Chapter 1
Abel, I. W. Collective Bargaining: Labor Relations in Steel, Then and Now. Pittsburgh: Carnegie-Mellon University, 1976.
*Aitchison, Leslie. A History of Metals. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1960.
Ashton, Thomas S. Iron and Steel in the Industrial Revolution. Manchester, England: University Press, 1924.
Beaver, Patrick. The Crystal Palace. London: Hugh Evelyn, 1970.
Bird, Anthony. Paxton’s Palace. London: Cassell, 1976.
Briggs, Asa. Iron Bridge to Crystal Palace. London: Thames & Hudson, 1979.
Brody, David. Steelworkers of America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960.
Byrd, William. “A Progress to the Mines” in Westover Manuscripts. Petersburg, VA: Edmund & Julian Ruffin, 1841.
Considine, Douglas, ed. Van Nostrand’s Scientific Encyclopedia. 6th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1976.
Crystal Palace Exhibition Illustrated Catalogue. New York: Dover Publications, 1970. First published in Art Journal in London, 1851.
DC Comics, Inc. Superman from the Thirties to the Eighties. New York: Crown Publishers, 1983.
*Dennis, William H. Foundations of Iron and Steel Metallurgy. New York: American Elsevier, 1967.
Derge, Gerhard, ed. Basic Open Hearth Steelmaking. New York: Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, 1964.
*Derry, T. K. and Williams, Trevor I. A Short History of Technology from the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.
Ewald, Peter P. Fifty Years of X-Ray Diffraction. International Union of Crystallography, 1962.
Eliade, Mircea. The Forge and the Crucible. 2nd ed. Translated by Stephen Corrin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
Fisher, Douglas A. Steel Serves the Nation. Pittsburgh: US Steel, 1951.
Fitch, John A. Steel Workers. New York: Amo Press, 1969.
Forbes, Robert J. Studies in Ancient Technology. Vols. 8 and 9. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1964.
Gillispie, Charles C., ed. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1975.
Gimpel, Jean. The Medieval Machine. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976.
Goodale, Stephen L. Chronology of Iron and Steel. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Iron and Steel Foundries, 1920.
Hart, Ivor B. The Great Engineers. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1967.
Herling, John. Right to Challenge: People and Power in the Steelworkers Union. New York: Harper & Row, 1972.
Hughes, Robert. “Art of the Japanese Sword” in Horizon XIX, 2 March 1977, pp. 50–61.
Kranzberg, Melvin, and Carrroll W. Pursell Jr. Technology in Western Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.
*McGannon, Harold E., ed. The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel, 8th and 9th eds. Pittsburgh: US Steel Corporation, 1964, 1971.
Manchester, William. Arms of Krupp, 1587–1968. Boston: Little, Brown, 1968.
*Metallurgy of Iron and Steel. 2nd ed. Pittsburgh: US Steel Corporation, 1959.
Knauth, Percy. Metal Smiths. New York: Time-Life Books, 1974.
Mulholland, James A. A History of Metals in Colonial America. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1981.
Nasaw, David. Andrew Carnegie. New York: Penguin Press, 2006.
Nutt, Merle C. Metallurgy and Plastics for Engineers. Phoenix: Associated Lithographers, 1976.
Partington, James R. Origins and Development of Applied Chemistry. New York: Arno Press, 1975.
Peterson, Walter F. and Weber, C. Edward. An Industrial Heritage: Allis-Chalmers Corporation. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Historical Society, 1978.
Plowden, David. Steel. New York: Viking Press, 1981.
*Rickard, Thomas A. Man and Metals: A History of Mining in Relation to the Development of Civilization. New York: Arno Press, 1974. First published by McGraw-Hill in 1932.
*Robinson, Basil W. Arts of the Japanese Sword. London: Faber & Faber, 1961.
Reebel, Dan, ed. ABC of Iron and Steel. 6th ed. Cleveland: Penton Publishing, 1950.
Ransom, James M. Vanishing Ironworks of the Ramapos: The Story of the Forges, Furnaces, and Mines of the New Jersey-New York Border. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1966.
Saville, J. P. Iron and Steel. Sussex, England: Priority Press, 1976.
*Singer, Charles; E. J. Holmyard; and A. R. Hall, eds. History of Technology, Vol. 1: From Early Times to the Fall of Ancient Empires; Vol. 2: The Mediterranean Civilizations and the Middle Ages c. 700 BC to c. AD 1500; Vol 3: From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution c. 1500 to c. 1750; and Vol. 4: The Industrial Revolution c. 1750 to c. 1850. New York: Oxford University Press, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958.
Smith, Cyril S. “The Discovery of Carbon in Steel” in Technology and Culture. Vol. 5, no 2, Spring 1964. 149–175.
*———. Four Outstanding Researches in Metallurgical History. Baltimore: American Society of Testing and Materials, 1963.
*———. A History of Metallography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.
———. Sorby Centennial Symposium on the History of Metallography. New York: Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, 1965.
Smith, J. Russell. Story of Iron and Steel. New York: D. Appleton, 1908.
Steel: Pictorial Presentation of a Basic American Industry. Pittsburgh: US Steel Corporation, 1939.
Steelmelting Furnaces, Steel Plant Design Series. 2nd ed. Pittsburgh: US Steel Corporation, 1956.
Stwertka, Eve and Albert. Steel Mill. New York: Franklin Watts, 1978.
*Swank, James M. History of the Manufacture of Iron in All Ages. New York: Burt Franklin, 1965. Originally published in Philadelphia in 1892.
*Tracey, Edward B. New World of Iron and Steel. New York: Dodd Mead, 1971.
Turner, Roland and Steven L. Goulden, eds. Great Engineers and Pioneers in Technology, Vol. 1: From Antiquity through the Industrial Revolution. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981.
Tylecote, R. F. A History of Metallurgy. London: Metals Society, 1976.
United Steelworkers of America. Then and Now: The Road Between: Story of the United Steelworkers of America. 1974.
Walker, Charles R. Steeltown. New York: Russell & Russell, 1970. Originally published by Harper & Row in 1950.
———. Toward the Automatic Factory. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957.
*Wertime, Theodore A. Coming of the Age of Steel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
Chapter 2
Allen, Dell K. Metallurgy Theory and Practice. Chicago: American Technical Society, 1969.
*Alpert, Paul. Twentieth Century Economic History of Europe. New York: Henry Schuman, 1951.
*Bernstein, Irving. Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933–’41. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1970.
Barrett, Donald F. and Louis Schorsch. Steel: Upheaval in a Basic Industry. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing, 1983.
Brecher, Jeremy. Strike! San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books, 1972.
*Casson, Herbert N. Romance of Steel. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1971. First published in 1907 by Barnes.
Clark, Victor S. History of Manufacturers in the United States. 3 vols. New York: Peter Smith, 1949.
*Cole, G. D. H. Introduction to Economic History 1750–1950. London: MacMillan, 1960.
Dempster, Prue. Japan Advances. 2nd ed. London: Methuen & Co., 1969.
*Dennis, W. H. Foundations of Iron and Steel Metallurgy. New York: Elsevier, 1967.
*———. A Hundred Years of Metallurgy. Chicago: Aldine, 1963.
*Fisher, Douglas Alan. Epic of Steel. New York: Harper & Row, 1963
*———. Steel Serves the Nation: The Fifty-Year Story of United States Steel. New York: US Steel, 1951.
*Groner, Alex. American Business and Industry. New York: American Heritage, 1972.
*Hacker, Louis. World of Andrew Carnegie: 1865–1901. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1968.
Hendrick, Burton J. Life of Andrew Carnegie. New York: William Heinemann, 1932.
*Hessen, Robert. Steel Titan: The Life of Charles M. Schwab. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.
History of Iron and Steelmaking in the United States. New York: Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, 1961.
*Hogan, William T. Economic History of Iron and Steel in the United States. Boston: D. C. Heath, 1972
Holbrook, Stewart H. Iron Brew: A Century of American Ore and Steel. New York: MacMillan, 1939.
*Hunt, Robert W. “A History of the Bessemer Manufacture in America” in Technology and American Life (ed. Pursell, Carroll W. Jr.). New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.
Hoyt, Edwin P., Jr. House of Morgan. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1966
Keir, Malcolm. Epic of Industry. New York: United States Publishers Association, 1926.
Lida, Ken’ichi. History of Steel in Japan. Nippon Steel Corp. 1974.
*Livesay, Harold C. Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business. Boston: Little, Brown, 1975.
Manchester, William. Arms of Krupp, 1587–1968. Boston: Little Brown, 1968.
Marcus, Maeva. Truman and the Steel Seizure Case. New York: Columbia University Press, 1977.
May, Earl Chapin. Principio to Wheeling 1715–1945: A Pageant of Iron and Steel. Harper & Bros., 1945.
McConnell, Grant. Steel and the Presidency, 1962. New York: W. W. Norton, 1963.
Miller, Kurt R. and Harry Mauer. A Geography of Manufacturing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1962.
Mirow, Kurt R. and Harry Mauer. Webs of Power: International Cartels and the World Economy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982.
Nevins, Allan. John D. Rockefeller, a one-volume abridgement by William Greenleaf of Study in Power. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1959.
Nate, Grace Lee. Lake Superior. New York: Babbs-Merrill, 1944.
Oliver, John William. History of American Technology. New York: Ronald Press, 1956.
Pounds, Norman J. G., and William N. Park Coal and Steel in Western Europe: The Influences of Resources and Techniques on Production. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1957.
*Robertson, Ross M. History of the American Economy. 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964.
Sampson, Anthony. Anatomy of Europe. New York: Harper & Row, 1968.
Sayenga, Donald. Ellet and Roebling. York, PA: American Canal and Transportation Center, 1983.
Schnapper, M. B. American Labor: A Pictorial Social History. Washington, DC: Public Affairs, 1972.
Sinclair, Andrew. Corsair: The Life of J. Pierpont Morgan. Boston: Little, Brown, 1981.
*Smith, Cyril S. A History of Metallography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.
*Temin, Peter. Iron and Steel in Nineteenth-Century America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1964.
Vaizey, John. The History of British Steel. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974.
Walker, Charles R. Steel: The Diary of a Furnace Worker. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1922.
*Wall, Joseph F. Andrew Carnegie. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Warl, Norman J. Labor in Modern Industrial Society. New York: D. C. Heath, 1935.
Warne, Colston E. The Steel Strike of 1919. Boston: D. C. Heath, 1963.
*Warren, Kenneth. American Steel Industry, 1850–1970, a Geographical Interpretation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.
Wheeler, George. Pierpont Morgan and Friends: Anatomy of a Myth. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973.
Williams, Trevor I., ed. A History of Technology, Vol VI: The Twentieth Century c. 1900 to c. 1950, Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978.
Wilshire, B., Horner, D., and N. N. Cooke. Technological and Economic Trends in the Steel Industries. Swansea, UK: Pineridge Press, 1983.
Chapter 3
Bowen, Dana T. Lore of the Lakes. Daytona Beach: Dana Thomas Bowen, 1940.
———. Memories of the Lakes. Cleveland: Freshwater Press, 1946.
———. Shipwrecks of the Lakes. Cleveland: Freshwater Press, 1974.
Boyer, Dwight. Great Stories of the Great Lakes. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1966.
———. Ghost Ships of the Great Lakes. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1968.
———. Ships and Men of the Great Lakes. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1977.
———. Strange Adventures of the Great Lakes. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1974.
———. True Tales of the Great Lakes. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1971.
Burnham, Guy M. Lake Superior Country in History and Story. Ann Arbor: Browzer Books, 1974.
Carse, Robert. Great Lakes Story. New York: W. W. Norton, 1968.
De Kruif, Paul. Seven Iron Men. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1929.
Ellis, William D. Land of the Inland Seas. Palo Alto: American West Publishing, 1974.
Feltner, Charles E. Great Lakes Maritime History: Bibliography and Sources of Information. Toledo, Ohio: Hippo Books, 1982.
Gillett, Orson; Arthur D. Gillett; and Genevieve Gillett. The Marvelous Mesabi. Madison, WI: Clark Publishing, c. 1943.
*Hatcher, Harlan. Century of Iron and Men. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1950.
*———. The Great Lakes. New York: Oxford University Press, 1944.
*Havighurst, Walter. The Great Lakes Reader. New York: Macmillan, 1966.
———, ed. Land of the Long Horizon. New York: Coward-McMann, 1960.
———. The Long Ships Passing. New York: Macmillan, 1942, 1964.
———. Vein of Iron. Cleveland and Chicago: World Publishing, 1958.
*Hemming, Robert. J. Gales of November: The Sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1981.
Mostert, Noel. Supership. New York: Knopf, 1974.
Ratigan, William. Great Lakes Shipwrecks and Survivals. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1960.
Rousmaniere, John, ed. Enduring Great Lakes. New York: W. W. Norton, 1979.
Skillings, Helen W. We’re Standing on Iron! Duluth: St. Louis County Historical Society, 1972.
*Walker, David. Iron Frontier: The Discovery and Early Development of Minnesota’s Three Ranges. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Press, 1979.
Chapters 4, 5, and 6
*Allen, Dell K. Metallurgy Theory and Practice. Alsip, IL: American Technical Publishers, 1969.
*Avner, Sidney H. Introduction to Physical Metallurgy. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974.
*Fisher, Douglas Alan. Steel: From the Iron Age to the Space Age. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
Florman, Samuel C. Existential Pleasures of Engineering. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1976.
*McGannon, Harold E., ed. The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel. 8th and 9th eds. Pittsburgh: US Steel Corporation, 1964, 1971.
Sisler, Henry H.; C. A. VanderWerf; and Arthur W. Davidson. College Chemistry. 3rd ed. New York: MacMillan, 1967.
Stoughton, Bradley; Allison Butts; and Ardrey M. Bounds. Engineering Metallurgy. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1953.
Chapter 7
American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, DC.
D’Costa, Anthony P. Global Restructuring of the Steel Industry. New York: Routledge, 1999.
Freeman, Joshua B. American Empire. New York: Viking, 2012.
*Hoerr, John P. And the Wolf Finally Came: The Decline of the American Steel Industry. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988.
*Reutter, Mark. Making Steel: Sparrows Point and the Rise and Ruin of American Industrial Might. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1988, 2004.
Rodengen, Jeffrey L. Legend of Nucor Corporation. 2nd ed. Fort Lauderdale, FL: Write Stuff Enterprises, 2012.
*Rudacille, Deborah. Roots of Steel: Boom and Bust of an American Mill Town. New York: Pantheon, 2010.
*Strohmeyer, John. Crisis in Bethlehem: Big Steel’s Struggle to Survive. New York: Viking Penguin, 1987.
*Warren, Kenneth. Big Steel: The First Century of the United States Steel Corporation, 1901–2001. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001.
World Steel Association, Brussels, Belgium.