INDEX

References to figures and tables are denoted by italics.

• AALS. See Association of American Law Schools
• ABA. See American Bar Association
• abortion, 51
• Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi, 14
• age, 164–66
• Ahmed, Abiy, 182
• Albright, Madeleine, 181
• Alito, Samuel, 121, 173, 175
• Allen, Florence, 18, 37, 52–54, 167, 193, 261n5; age of, 165; discrimination against, 137; education of, 19–20; Edwards on, 32–33; Eisenhower, D. D., and, 34–36; against ERA, 145; family of, 19; FDR and, 23–30, 38; on femininity, 142, 152; Hall, C. H., on, 152; in history, 19; judicial record of, misinformation about, 28; Kenyon on, 17–19; law firm of, 20–21; Mitchell, W., on, 16–17; on Ohio Supreme Court, 22–23; Park and, 21; presidents considering for nomination, 16–19, 25, 27, 30, 35; private life of, 252n46; race views of, 149–50; Roosevelt, E., and, 23, 29–30, 157, 233n51; sexuality of, 157; Sharp, S. M., and, 84–85, 151; in suffrage movement, 21–23, 144, 149, 198–99; Truman and, 30–33; To Do Justly by, 128, 232n30; on U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, 16, 19, 23–24, 30; women voters and, 22, 42
• all-female Supreme Court, 168–69
• Alliance for Justice, 112–13
• American Bar Association (ABA), 35, 45, 47, 59, 64; judicial nominee ratings, transformation of, 238n83; on Kennedy, C., 71; on Lillie, 43, 71, 132; Powell and, 120; sexual harassment and discrimination rule, 139
• American Law Institute, 54
• Anderson, Eugenie, 31
• appearance: of Hills, C., 136, 152; Klein on, 151–52; of women, 135–36, 150–52
• appearance/femininity/respectability, 150–52
• Archer, Dennis, 148
• Arizona, 96
• Armstrong, Anne, 48–49, 66
• Aron, Nan, 112–13
• Association of American Law Schools (AALS), 197–98, 204–5
• Bacon, Sylvia: Hess on, 239n94; Nixon, R., and, 59–63, 165, 220; for rape reforms, 199; shortlisted for Supreme Court, 38, 43, 59–64, 61
• Belcher, Frank, 153
• Bennett, Doug, 49
• Biden, Joseph, 164, 188
• Bird, Rose, 90
• Black, Hugo, 27, 42
• Blackmun, Harry, 42, 117, 235n9
• black people, 133, 148–50
• black women, 77–79, 133, 174, 186
• Bobbitt, William Haywood, 156
• Bonnie Brae golf course, 148–49
• Booker, Cory, 188
• Bork, Robert, 104, 120, 147, 245n12
• Bradwell, Myra, 2, 7, 9, 91
• Brandeis, Louis, 29
• Braun, Carol Mosley, 147
• Breckenridge, Millard, 156
• Brennan, William, 34
• Breyer, Stephen, 80, 117
• Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. (1979), 77
• Brooks, David, 117–18
• Brown, Jerry, 183
• Brown, Pat, 89–90
• Brownell, Herbert, 34
• Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 34
• Buchen, Phil, 47
• Burger, Warren E., 41, 43, 94, 98; honorifics and, 223; retirement, 104
• Burke, Tarana, 13
• Burton, Harold, 32–34
• Bush, George H. W., 68, 80, 108–9; on Jones, 111–12; judicial appointments by, 112–13; Thomas and, 112, 176
• Bush, George W.: Alito nomination, 121; Miers and, 118–19, 119; women shortlisted for Supreme Court by, 118
• Bush v. Gore (2000), 98–99
• Butler, Pierce, 29, 33
• Byrd, Robert, 43
• Byrnes, James Francis, 29
• California, 89–90, 183
• California Women Lawyers, 197
• Cardozo, Benjamin, 28, 40
• career gaps, of women with children, 161–62
• Carswell, Harrold, 42
• Carter, Jimmy, 70, 73, 77–78, 200–201
• case outcomes, women judges impacting, 169–76
• “Catholic seat,” 33–34
• Charlotte Observer, 84
• Chicago Tribune, 98–99
• chief justices, women judges as, 176, 177, 178, 178–80
• child care, 204–5
• children, marriage and, 146, 158–62, 193–94, 227n1 (Preface)
• Christian Science Monitor, 17
• Christopher, Warren, 71
• Chung, Connie, 13
• Clark, Charles, 43
• Clark, Georgia Neese, 31
• Clark, Tom, 32–33, 40
• Cleveland, Grover, 9
• Cleveland Legal Aid Society, 20–21
• Clifford, Stephanie, 209
• Clinton, Bill, 78, 114–17
• Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 12, 116, 167
• Coffman, L. Dale, 88, 153
• Colom, Audrey Rowe, 48–50
• competency, femininity and, 143
• conferences, on women in law, 190–91
• Congress, U.S., 26–27, 62, 185–86
• Constitution, South Africa, 182
• Constitution, U.S., 8, 10, 50
• Convention of the National Federation of Republican Women, 44–45
• Cook, Beverly Blair, 223
• Coolidge, Calvin, 17, 19
• corporate boards, 183
• Cuomo, Mario, 116
• Davis v. Monroe County School Board (1999), 172–73
• The Day Book, 18
• Dean, John, 56–59
• Declaration of Sentiments, of Women’s Rights Convention of 1848, 8
• Denhollander, Rachel, 192
• Detroit Free Press, 93
• Dickinson, Edwin, 153
• “different voice” theory, 170
• disclosures, of hiring statistics, 203
• discrimination: ABA rule on, 139; Klein on, 138–40, 199–200; pay, against women, 173–74, 203; sex and race, 169; against women, in workplaces, 137–40
• diversity, 178, 183; in shortlisting, 184–85; United States Circuit Judge Nominating Commission on, 200–201
• Diversity Lab, 5
• Dixon, Rosalind, 255n23
• Dole, Elizabeth, 99, 132
• Dole, Robert, 63
• domestic capabilities, of women nominated for Supreme Court, 116–17
• double binds, 142–43; appearance/femininity/respectability, 150–52; femininity/competency, 143; feminism/racism, 144–50; motherhood/competing careers, 158–64
• Douglas, William O., 29, 47–48, 64, 67
• Doyle, Sady, 164
• early child care, as public good, 204–5
• Edwards, India, 31–33
• EEOC. See Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
• Ehrlichman, John, 58
• Eisenhower, Dwight D., 17, 34–36, 43
• Eisenhower, Julie Nixon, 195–96
• England, 181
• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 11–12, 203
• equality, 131–32, 182, 199–203
• Equal Protection Clause, of Fourteenth Amendment, 50
• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 9–11, 49–50, 86, 169; Allen against, 145; progressives opposing, 250n10; women shortlisted for Supreme Court on, 145–46
• Ethiopia, 182
• FDR. See Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
• Federalist Society, 187
• female chief justices: or presidents, of international high courts, 176, 177, 178; of state Supreme Courts, 178, 178–80
• femininity: Allen on, 142, 152; appearance, respectability and, 150–52
• femininity/competency double bind, 143
• feminism, 9, 209; fourth-wave, 189–90; gender and, 171; minority women and, 14; second-wave, 7–8, 11–12; third-wave, 12; white supremacy and, 231n31; women shortlisted for Supreme Court and, 7–8, 144, 146; women’s rights and, 185, 189–90
• feminism/racism double bind, 144–50
• feminists, 94, 255n23
• Flowers, Mary E., 10
• Ford, Betty, 51, 67
• Ford, Christine Blasey, 11, 188
• Ford, Gerald, 70, 169, 261n2; Hills, C., and, 64, 66, 205; on Kennedy, C., 92; Supreme Court nominees of, 47–51; women shortlisted for Supreme Court by, 38, 47–51, 223
• Fortas, Abe, 40–42
• Fourteenth Amendment, 50
• fourth-wave feminism, 189–90
• France, 181
• Frankfurter, Felix, 28–29, 39, 85
• Franklin, Barbara Hackman, 46, 107, 164, 195, 223–24
• Friday, Herschel, 43–44
• Garland, Merrick, 124, 175, 187
• gay rights, 171
• Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District (1998), 172–73
• gender, 36, 253n7; in case outcomes, 169–70; disparity, in U.S., 182–83; feminism and, 171; Ginsburg, R. B., and, 116–17; hiring and, statistics on, 203; imbalance, tokenism and, 136–37; intersectionality and, 174; in judicial performance, 170–71; Obama nominees and, 122–23; O’Connor and, 97–98; parity, 181–82; quotas, 181–83; segregation, 15; Supreme Court and, 4; violence and, 136; voice and, 144–45
• gender inequality, 142–43
• Germany, 181–82
• Gillett, Emma M., 18
• Gilligan, Carol, 254n8
• Ginsburg, Marty, 116, 194
• Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 4, 33, 51, 101, 115, 127; background, 116; Clinton, B., and, 115–16; confirmation of, 117; gender and, 116–17; husband of, 160; to Kennedy, A., 172; Ledbetter dissent by, 173–74; nomination for Supreme Court, 114–17; Obama and, 211; on strip-search of teenage girl, 172; on voice, 145
• glass ceiling, 25, 167
• Glendon, Mary Ann, 147
• Goldberg, Arthur, 40
• Goldwater, Barry, 108–9
• Gore, John, 28
• Gorsuch, Neil, 187
• Grassley, Charles, 188, 209
• Greenhouse, Linda, xiii, 91
• Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), 27
• Hale, Brenda, 171–72
• Hall, Cynthia Holcomb, 138; age of, 165; on Allen, 152; on child care, 204; children and marriages of, 159–60; on ERA, 146; husband of, 163–64, 194–95; Nixon, R., and, 106, 194–95; O’Connor and, 106–7; Reagan and, 107; Rehnquist and, 194; shortlisted for Supreme Court, 102, 104–8, 105; Washington Post on, 107–8, 163
• Hall, John, 163–64, 194–95
• Harlan, John Marshall, 34, 42
• Harris, Kamala, 188
• Harris, Patricia Roberts, 45
• Harrison, Benjamin, 9
• Harvard Law School, 54–55, 60
• Hayes, Anna, 155
• Hayes, Rutherford B., 9
• Haynsworth, Clement, 42
• Hecht, Nathan, 154
• herstory: mentors in, 206–7; of Supreme Court, 7
• Hess, Stephen, 239n94
• Hickok, Lorena, 157
• Hidalgo, Lina, 186
• Highton de Nolasco, Elena Inés, 178
• Hill, Anita: Biden and, 188; in sexual harassment public conversation, 138; Thomas and, 11–12, 80, 115, 133, 138, 188
• Hills, Carla, 38, 49; appearance of, 136, 152; on Bork, 104, 147, 245n12; children of, 159–60, 162; Ford, G., and, 64, 66, 205; at HUD, 66–68, 136, 162, 205; husband of, 163, 193; on law school, 192; shortlisted for Supreme Court, 64–68, 65; Spaeth and, 153
• Hills, Roderick, 163, 193
• hiring statistics, disclosure of, 203
• Hirono, Mazie, 188
• Hobby, Olveta Culp, 66
• Hochschild, Arlie, 259n46
• Holson, Laura M., 227n1 (preface)
• Home Magazine, 23
• homosexuality, 157
• honorifics, for Supreme Court justices, 97, 101, 199, 223
• Hoover, Herbert, 16–17
• Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 66–68, 136, 162, 205
• Houston Chronicle, 187
• HUD. See Housing and Urban Development
• Hufstedler, Shirley, 73–74, 220
• Hughes, Evan, 29
• Hughes, Sarah, 39
• husbands, 155, 160, 163–64, 193–95
• Illinois, 183, 256n60
• In a Different Voice (Gilligan), 254n8
• inequality, gender, 142–43
• international high courts, female chief justice or presidents of, 176, 177, 178
• intersectionality, 14, 76, 79, 174, 190
• intimate relationships, 153–57, 193–95
• Jackson, Kentanji Brown, 79
• Jackson, Robert H., 29, 32, 34
• Javits, Jacob, 77
• “Jewish seat,” 40
• Johnson, Lady Bird, 40–41
• Johnson, Lyndon B., 38, 40–41, 220, 223
• Jones, Edith: Bush, G. H. W., on, 111–12; on ERA, 146; maternity leave, 204; Reagan and, 111; shortlisted for Supreme Court, 102, 104, 110–13, 111
• Joslin, Ted, 16
• Judd, Ashley, 13
• judges, minority, 102–3, 113, 174–75, 190
• judges, women. See women judges
• judicial performance, gender in, 170–71
• Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, 26
• justice, women in administration of, 176, 177, 178, 179–80, 180–83
• Kagan, Elena, 4, 39; New York Times on, 123–24; nomination for Supreme Court, 121–24; Obama and, 121–22, 211; outfit of, 227n3 (preface); Sotomayor and, 115, 121–24
• Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, 129–30
• Katsav, Moshe, 257n9
• Katzenbach, Nicholas, 39–40, 261n1
• Kavanaugh, Brett, 187–89
• Kay, Herma Hill, 181, 197
• Kearse, Amalya Lyle, 90, 112, 130, 150; as black woman, 133; discrimination against, 137; Leahy and, 201; Reagan and, 78; shortlisted for Supreme Court, 75–80, 76, 104, 117, 196; before Supreme Court, 77; tokenism and, 133; on United States Circuit Judge Nominating Commission, 200
• Kelly, Mary, 45–46
• Kennard, Joyce Luther, 174
• Kennedy, Anthony, 124–25, 172, 187
• Kennedy, Cornelia, 38, 49, 196; ABA on, 71; age of, 165–66; on children and marriage, 160; discrimination against, 137–38; Ford, G., on, 92; on honorifics, 199; in NCFTJ, 197; O’Connor and, 91–99; racist views of, 148; Reagan and, 93, 165–66; shortlisted for Supreme Court, 68–72, 69, 74; on tokenism, 129; on women judges, 130–31; on women on Supreme Court, 71; women’s rights and, 147
• Kennedy, John F., 38–40, 85
• Kennedy, Ted, 102–3
• Kenya, 182
• Kenyon, E. L., 17–19
• Kesler, John, 86, 156
• Kidd, Alexander, 56
• Klein, Joan Dempsey, 98, 135; on appearance, 151–52; children and marriage, 158–59, 193–94; on disclosure of hiring statistics, 203; on discrimination, 138–40, 199–200; Coffman and, 153; in law school, 198–99; mentorship and support for women lawyers, 196–97; on O’Connor nomination, 90–91, 135; shortlisted for Supreme Court, 87, 87–91; on women on Supreme Court, 91, 135
• Klenke, Karin, 248n8
• Klobuchar, Amy, 188–89
• Korematsu v. United States (1944), 27
• Kottinger, John W., 87
• Kozinski, Alex, 139
• Lafontant, Jewel, 41
• Lat, David, 227n3 (Preface)
• Latina, 134, 175–76
• Latourell, Elaine, 51
• Law School, NYU, 20
• Law School, University of Chicago, 39, 41
• law students, female, 82, 88–89, 96, 192–93
• lawyers. See women lawyers
• Leahy, Patrick, 103, 113, 201
• leaking pipeline, 5
• Ledbetter, Lilly, 173–74
• Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (2007), 172–74
• legal education, 192–93, 198, 203
• legal profession: equality in hiring, 201–2; sexual harassment in, 14, 138–40; women historically absent in, 181
• Levi, Edward, 38, 47, 54–55, 163
• Lillie, Mildred, 122; ABA on, 43, 71, 132; Belcher and, 153; Dickinson and, 153; discrimination against, 137; on ERA, 146; Franklin on, 223–24; husband of, 155, 193; Mentschikoff and, 168; Miers and, 119–20; New York Times on, 1–2, 135; Nixon, R., and, 1, 3, 58–59, 93, 132, 146, 224; shortlisted for Supreme Court, 1–3, 38, 43–44, 55–59, 57, 196; on women supporting each other, 196
• Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, 174
• Lincoln, Abraham, 127–28
• Linder, Virginia, 174
• Lindh, Patricia, 48–49, 64, 67
• Llewellyn, Karl, 54–55, 107, 155, 163, 181, 193
• Lockwood, Belva, 8–9
• Loen, Vernon C., 47
• Lomen, Lucile, 29
• Longwell, Marjorie, 63
• Lozano, Diana, 99
• MacKinnon, Catharine, 115, 138
• Mansfield, Arabella, 5, 8, 19
• Mansfield Rule, 5–6
• Markman, Stephen, 103
• marriage, children and, 146, 158–62, 193–94, 227n1 (Preface)
• Marshall, Thurgood, 40, 46, 79–80, 122, 133
• Martin, Barbara B., 2
• Massey, Minette, 237n66
• maternity leave, 204
• Matthews, Burnita Shelton, 31–32, 60–61
• McCardle, Dorothy, 44
• McLachlin, Beverley, 178
• media, 175–76
• men, supporting women’s careers, 193
• men, voices of, 144–45
• Men, Women, and the Corporation (Kanter), 130
• mentors, 195–97, 206–7
• Mentschikoff, Soia: AALS presidency of, 197–98, 204–5; on ERA, 145–46; family of, 160–61; Kay on, 181; Lillie and, 168; Llewellyn and, 54–55, 107, 155, 163, 181, 193; Nemacheck on, 220; New York Post on, 135–36, 150; Ramo on, 146–47; shortlisted for Supreme Court, 38–40, 53, 53–56; on women lawyers, 147
• Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986), 11
• #MeToo movement, 13–15, 136, 138–39, 185, 190
• Michigan, 68–69, 148, 174–75
• Miers, Harriet, 4, 122–23, 133–34, 154; Bush, G. W., and, 118–19, 119; Lillie and, 119–20; New York Times and Washington Post on, 120; nominated for Supreme Court, 117–21
• Milano, Alyssa, 13
• minorities: hiring, 201–3; judicial appointments, 102–3, 113; systemic shortlisting of, 185; tokenism and, 132–33; United States Circuit Judge Nominating Commission and, 200–201
• minority judges, 102–3, 113, 174–75, 190
• minority women, 76, 174–75; feminism and, 14; judges, 190
• Minton, Sherman, 33–34
• misogyny, 12–13, 209
• Mitchell, John, 42–43, 58, 63–64
• Mitchell, William, 16–17
• motherhood, 122, 124, 160, 162
• motherhood/competing careers double bind, 158–64
• Motley, Constance Baker, 41, 174
• Murphy, Frank, 28–29, 33
• Mussey, Ellen Spencer, 18
• My Day column, by Roosevelt, E., 29–30
• NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
• Nassar, Larry, 192
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 148
• National Association of Women Judges (NAWJ), 90–91, 138, 140, 197, 201, 223
• National Association of Women Lawyers, 4, 32, 60–61
• National Conference of Federal Trial Judges (NCFTJ), 197
• National Law Journal, 202
• National Women’s Conference of 1977, 11
• National Women’s Political Caucus, 45, 50, 260n7
• NAWJ. See National Association of Women Judges
• NCFTJ. See National Conference of Federal Trial Judges
• Nemacheck, Christine, 219–20
• Neunenfelt, Lila, 68
• New Deal, 26–27
• Newman, Jon O., 78, 80
• New York Post, 54, 135–36, 150
• New York Times, 13–14, 36, 44, 58, 82, 117; on Ginsburg, R. B., 116; on Kagan, 123–24; on Lillie, 1–2, 135; on Miers, 120; O’Connor and, 101, 160, 223; on Sotomayor, 123; on suffrage movement and white supremacy, 144; on women in talent pool, 140–41
• New York University (NYU) Law School, 20
• Nineteenth Amendment, 10, 21
• Nixon, Pat, 195–96
• Nixon, Richard, 47–48; Bacon and, 59–63, 165, 220; Hall, C. H., and, 106, 194–95; Kennedy, C., and, 70; Lillie and, 1, 3, 58–59, 93, 132, 146, 224; National Women’s Political Caucus to, 260n7; Nixon, P., and, 195–96; O’Connor to, 95; on Powell, 120; Supreme Court nominees of, 1, 3, 41–46; against women on Supreme Court, 42, 44–45, 195–96; women shortlisted for Supreme Court by, 38, 41–46, 58–63, 102
• non-mothers, 162
• Norma Rae (1979), 259n4 (Conclusion)
• North Carolina, 81–86
• NYU. See New York University Law School
• Obama, Barack, 39, 79, 247n60; Garland nomination by, 124, 175, 187; Ginsburg, R. B., and, 211; Kagan and, 121–22, 211; Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act signed by, 174; Sotomayor and, 121–22, 176; women as Supreme Court nominees of, 121–23; women shortlisted and selected by, 121–22
• O’Connor, Sandra Day, 3–4, 6–7, 26, 28, 38, 115, 167–68; age of, 166; on Bush v. Gore, 98–99; career before Supreme Court, 96–97; “different voice” theory and, 170; gendered critiques of, 97–98; Hall, C. H., and, 106–7; on honorifics, 223; Kennedy, C., and, 91–99; Klein on nomination of, 90–91, 135; as lone female on Supreme Court, 100–101; Lozano on, 99; as mother, 160; New York Times and, 101, 160, 223; to Nixon, R., 95; in Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 95; Reagan and, 91–97, 99–100, 129, 132, 166; Rehnquist and, 194; Smith on, 94; standard set by, 133; Supreme Court nomination of, 91–99, 132; tokenism and, 102, 129–30, 132–34; on visibility, 180–81; Washington Post on nomination of, 97; on women on Supreme Court, 95
• Office of Women’s Programs, 48–49
• Ohio, 16–17, 19–22, 92
• Ohio Supreme Court, 22–23
• Paltrow, Gwyneth, 13
• parity, gender, 181–82
• Park, Maude Wood, 21
• Paul, Alice, 9–10
• pay discrimination, 173–74, 203
• Pelosi, Nancy, 164–65
• Pence, Mike, 15
• Perkins, Frances, 30–31, 66
• Pierce, Mary, 24
• Planned Parenthood v. American Coalition of Life Activists (2002), 110
• Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), 95, 235n9
• Pooler, Rosemary, 78
• Pound, Roscoe, 20
• Powell, Lewis, 44–45, 107, 120
• professional relationships, 153
• quotas, gender, 181–83
• race, 169, 174
• racial divisiveness, 9–10
• racism, 144–50, 207
• Ramo, Roberta, 146–47
• Rangel, Charles, 47
• rape laws, 62, 199
• Reagan, Ronald, 52; on age, of shortlisted women, 165–66; Bork nomination, 104; Hall, C. H., and, 107; Jones and, 111; Kearse and, 78; Kennedy, C., and, 93, 165–66; male judges appointed by, 103–4; minority judicial appointments and, 102–3, 113; O’Connor and, 91–97, 99–100, 129, 132, 166; Rymer and, 109; Sharp, S. M., and, 85; women in judiciary and, 99–100, 102–3, 113, 132; on women on Supreme Court, 73–74, 96, 99; women shortlisted for Supreme Court after O’Connor by, 101–13, 104; women shortlisted for Supreme Court with O’Connor by, 74, 75–100
• Rebhan, Susan, 24, 151
• Reed, John, 75–76
• Reed, Stanley, 28, 34, 97–98
• Regula, Ralph S., 47
• Rehnquist, William, 44–45, 95, 104, 194
• relationships, 152–57, 193–95
• Republican National Committee, 35
• Republican Party, 60, 78, 124–25
• Republican women, 44–45
• Resnik, Judith, 104
• respectability, 150–52
• Rice, Condoleezza, 120
• Riley, Dorothy Comstock, 174
• Roberts, John, 118, 175, 182
• Roberts, Owen, 32
• Rodriguez, Maite Oronoz, 174
• Roe v. Wade (1973), 51, 95, 110–11, 120
• Roney, Paul, 43
• Rooney Rule, 5
• Roosevelt, Eleanor, 23, 29–30, 157, 233n51
• Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (FDR), 17; Allen and, 23–30, 38; court packing plan, 24–30; programs of, 26; Truman and, 30
• Rose, Jonathon, 92, 98, 239n94
• Rutledge, Wiley, 29, 33
• Rymer, Pamela, 102, 104, 108–10, 109, 205
• Safford Unified School District v. Redding (2009), 51
• salaries, discrepancies in, 203
• Sanders, Bernie, 164
• Scalia, Antonin, 104, 124, 187
• Schaeffer, Margaret, 68
• Sears, Leah Ward, 79, 174
• SEC. See Securities and Exchange Commission
• The Second Shift (Hochschild), 259n46
• second-wave feminism, 7–8, 11–12
• Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 6, 163
• segregation, 15, 148–49
• self-shortlisting, 205–6
• Senate, U.S.: judicial confirmation process, 114, 117; Judiciary Committee, 90–91, 99, 188–89; Oversight Hearings on Judicial Selection, 102–3, 113
• Seneca Falls convention, 8–9, 11, 190
• sexism, 46, 138–39, 142–43, 166, 176
• sexual abuse, 192
• sexual assault, 13–14, 190, 209
• sexual harassment, 11–12, 115, 131; in Davis v. Monroe County School Board, 173; Hill testimony about, 138; in legal profession, 14, 138–40; male Supreme Court justices accused of, 190; #MeToo movement on, 13–15, 136, 138–39; reforms, 139–40; speaking out against, 137; tokenism in proliferation of, 136–41; of women lawyers, 138–40; of women shortlisted for Supreme Court, 138, 140
• Sharp, J. M., 81–83
• Sharp, Susie M., 138, 198, 206; Allen and, 84–85, 151; Bobbitt and, 156; against ERA, 146; family of, 161; on “having a wife,” 158; Hayes, A., on, 155; intimate relationships of, 155–56, 193; on married women with children, 146; racist views of, 148–49, 207; Reagan and, 85; shortlisted for Supreme Court, 81, 81–87; on women jurors, 199
• shortlisted. See women, shortlisted for Supreme Court; specific topics
• shortlisting: diversity in, 184–85; for leadership roles, 209–10; self-shortlisting, 205–6; systemic, 128, 185
• Simpson, Alan, 103
• Smith, William French, 74, 94
• Sotomayor, Sonia, 4, 79, 184; Kagan and, 115, 121–24; as Latina, 134, 175–76; on male justices, 175; as minority woman, 174–75; New York Times and Washington Post on, 123; nomination for Supreme Court, 121–24; Obama and, 121–22, 176; outfit of, 227n3 (preface); tokenism and, 133–34
• Souter, David, 112, 252n45
• South Africa, 182
• Spaeth, Carl, 65, 153
• Staples, Brent, 144
• Starr, Ken, 92, 98
• state Supreme Courts, female chief justices on, 178, 178–80
• Stephens, Harold W., 68–69
• Stevens, John Paul, 49–51, 71–72
• Stewart, Potter, 34, 74
• Stone, Harlan Fiske, 29
• storytelling, 5–8, 127–28, 206–7, 210
• Stout, Juanita Kidd, 174
• Strategic Selection (Nemacheck), 219
• Strauss-Kahn, Dominique, 257n9
• strip-search, 172
• structural reforms, 199–203
• suffrage movement, 7–9, 21–23, 144, 149, 198–99
• Supreme Court, U.S., 167; all-female, idea of, 168–69; Bar, 8–9; on Bradwell, 2; “Catholic seat” on, 33–34; Eisenhower, D. D., nominees for, 34–36; FDR plan for packing, 24–30; Ford, G., nominees for, 47–51; gender and, 4; herstory of, 7; honorifics for justices, 97, 101, 199, 223; “Jewish seat” on, 40; Johnson, Lyndon B., nominees for, 40–41; Kearse before, 77; Kennedy, J. F., nominees for, 38–40; Lafontant before, 41; male justices accused of sexual misconduct, 190; mothers on, 162; Nixon, R., nominees for, 1, 3, 41–46; Truman nominees for, 30–33; Trump appointments to, 124–25; Trump nominees to, 187; women’s rights cases, 180. See also women, nominated for Supreme Court; women, on Supreme Court; women, shortlisted for Supreme Court; specific justices
• Supreme Court of Ohio, 22
• Supreme Court of United Kingdom, 171–72
• Supreme Courts, U.S. states, female chief justices on, 178, 178–80
• Sutherland, George, 28
• Sutton, Crystal Lee, 259n4 (Conclusion)
• systemic shortlisting, 128, 185
• Taft, William Howard, 17–18
• teenage girls, 172–73
• Texas, 118–19, 186
• third-wave feminism, 12
• This Constitution of Ours (Allen), 128
• Thomas, Clarence: age of, 166; Bush, G. H. W., and, 112, 176; Hill and, 11–12, 80, 115, 133, 138, 188
• Thornberry, Homer, 41
• Thurmond, Strom, 45
• #TimesUp movement, 13, 136
• To Do Justly (Allen), 128, 232n30
• tokenism, 145; burdens imposed by, 132–36; defining, 129; against equality, 131–32; harms of, 131; isolation of, 134; Kanter on, 129–30; Kearse and, 133; Kennedy, C., on, 129; minorities and, 132–33; O’Connor and, 102, 129–30, 132–34; in sexual harassment proliferation, 136–41; shortlisted women and, 131–32; Sotomayor and, 133–34; status quo preserved by, 131–32; in workplace gender imbalance, 136–37
• transparency, equality and, 202–3
• Triedman, Julie, 227n6 (Introduction)
• Truman, Harry S., 17, 30–33
• Trump, Donald J., 185; age of, 164; on Clifford, 209; misogynistic comments of, 12–13; sexual violence boasts of, 190; shortlists of, 186–87, 202, 219; Supreme Court appointments, 124–25; Supreme Court nominations by, 187; women shortlisted for Supreme Court by, 187, 189
• Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), 54
• United Kingdom, 171–72
• United States (U.S.): Congress, 26–27, 62, 185–86; Constitution, 8, 10, 50; gender disparity in, 182–83; state Supreme Courts, 178, 178–80. See also Senate, U.S.; Supreme Court, U.S.
• United States Circuit Judge Nominating Commission, 200–201
• University of Chicago Law School, 39, 41, 181
• U.S. See United States
• USA Today, 172
• U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, 110, 112
• U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, 106, 109–10
• U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 77–78
• U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, 16, 19, 23–24, 30, 36, 70, 72, 130
• Van Devanter, Willis, 27–28
• victims’ rights, 62
• Vinson, Fred, 32–34
• violence: gender-based, 136; sexual, Trump boasts of, 190; against women, 209
• visibility, 180–81
• voices, 144–45, 169–70, 180
• voters, women, 22–23, 42, 232n30
• Wald, Patricia, 220–21
• Wales, 181
• Wall Street Journal, 78, 120
• Walsh, Lawrence, 51
• Warren, Earl, 34, 41
• Washington Post, 22–23, 44, 67, 79, 94; on Ginsburg, R. B., 116–17; on Hall, C. H., 107–8, 163; on Kagan, 124; on Miers, 120; on O’Connor nomination, 97; on Sotomayor, 123
• Watertown Public Opinion, 60
• Weinstein, Jack B., 202
• Wells-Barnett, Ida, 9
• White, Byron, 39–40, 80, 114–15
• White House counsel, 119
• white men, in judiciary, 112–14
• white supremacy, 14, 144, 231n31
• Whittaker, Charles Evans, 34, 39, 85
• Wilson, Woodrow, 21
• wives, of male lawyers, 158
• women: in administration of justice, 176, 177, 178, 179–80, 180–83; age of, 164–65; appearances of, 135–36, 150–52; black, 77–79, 133, 174, 186; children, career gaps and, 161–62; conferences on, 190–91; in double bind situations, 142–43; elected to Congress, 2018, 185–86; in judiciary, 73, 83–84, 99–100, 102–3, 113, 132, 138–39, 167–68, 176; on juries, 199; as law students, 82, 88–89, 96, 192–93; legal profession absence, historically, 181; as majority, 180; men supporting careers of, 193; mentors, 195; minority, 14, 76, 174–75, 190; pay discrimination against, 173–74, 203; qualifications of, 98; Republicans, 44–45; supporting each other, 196; systemic shortlisting of, 128, 185; in talent pool, 140–41; United States Circuit Judge Nominating Commission and, 200–201; violence against, 209; voices of, 144–45, 169–70; voters, 22–23, 42, 232n30; in workforce, 11, 259n46; work-life balance, 160, 190; workplace discrimination against, 137–40
• women, nominated for Supreme Court: domestic capabilities of, newspaper articles on, 116–17; Ginsburg, R. B., 114–17; Miers, 117–21; motherhood status of, 122, 124; by Obama, 121–23; O’Connor, 91–99, 132; after O’Connor, 114; Sotomayor and Kagan, 121–24
• women, on Supreme Court, 7, 28, 125, 224–25; advocacy for, 17–18, 40–42, 48–50, 118, 169; in case outcomes, 169–76; Colom on, 50; feminists on, 94, 255n23; Harris, P. R., on, 45; Kennedy, C., on, 71; Klein on, 91, 135; Nixon, R., against, 42, 44–45, 195–96; O’Connor to Nixon, R., on, 95; Reagan on, 73–74, 96, 99; on women’s issues, 170–71. See also Ginsburg, Ruth Bader; Kagan, Elena; O’Connor, Sandra Day; Sotomayor, Sonia
• women, shortlisted for Supreme Court, 1, 3; age of, 165–66; appearance/femininity/respectability of, 150–52; appearances of, 135–36, 150–52; Bacon, 38, 43, 59–64, 61; black women, 79; by Bush, G. W., 118; by Clinton, B., 117; collaborating to compete, 195–98; Colom and, 48; double bind situations and, 142–52, 158–64; early child care and, 204–5; on ERA, 145–46; femininity/competency double bind, 143; feminism and, 7–8, 144, 146; feminism/racism double bind, 144–50; by Ford, G., 38, 47–51, 223; gender inequality and, 142; Hall, C. H., 102, 104–8, 105; Hills, C., 64–68, 65; intersectionality and, 190; intimate relationships of, 153–57; by Johnson, Lyndon B., 40–41, 220, 223; Jones, 102, 104, 110–13, 111; Kearse, 75–80, 76, 104, 117, 196; Kennedy, C., 68–72, 69, 74; by Kennedy, J. F., 38–40; Klein, 87, 87–91; legal education, leveraging, 192–93; Lillie, 1–3, 38, 43–44, 55–59, 57, 196; Lindh and, 48–49; marriages of, 154–55; meaningful opportunities created by, 198–99; Mentschikoff, 38–40, 53, 53–56; methodology for determining, 219–21; motherhood/competing careers double bind, 158–64; Nemacheck on, 219–20; by Nixon, R., 38, 41–46, 58–63, 102; by Obama, 121–22; personal partners, professional lives and, 193–95; professional relationships of, 153; racist views of, 148–49; before Reagan, 52; by Reagan, after O’Connor, 101–13, 104; by Reagan, with O’Connor, 74, 75–100; relationships of, 152–57; Rymer, 102, 104, 108–10, 109; self-shortlisting and, 205–6; sexual harassment of, 138, 140; Sharp, S. M., 81, 81–87; shortlisted-to-selected, strategies for, 191–207; stories of, 5–8, 127–28, 210; strategies for being selected, 191–207; structural changes and, 199–203; tokenism and, 131–32; transparency about, 202; by Trump, 187, 189. See also Allen, Florence
• Women in the Judicial Service (report), 35
• women judges, 4, 16, 70, 98–100; in administration of justice, 176, 177, 178, 179–80, 180–83; black, 186; case outcomes impacted by, 169–76; chief justices of international high courts, 176, 177, 178; chief justices on state Supreme Courts, 178, 178–80; firsts, 174, 228n18; on gay rights, 171; Gilligan and, 254n8; Kennedy, C., on, 130–31; minorities, 190; NAWJ, 90–91, 138, 140, 197, 201, 223; personal experience in decision-making of, 175
• women lawyers, 1–6, 44, 97, 135; in government, 198–99; Kozinski allegations by, 139; mentorship of, 196–97; Mentschikoff on, 147; National Association of Women Lawyers, 4, 32, 60–61; sexual harassment of, 138–40
• women of color, 79, 127, 130
• women partners, in law firms, 76–77, 110
• Women’s March of 2017, 13
• women’s rights, 8, 10, 51, 86–87; feminism and, 185, 189–90; Kennedy, C., and, 147; organizations, 45; Supreme Court cases involving, 180
• Women’s Rights Convention of 1848, 8–9, 11
• women’s suffrage movement, 7–9, 21, 144, 149, 198–99
• Wood, Georgina, 178
• workplace: discrimination, 137–40; gender imbalance, 136–37
• “Year of the Woman,” 12, 115, 147, 186, 209
• Young, David, 56–58