Note: The abbreviation JFK refers to John F. Kennedy; LBJ to Lyndon Baines Johnson; MLK to Martin Luther King Jr.; RFK to Robert F. Kennedy
Abernathy, Juanita
Abernathy, Rev. Ralph: arrest, Birmingham; arrest, St. Augustine, FL; arrest, Selma, AL; in Birmingham desegregation campaign; bombing of home and church; in Memphis with MLK; MLK and; MLK’s Nobel Prize and; Montgomery bus boycott; Rustin and; St. Augustine, FL campaign; in Selma; smear tactics against
Acheson, Dean,
African Americans: anguish of, expressed to RFK; black replaces Negro in vocabulary of; double or divided consciousness; folk culture and wisdom tradition; human rights and covenant with God; identity of personal and social rebirth, King’s idea of; literature; “new Negro in the South”; revolution in self-image and self-assertion; tradition of prophetic criticism
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church,
African religious beliefs and practices; continuous involvement with the spirit world and; Easter correlation; “ring shout,” See also Black Christianity
“Ain’t Gonna Study War No More” (song)
Alabama: bombings, arrest and acquittal; boycott proposed by King; bus segregation laws; Confederate flag on statehouse; conspiracy law; governor “Big Jim” Folsom; Klan violence and freedom riders; Lowndes County, disenfranchisement of blacks in; national guard federalized, March to Montgomery; resistance to Brown decision, statute of “nullification”; school segregation; shut-down of NAACP; silencing of racial moderates; University of Alabama, integration of. See also Birmingham; boycotts; Montgomery; Selma; Wallace, George
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR)
Alabama Council on Human Relations (ACHR)
Alabama State College
Albany, GA; SCLC defeat in
Alford, W. F.
Ali, Muhammad
alienation
Amalgamated Textile Workers of America
“Amazing Grace” (song)
American Friends Service Committee (AFSC)
American Nazi Party
Anderson, Marian
Arafat, Yasser
“Assembly of Unrepresented People,”
Atlanta, GA: black elite of; King family in; lunch counter sit-ins; MLK jailed in; Scripto strike; SNCC office. See also Ebenezer Baptist Church; Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Atlanta Daily World
Atlanta University
Atlas Shrugged (Rand)
Azbell, Joe
Baez, Joan
Baez, Joan, Sr.
Bagley, J. H.
Bailey, Lorraine. See also Memphis, TN
Baker, Ella
Baker, Wilson
Baldwin, James
Baltimore Afro-American
Bandung, Indonesia, Third World conference
Barbour, J. Pius
“Battle Hymn of the Republic” (song)
Belafonte, Harry
Bell, Tom
Bennett, Rev. Roy
Berkeley, CA: free speech movement; SDS
Berrigan, Daniel
Berrigan, Philip
Bevel, James; Chicago campaign and; funeral of MLK and; in Memphis; MLK and; plan to enfranchise black Alabamans; PPC opposition; in Selma; Vietnam opposition and voice from God
Bill of Rights for the Disadvantaged
Billups, Rev. Charles
Birmingham, AL: bail bondsman for SCLC put out of business; Big Mules; black clergy and middle-class leadership, problem of conservative; bombing of church and death of four girls; bombings (by KKK); bus protests; children’s marches; civil rights campaign, “Project Confrontation”; D-Day and Double D-Day; desegregation of department stores and biracial committee to desegregate schools, parks, and police; desegregation of schools, national guard and; Easter Sunday, church desegregation; Gaston Motel bombing; Kelly Ingram Park; Klan violence and freedom riders; mayor, Boutwell; mayor, Hanes,; media and; miracle Sunday; MLK jailed, and letter from; Public Safety Commissioner, “Bull” Connor; riots; segregation in; sit-ins and protest marches, April, 1963; SCLC activism in; SCLC convention in (1962); store boycott in; troops deployed in; V-Day; White House intervention
Birmingham World
Birth of a Nation (film)
Black, Hugo
Black Christianity (Black Church): African beliefs and practices and; credo of love; darkest night metaphor; Easter; evil, concept of, and Satan, warring with good; “exhorter”; “frenzy” or spirit possession; holy spirit or Spirit; hymns popular in; intimate relationship with God (interplay with the divine) and; love and nonviolence; MLK’s Christian nonviolence rooted in; music (blues, gospel, spirituals); prayer and; preaching, Hebrew Scriptures and; rituals used by civil rights movement; sin; “singing prayer,” 90; social gospel tradition; teachings of, faith, and civil rights movement; women leaders in; women’s spiritual experiences in
Black Panthers; police assault and murder of; UCLA campus gunfight. See also Newton, Huey
Black Power; MLK on; NCNP and; Stokely Carmichael and SNCC. See also Black Panthers
bombings: Birmingham, AL; home of E. D. Nixon, Montgomery, AL; home of Fred Shuttlesworth, Birmingham, AL; home of MLK, Montgomery, AL; home of Ralph Abernathy, Montgomery, AL; home of Robert Graetz, Montgomery, AL
Bond, Julian
Booth, Heather
Booth, John Wilkes
Bosch, Juan
Boston University, doctoral program
Boutwell, Albert
boycotts: bus, Baton Rouge, LA,; bus, Capetown, South Africa; bus, Montgomery, AL; bus, Tallahassee, FL; South Carolina State College, Orangeburg; stores, Birmingham; violence and threats of violence
Boynton, Amelia
Brady, Tom
Branch, Ben
Brightman, Edgar
Brinson, Henrietta
Brock, Jack
Brockwood Labor College
Brooks, Hilliard
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Browder, Aurelia
Browder v. Gayle
Brown, H. Rap
Brown Chapel AME Church, Selma, AL
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka; “all deliberate speed” and enforcement problems; Eastland’s condemnation of; governors vow to resist through “interposition”; grassroots campaign of “massive resistance”; State of the Race Conference, Washington, DC and call for school de-segregation campaign
Buber, Martin
Bunch, Charlotte
Bundy, McGeorge
Burks, Mary Fair
Burroughs, Nannie
Butler, Mac
Cabbage, Charles
Calvert, Greg
Campbell, Will
Capetown, South Africa
Carawan, Candie
Carawan, Guy
Carmichael, Oliver Cromwell
Carmichael, Stokely; antiwar activity; Black Panthers and; MLK disapproval of
Carter, Eugene
Carter, Robert
Castro, Fidel
Catonsville Nine
Cellar, Emanuel
Chambliss, Robert “Dynamite Bob,”
Chaney, James
Chavez, Cesar
Cherry, Bobby
Chicago, IL: Breadbasket campaign; MLK, NWRO meeting; SCLC campaign; urban rioting, post MLK death; urban rioting, threat of
Chomsky, Noam
CIA, “Operation Chaos,”
Civil Rights Act of 1964; compliance, public-accommodations; implementation problems
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Civil rights movement: African American women as driving force of; Albany, GA; analysis “state of the movement,” by MLK, St. Helena Island, 1967; arrest and beating of Fannie Lou Hamer and group, Mississippi; assassination of Medgar Evers; Birmingham campaign, “Project Confrontation”; black militancy in; black student movement, (see also SNCC); boycotts; broadening of Montgomery movement; bus desegregation campaigns; Chicago campaign; as church-based protest; civil disobedience and; Cleveland campaign; college campuses; Communism and communist charges; deaths, desegregation of U. of Miss. and; dispute about role of northern activists; dissension within; division in, 1967; electoral politics, focus on; federal intervention requested; freedom riders, 1961; Freedom Summer; fund-raising and finances; Greenwood campaign; informants and spies; killing of James Reeb; killing of Jimmie Lee Jackson; killing of Jonathan Daniels; killing of Schwerner, Goodman, and Chaney; killing of Viola Liuzzo; LBJ and halting of civil rights demonstrations before 1964 election; lessons of Montgomery bus boycott; mass nonviolent action, tactic; mass “turn-in,” Montgomery, as first act of civil disobedience of era; MLK arrest and jailing, Birmingham; MLK called to leadership; MLK emergence as national leader; MLK as mediator; moderates vs. militants; moderation vs. extremism; moral militancy; Nashville lunch counter sit-ins; national protest and prayer, Jan., 1957; “new Civil War” and; Negro Revolution of 1963, demonstrations and arrests nationwide; nonviolence; nonviolent direct action; northern support for Montgomery struggle; Orangeburg Massacre; “outside agitators” and; “passive resistance”; peace movement and; Randolph and desegregation of war industry and armed forces; school-desegregation campaign; Selma, AL; shooting of James Meredith; sit-ins; “spirit of tolerance” and; ”Statement to the South and Nation”; transformation of individuals and society, and; voting-rights education and organizing; “We Shall Overcome” as anthem of; white liberal allies; white student movement. See also Birmingham, AL; boycotts; Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR); Montgomery, AL; Poor People’s Campaign; St. Augustine, FL; Selma, AL; women’s liberation movement; specific civil rights groups
Civil War; LBJ allusions to; Lincoln and; violence of as purgative. See also Gettysburg, PA
Clark, Jim
Clark, Kenneth
Clark, Ramsey
Clark, Septima
Cleaver, Eldridge
clergy: leadership role in antiwar movement; leadership role in civil rights movement; leadership role in Montgomery, AL; SCLC and. See also King, Martin Luther, Jr.
Clergy and Laymen (Laity) Concerned About Vietnam
Cleveland, OH: African-American mayor (Stokes); rioting in; SCLC campaign
Clifford, Clark
Cloward, Richard
Coffin, William Sloane
Collins, Addie Mae
Collins, Sarah
Colvin, Claudette
Committee for Nonviolent Integration
Communism and American Communist Party (CP); civil rights movement and; Eastland subcommittee, red-baiting by; peace movement and; Red Scare, 1920s. See also Rustin, Bayard
Confederacy; flag of, on Montgomery statehouse. See also Montgomery, AL
Confessions of Nat Turner (Styron)
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO): mass direct-action techniques; organizers; sit-down strike invented
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE); black militancy in; civil disobedience, 1963; Civil Rights Act of 1964 and; desegregation of bus terminals, freedom riders and; murders of Schwerner, Goodman, and Chaney; Wiley in
Connally, John
Connor, Theophilius Eugene “Bull,”
Cooper, Annie Lee
Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO)
Cotton, Dorothy
Council of Federated Organizations (COFO)
Council for United Civil Rights Leadership (CUCRL)
counterculture and hippie movement; alienation from technocratic “death culture”; Berkeley free speech movement; drugs and; Human Be-In; liberation, personal and structural and; Norman Mailer’s analogy of black and white alienation; Summer of Love
Cousins, Norman
Crenshaw, Jack
Crocker, L. C.
Cronkite, Walter
Cross, Rev. John
Crozer Seminary
Currier, Stephen
Daley, Richard
Daniels, Jonathan
Davis, George W.
Davis, Jefferson
Davis, Sammy, Jr.
Deacons for Defense
de la Beckwith, Byron
Dellinger, Dave; Pentagon march; Spring Mobilization Against the War
Deming, Barbara
Democratic Party: Dixiecrat Party formed; dump Johnson movement; Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), challenge at Atlantic City National Convention (1964); National Convention (1956), King and; primaries, 1968; Wallace’s American Independent Party and. See also Humphrey, Hubert; Johnson, Lyndon B.; Kennedy; John F; Kennedy, Robert F.
Democratic Vistas (Whitman)
democracy; and freedom, dangers of; MLK, human rights, and; right to protest and
“derivative bondage”
Detroit, MI, rioting
Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Montgomery, AL; bus boycott organizing at; civil rights activism at; members and trustees during King pastorship; MLK pastorship; parsonage, South Jackson St., bombing; prayer meetings; sermon, Nov. 4, 1956, “Paul’s Letter to American Christians,”
Diggs, Charles, Jr.
Dodd, Thomas
Dolan, Joe
Dominican Republic
Dorsey, Thomas
Douglass, Frederick
draft resistance; Berrigan brothers and militant nonviolence; Catonsville Nine; Congress criminalizes destruction or nonpossession of draft cards; Muhammad Ali and
Du Bois, W. E. B.
Dungee, Erna
Durr, Clifford
Durr, Virginia Foster
Eastland, James
Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, GA; MLK at; MLK’s funeral; MLK’s sermon, Christmas 1967; MLK sermon, July 1967; MLK’s sermon, “drum major” and eulogy; MLK’s sermon on shattered dreams, March 1968; MLK’s sermon on urban unrest; MLK’s sermon on Vietnam; as sanctuary for draft resisters; SCLC tenth anniversary convention, MLK’s call for mass civil disobedience; Southern Negro Leaders Conference on Transportation and Nonviolent Integration, Jan. 1957
economic issues: bill of rights, MLK’s vision for; NWRO and; Poor People’s Campaign; strikes, MLK and; unemployment, technology and; urban unrest; wages, southern domestics
Edelman, Peter
Edmonds, Mary McKinney
Eisenhower, Dwight D.; federal intervention sought from; MLK appeals to for investigations
Eliade, Mircea
Ellison, Ralph
Ellsberg, Daniel
Emancipation Day
Emancipation Proclamation; centennial celebrations; second Emancipation Proclamation outlawing segregation. See also Civil Rights Act; March on Washington
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
Engelhardt, Sam
Everett, Edward
Evers, Medgar
Fager, Charles
Fanon, Frantz
Farmer, James
Fauntroy, Walter
FBI: anonymous package, evidence of MLK’s sexual escapades, sent to King home; antiwar movement surveillance and infiltration; Cointelpro operations; collusion with southern police; informants in the movement; killing Viola Liuzzo and; Memphis and; MLK, dirty tricks and phony threats MLK surveillance and wiretapping; Poor People’s Campaign, efforts to sabotage; Rustin and
Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR); Journey of Reconciliation
Ferlinghetti, Lawrence
Fields, Uriah J.; charges and retraction; “spirit of tolerance” and; testimony, MLK conspiracy trial
Fire Next Time, The (Baldwin)
Firestone, Shulamith
First Baptist Church, Montgomery, AL (Abernathy’s); bombing of; federal marshals at; freedom riders and MLK at; MLK speaking at
Fisk University
Flemming, Sarah Mae
Folsom, “Big Jim,”
Forman, James
Fosdick, Harry Emerson
Frady, Marshall
Franklin, Pinkie
freedom movements, global
Friedan, Betty
Fromm, Erich
Frost, Robert
Fulbright, J. William
Galbraith, John Kenneth
Gandhi, Mahatma; assassination; on cowardice; direct action and; draft resistance and; fasting; grief and sense of injury, action and; insistence on truth-telling; law of retaliation; on perfect love; principle of consideration for one’s opponents; Salt March (1930); satyagraha (truth force, soul force); writings about, given to MLK
Garnet, Henry Highland
Garrison, William Lloyd
Garvey, Marcus
Gaston, Arthur G.
Gayle, W. A.
Gettysburg, PA: Battle of; LBJ’s Gettysburg speech
Gettysburg Address
Ghana
Ginsberg, Allen
God: African spiritual beliefs and practices, intimate relationship between divine and human; Bevel and; Buber’s I and Thou; commanding humankind to fight the Devil; extremism of; human rights and African Americans; personalism; suffering and; Tillich’s transcendent; Wieman’s God as energy
“God Be with Us” (hymn)
Goldberg, Arthur
Goldwater, Barry
Goodman, Andrew
Goodman, Paul
Goulding, Phil
Graetz, Rev. Robert; bombing of home
Gray, Fred; King conspiracy trial, March 1956
“Great Society”
Green, Edith
Greenwood, MS: rally, Stokely Carmichael and; voter registration offensive
Gregg, Richard
Gregory, Dick
Grenada, MS
Griffith, D. W.
Guevara, Che
Guyot, Lawrence
Hall, Grover
Halperin, Morton
Hamer, Fannie Lou
Hanes, Art
Hansberry, Lorraine
Harding, Vincent
Hare, James
Harrington, Michael
Harris, David
Harrison, Jim
Hayling, Robert
Hebrew: prophets, MLK and; Scriptures and African Americans
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
Henry, Aaron
Hershey, Gen. Lewis
Heschel, Abraham Joshua
Highlander Folk School
Hill, J. Lister
Hill, Wiley, Jr.
Hilliard, David
Hoffman, Abbie
Holden, Anna
Holt Street Baptist Church, Montgomery, AL; Institute on Nonviolence and Social Change, MLK opening; MLK, boycott end meeting; MLK sermon, December 5, 1955; MLK sermon, March 1956; Rustin at prayer meeting
Hood, James
Hooks, Benjamin
Hoopes, Townsend
Hoover, J. Edgar, animosity toward MLK
Horn, Etta
Horne, Lena
Horton, Myles
House Select Committee on Assassinations
Howard University
Howe, Julia Ward
Hubbard, Rev. H. H.
Hugo, Victor
Hulett, John
Humphrey, Hubert
Hungarian uprising
Hutton, Bobby
Huxley, Aldous
Indianola, MS
In Friendship
Ingalls, Luther
interracial relationships and marriage:; Nazi party member assault on King and White House and Sammy Davis Jr., incident
Isaiah (prophet)
Israel, state of: Arab-Israeli conflict; MLK and
“I’ve Got the Light of Freedom” (song)
“I Want to Be Near the Cross Where They Crucified My Lord” (hymn)
“I Want Jesus to Walk with Me” (hymn)
Jack, Homer
Jackson, Emory
Jackson, J. H.
Jackson, Jesse; conflict with MLK; funeral of MLK and; in Memphis; opposition to PPC
Jackson, Jimmie Lee
Jackson, Mahalia
Jackson, MS; freedom riders and arrests
Jackson, Rev. Ralph
Jakes, Wilhelmina
Jefferson, Thomas
Jemison, T. J.
Jenkins, Walter
Jeremiah (prophet)
Jesus: black Christianity and intimate relationship with; cross and crucifixion, MLK and; as extremist; invoked by MLK, as model for protest; MLK parallel; Spirit of God, descending on
Jim Crow apartheid; bus segregation, Montgomery; church segregation, Birmingham; Civil Rights Act of 1964 and death of; in the courts; states identified with See also segregation
Johns, Vernon
Johnson, Frank M., Jr.
Johnson, June
Johnson, Lady Bird
Johnson, Lynda Bird
Johnson, Lyndon B. (LBJ): announces will not run for reelection; antiwar movement and; assassination of MLK and; Atlantic City National Convention and MFDP; Civil Rights Act of 1964 and; civil rights leaders and; Detroit and Newark riots and; Dominican Republic invasion; doubts, ego, neurosis of; election; finest hour of; Gettysburg speech; “Great Society”; halting of civil rights demonstrations before elections and; Kerner Report and; liberal support for; master of co-optation; MLK and; MLK’s “disloyalty” and; Poor People’s Campaign, fear of; reelection challenged; speech to Congress, evoking Lincoln; State of the Union address, 1965; Vietnam War; Voting Rights Act; Wallace meeting on Selma; “war on poverty”
Jones, Clarence
Jones, Moses
Jones, Solomon
Jones, Walter B.
Joplin, Janis
Jordan, Clarence
Jordan, Georgia
Jordan, Rosa
Kant, Immanuel
Karenga, Maulana Ron
Katzenbach, Nicholas
Kennedy, Jacqueline
Kennedy, John F. (JFK); assassination of; Birmingham and; calls to Coretta King; Civil Rights Act; inaugural address; March on Washington and; MLK and; national address on Civil Rights Act; national guard deployed to integrate U. of Alabama; New Frontier; poverty issues; racial issues and; second Emancipation Proclamation and; troops sent to Birmingham
Kennedy, Robert F. (RFK): antiwar movement and; assistant attorney generals sent to Birmingham; Birmingham use of children in protests and; Chavez and; Civil Rights Act and; Democratic National Convention (1964); freedom riders and political intercession; meeting and confrontation with Jerome Smith; MLK and; MLK wiretap approved by; Mississippi tour and suggestion to MLK for Poor People’s Campaign; murders of Schwerner, Goodman, Chaney, and; presidential candidacy; settlement of Birmingham protests and; Vietnam and
Khrushchev, Nikita
King, Alberta Christine Williams (mother); fear for son
King, A. D. (brother)
King, Bernice (daughter)
King, Coretta Scott (wife); activism of MLK and; assassination of JFK and; assassination of MLK and; awareness of MLK’s possible death; bombing of Montgomery home, January 30, 1956; bus boycott, Montgomery, and; education and musical career; finances and; JFK, calls from; Malcolm X and; marriage to Martin and move to Montgomery; march against the war, San Francisco, address to; MLK’s depression and; MLK’s jailing in Birmingham and; MLK’s kitchen conversion; MLK’s Nobel Peace Prize and; nonviolent philosophy and; parenting responsibilities and; picketing the White House against the Vietnam War, with MLK; RFK and; Rustin and; speech to Memphis; Women Strike for Peace and
King, Dexter (son)
King, Edwin
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (MLK): anger and emotional state; assassination of; assassination of JFK and; character and personality; death threats to; decision-making and top-down leadership; “De Lawd” and cult of personality; depression and depressive episodes; dichotomy and public/private persona; doubts, faith, and; FBI dirty tricks and; FBI package, evidence of MLK’s sexual escapades, sent to Atlanta home; FBI surveillance and wiretapping; funeral; health; Hoover meeting; jailed, Albany; jailed, Atlanta (1962); jailed, Birmingham (1967, from 1963 arrest); jailed, Selma; Lincoln, parallels with; media and; metaphors of darkness used by; moral certainties; Nobel Peace Prize; oratory to deal with conflict; praying before decisions and God’s guidance; premonitions of death and awareness of martyrdom; sexual adventuring and personal guilt; stabbing of 1958; Time Man of the Year (1963)
Birmingham, AL, civil rights movement (1963): assault by young Nazi and response; attorney for; conservative black clergy; criticism of campaign; Daddy King and; doubts and fears; fund-raising; Good Friday arrest and jailing; leadership issues and; letter from Birmingham jail; mock eulogies; personal risk; “Project Confrontation”; sermons and speeches; sit-ins and protest marches, April 1963; SNCC freedom riders and
early years: birth; Boston University, doctoral program; boyhood home, Auburn Ave., Atlanta; church as focus of life; Crozer Seminary; denies the bodily resurrection of Jesus; Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, assistant pastor; faith, early, intellectual and rational; high school debate contest winner; joins church, age seven; at Morehouse College; name change; ordination at age nineteen; racism, experiences of
advisers, mentors, staff: Abernathy; Barbour; Belafonte; Bevel; Levison; Mays; Moore; Rustin; Wilkins; Wofford; Young (Andrew) . See also Cotton, Dorothy; Rutherford, William; specific individuals
human rights and peace leadership: address to SCLC, “To Chart Our Course for the Future” (1967); biblical values and; black militancy, dealing with; fast considered; guaranteed income; Israel, state of, and; legacy of forebears and; mass civil disobedience strategy; Memphis sanitation workers strike and; NWRO and; as peace candidate; Poor People’s Campaign; multiracial coalition; reform vs. revolution and; RFK candidacy, endorsement of; role of the citizen and democratizing bureaucracies; unity and One Big Movement, call for; women’s liberation and
marriage and family: anonymous package, evidence of MLK’s sexual escapades, sent to King home; Chicago campaign and; Coretta’s personal sacrifice; Coretta’s unwavering support; endangerment of and threats to family; MLK’s awareness of likelihood of death and; neglect of parenting responsibilities; parental influence on choice of vocation; parental initial opposition to Montgomery activism; preaching heritage of; relationship with father
Montgomery, AL, civil rights movement (1955–1957): advisers; appeals to federal government to investigate violence and civil rights violations; arrest and jailing; Atlanta gathering, Jan. 10–11, 1957; bodyguards and armed defense; bombing of home, January 30, 1956; Claudette Colvin bus protest; conspiracy trial, March 1956; Democratic National Convention; dissension within movement, Fields and; doctoral dissertation; doubts; emotional preaching, Bethel Baptist; fears; firearm permit applied for; first speaking tour; first year at Dexter and; fund-raising and finances; indictment in bus boycott and “turn-in”; “kitchen conversion” (1956); media portrayals of; MIA meeting of January 30; MIA meeting of March 1; MIA president and bus boycott leadership; NAACP and; NAACP federal suit and; NAACP suit when refused service at Atlanta airport restaurant; national reach of movement and emergence as national leader; NBC presidency; nonviolent philosophy, development of; nonviolent training
workshops and preparation for boycott end; observations on black community; persona; “Prayer Pilgrimage” to Washington, May 17, 1957; press conference, on charges of being a communist; response to Browder decision; sermons and speeches; Smiley and; SCLC and; southern regional organization plan; “spirit of tolerance” and; support letters; threats against
national civil rights leadership: affirmative action (preferential treatment program); Alabama boycott proposed, criticized by liberals; “America’s climate of hate” and; assault by white supremacist, Selma; Bill of Rights for the Disadvantaged; Black Power and; Chicago campaign and; Civil Rights Act; at Civil Rights Act signing; Cleveland campaign; economic concerns and poverty issues; funeral of girls slain in Birmingham church bombing; JFK and; LBJ and; March on Montgomery; March on Washington; as mediator between moderates and militants; messianic mission; MFDP and; Mississippi march, post-Meredith shooting, internal dissension and; nationwide mass movement aimed for; Negro Revolution of 1963; radical moderation of; radicalizing of and breach with liberals; RFK and; risk and personal danger; St. Augustine, FL, arrest; St. Augustine, FL, campaign; SCLC and (see also specific campaigns; specific individuals); Selma, AL, (see also Selma, AL); SNCC and; social programs envisioned by; telegram to
LBJ; urban rioting and; voting rights, focus on; war on poverty and
philosophy and theology: black social gospel tradition and; Buber’s I and Thou; civil disobedience and; communism and; conversion experience (“kitchen conversion,” 1956); creative extremism, radical moderation; creative maladjustment; “derivative bondage”; dialectics, Hegel, synthesis, and divided consciousness; in doctoral dissertation; early, intellectual and rational view of God; Easter and Easter as metaphor; end is “preexistent in the means”; evil, Niebuhr’s conception of and problem of; forgiveness; on freedom; Gandhi and Gandhian soul force; good and evil; goodwill; healing through public witness; Hebrew prophets and; Hebrew Scriptures and; “Letter from Birmingham Jail ,” ideas expressed in; love, as agape; love and justice as co-joined; love and power; moral militancy; nonviolence; “passive resistance”; Paul of Tarsus and; personalism; personal redemption personal salvation; personal relationship with Jesus; pivotal speech, prefiguring
moral quest that defined his ministry (Dec. 5, 1955); Plato’s Republic; redemptive power of suffering; revolution driven by power of love and; socialism and; the soul; synthesis of rational and emotional theology; technology, alienation, and depersonalization; Tillich and; transformation of society through transformation of individuals; Wieman and
sermons and speeches: address to SCLC, “To Chart Our Course for the Future” 1967; Alpha Phi Alpha address 1956; analysis, “state of the movement ,” St. Helena Island 1967; boycott end address, Holt St. Baptist Chruch, Montgomery; Democratic National Convention 1956; “I Have a Dream ,” March on Washington; “In Search of a Sense of Direction” 1967; Institute on Nonviolence and Social Change, MLK opening; March on Montgomery address; Memphis sanitation workers strike address; Memphis strike rally (“Mountaintop” speech), 3 April 1968; NAACP dinner, 17 May 1956; NBC convention, Sept. 1956, “Paul’s Letter to American Christians”; NCNP convention, Chicago, 1967 ;”The Negro and the Constitution ,” debate contest speech, 1944; Nobel Prize acceptance; Poor People’s Campaign, announcement to press; Poor People’s Campaign, workshop speech, on healing dissension; “Prayer Pilgrimage ,” Washington, 17 May 1957, speech
at Lincoln Memorial; Rev. Fields’s Retraction, 18 June 1956; Riverside Church, NYC, address against the Vietnam War; SCLC convention, Richmond, address; SCLC convention, Savannah, address; SCLC tenth anniversary convention, Ebenezer Baptist, call for mass civil disobedience; Senate testimony, 1966, on welfare; sermon, “Death of Evil upon the Seashore ,” May 1956; sermon, Dexter Baptist Church, “Paul’s Letter to American Christians ,” 4 Nov. 1956; sermon, Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, 1967; sermon, Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, Christmas 1967; sermon, Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, July 1967; sermon, Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, drum major (eulogy); sermon, Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, on shattered dreams, March 1968; sermon, First Baptist Church, Montgomery, AL, 23 Feb. 1956; sermon, First Baptist Church, Montgomery, AL, 30 Jan. 1956; sermon, Holt Street Baptist Church, Montgomery, AL, 5 Dec. 1955; sermon, Holt Street Baptist Church, Montgomery, AL, March
1956; sermon, Mount Pisgah Missionary Baptist Church, Chicago, August 1967; sermon, National Cathedral, 31 March 1968; Spring Mobilization Against the War address, 15 April 1967
Vietnam War: avoids Pentagon March, Oct. 1967; black press and; Clergy and Laity Concerned mobilization, Washington, DC; combining peace movement and civil rights; critics of antiwar position; draft resistance, position on; Face the Nation , MLK on; first peace march; first public criticism of; letter from Thich Nhat Hanh and; Los Angeles speech, first full criticism of war; Louisville, struck by rock; march, 15 April 1967, NYC, and speech; opposition to the war; peacemaking mission; point of no return on; reluctant involvement, reasons for; risk of sedition charges and; sermon at Ebenezer; Vietnam Summer; visit to Santa Rita jail; White House and MLK
writings: “Autobiography of Religious Development”; “An Experiment in Love”; “Letter from Birmingham Jail”; “Our Struggle”; Stride Toward Freedom; Where Do We Go From Here; Why We Can’t Wait,
King, Martin Luther, Sr. (Daddy King); in Birmingham campaign; fear for son’s life; name change; opposition to MLK’s activism; Southern Negro Leaders Conference on Transportation and Nonviolent Integration hosting; support of MLK’s activism; vocation choice of MLK and
King, Yolanda (Yoki, daughter)
King v. Jowers,
Kitt, Eartha
Koinonia Farm, GA
Knabe, Walter
Ku Klux Klan (KKK): assassination of Medgar Evers; Birmingham bombings; bombings, arrest and acquittal in, Montgomery; fear of; firebombing of buses; Hugo Black in; killing of Schwerner, Goodman, and Chaney; killing Viola Liuzzo; leadership failure; Montgomery bombings, arrests and acquittal; Montgomery Klan caravan through black neighborhood; Montgomery klavern formed; rebirth, 1920s; St. Augustine, FL; threats against MLK; Tuscaloosa violence against U. of Alabama desegregation; white supremacy and
Kyles, Gwen
Kyles, Rev. Samuel (Billy)
labor, organized: leaders; Brockwood Labor College; Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and A. Philip Randolph; CIO organizers; civil rights and; civil rights opposition and; democratic socialism and; Red Scare and; sit-down strike; Wobbly (Industrial Workers of the World) indictment, Chicago . See also Muste, A. J.
Lafayette, Bernard
Langston, John Mercer
law and lawsuits: Alabama defense of segregation policies, states’ rights; Claudette Colvin case; Emmett Till murder case; Jim Crow and; MLK’s conspiracy trial, Montgomery, March 1956; South Carolina bus segregation case (Flemming); southern courts, racism in
Supreme Court decisions: Browder v. Gayle (Montgomery bus segregation challenge); Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka; desegregation of bus terminals; Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal doctrine); “white only” southern primaries, abolishing (1944) . See also specific cases and Supreme Court decisions
Lawford, Peter
Lawrence, Charles
Lawson, James
leadership: African-American, Communism and; African-American, elite; Birmingham, conservative black clergy; collective; CUCRL; mass “turn-in,” Montgomery; MLK, emergence as national; Montgomery bus boycott; Montgomery bus segregation issues; national politics and; SCLC centralized; SNCC and bottom-up . See also specific individuals
“Leaning on Everlasting Arms” (hymn)
Lee, Bernard
Lee, Cager
Lee, Herbert
Lee, Robert E.
Lee, Willie
Les Miserables (Hugo)
Levison, Stanley
Lewis, John; Bloody Sunday and
Lewis, Rufus
Liberation magazine
Lincoln, Abraham; death of, and redemption of sin; dialectical thinking of, on slavery; Emancipation Proclamation; epitaph, by Douglass; First Inaugural Address; Frederick Douglass and; Gettysburg Address; MLK compared to; Second Inaugural Address; stance of radical moderation
Lingo, Al
Liuzzo, Viola Gregg
Loeb, Henry
Logan, Marian
Lonely Crowd, The (Riesman)
Los Angeles, CA: MLK’s speech against Vietnam War; Watts riot
love: agape; black Christianity, credo of, and liberation; 1 Corinthians 13, read at Montgomery boycott meeting; Gandhi and power of “perfect love”; as goodwill; justice and, as co-joined; MLK’s use of word; of one’s enemy; revolution of; transformational force of; as weapon
Lowell, Robert
Lowenstein, Allard
Lowery, Joseph
Lowndes County, AL; killing of Jonathan Daniels; killing of Viola Liuzzo; SNCC and LCFO in
Lowndes County Freedom Organization (LCFO)
Lucy, Autherine
Lumumba, Patrice
Luther, Martin
Lynch, Connie
lynching; murders of Schwerner, Goodman, and Chaney
Lynne, Seybourn H.
MacDonald, Dwight
Mailer, Norman
Malcolm X; assassination of; break with Nation of Islam; Civil Rights Act and; death threats against; “God’s Judgment of White America” speech; MLK’s position on human rights and; Muslim Mosque, Inc.; Organization of African American Unity; pilgrimage to Mecca and spiritual rebirth; poverty issues; in Selma, AL, and meeting with Coretta King; U.N. Declaration of Human Rights and
Malone, Vivian
March on Washington (1963); “ten demands”
March on Washington Movement
Marion, AL (Perry County seat); MLK speaks in; violence and death of Jimmie Lee Jackson
Marks, MS
Marshall, Burke
Marshall, Thurgood
Martin, Louis
Mays, Benjamin
McCarthy, Eugene
McCarthy, Joseph
McCollough, Marrell
McComb, MS
McCone commission
McCracken, Robert
McDonald, Susie
McKissick, Floyd
McNair, Denise
McNamara, Robert
Meany, George
media: attacked in Marion, AL; Birmingham, TV coverage; black, MLK portrayed in; Bloody Sunday (Selma), coverage; Fannie Lou Hamer on; first national coverage of Montgomery bus boycott; MLK and; MLK conspiracy trial, March 1956; MLK described as nonviolence advocate; MLK’s “I Have a Dream” speech, March on Washington; MLK’s opposition to Vietnam War and; Negro Revolution of 1963, coverage; presence as shield; white, MLK portrayed in
Memphis, TN: assassination of MLK; MLK “Mountaintop” address; Community on the Move for Equality (COME); FBI and police collusion; injunction against march; Invaders; Lorraine Motel; MLK’s march, violence and; MLK and SCLC in; sanitation workers strike
Men of Montgomery
Meredith, James
Miles College
Mississippi: Democratic Party in; desegregation of U. of Miss.; Emmett Till murder; freedom riders, arrest in; hunger in; march through, after Meredith shooting; MLK’s visit to Marks; murders of Schwerner, Goodman, and Chaney; Parchman Penitentiary; RFK and politicians of; RFK visit to poor of; shooting of James Meredith; voting rights and registration; White Citizens Council formed in; white violence and terrorism
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)
Mississippi Freedom Summer
Mobile, AL; bus policy in
Montgomery, AL: arrest of car pool drivers; black lawyers in (see also Gray, Fred); black organizations; bombings; bombings, arrest and acquittal in; Browder v. Gayle (bus desegregation lawsuit); bus boycott; bus boycott end; bus company ends Jim Crow seating, city refuses to comply; bus protest, Claudette Colvin; bus protest, Mary Louise Smith; bus protest, Rosa Parks (see also bus boycott); civil rights movement in, as church-based protest; clergy, as civil rights activists; code of nonviolent conduct; Confederacy and; County Courthouse; elections, black issues and political power; freedom riders in; Hilliard Brooks shooting; indictment of bus boycott leaders; informants; injunction to end MIA carpool; Jeremiah Reeves case; King Hill neighborhood; Ku Klux Klan in; mayor, Gayle; MLK’s conspiracy trial, March 1956; NAACP in; nonviolent training workshops and preparation for boycott end; police brutality; police commissioner, Sellers; prayer vigils; legal defenses to bus segregation, 1899 Alabama court ruling; racial tensions, 1955–1957; Rustin in; segregation in; “separate but equal” bus law; slavery in; prosecution of bus boycott leaders; violence and repression, response to boycott; voter registration; white repression and official responses; white supporters of desegregation; white supremacy rally . See also specific churches; specific organizations
Montgomery Advertiser; code of nonviolent conduct published; Fields’ letter; letters to; letters to, by Juliette Morgan
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA); affiliations and partnerships; boycott end; call for nationwide day of prayer; dissension within movement, Fields and; indictments and; funds misuse charges; injunction to end carpool; Institute on Nonviolence and Social Change; mass “turn-in” and; meeting of 30 Jan. 1956; meeting of 1 March 1956; meeting of Sept. 1956, to prepare for returning to buses; MLK conspiracy trial and; NAACP and; nonviolent training workshops for boycott end; prayer meetings and, Lillian, address by; outsiders and
Montgomery Voters League
Moody, Anne
Moore, Alice
Moore, Amzie
Moore, Doug
Moore, Gladys
Moore, Juanita
Morehouse College
Morgan, Juliette
Morgan, Robin
Moses, Robert
Mount Zion AME Zion Church, Montgomery, AL
Moyers, Bill
Muhammad, Elijah
music: alienation as theme in; antiwar; counterculture and; Elvis Presley; freedom songs; spirituals, gospel, and blues . See also specific hymns
Muste, A. J.; Committee for Nonviolent Integration; as dean of American pacifists; death of; Rustin and; Vietnam War opposition
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People): Alabama shutdown of; blamed for agitation; case of Jeremiah Reeves; desegregation of University of Alabama and; E. D. Nixon as officer; lawyers for; legal challenge to Montgomery bus law and; MLK and; MLK conspiracy trial, March, 1956; MLK’s Vietnam opposition and; Montgomery bus boycott and; purge of Communists in; Rosa Parks as officer of; voter registration and electoral politics; Wilkins as head; Youth Council, Montgomery, AL
Nash, Diane (Diane Nash Bevel); plan to enfranchise black Alabamans; in Selma
Nashville, TN: lunch counter sit-ins; Nashville Student Movement
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders; report (Kerner Report)
National Baptist Convention; MLK presidential candidacy
National Committee to Defend the Scottsboro Boys
National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy
National Conference for New Politics (NCNP)
National Labor Relations Act
National Organization for Women (NOW)
National Urban League
National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO); PPC and
Nation of Islam
Negro Revolution of 1963
Nesbitt, Geraldine
Newark, NJ, riots, 1967
New Industrial State (Galbraith)
New Left; anti-war activism and; Arab-Israeli conflict and; FBI surveillance; guerrilla romanticism and; obsession with structure and; women’s liberation movement and
“new Negro in the South,”
Newton, Huey
New York Times: Birmingham coverage; Birmingham Good Friday jailing of MLK; bus desegregation case, South Carolina; coverage of MLK conspiracy trial, March 1956; coverage of Montgomery bus boycott; rejection of “Letter from Birmingham Jail”; St. Augustine protests, coverage
Niebuhr, Reinhold
Nietzsche, Friedrich
Nixon, E. D.; bombing of home; funds and fees; indictment and turning-self in, boycott and; Rustin and
Nixon, Richard M.
Nkrumah, Kwame
Nobel Peace Prize
nonviolence; antiwar movement, split in; Birmingham, fringe violence with; conscientious objectors and draft resistance; direct action; Gandhi and; global; leadership vs. masses, belief in and; mass civil disobedience, “active nonviolent resistance” strategy; militant; miracle Sunday, Birmingham; MLK’s amalgam of Gandhian nonviolence and black Christian faith; mobile tactics and militancy; Montgomery protest, qualified nonviolence of; “moral jujitsu,” “passive resistance,” Randolph as architect of “nonviolent goodwill direct action,” rejection of retaliation and; response to bombing of MLK’s home; Rustin and; satyagraha (truth force, soul force); Smiley and; “spirit of tolerance” and; surprise as element of; “ten commandments” code; training workshops and preparation for Montgomery boycott end . See also Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR); Gandhi, Mahatma; Randolph, Asa Philip
O’Dell, Jack
Odetta
“Onward Christian Soldiers” (hymn)
Operation Breadbasket
Orangeburg, SC: Massacre; State College, protests
Other America, The (Harrington)
pacifism; draft resistance; radical; “Tract for the Times,” March 1956 . See also Muste, A. J.; Rustin, Bayard; nonviolence; Vietnam War
Parks, Raymond
Parks, Rosa: AME church and; appearance; bus boycott and; bus protest, 1 December 1955; character and religious convictions; at Civil Rights Act signing; Claudette Colvin bus protest case and; E. D. Nixon and; Eleanor Roosevelt and; funds and; at Highlander Folk School; as NAACP activist; public appearances; Virginia Durr and
Patterson, Carrie
Patterson, John
Patterson, Robert
Paul of Tarsus (Saint)
peace movement. See pacifism; Vietnam War
Peck, Jim
Percy, Charles
philosophy and theology: African American folk culture and wisdom tradition; African spiritual beliefs and practices; black Christianity, interplay with the divine; black tradition of prophetic criticism; Buber’s I and Thou; evil; German idealism; good; Hegelian dialectics; love, concept of agape; personalism; Plato’s Republic and MLK; Second Great Awakening; transcendentalism . See also Black Church; nonviolence; Scripture
Piven, Frances Fox
“Plant My Feet on Higher Ground” (hymn)
Plato
Plessy v. Ferguson
Poitier, Sidney
politics: African American mayors elected; Atlantic City National Convention 1964, MFDP challenge to Mississippi delegates and LBJ; authoritarian socialism and Cold War liberalism; coalition politics as “exclusive method”; democratic socialism (see also labor, organized); Dixiecrat Party formed; elections, Montgomery, AL; LBJ’s reelection, opposition among Democrats; LBJ’s “war on poverty”; Lincoln’s radical moderation; MLK and Democrats; MLK and JFK; MLK and LBJ; MLK and Richard Nixon; MLK’s radical moderation; New Deal; objectivism; pacifist movement; peace candidates; populism; pressure by protest demonstrations and actions; radical pragmatism; Third World nonaligned movement; Vietnam War opposition; voter registration drives and electoral politics; Voting Rights Act, effect of; youth organizations . See also NAACP; Women’s Political Council (WPC); specific organizations
Pollard, Mother
Ponder, Annell
Poor People’s Campaign (PPC): alliances and support, gathering of; antipoverty goals; black militants and; date for; demands of; escalation of nonviolent tactics; FBI efforts to sabotage; internal opposition to; LBJ’s decision not to run and; Memphis sanitation workers’ strike and jeopardizing of; MLK’s address to staff on; MLK’s announcement to press; as MLK’s epitaph; MLK’s planning of; MLK’s tour to promote; mule train and Poor People’s March; National Commission on Civil Disorders report (Kerner Report) and; nonviolence and; NWRO and; origins of; Resurrection City; Rustin’s criticism
poverty: Community Action Program (CAP); LBJ’s “war against poverty”; Malcolm X and; Mississippi; New Deal and. See also Poor People’s Campaign
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr.
Powell, Rev. W. J.
“Prayer Pilgrimage,” Washington, May 1957
“Precious Lord, Take My Hand” (hymn)
Presley, Elvis
Prison Notes (Deming)
Pritchett, Laurie
Progressive Democrats, Montgomery, AL
Progressive Labor Party
Prosser, Gabriel
racism: African-American anger and response; alienation and; American society, collapse of and; black-white couples and; depersonalization and; economic issues and; housing discrimination; interview with Luther Ingalls; King refused service at Atlanta airport restaurant; Lincoln’s White House and; Montgomery, AL; “Negro mass parliaments” to fight; poll tax . See also Jim Crow apartheid; Ku Klux Klan; segregation; white supremacy; specific issues
Raisin in the Sun, A (Hansberry)
Rand, Ayn
Randolph, Asa Philip; AFL-CIO and; as “American Gandhi”; as architect of “nonviolent goodwill direct action”; desegregation of armed forces and; Freedom Budget; hope for Negro mass movement; LBJ’s antipoverty program and; March on Washington, 1963; march on Washington, 1941; MLK and; Montgomery bus boycott and; Rustin and; State of the Race Conference, Washington, DC
Rankin, Jeannette
rape: charges against black men; by police, against black women
Rauh, Joseph
Rauschenbusch, Walter
Ray, James Earl
Reagan, Bernice Johnson
Reconstruction
Redding, Otis
Reeb, Rev. James
Reedy, George
Reese, Frederick
Reese, Jeanetta
Reeves, Jeremiah
Riesman, David
religion. See philosophy and theology
Republican Party: Nixon election; presidential election, 1964; primaries, 1968 . See also Eisenhower, Dwight D.; Goldwater, Barry; Nixon, Richard M.
Resistance (draft resistance group)
Resurrection City
Reuther, Walter
Rice, Condoleezza
Rice, Rev. John
Riverside Church, NYC, MLK address against the Vietnam War
Rives, Richard T.
Robertson, Carole
Robeson, Paul
Robinson, Jackie
Robinson, Jo Ann
Robinson, Ruby Doris
Roche, John
Rockefeller, Nelson
Rockwell, George Lincoln
Romney, George
Roodenko, Igal
Roosevelt, Eleanor
Roosevelt, Franklin D.; banning of racial discrimination in war industry
Rowan, Carl
Rowe, Gary Thomas
Rubin, Jerry
Rupert, Paul
Rusk, Dean
Rustin, Bayard: Abernathy and; arrogance criticized; California arrest; Committee for Nonviolent Integration; Communist and left-wing affiliations; Coretta King and; desegregation of interstate buses and; draft resistance and imprisonment; economic concerns; electoral politics and; FBI surveillance, 402; FOR and; Gandhian principles and; homosexuality of; jailing, North Carolina, and chain gang article; LBJ’s antipoverty program and; leads first freedom ride; mentoring of; mentors, Randolph and Muste; March on Washington, 1963; mass “turn-in,” Montgomery; MLK and; Montgomery protest and; nonviolence, teaching of to Montgomery leaders; nonviolent philosophy and pacifism of; PPC and breach with MLK; as Quaker; radical pragmatism; representing himself as foreign journalist; Smiley and; southern regional organization plan; surveillance and persecution of, Montgomery; vulnerability of; Washington march, 1968; WRL and
Rutherford, William
St. Augustine, FL, campaign; MLK doubts and
Saint John of the Cross
Sampson, Tim
Samstein, Mendy
Sanders, Carl
Sandperl, Ira
San Francisco: counterculture, Haight-Ashbury, and Gathering of the Tribes festival; desegregation of; Vietnam War protests
Santa Rita jail, CA
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr.
Schwerner, Michael
Scott, C. A.
Scripture: African-American tradition of prophetic criticism; 1 Corinthians 13; Hebrews 10:39; Isaiah 11:1–2; Mark; Matthew 3:16–17; Psalm 27; Psalm 34; Romans 12:2
Scott, John B.
Seay, Rev. Solomon S.
Seeger, Pete
segregation: alienation and; armed forces; Baptist Church; Birmingham; bus; churches; Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibiting; Claudette Colvin’s childhood experiences; fear and resignation by African Americans; legal challenges; MLK conspiracy trial, March 1956, and; in Montgomery, AL; psychological impact; school (see also Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka); University of Alabama, expulsion of first black student, Autherine Lucy; University of Mississippi, federal troops to desegregate; violence and desegregation attempts; in Washington, DC
Sellers, Cleveland
Sellers, Clyde
Selma, AL; American Nazi Party in; arrests; Bloody Sunday; children join protests; conflict over strategy; courthouse marches; demonstrations banned in; desegregation in; director of public safety Baker and; disenfranchisement of blacks in Dallas County; electoral politics and black majority; impact of, on Voting Rights Act; Jimmy Webb dialogue; killing of Rev. James Reeb; Malcolm X in; March to Montgomery; mayor, Smitherman; MLK and; MLK address, March to Montgomery; MLK arrest; MLK compromise; night marches; SCLC and; Sheriff Jim Clark; SNCC and; teachers’ march in; violence in; Voters League . See also Boynton, Amelia
Shelton, Robert
Sherrod, Charles
Shiloh Baptist Church, Penfield, GA
Shores, Arthur
Shridharani, Krishnalal
Shuttlesworth, Fred; ACMHR and; bombing of home; civil disobedience of; conflict over protest settlement; Good Friday arrest; injury, V-Day; in St. Augustine
Siegenthaler, John
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Birmingham, AL; bombing and death of four girls; kid’s army and
slavery: African spiritual beliefs and practices; black Christianity and; “derivative bondage”; dissembling, tactic of; Ella Baker’s ancestors; Lincoln and; in Montgomery, AL; “ring shout”; scarring of the soul and personal transformation
Smiley, C. T.
Smiley, Glenn
Smith, Jerome
Smith, Lillian; “The Right Way Is Not a Moderate Way”
Smith, Mary Louise
Smith, Scott B., Jr.
Smitherman, Joe
socialism (democratic socialism)
Sorensen, Ted
soul, concept of; Atman or Oversoul; satyagraha (truth force, soul force); in MLK’s preaching
Soul on Ice (Cleaver)
Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC): Alabama campaign, 1964, aborted; Albany, GA, defeat; Baker and; Bevel-Nash plan to enfranchise black Alabamans (see also Selma, AL); Birmingham campaign; Birmingham convention 1962; Birmingham convention 1965; black nationalism and; centralism and top-down decisions; Chicago campaign; Cleveland campaign; communist exclusion from; criticism of; Crusade for Citizenship; dissension within; FBI targeting and spies in; formation and purpose; LBJ’s war on poverty and; mass civil disobedience, “active nonviolent resistance” strategy; Memphis sanitation workers strike; MLK address, “To Chart Our Course for the Future,” 1967; MLK fund-raising; MLK leadership; “Negro Revolution of 1963”; Operation Breadbasket; Poor People’s Campaign; Resurrection City; Richmond convention, 1963; St. Augustine, FL, campaign; Savannah convention, 1964; SCOPE; Selma voter registration drive; staff retreat, St. Helena Island, 1967; strategic confusion; tenth anniversary convention, Ebenezer Baptist, 1967, MLK address, and call for mass civil disobedience; Vietnam and; violence; voting-rights education and organizing
Southern Conference Educational Fund (SCEF)
Southern Conference for Human Welfare
Southern Negro Leaders Conference on Transportation and Nonviolent Integration
Spelman College; civil rights movement at; King’s Founders’ Day address
Spock, Benjamin; NYC draft protest; as peace candidate; Pentagon march and; Vietnam Summer
State of the Race Conference, Washington, DC, 1956
Steele, C. K.
Stokes, Carl
Stoner, J. B.
Strange Fruit (Smith)
Stride Toward Freedom (MLK)
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); Albany, GA and; Arab-Israeli conflict, support for Palestine; arrests and jailing, risk as a way of life; Atlantic City National Convention, 1964 and; beating of Lawrence Guyot; black militancy in; Black Power and; Charles Sherrod and; criticism of; draft resistance and; Ella Baker and; Fannie Lou Hamer and; first woman in leadership position; Forman, James, and; formation of; Freedom Days; Freedom Summer; freedom riders; Greenwood campaign; LBJ and; LCFO and; leadership and; MLK, criticism of; MLK refuses to join freedom ride, reaction; SCLC, relationship with; Selma, AL; slogan; Stokely Carmichael and; Vietnam War opposition; voter registration drive; Waveland, MS, retreat, 1964; white volunteers . See also Bevel, James; Forman, James; Moses, Robert
Student Mobilization Committee
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS); draft resistance and; internal dissension; Marxist-Leninist ideas in; Pentagon protest march, Oct. 1967
Styron, William
Suez Canal, nationalization of
Summer of Love
Sweeney, Dennis
Swomley, John, Jr.
Tallahassee, FL, bus boycott
Tallahassee Inter-Civic Council
Taylor, Calvin
technology
Theobald, Robert
Thetford, William
Thich Nhat Hanh
“This Land Is Your Land” (song)
“This Little Light of Mine” (song)
Thomas, Norman
Thoreau, Henry David
Thurman, Howard
Thurmond, Strom
Till, Emmett
Till, Mamie
Tillich, Paul
Tillmon, Johnnie
Tocqueville, Alexis de
Travis, Jimmy
Turner, Nat
Tuscaloosa, AL
Tuskegee Institute
UCLA campus gunfight
“Uncle Toms” and charges of “Uncle Tomism”; Montgomery bus boycott; PPC
Union Theological Seminary
United Farm Workers (UFW)
United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights
University of Alabama: desegregation attempt, 1956, by Autherine Lucy; desegregation, 1963; JFK deploys national guard and Wallace’s attempt to block integration
University of Mississippi, desegregation and James Meredith
University of Wisconsin, Madison, antiwar protest and police brutality
urban rioting; assassination of MLK and; Birmingham; causes; Cleveland; Detroit; Harlem; National Commission on Civil Disorders report (Kerner Report); Newark; specter of and RFK; Watts
Valeriani, Richard
Vance, Cyrus
Vann, David
Varela, Maria
Veterans for Peace
Vietnam War: antiwar movement, polarization of; black activists against; bombing of North Vietnam (“Rolling Thunder”;); campus protests; Catonsville Nine; Clergy and Laity Concerned mobilization, Washington, DC; draft resistance; Fulbright hearings; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; immolations as protest; LBJ and; march, 15 April 1967, NYC; March on the Pentagon, Oct. 1967; marches on Washington; militant nonviolence; MLK opposition and antiwar activities; Mobilization Committee; My Lai massacre; nuclear threat and; peace marches; police brutality and antiwar protests; radical/liberal conflict; Spring Mobilization Against the War; Stop the Draft Week, Oct. 1967; student movement against; Tet offensive; Thich Nhat Hanh and; troop buildup; Vietnam Summer project; white backlash and; white radicals in
Vivian, Rev. C. T.
Voting Rights Act
Wachtel, Harry
Walker, David
Walker, Martha
Walker, Rev. Wyatt
Wallace, George; American Independent Party; Birmingham desegregation of schools and; LBJ confronts on Selma; March to Montgomery and; pledge of “segregation forever”; prohibits March on Montgomery; “in the schoolhouse door,” and federal troops at U. of Alabama; wife’s election as governor
Wallace, Lurleen
War Between the States. See Civil War
Warnke, Paul
Warren, Earl
War Resisters League (WRL)
Washington, Booker T.
Washington, DC: Bonus Marchers of Great Depression; March on, 1963; March on the Pentagon, Oct. 1967; MLK first African American to lunch with president; peace marches (against Vietnam War); Resurrection City; as segregated city; State of the Race Conference, Washington, DC, and call for school de-segregation campaign, 1956; White House, African Americans excluded from
Waskow, Arthur
Webb, Jimmy
welfare rights; MLK Senate testimony, 1966; NWRO
Wells, Ida B.
“We Shall Overcome” (song)
Wesley, Cynthia
Westmoreland, Gen. William
Wheeler, Gen. Earle
White Citizens Council (WCC); Central Alabama chapter, and interview with Luther Ingalls; growth of, Montgomery; Montgomery, AL; origins; rally, Montgomery (Feb. 10, 1956); threats by
white supremacy: assault on MLK, Selma; belief in influence of “outside agitators” and Yankee conspiracy; Birmingham, AL; bombings, arrests and acquittal, Montgomery; Brown decision, resistance to; fears of “mongrelization” of races and intermarriage (racial purity issue); leadership failure in; racial order and social control; segregation and; interracial sex/dating taboo; violence and terror by . See also Eastland, James; Ku Klux Klan; White Citizens Council
Whitman, Walt
Whyte, William H.
Wieman, Henry Nelson
Wiley, George
Wilkins, Roger
Wilkins, Roy; Cleveland campaign and; MLK conflict with
Williams, Adam Daniel
Williams, Hosea; funeral of MLK and; in Memphis
Williams, Patricia
Williams, Willis
Wills, David
Wilmore, Gayraud
Wofford, Harris and Clare
women’s liberation movement; consciousness-raising (CR) groups; first groups; Jeannette Rankin Brigade; MLK and; NOW; sexism coined
Women’s Political Council (WPC), Montgomery, AL
Women Strike for Peace
Woodward, C. Vann
World War II, black veterans
Worthy, William
Wretched of the Earth, The (Fanon)
Wright, Marian
Wright, Richard
Yippies
Young, Andrew; funeral of MLK and; in Memphis; NCNP and; PPC and; Vietnam opposition and
Young, Whitney; Cleveland campaign; domestic Marshall Plan; MLK’s opposition to Vietnam, disagreement with
Young Alabama Democrats