Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Aasen, Ivar, 39
Abe Clan, The (Abe ichizoku; Mori Ōgai), 105
Abe Kōbō, 68
Académie française, 49
Aete Eigo kōyōgo ron (In spite of all, make English an official language; Funabashi Yōichi), 196
Afghanistan, 118
Agency for Cultural Affairs, 191
Agnon, Shmuel Yosef, 70
Agura nabe (Sitting around the beefpot; Kanagaki Robun), 148
Akutagawa Prize, 156
Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, 48, 136, 154, 156
Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’, 49
Alexandria, library in, 161
Amazon.com, 162
Anatomische Tabellen (Anatomical tables; Johan Adam Kulmus), 111
Anderson, Benedict, 4, 74–83, 88, 90, 105, 117, 158
A nous la liberté (film; 1931), 51
Aquinas, Thomas, 87
Arabic language and script, 38, 60, 82, 87, 106, 179, 200
Arishima Takeo, 105
Asahi Shimbun (newspaper) 6, 146, 183
Autobiography of Yukichi Fukuzawa, The (Fukuzawa Yukichi), 117, 119–21, 126–32
Bacon, Francis, 139
Bakunin, Mikhail, 95
“Ball, The” (Butōkai; Akutagawa Ryūnosuke), 48
Balzac, Honoré de, 104
Baudelaire, Charles, 51
Beauvoir, Simone de, 52
Beckett, Samuel, 81
Behn, Aphra, 140
Belinski, Vissarion, 94
Bengali language and literature, 70, 172, 177
Benjamin, Walter, 95
Bible, 106, 158, 167. See also sacred languages and texts
bilingualism: and English, 60–61, 164–65, 167–68; idea of, 73; in Ireland, 81; and Japanese, 64–65, 106, 110, 114, 121–22, 136–39, 154–55, 195–99; and Latin, 75, 82, 85, 116; and national and universal languages, 86–88, 90–92, 116, 175–76, 178; and origin of written language, 84–86
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 90
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, 91
Bokmål (Norwegian book language), 39
Book of Tea, The (Okakura Tenshin), 144
Botchan (Natsume Sōseki), 105
British colonialism, 49–51, 59–60; in Africa, 36, 43–44, 178; in Asia, 41, 118–19, 122, 177, 198; in Ireland, 81; in Middle East, 38
Brontë, Charlotte, 104
Brothers Karamazov, The (Fyodor Dostoevsky), 104
Buddhism, 81, 85, 106, 167. See also sacred languages and texts
Burnett, Frances Hodgson, 47–48
Cambodia, 178
canonical texts: and Japanese literature, 137, 143–44, 147, 167–72, 179–82, 199; sacred texts as, 85–86; and truths, 100–101; and universal language, 95–97
Canterbury Tales, The (Geoffrey Chaucer), 116
Carnegie Mellon University, 162
Carnet de bal, Un (film; 1937), 51
Cato the Elder, 85
Certain Woman, A (Aru onna; Arishima Takeo), 105
Cervantes, Miguel de, 116
Chekhov, Anton, 94
Chikamatsu Monzaemon, 111
“Child’s Play” (Takekurabe; Higuchi Ichiyō), 105
Chinese imperial examination system, 112–15
Chinese language and literature: as external language, 106, 114, 124; and Japanese literature, 149–50; and national literature, 179; as sacred language, 82, 167; in Singapore, 198; and universal language, 40–41, 60, 105–12, 164, 169; written language, 106–7, 124–25, 185, 187–88, 193–94, 201
Chinese sphere of influence (Sinosphere), 105–16, 121, 124, 134, 167, 193
Christianity, 81, 85, 87, 97, 111–12, 120, 127, 144. See also sacred languages and texts
Christie, Agatha, 50
Cicero, 85
Clarissa (Samuel Richardson), 148
Collected Short Stories (Heinrich von Kleist), 148
colonialism: and China, 118–19; Dutch, 59–60, 127; and English language, 43–44, 172; French, 53, 59–60, 178; and Japan, 4, 52, 118–22, 134–35, 184–87, 189–90, 201; and national language, 176–78; Spanish, 59, 177–78; United States, 4, 52, 119, 121–22, 137, 184–86; and Western utopianism, 189–90. See also British colonialism
Commentary on the Gospel of St. Mark (Ernst Faber), 112
Communist Party, 183–84. See also Japan: leftist intellectuals in
computers, 165, 188, 194, 200. See also Internet
Confucianism, 81–82, 85, 110–11, 113, 120, 126–27. See also sacred languages and texts
consumer society, 90, 157–60, 172, 197
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 87
Crimean War, 119
Cultural Revolution (China), 189
Cyrillic alphabet, 37
Daibosatsu tōge (Bodhisattva pass; Nakazato Kaizan), 154
Dangerous Liaisons, The (Pierre Choderlos de Laclos), 148
David Copperfield (Charles Dickens), 104
“Decolonising the Mind” (Ngũgĩ Wa Thiong’o), 178
“Defense and Illustration of the French Language, The” (Joachim du Bellay), 91
de Man, Paul, 2
Derrida, Jacques, 189
Descartes, René, 91
Devanagari alphabet, 200
De Vulgari Eloquentia (On eloquence in the vernacular; Dante Alighieri), 90
Diderot, Denis, 49
Divine Comedy (Dante Alighieri), 90, 116
dōjin-shi (magazines for the like-minded), 156
Don Quixote (Miguel de Cervantes), 116
du Bellay, Joachim, 91
Dutch colonialism and language, 50, 59–60, 127–31, 176
Dutch East India Company, 59–60, 127
Edo period and government, 50, 55, 105, 110, 116–17, 127, 152
“Education in Japan” (Mori Arinori), 123
education system of Japan: and American Occupation after World War II, 184–85; and English language, 191; and Japanese language and literature, 124–25, 180–82, 184–88, 198–200; and Meiji Restoration, 111, 135, 180–81; and national language ideology, 136; reform proposals for, 5–6, 198–203; and universities, 134, 137–47, 166–67, 169
Egyptian hieroglyphs, 124. See also written language
Elements of International Law (Henry Wheaton), 125
Eliot, George (Mary Ann Evans), 104
elitism and egalitarianism, 5–6, 183–84, 197–99
Encouragement of Learning, An (Gakumon no susume; Fukuzawa Yukichi), 117
England. See British colonialism
Engle, Paul, 22
English language: and colonialism, 43–44, 121–22, 172; dominance of, vii, 50, 52, 55, 64, 93, 96–97, 164–67, 196–98; and Japan, 123, 132–33, 169–72, 191, 195–98; origin of, 41; and other languages and literatures, 60–61, 160, 167–68, 202–3; as universal language, 2–5, 40–44, 78–83, 160, 202
English literature, 68, 91, 143–44
Enlightenment, 92–97
Erasmus, Desiderius, 87
Esperanto (language), 194
Essays (Francis Bacon), 139
Ethiopia, 118
Europe and European languages, 58, 80, 87, 92, 95–96, 135–37, 168. See also specific languages and countries
existentialism, 52
external language, 72, 83; and accumulation of general knowledge, 86, 97; Chinese as, 106, 114, 124; English as, 164, 167, 169; Latin as, 75; sacred languages as, 81; and written language, 84. See also universal language
Faber, Ernst, 112
Fear and Trembling (Frygt og Bæven; Søren Kierkegaard), 95
Filipino language, 177–78
Finnegans Wake (James Joyce), 100
Finnish language, 176
Five Charter Oath (Meiji Emperor), 111
Flaubert, Gustave, 104
Floating Clouds (Ukigumo; Futabatei Shimei), 104, 147–48
Franco-Prussian War, 119
French language, 4, 41, 47–66, 91, 93–94, 178, 194, 201
French literature and culture, 2, 17, 48–49, 51–53, 59–62, 68, 91–92, 148
French Revolution, 59–60
Fukuda Tsuneari, 187–88
Fukuzawa Momosuke, 127
Fukuzawa Yukichi, 46, 117, 119–21, 126–33, 170
Funabashi Yōichi, 196
Futabatei Shimei, 46, 104, 147–48
Galilei, Galileo, 87
genbun itchi (unification of spoken and written word), 122, 147–48, 152, 154, 206n.2 (chap. 4)
“Gendai Nihon no kaika” (The development of contemporary Japan; Natsume Sōseki), 151
gender and gender roles, 5, 46, 65, 108–10, 114–15, 136, 152, 201
General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, The (John Maynard Keynes), 96
Genghis Khan, 37
geocentrism, 87
German language, 91, 93–96, 176
gesaku (playful writing), 121
Gĩkũyũ language, 178
global consciousness and perspective, 102, 104, 133, 136, 142
global knowledge and communication, 4, 60, 78, 84–85, 91–92, 137, 161–65, 202. See also universal language
global marketing and commerce, 50, 59, 151, 159, 174, 196. See also consumer society
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 148
Gogol, Nikolai, 94
Gold Demon, The (Konjiki yasha; Ozaki Kōyō), 154
Google Book Search Library Project, 162
Gramsci, Antonio, 96
Grand jeu, Le (film; 1934), 51
Grass Pillow (Kusamakura; Natsume Sōseki), 149–50, 181
Greco, Juliette, 52
Greek language, 82, 85, 91–92, 167, 169, 176
Greek mythology, 182
Gujarati language, 177
Gutenberg, Johannes, 75–76, 158
haiku poetry, 152. See also poetry
hangul (phonetic Korean), 193, 201
Harp of Burma (Takeyama Michio), 36
Harry Potter (series; J. K. Rowling), 159
Harvard University, 164
Hebrew language and literature, 38–39, 70, 179
Heian period, 51, 108, 110, 114, 116
Heisei period, 174
heliocentrism, 87
Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 77, 94
Herzen, Alexander, 94
Hibbett, Howard, 69
Higuchi Ichiyō, 105, 180, 206n.2 (chap. 4)
hiragana, 65, 108–10, 114–15, 124–25, 152, 201
Hobbes, Thomas, 88
Homo Ludens (Johan Huizinga), 96
Hōryūji (temple), 191
How I Became a Christian (Uchimura Kanzō), 111–12, 144
Hugo, Victor, 154
Huizinga, Johan, 96
Human Comedy, The (Honoré de Balzac), 104
Hume, David, 92
Hungarian language, 176
I Am a Cat (Wagahai wa neko de aru; Natsume Sōseki), 146
Ihara Saikaku, 111
Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Benedict Anderson), 4, 74–83, 90
Index Librorum Prohibitorum (Index of prohibited books), 82
India, 177
Indonesian language and literature, 179
In Praise of Folly (Desiderius Erasmus), 87
In Search of Lost Time (Marcel Proust), 64, 99
International Research Center for Japanese Studies, 191
International Writing Program (IWP; University of Iowa), 3, 11–17, 20–37
Internet, x, 4, 41, 60, 78, 160–66, 173, 196–97
Iowa Writers’ Workshop (IWW; University of Iowa), 22
Irish Gaelic and Irish people, 81
Islam, 81, 85, 87, 106. See also sacred languages and texts
Italian language, 90
Itō Jinsai, 111
Iwanami Shoten, 183
IWP. See International Writing Program
IWW. See Iowa Writers’ Workshop
I Yeonsuk, 194
Izumi Kyōka, 105
Jane Eyre (Charlotte Brontë), 104
Japan: architecture in, 135, 192; and colonialism, 4, 52, 118–22, 134–35, 184–87, 189–90, 201; economy and development of, 30, 104–5, 141–42; leftist intellectuals in, 78, 182–84, 186–87, 190; modernization of, 50, 104, 111, 118–33, 154–55, 184, 190; and United States, 4, 52, 119, 121–22, 137, 184–86; universities in, 134, 137–47, 166–67, 169. See also education system of Japan
Japanese culture: and isolation, 50, 55, 110, 116–18, 127, 191–92; modern threats to, 191–92; and “shock of the West,” 147–52, 193, 200
Japanese language: crisis and decline of, ix–xi, 4, 169–72; and education policy, 124–25, 180–82, 184–87, 198–200; and English language, 5, 123–24, 169–72; Japanese attitudes toward, 190–95; and modernization of society, 118–33, 154–55, 184; origins and development of, 53, 58–59, 72, 105–12, 116–17, 122–38. See also Japanese written language
Japanese literature: canonical texts of, 46, 105, 136–37, 143–44, 147, 167–72, 179–82, 199; crisis and decline of, ix–xi, 44–46, 172–74; and education policy, 180–82, 199–200; and gender roles, 46; as a major literature, 4, 44, 66–71, 172, 202; and Meiji Restoration and period, 104–5, 117, 139, 147–48, 180–81, 200, 206n.2 (chap. 4); modern origin and development of, x, 4, 44–45, 59, 104–5, 147–56; and national language ideology, 111, 169
Japanese written language: and Chinese characters, 24, 107–12, 124–25; and gender, 108–10; origin and development of, xi, 72, 106–10, 112–16; and Roman alphabet, 4, 122, 125, 184–89, 195; unique characteristics of, 13, 65–66, 95–96, 200–203
Kaitai shinsho (New book of anatomy; Sugita Gempaku), 111
Kalecki, Michal, 96–97
Kamakura period, 110
kana characters, 108–10, 124–25, 185, 187–88, 200. See also hiragana; katakana
Kanagaki Robun, 148
kanbun kundoku (Chinese writing, Japanese reading), 107
Kant, Immanuel, 92
Kapital, Das (Karl Marx), 183
katakana, 65, 108–10, 115, 124–25, 152–53, 195, 201
Katsura Imperial Villa, 191
Kawabata Yasunari, 69–70, 136, 156
Kawai Hayao, 191–92
Keene, Donald, 69–70
Keio University, 136
Kelly, Kevin, 161–64
Kepler, Johannes, 87
Keynes, John Maynard, 96
Khmer Rouge, massacres by, 189
Khrushchev, Nikita, 38
Kierkegaard, Søren, 95
Kinoshita Mokutarō, 136
Ki no Tsurayuki, 114
Kishida Kunio, 136
Kita Ikki, 194
Kleist, Heinrich von, 148
Kobayashi Hideo, 173
Kōda Rohan, 46
kokugaku (national philology), 115
Kokugo to iu shisō (The ideology of national language; I Yeonsuk), 194
Korean language, 114, 118, 122, 179, 193, 201
Kulmus, Johan Adam, 111
Kume Masao, 136
Kurama tengu (series; Osaragi Jirō), 154
Kuroda, Lord, 129
Laclos, Pierre Choderlos de, 148
Lafayette, Madame de (Marie-Madeleine Pioche de La Vergne), 148
Laos, 178
Latin: and bilingualism, 75, 82, 85, 116; decline of, 80; and national languages, 89–92; as sacred language, 82, 106; as universal language, 60, 87–88, 116, 167, 169
Lebedev, Pyotr, 171
Leibniz, Gottfried, 88
Leonardo da Vinci, 140
library concept. See universal library
Light and Dark (Meian; Natsume Sōseki), 2, 105, 150
literature: concept of a major, 4, 44, 66–71, 172, 202; plays as, 88, 98, 111, 116, 176; poetry as, 100, 108–10, 114, 149–50, 152, 177; and science and general knowledge, 98–102, 137–38, 157, 160, 167. See also canonical texts; novels; specific languages
Lithuanian literature, 12, 14–16, 28, 69–70
Little Princess, A (Frances Hodgson Burnett), 47–48
local language, 88–92, 95, 98–99, 168, 177–78; Japanese as, 105–12, 114–15, 122, 173
Locke, John, 92
Louisiana Purchase (1803), 59
Lu Xun, 181
Madame Bovary (Gustave Flaubert), 104
Maejima Hisoka, 124
Makioka Sisters, The (Sasameyuki; Tanizaki Jun’ichirō), 68, 105
Mandarin, 40, 114, 164, 179, 198. See also Chinese language and literature
man’yōgana (letters of Ten Thousand Leaves), 108
market mechanisms, 75, 90. See also consumer society
Maruzen (bookstore), 154
Marxist ideology, 78, 183–84. See also Japan: leftist intellectuals in
Masaoka Shiki, 136
mathematics, 83–84, 101, 144, 166, 171–72
Matsuo Bashō, 110
Matsuzaka Tadanori, 188
Maxwell, James Clerk, 171
McClellan, Edwin, 69
Meiji Restoration and period: and education, 111, 135, 180–81; and European colonialism, 104, 118, 120, 131, 190; and European cultural influence, 50–51, 55–56, 111; and Japanese language, 117–18, 122–26, 154–55, 184; and Japanese literature, 104–5, 139, 147–48, 180–81, 200, 206n.2 (chap. 4)
Middlemarch (George Eliot), 104
Ministry of Education, 124–25, 180–82, 184–88, 191
Mishima Yukio, 68
Mitsukuri Rinshō, 133
Mitsumura Tosho, 181
Mohammad, 85
Moll Flanders (Daniel Defoe), 99
Mongolian literature, 67, 69–70
“Mon Paris” (Josephine Baker), 51
Montaigne, Michel de, 91
Montesquieu, Baron de (Charles-Louis de Secondat), 49, 92
More, Thomas, 88
Morris, Ivan, 69
multilingualism, 80, 161, 169, 177, 198. See also bilingualism
Muromachi period, 110
Mushakōji Saneatsu, 136
Myanmar, 35–36
Nagai Kafū, 105
Nakae Chōmin, 133
Nakamura Umekichi, 187
Nakazato Kaizan, 154
Napoleonic Wars, 59–60
nationalism: Benedict Anderson on, 74, 77–80; and Japanese language and literature, 109, 115, 122, 194; and national language development, 38, 94, 97, 177
national language, 4, 73, 75–76, 89–97, 116, 167–68, 175–82; ideology of 111, 123–24, 136, 154–55, 169, 193. See also specific languages
National Language Research Council, 125, 186–87
nation-state: and Internet, 161–63; and Japanese language, 58–59, 115, 122, 142; and Japanese modernization, 104, 111, 119, 122; and national language, 37–39, 73–83, 88–97, 101, 177
Natsume Sōseki: importance of, 46, 174; on Japanese modernization and literature and culture, 103–4, 139–47, 149–51, 172, 174, 200; and science and general knowledge, 170–72; and university, 104, 136, 138, 147, 149–50; works by, 2, 103–5, 138–47, 149–51, 169–71, 181, 200
“Natsume Sōseki sensei no tsuioku” (Memories of Natsume Sōseki; Terada Torahiko), 171
Netherlands. See Dutch colonialism and language
Newton, Isaac, 87
New York Public Library, 164
Ngũgĩ Wa Thiong’o, 178
Ni-anchan (My second brother; Yasumoto Sueko), 155
Nieh Hualing, 22
“Nihon bunka shikan” (A personal view of Japanese culture; Sakaguchi Ango), 191
Nishi Amane, 133
Nobel Prize in Literature, 63, 69–70, 156
Nonchurch (Mukyōkai) movement, 111
North Korea, 193. See also Korean language
Norwegian language, 39
novels: future of, 157–58, 173–74; Japanese, 4, 19, 104–5, 139–40, 152–53; and national language, 2–3, 98–102, 133; and Western influence on Japan, 55–58, 98–101, 104. See also literature; specific works
Nynorsk (New Norwegian), 39
Odyssey (Homer), 182
Ogata Academy, 128–29
Ogata Kōan, 128–30
Ogyū Sorai, 111
Okakura Tenshin, 144
Old Norse, 41
One Thousand and One Nights, 68
onnade (women’s hand), 109
Ontleedkundige Tafelen (Anatomical tables; Johan Adam Kulmus), 111
Ortega y Gasset, José, 96
Osanai Kaoru, 136
Ottoman Empire, 118
Oxford University, 164
pacifism, 183
paper, 83
parchment, 83
patriotism, x, 5–6, 184. See also nation-state
Pelzel, John, 185–86
Pension Mimosas (film; 1935), 51
Pépé le Moko (film; 1937), 51
Perry, Matthew, 119
Petrarch, Francesco, 90
phoneticism, 42, 124–25, 184–90, 200–201
Pillow Book, The (Makura no sōshi; Sei Shōnagon), 115
plays, 88, 98, 111, 116, 176. See also literature
poetry, 51, 100, 108–10, 114, 149–50, 152, 177, 206n.2 (chap. 4). See also literature; specific works
Poirot, Hercule, 50
Polish language, 97
Poppy, The (Gubijinsō; Natsume Sōseki), 150
Portrait of Shunkin, A (Shunkinshō; Tanizaki Jun’ichirō), 105
poststructuralism, 52
Pride and Prejudice (Jane Austen), 95, 104, 148
Princess of Cleves, The (Madame de Lafayette), 148
print capitalism, 75, 80, 105, 116–17, 134
Prison Notebooks (Antonio Gramsci), 96
Pushkin, Alexander, 94
Qing dynasty, 118
“Quand refleuriront les lilas blancs” (André Dassary), 51
Quatorze Juillet (film; 1933), 51
Quo Vadis (Henryk Sienkiewicz), 31
Qur’an, 106. See also sacred languages and texts
Racine, Jean, 62
reactionary, use of term, 5, 154, 183, 186–87, 190
realism, 148
Renaissance, 87
Revolt of the Masses, The (José Ortega y Gasset), 96
Richardson, Samuel, 148
Rimbaud, Arthur, 51
rōmaji (Roman letters), 186
Roman alphabet, 3, 122, 124–25, 184–89, 193, 195, 200. See also written language
Romance languages, 176. See also specific languages
romantic love, 152
Rosetta Stone, 83
Rouge et le noir, Le (The Red and the Black; Stendhal), 95, 104
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 49, 92
Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, The, 68
Russian language, 94
Russo-Japanese War, 103–4, 141
“Ryojō” (On a journey; Hagiwara Sakutarō), 51, 201
Ryūkyū Kingdom, 114
sacred languages and texts, 75, 81–83, 85–86, 106, 158, 166–67
Saitō Mokichi, 136
Sakaguchi Ango, 191–92
sankin kōtai (alternate residence), 116
Sanshirō (Natsume Sōseki), 103–5, 138–47, 169, 171, 200
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 52
Scandinavia, 39, 93, 95, 176, 197
“Scan This Book!” (Kelly), 161–64
Scent of Green Papaya, The (film; 1993), 12
science: and English, 52, 96, 123, 129, 144, 166–67, 171; in Japan, 55, 123, 128–29, 137, 173, 180–81; and Latin, 87, 98; and literature, 98–102, 137–38, 157, 160, 167; and mathematics, 83
Seidensticker, Edward, 69
Sei Shōnagon, 115
Self-Help (Samuel Smiles), 117
Sen no Rikyū, 158
Seward, William H., 120
Shakespeare, William, 62, 116, 182
Shaw, George Bernard, 81
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 149
Shibata Takeshi, 186
Shibue Chūsai (Mori Ōgai), 105
Shinchō (literary journal), 173
Shishōsetsu from left to right (An I-novel from left to right; Mizumura Minae), 2–3, 63–65
“shock of the West,” 147–52, 193, 200
Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 31
Silver Spoon, The (Gin no saji; Naka Kansuke), 105
Singapore, 197–98
Smiles, Samuel, 117
social Darwinism, 124
Socrates, 85
Song and Lantern (Uta andon; Izumi Kyōka), 105
Sorrows of Young Werther, The (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe), 148
Sōseki. See Natsume Sōseki
Sous les toits de Paris (film; 1930), 51
South Korea, 193. See also Korean language
Spanish colonialism, 59, 177–78
Spanish language, 41, 177, 195
Spencer, Herbert, 124
Spinoza, Baruch, 88
Stalin, Joseph, 38
Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle), 95, 104, 160
Strange Tale from East of the River, A (Bokutō kidan; Nagai Kafū), 105
structuralism, 52
sudden twist (kyokusetsu), 151. See also “shock of the West”
Superstar (Chinese company), 164
Suzuki Miekichi, 136
Swahili language, 178
Swift, Jonathan, 81
Tagalog language, 178
Tagore, Rabindranath, 70
Taishō period, 51, 153, 155, 174
Takarazuka Revue, 51
Tale of Genji, The (Genji monogatari; Murasaki Shikibu), 62, 68–69, 109–10, 115
Tales of Ise, The (Ise monogatari), 115
Tamil language, 177
Tang dynasty, 108
Tanizaki Jun’ichirō, 46, 68, 105, 136, 180
Tao Yuanming, 149
“Task of the Translator, The” (Walter Benjamin), 95
Taut, Bruno, 191
television, 168
Telugu language, 177
temporality, 54–66
Ten Thousand Leaves (Man’yōshū), 96, 108
Terada Torahiko, 171
Thackeray, William, 104
Thailand, 118
Thai language and literature, 179
Theory of Literature (Bungaku ron; Natsume Sōseki), 145–46, 149, 170
Tokyo Imperial University, 136
Tosa Diary (Tosa nikki; Ki no Tsurayuki), 114–15
translation: by computer, 165–66; of French literature, 48, 50–51; and Japanese language development, 58, 107–12, 125–33; and Japanese literature and scholarship, 56, 59, 61, 68–71, 135–42, 148; and language development, 4, 89–91; limitations of, ix–xi, 63, 65, 95–96; and novel, 100–101
“Troubled Waters” (Nigorie; Higuchi Ichiyō), 105
truths, 63, 100–101, 123, 153, 167, 170, 202
Tswana language, 43–44
Turgenev, Ivan, 94
Turkish language and literature, 179
Uchida Hyakken, 136
Ueda Bin, 136
Ueda Kazutoshi, 124
Ukrainian language, 38
United States, 21–22, 25, 59–60; colonialism of, 4, 16, 52, 119, 121–22, 137, 184–86
United States Education Mission to Japan, 184–85
universal language: and accumulation of general knowledge, 87–89, 97–99; ancient Greek as, 91–92, 167, 169; Arabic as, 60; Chinese as, 60, 114–15, 124; concept of, 40–42, 72, 74, 78–86; English as, 2–5, 40–44, 78–83, 160, 202; in Europe, 93–96; Latin as, 60, 75, 116; mathematics as, 83–84, 101, 144, 166, 171–72; and translation, 89–91, 141. See also French language
universal library, 84–85, 91–92, 161–65. See also global knowledge and communication
University of Michigan, 164
utopianism, 189
Vanity Fair (William Thackeray), 104
Verlaine, Paul, 51
vernaculars, 4, 75; in China, 114–16; in Europe, 76–77, 80, 82–83, 89–90, 116, 148, 206n.3 (chap. 3); in Japan, 108–10, 138
Vietnamese language and literature, 12, 114, 178–79, 193
Vietnam War, 190
Villon, François, 116
Voltaire (Francois-Marie d’Arouet), 49, 92
waka poetry, 51, 109, 114, 152, 206n.2 (chap. 4). See also poetry
Wang Wei, 149
War and Peace (Leo Tolstoy), 94, 104
Waseda University, 136
Watashi no kokugo kyōshitsu (My Japanese language classroom; Fukuda Tsuneari), 187
Wealth of Nations, The (Adam Smith), 96
West and non-West, as concepts, 73
Wheaton, Henry, 125
Wilde, Oscar, 81
World War II, 4, 52, 60, 69–70, 155–56, 182–86, 196, 200
written language: ideograms, 106–8, 124–25, 133, 152, 193–95, 200–201; and Internet, 163–66; invention of, 83–86, 106; phonograms, 106–8, 124, 200–201; and reading, 93, 167–68; Roman alphabet, 3, 122, 124–25, 184–89, 193, 195, 200; and spoken language, 189; visual appeal of, 200–201
Wuthering Heights (Emily Brontë), 2, 104
Yamada Bimyō, 136
Yamamoto Yūzō, 136
yamato kotoba (Japanese words), 109
Yasumoto Sueko, 155
Yeats, William Butler, 81
Yiddish language and literature, 66, 70
Yomiuri Shimbun (newspaper), 183
Young Grammarians (Junggrammatiker), 124
Zionist movement, 38