rossi, Count Pellegrino, 274
Rossi, Tino, 357
Rostopchin, Feodor, 240
Rouen: English capture (1419), 91
Rouget de Lisle, Claude Joseph, 207
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 190, 223
Route Napoléon, 242
Royal Navy (British): dominance, 230; shells French warships at Mers-el-Kebir (1940), 343
Rudolph III of Habsburg, 61
Rueil, 160–1; Peace of (1649), 160
Ruhr: France occupies (1923), 334–5
Rundstedt, Field Marshal Gerd von, 353
Russia: Napoleon invades, 240; in Crimean War, 284–5; entente with France and Britain (1907), 327; in First World War, 328
Ryswick, Peace of (1697), 167
Sadowa (Königgrätz), Battle of (1866), 296–7
St Bartholomew massacre (1572), 144–5
Saint-Denis (church): founded by Dagobert I, 9
Saint-Germain, Edict of (1562), 143
Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Peace of (1570), 143
St Helena: Napoleon exiled on, 245
St John, Knights of, 233
Saint-Just, Louis de, 219, 222–3
Saint-Pierre, Eustache de, 77
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de, 125, 161, 173–4
Saintsbury, George, 263n
Saisset, Bernard, Bishop of Pamiers, 50, 55
Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, 35–6, 45
Salian Franks, 7
Salic law: bars women from ruling, 12, 65, 67–8
Salisbury, Thomas Montagu, Earl of, 92
Sand, George, 306, 318
sans-culottes, 208, 225
Sarajevo: assassination (1914), 328
Savoy, House of, 139 & n
Savoy, Charles III (‘the Good’), Duke of, 140
Savoy, Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of, 140
Savoy, Philibert II, Duke of, 107n
Savoy, Philip II, Duke of, 140
Savoy (region), 140, 213
Saxe, Marshal Maurice, Comte de, 179–80, 183
Saxony, Maurice, Elector of, 138
Schwartzkoppen, Colonel Maximilian von, 323
Scots: mercenaries in Swedish service, 154
Scott, Sir Walter: Quentin Durward, 100n
Sebastopol, 288
Second World War (1939–45): outbreak and conduct, 340, 345–8; ends, 355
Sedan, Battle of (1870), 300
Ségurane, Catherine, 134
Selim III, Ottoman Sultan, 231, 235
September Massacres (Paris, 1792), 210
Serbia, 328
Seven Years’ War (1756–63), 183
Sévigné, Madame de (Marie de Rabutin-Chantal), 162, 165, 173
Sèvres: porcelain factory, 182
Sforza, Ludovico, Duke of Milan, 113, 116
Shakespeare, William: on English kings, 118; Edward III, 64
Shrewsbury, John Talbot, Earl of, 92–3
Sicily: Philip Augustus and Richard I of England in, 39–44; Allied landings (1943), 348
Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph, Abbé, 191, 237
Sigebert, brother of Chilperic, 8
Simon de Montfort see Montfort, Simon de
Sluter, Claus, 98
Sluys, Battle of (1340), 70–1
Smissen, Colonel Alfred van der, 295
Smith, Commodore Sir Sidney, 236
Smollett, Tobias, 190
Soissons, Battle of (486), 7
Solferino, Battle of (1859), 290–1
Somerville, Admiral Sir James, 343
Somme, Battle of the (1916), 331–2
Sorbon, Robert de, 33n
Sorel, Agnès, 97–8
Soubise, Benjamin de, Duke, 153
Soult, Marshal Jean-de-Dieu, 265
Southampton: raided by French (1338), 70
Soviet Union: non-aggression pact with Germany (1939), 340; agreement with France (1944), 353
Spain: Muslims invade, 10; war with France (1500–3), 113; Isabella II deposed, 298
Spanish Civil War (1936–9), 339
Spanish flu: outbreak (1918), 333
Spanish Succession, War of (1701–14), 168–9, 172
Spears, Mary, Lady, 355–6
Special Operations Executive (SOE), 344
Spens, Colonel Sir James, 154n
Staël, Germaine de (née Necker), 188, 319
Stalin, Josef V., 352–3
Stanislas Leszczyński, King of Poland and Duke of Lorraine, 177–8, 179n
Stanley, Edward Henry, Lord (later 15th Earl of Derby), 297
Stavisky, Serge Alexandre, 335–7
Steinheil, Marguerite, 325 & n
Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle), 262
Stephen II, Pope, 11
Stephen, King of England, 23
Strasbourg, 314, 352, 354
Stratford, John, Archbishop of Canterbury, 71
Stresemann, Gustav, 335
Sudetenland, 339–40
Suez Canal: opened (1869), 297–8
Suffolk, William de la Pole, Earl of, 92–3
Suger, Abbot of Saint-Denis, 21
Suleiman I (‘the Magnificent’), Ottoman Sultan, 128–9, 133, 139
Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, Duke de, 148
Sweden: in Thirty Years’ War, 154 & n, 155
Swiss Guards: defend Tuileries in Revolution, 207
syphilis, 111
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de: in French Revolution, 192, 199; proposes Egyptian expedition, 230; as prime minister under Louis XVIII, 249; Thiers meets, 253; witnesses 1830 revolution, 254; as ambassador to London, 259–60; attends Fieschi trial, 262
Tancred of Lecce, King of Sicily, 40, 42–4
Templars, Order of, 57–60, 209, 232
Temple (Paris), 209–10
tennis (or jeu de paume), 65 & n, 137, 193n
Thiers, Louis-Adolphe: background and career, 253; calls for 1830 revolution, 253; supports Louis-Philippe, 257, 266; and assassination attempt on Louis-Philippe, 262; premiership and resignation, 262–4; defeats Louis-Napoleon in 1848 election, 271; on Sadowa defeat, 297; builds defensive Paris wall, 307; attempts to negotiate peace treaty with Prussians, 314; elected to 1871 national government, 314; and Paris Commune, 315–16; alliance with Gambetta, 319; and founding of Third Republic, 319–20; History of the French Revolution, 253, 262
Thiers Wall, 307 third estate, 190–3
Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), 151–2, 159
Thompson, Sir Henry, 302
Thunderball (film), 138n
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 248
Torch, Operation (1942), 345, 347
Torcy, Jean Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de, 162, 170
Tour de Nesle, 62, 65
Tours: Battle of (732), 10; and siege of Paris (1870), 309
Tourzel, Louise Elisabeth, Duchesse de, 202
Trafalgar, Battle of (1805), 240
Trémoille, George de la, 93
Triple Entente (France–Britain–Russia, 1907), 327–8
Trochu, General Louis Jules, 306, 308, 311n
Troyes, Treaty of (1420), 91
Tuileries: Louis XVI and family detained in, 198; mob marches on and attacks, 206–9; burnt down in 1871 Commune, 273n
Turenne, Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, Vicomte de, 160
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 187–9
Tuscany, Leopold, Grand Duke of, 274
Ulm, Battle of (1805), 240
Ultra codebreakers (British), 354 & n
United Nations: founding, 355
United States of America: enters First World War (1917), 332; enters Second World War (1941), 345
Urban II, Pope, 19–20
Utrecht, Treaty of (1712), 172–3
Valmy, Battle of (1792), 210, 213
Valois dynasty, 18
Vandals, 5–6
Varennes, 203–4
Vaubois, General Claude, 232
Vendée, 214, 217
Vendôme, Louis Joseph, Duc de, 170
Venice: in territorial disputes with Louis XII, 114; Napoleon ends republic, 229–30
Vera Cruz, Mexico, 292
Vercingetorix, 2–4
Verdi, Giuseppe: Aïda, 298n
Verdun: partition of Carolingian Empire, 14; Battle of (1916), 330–2, 341
Versailles, Château de: life at, 162–4, 170, 174; Petit Trianon, 182; women march on in Revolution, 197–8; Prussians occupy (1870), 308
Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 332, 334, 338
Vézelay, 24, 37–8
Vichy government, 342–3
Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia (later of Italy), 289
Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, 326
Victoria, Queen (formerly Princess) of Great Britain, 260, 265, 268, 285–7, 299, 303–5
Vieillard, Nicholas, 280
Vieilleville, François de Scépaux, Marquis de (1543), 134
Vienna, Congress of (1815), 242
Vienna, Peace of (1738), 177–8
Villafranca, Treaty of (1859), 291–2
Villars, Marshal Claude Louis Hector, Duc de, 171
Villèle, Joseph, 252
Villeneuve-le-Hardi, 76
Visconti, Duchess Valentina, 109
Visigoths, 6
Vitry-le-François, 22
Voisin, Madame (Marguerite Monvoisin), 166
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet: on Louis XIV, 157, 174; regard for Mme de Pompadour, 181–2; on loss of Canada, 183; on attempted assassination of Louis XV, 184; praises Turgot, 187; meets Benjamin Franklin, 188; anti-clericalism, 190
Vosges: annexed by Dagobert I, 9
Wagram, Battle of (1809), 240
Waldensians: persecuted, 132–3
Walpole, Sir Robert, 177
Wars of the Roses, 101
Warwick, Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of (‘the Kingmaker’), 94, 101–2
Washburne, Elihu B., 307, 309
Washington, George, 255
Waterloo, Battle of (1815), 243–4
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of, 243–4, 246, 249, 270
Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 138n, 159
Weygand, Jean, 295n
Weygand, General Maxime, 295, 340, 356
William (‘the Bastard’), Duke of Normandy (King William I of England), 19, 21
William II Rufus, King of England, 21
William III (of Orange), King of England, 167
William I, King of Prussia and first German Kaiser, 296, 299, 313
William II, Kaiser of Germany, 333n
William II, King of Sicily, 40
Wilson, Woodrow, 332
Wolfe, General James, 183
Yalta Conference (1945), 355
Ypres, second Battle of (1916), 330
Zengi, Imad-ed-Din, Atabeg of Mosul, 22–3, 28
Zola, Emile: La Débâcle, 301n; J’Accuse!, 323
Zulu War, second (1879), 303