2: THE SLUGGISH VERSUS THE AMBITIOUS

  1.   Singer, ed., Briefe, pp. 103–5, 191–93; Carl Vogt, “Zur Judenfrage,” “Noch etwas über Barbarei,” “Noch etwas zur Judenfrage,” Frankfurter Zeitung, 4 December 1880 (no. 339), 31 December 1880 (no. 366), 6 February 1881 (no. 37).

  2.   On Virchow und Bamberger, see Aly, Warum, pp. 36ff., 47, 95; on Börne, Aly, Volk, p. 40.

  3.   Righini, Antisemitismo, pp. 23ff., 125–31, 350ff.

  4.   Dubnow, Weltgeschichte, vol. 10, pp. 256ff.

  5.   Wyrwa, Questione, pp. 193–95.

  6.   See Hilfsverein, Geschäftsbericht, pp. 105ff.

  7.   Judavics-Paneth, Pogrom-Prozesse, p. 18; Russische Greuel, pp. 9–11.

  8.   Dubnow, Weltgeschichte, vol. 10, pp. 137–39.

  9.   Russische Greuel, pp. 5–14, 21ff.; Rülf, Russische Juden, pp. 24ff., 31.

  10.   Told, Judenmassacres, pp. 92ff.

  11.   Tolstoi, Antisemitismus, pp. 62ff.

  12.   Hilfsverein, Geschäftsbericht, p. 96.

  13.   Ruppin, Verhältnisse, pp. 1–66; Kohn, Russland, pp. 65ff.

  14.   Godley, Entrepreneurship, pp. 71ff.; Slezkine, Century, p. 117; Sombart, Zukunft, p. 21.

  15.   See Judenpogrome in Russland.

  16.   Ibid., part 2, pp. 5–24; Judge, Ostern, pp. 20–23, 129.

  17.   Münz, Judenmetzeleien, pp. 4ff.

  18.   Slezkine, Century, p. 159.

  19.   Weinberg, Workers, p. 53n2, pp. 53–75.

  20.   Nathan, Russische Revolution, pp. 18, 26.

  21.   Hilfsverein, Geschäftsbericht (1907), pp. 74–76, Geschäftsbericht (1910), p. 24.

  22.   See Zangwill, Lösung, pp. 36ff.

  23.   Report by Pester Lloyd from St. Petersburg, 6 April 1910.

  24.   Judge, Ostern, p. 129; Slezkine, Century, p. 116.

  25.   Statistics from 1 January 1886; see Grusenberg, Bedürfnisse, p. 33.

  26.   Ruppin, Juden, p. 128.

  27.   Sombart, Zukunft, pp. 18ff.

  28.   Tolstoi, Antisemitismus, pp. 68–73; Nossig, Materialien, p. 85.

  29.   Ibid., pp. 78–83.

  30.   See Slezkine, Century, p. 158.

  31.   Judenpogrome in Russland, pp. 97–133 (A. Linden, “Der permanente Pogrom gegen die russischen Juden: Rechtsbeschrankungen”).

  32.   Dubnow, Leben, pp. 53ff.; Ruppin, Verhältnisse, pp. 52–57.

  33.   Rülf, Jüdisch-Russland, pp. 14, 86, 96.

  34.   Kahan, Notes, p. 111; Budnitskii, Russian Jews, pp. 31ff.

  35.   Hilfsverein, Geschäftsbericht (1914), p. 73.

  36.   Welter, Judenpolitik, pp. 53ff.

  37.   Lazare, Juden, p. 32; Jericho-Polonius, China, pp. 15, 60ff.

  38.   Lazare, Juden, pp. 34–37, 67.

  39.   See Judenfrage in Rumänien, pp. 5–7.

  40.   Jericho-Polonius, China, pp. 61–87; Lazare, Juden, pp. 35–40, 45–54, 67–71, 86; Hilfsverein, Geschäftsbericht (1907), pp. 20–22; Reifer, Kampf, pp. 14ff.; Trotzki, Balkankriege, “Die Judenfrage” (1913), pp. 457, 462ff.; Motzkin, Campagne, pp. 18, 184.

  41.   Zola, “J’accuse,” tr. and annotated by Shelley Temchin and Jean-Max Guieu, Georgetown University, 2001, https://faculty.georgetown.edu/guieuj/others/IAccuse/Jaccuse.htm.

  42.   Zobel, Extreme Rechte, pp. 95ff.

  43.   Zola-Prozess, pp. 1–16; Dubnow, Weltgeschichte, vol. 10 (1929), pp. 232–42, 245; Whyte, Dreyfus, pp. 418ff.

  44.   See Frank, Nationalismus, p. 600.

  45.   Paugam, L’âge, pp. 20–22, 127–34.

  46.   Duclert, Dreyfus, pp. 143–45.

  47.   Dubnow, Weltgeschichte, vol. 10 (1929), pp. 226ff.

  48.   See Frank, Nationalismus, p. 316.

  49.   Benbassa, Geschichte, pp. 168ff.

  50.   Drumont, La France juive, p. 517; Winock, Nationalisme, p. 130.

  51.   Thomas, Precurseurs, pp. 15–18.

  52.   Silberner, Sozialisten, pp. 12–82; Zobel, Extreme Rechte, p. 81; Benbassa, Geschichte, p. 175.

  53.   See the summary in Boldorf, Parameters.

  54.   Ibid., p. 87a; Nolte, Faschismus, p. 87.

  55.   Zobel, Extreme Rechte, pp. 30–32, 39, 99–101; Benbassa, Geschichte, pp. 176ff.

  56.   See Silberner, Sozialisten, pp. 70–74.

  57.   See Frank, Nationalismus, p. 319.

  58.   Hyman, Jews of Modern France, pp. 122–35.

  59.   Benbassa, Geschichte, pp. 170ff.

  60.   Margaroni, Saloniki, pp. 251–53.

  61.   See Meron, Entrepreneurship, p. 36.

  62.   Ibid., pp. 29–31; Bowman, Agony, p. 21; Boeckh, Balkankriege, p. 357.

  63.   Meron, Entrepreneurship, pp. 257–73.

  64.   Nathan, Balkanhilfswerk, pp. 4, 22–24; Hilfsverein, Geschäftsbericht (1914), pp. 66–72; International Commission, Balkan Wars, pp. 79ff.; Mojzes, Genocides, p. 34; Trotzki, Balkankriege, pp. 307–9.

  65.   Hilfsverein, Geschäftsbericht (1910), p. 38; Troebst, Antisemitismus, pp. 111–16.

  66.   Meron, Entrepreneurship, pp. 218, 36ff.

  67.   Ibid., pp. 21, 218.

  68.   Margaroni, Saloniki, p. 259.

  69.   Fleming, Greece, pp. 16ff., 35; Plaut, Greek Jewry, pp. 28–31; Matsas, Illusion, p. 16; Dubnow, Weltgeschichte, abridged edition, vol. 3 (1938), pp. 325, 418, 526, 611; Dubnow, Weltgeschichte, vol. 10 (1929), pp. 271ff., 480–82; Margaroni, Saloniki, pp. 258–61; Fink, Defending, pp. 58ff.; Molho, Salonica, pp. 219–21.

  70.   See Hemberger, Balkankrieg, pp. 382–90.

  71.   “Saloniki und seine heutige Bedeutung,” Deutsche Levante-Zeitung, February 1, 1914 (see also January 1 and December 15, 1913).

  72.   See Boeckh, Balkankriege, p. 237.

  73.   See Meron, Entrepreneurship, p. 31; Fleming, Greece, p. 75.

  74.   Molho, Salonica, p. 229.