1. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland: World Publishing, 1959), pp. 11, 13, 208, 209, 212.
2. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, rev. and enlarged ed. (New York: Dell, 1962), pp. 307–9.
3. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, 2nd rev. and enlarged ed. (New York: Dell, 1972), pp. 6, 302–4.
4. Williams, Tragedy (1972), p. 307.
5. William Appleman Williams, America Confronts a Revolutionary World (New York: Morrow, 1976), pp. 179, 191.
6. William Appleman Williams, Empire as a Way of Life (1980; repr. Brooklyn: Ig Publishing, 2007), pp. 197, 199.
7. At the time of the Bicentennial, Williams was promoting a proposal to break up the Union into a “federation of democratic Socialist communities.” Under this scheme, for example, the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana would join together into an independent nation to be called Neahkahnie. Williams, who was then living in Oregon, believed that the people of this region shared a common set of interests likely to foster a common approach to politics: “Which is to say that we are willing and able to confront the power of corporations . . . and have evolved a hierarchy of values to guide us in our life together” (Williams, America Confronts a Revolutionary World, p. 197). The proposal garnered no political traction.
8. William Appleman Williams, ed., From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York: Wiley, 1972), pp. 486–87. The quotations are from the book’s conclusion, which Williams himself wrote.
9. Williams, Tragedy (1959), p. 202.
10. William Appleman Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York: Random House, 1969), p. xvi.
11. Williams, From Colony to Empire, p. 476.
12. William Appleman Williams, The Contours of American History (Cleveland: World Publishing, 1961), p. 20. Although the concept of Weltanschauung does not appear in the original edition of Tragedy, it figures prominently in the revised versions.
13. Williams called this “imperial anticolonialism” (Tragedy [1959], chapter 1).
14. Williams, Tragedy (1959), pp. 13–14.
15. William Appleman Williams, Some Presidents: Wilson to Nixon (New York: New York Review, 1972), p. 28.
16. Williams, Tragedy (1972), pp. 303–4.
17. Williams, Tragedy (1962), p. 88.
18. Williams, Tragedy (1962), p. 88.
19. Williams, Contours, p. 354.
20. Williams, Contours, p. 355.
21. Williams, Empire as a Way of Life, p. 53.
22. Williams, Tragedy (1962), p. 185. In the original text, the entire quotation appears in italics.
23. Williams, Tragedy (1959), p. 24.
24. Williams, Tragedy (1959), p. 37.
25. Williams, Tragedy (1962), p. 2.
26. Williams, Tragedy (1962), p. 206.
27. Williams, Contours, p. 391.
28. Williams, Roots, p. 46.
29. Writing of Jonathan Edwards, Williams described his concept of a “corporate Christian commonwealth” as “one of the few American visions worthy of the name Utopia” (William Appleman Williams, History as a Way of Learning [New York: New Viewpoints, 1973], p. 15). This is a collection of previously published essays along with excerpts from several of Williams’s books. The quotation comes from the title essay, a revised and enlarged version of his introduction to The Contours of American History.
30. George W. Bush, “Second Inaugural Address,” January 20, 2005.
31. Williams, Empire as a Way of Life, p. 190.
32. “DoD News Briefing—Secretary Rumsfeld,” September 18, 2001, www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=1893, accessed August 5, 2008.