Notes

Prologue: April 1949

  1. The Honolulu Star, 15 April 1949.
  2. Nick Richardson, The Game of Their Lives, Pan Macmillan, Sydney, 2016, p. 211.
  3. The Herald, 4 June 1946.
  4. The Argus, 12 June 1946.
  5. Shane Cahill, ‘Damned Lies and Olympics’, Good Weekend, 18 September 1993, p. 28.
  6. Sir Frank Beaurepaire to R.T. McPherson, Melbourne Invitation Committee, 11 February 1949, Olympic Consolidated Industries Pty Ltd (1987.0079), University of Melbourne Archives.
  7. Tanja Luckins, ‘Competing for Cultural Honours: cosmopolitanism, food, drink and the Olympic Games, Melbourne, 1956’, in Diane Kirby and Tanja Luckins (eds), Dining on Turtles: food feasts and drinking in history, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2007, p. 86.
  8. David Dunstan, ‘Sir Harold Luxton’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/luxton-sir-harold-daniel-7264.
  9. Sir Raymond Connelly to Sir Frank Beaurepaire, 11 November 1948, Olympic Consolidated Industries, op. cit.
  10. A.S. Drakeford letter, 22 March 1949, Olympic Consolidated Industries, op. cit.
  11. Ibid.
  12. ‘Buying or Building a House in Australia’, http://john.curtin.edu.au/1940s/house/housing.html.
  13. Cahill, op. cit.
  14. The Argus, 28 October 1948, p. 3.
  15. The Argus, 21 April 1949, p. 5.
  16. The West Australian, 10 February 1938.
  17. Sandra Collins, The 1940 Tokyo Games: the missing Olympics, Routledge, Oxford/New York, 2007, p. 166.
  18. Ibid.
  19. Graham Lomas, The Will to Win: the story of Frank Beaurepaire, Heinemann, Melbourne, 1960, p. 156.
  20. The Argus, 5 May 1949, p. 12.
  21. Lomas, op. cit., p. 156.
  22. Sir Frank Beaurepaire to R.T. Macpherson, 2 March 1949, Olympic Consolidated Industries, op. cit.
  23. Harry Gordon, Australia and the Olympic Games, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1994, p. 195.
  24. Ibid.
  25. The Sporting Globe, 16 November 1949, p. 10.
  26. The Detroit Free Press, 29 April 1949, p. 1.
  27. The Detroit Free Press, 2 May 1949.
  28. The Sporting Globe, May 1949.
  29. Cahill, op. cit, p. 29.
  30. Cablegram from Australian embassy in Tokyo to Prime Minister’s Department, 11 May 1949, NAA, A1838, Control Symbol 480/1/3/1 Japan — Olympic Games.
  31. Letter to Prime Minister Chifley, 25 May 1949, NAA, A1838, Control Symbol 480/1/3/1, op. cit.
  32. The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 November 1949, p. 3.
  33. The Sporting Globe, 16 November 1949, p. 10.
  34. The Sunday Sun, 26 June 1949, p. 8.
  35. Ibid.
  36. The Argus, 24 November 1949, p. 3.
  37. Geraldton Guardian, 26 November 1949, p. 2.
  38. Lomas, op. cit., p. 159.

Chapter One: A Dame Is Born

  1. Barry Humphries, More Please, Viking/Penguin, London, 1992, pp. 142–43.
  2. John Lahr, Dame Edna Everage and the Rise of Western Civilization, Bloomsbury, London, 1991, p. 82.
  3. The Argus, 4 October 1955, p. 24.
  4. Humphries, op. cit., p. 151.
  5. Port Phillip Gazette, vol. 2, no. 3, Autumn 1956, p. 9.
  6. Humphries, op. cit., p. 152.
  7. Lahr, op. cit., p. 84.
  8. The Australian Women’s Weekly, 4 January 1956, p. 2.
  9. The Argus, 2 January 1956, p. 4.
  10. Janet McCalman, Journeyings: the biography of a middle-class generation 1920–1990, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1993, p. 219.
  11. A.W. Martin, Robert Menzies: a life, volume 2 1944–1978, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1993, p. 169.
  12. Elizabeth Tynan, Atomic Thunder: the Maralinga story, NewSouth, Sydney, 2016, pp. 4–7.
  13. Judith Brett, Robert Menzies’ Forgotten People, Pan Macmillan, Sydney, 1992, p.45.
  14. The Canberra Times, 10 May 1954.
  15. Paul Hasluck (edited by Nicholas Hasluck), The Chance of Politics, Text, Melbourne, 1997, p. 73.
  16. Frederick Howard, Kent Hughes: a biography, Macmillan, South Melbourne, 1972, pp. 180–183.
  17. Ibid.
  18. Ann Curthoys, ‘The Getting of Television: dilemmas in ownership, control and culture’, in Ann Curthoys and John Merritt (eds), Better Dead Than Red: Australia’s first Cold War, volume 2, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1986, p. 152.
  19. Colin Bednall, unpublished biography, Papers of Colin Bednall, National Library of Australia, MS5546, p. 251.
  20. Lyn Gorman, ‘Menzies and Television: a medium he “endured”’, Media International Australia, no. 87, May 1998, p. 54.
  21. Nick Richardson, ‘In the Box Seat’, Herald Sun, 15 July 2000, p. 12.
  22. Colin Bednall, op. cit., p. 126.
  23. Ibid.
  24. Ibid.
  25. Ibid., p. 249.
  26. Ibid., pp. 249–50.
  27. Ibid., pp. 235–37.
  28. Quoted in Graeme Osborne and Glen Lewis, Communication Traditions in Twentieth Century Australia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1995, p. 109.
  29. Colin Bednall to Keith Murdoch, 25 November 1952; Keith Murdoch to Colin Bednall, 4 December 1952, NLA, MS5546.

Chapter Two: Rebels, Villains, and Heroes

  1. Stephen J. Whitfield, ‘Cherished and Cursed: toward a social history of The Catcher in the Rye’, The New England Quarterly, vol. 70, no. 4, December 1997, pp. 567–600.
  2. ‘“The Catcher in the Rye” prohibition lifted’, NAA, B13, 1957/10559, p. 34.
  3. Nicole Moore, ‘Secrets of the Censors: obscenity in the archives’, paper presented at the National Archives of Australia, Canberra, 2 May 2005, http://www.naa.gov.au/about-us/grants/margaret-george/moore-paper.aspx.
  4. The Sydney Morning Herald, 28 August 1953.
  5. McCalman, op. cit., p. 208.
  6. The Australian Women’s Weekly, 12 December 1956.
  7. The Central Queensland Herald, 2 August 1956.
  8. Stella Lees and June Senyard, The 1950s: how Australia became a modern society, and everyone got a house and a car, Hyland House, South Yarra, 1987, p. 75.
  9. Bolton, Geoffrey, The Oxford History of Australia: the middle way 1942–1988, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1993, p. 106.
  10. Murray Goot, ‘Newspaper Circulation 1932–1977’, in Peter Spearitt and David Walker (eds), Australian Popular Culture, George Allen & Unwin, North Sydney, 1979, pp. 210–211.
  11. Author interview with Bruce Howard, 23 March 2017.
  12. Ibid.
  13. The Argus, 12 March 1956.
  14. Ibid.
  15. The Argus, 24 November 1949.
  16. Letter from George Moir (recipient unclear), 26 January 1951, George Moir Collection, Australian Sports Museum.
  17. Gordon, op. cit., p. 196.
  18. Graham Lomas, op. cit., p. 160.
  19. Letter from Frank Beaurepaire, 28 December 1955, Olympic Consolidated Industries, op. cit.
  20. Memo from Graham Lomas, 16 January 1956, Olympic Consolidated Industries, op. cit.
  21. The Argus, 25 April 1956.
  22. For a discussion of this topic, see Richard White, Inventing Australia: images and identity 1688–1980, George Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1980.
  23. See, for example, ‘Australia and Asia: will the “white” policy survive?’, The Guardian, 27 May 1949.
  24. A.T. Yarwood, ‘The White Australia Policy’, in James Jupp (ed.), The Australian People, Angus & Robertson, North Ryde, 1988, p. 78.
  25. Geoffrey Sherington, ‘Immigration Between the Wars’, in James Jupp (ed.), The Australian People, op. cit., p. 96.
  26. Ibid.
  27. Andor Mészáros, unpublished autobiography, p. II/3.
  28. Ibid., p.II/5.
  29. Ibid., p. II/10.
  30. Author interview with Michael Mészáros, 31 January 2018.
  31. Mészáros, op. cit., p. II/21.
  32. John Murphy, Imagining the Fifties: private sentiment and political culture in Menzies’ Australia, UNSW Press, Sydney, 2000, p. 6.
  33. A.W. Martin, op. cit., p. 319.
  34. The Argus, 15 March 1956.
  35. Ibid.
  36. The Herald, 17 March 1955.
  37. The Age, 27 April 1950.
  38. The Age, 14 August 1952.
  39. The Argus, 5 January 1956.
  40. McCalman, op. cit., p. 237.
  41. The Argus, 20 March 1956.
  42. The Vigilante, 15 March 1956.
  43. The Central Queensland Herald, 29 March 1956.
  44. The Argus, 26 March 1956.

Chapter Three: The Enemy Within

  1. The Sunday Herald, 20 February 1949.
  2. The Fortian (Fort Street Girls School magazine), August 1950, p. 27.
  3. Author interview with Marlene Mathews, 14 October 2018.
  4. The Argus, 3 April 1956.
  5. Tim Rowse, Nugget Coombs: a reforming life, Cambridge University Press, Port Melbourne, 2002, p. 192.
  6. The Sun-Herald, 8 July 1956.
  7. The West Australian, 16 March 1948.
  8. The Actors and Announcers Equity Association of Australia, Executive Minutes, 1 December 1955, 1984.0044, Actors Equity of Australia, Victorian Division (1936–1992), University of Melbourne Archives.
  9. Philip Jones, ‘They Still Call Australia *?#X!’, The Age, 4 March 2006.
  10. Ray Lawler, ‘Athenaeum Memories’, The Melbourne Athenaeum: 170 years 1839–2009; a journal of the history of a Melbourne institution, Melbourne Athenaeum, Melbourne, 2009, p. 7.
  11. The Sydney Morning Herald, 4 February 1954.
  12. Howard Manns, ‘Posh Accents: discrimination and employment in Australia’, The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/posh-accents-discrimination-and-employment-in-australia-43527.
  13. The Australian Women’s Weekly, 4 January 1956.
  14. John Sumner, Recollections at Play: a life in the Australian theatre, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1993, p. 64.
  15. Julian Meyrick, ‘The Great Australian Plays: The Torrents, The Doll and the critical mass of Australian drama’, The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/the-great-australian-plays-the-torrents-the-doll-and-the-critical-mass-of-australian-drama-69990.
  16. Quoted in Simon Plant, 1956: Melbourne, modernity and the XVI Olympiad, Museum of Modern Art at Heide, 1996, p. 9.
  17. P.L. Coleman, The Riddle of Les Coleman MP, Connor Court, Brisbane, 2017, pp. 17–18.
  18. The Argus, 11 February 1953.
  19. Gordon, op. cit., p. 196.
  20. The Argus, 3 February 1953.
  21. Ibid.
  22. Stella M. Barber, ‘Sir Arthur Coles’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/coles-sir-arthur-william-12334.
  23. The Age, 26 May 1953.
  24. The Age, 25 May 1954.
  25. Ross Fitzgerald, with the assistance of Adam Carr and William J. Dealy, The Pope’s Battalions: Santamaria, Catholicism and the Labor split, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 2003, p. 186.
  26. Brenda Niall, Mannix, Text, Melbourne, 2015, p. 299.
  27. Coleman, op. cit., p. 174.
  28. Robert Murray, The Split: Australian Labor in the fifties, F.W. Cheshire, Melbourne, 1970, p. 107.
  29. Coleman, op. cit., pp. 173–75, 284.
  30. Ibid.
  31. Graeme Davison, City Dreamers: the urban imagination in Australia, NewSouth, Sydney, 2016, p. 168.
  32. The Argus, 9 April 1955, p. 6.
  33. Murray, op. cit., p. 258.
  34. Kate White, John Cain and Victorian Labor 1917–57, Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1982, p. 159.
  35. The Argus, 10 May 1955.
  36. Paul Strangio, Neither Power nor Glory: 100 Years of political Labor in Victoria, 1856–1956, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 2012, p. 342.
  37. Murray, op. cit., p. 255.
  38. Ibid., p. 256.
  39. The Argus, 13 March 1956.

Chapter Four: The Bomb in the Outback

  1. ‘Atomic Weapons Test, Monte Bello Islands, Western Australia, 16 May, 1956’, https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C281508.
  2. The Canberra Times, 26 June 1956.
  3. Bolton, op. cit., pp. 94–95.
  4. Tynan, op. cit., pp. 86–87. Tynan refers to evidence that indicates the bomb could have been as large as 98 kilotons.
  5. The Canberra Times, 20 June 1956.
  6. The Canberra Times, 24 August 1956.
  7. Frank Walker, Maralinga, Hachette Australia, Sydney, 2016, pp. 66–67.
  8. Roger Cross, Fallout: Hedley Marston and the British bomb tests in Australia, Wakefield Press, Kent Town, 2001, p. 48.
  9. Quoted in Stella Lees and June Senyard, op. cit., p. 95.
  10. The Cairns Post, 19 October 1951.
  11. Lees and Senyard, op. cit., p. 96.
  12. Maggie Brady, ‘The Politics of Space and Mobility: controlling the Ooldea/Yalata Aborigines, 1952–1982’, Aboriginal History, vol. 23, 1999, p. 3.
  13. Kingsley Palmer, ‘Dealing with the Legacy of the Past: Aborigines and atomic testing in South Australia’, Aboriginal History, vol. 14, no. 2, 1990, pp. 196–97.
  14. The Report of the Royal Commission in to British Nuclear Tests in Australia, vol. 1, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra, 1985, p. 152.
  15. Ibid., p. 157.
  16. Brady, op. cit, p. 4.
  17. Ibid., p. 4.
  18. Ibid., p. 8.
  19. Royal Commission, op. cit., p. 311.
  20. Author interview and subsequent email exchange with Robert Macaulay, 28 October 2018.
  21. The Argus, 30 April 1956.
  22. The Argus, 30 May 1956.
  23. Michael McKernan, Beryl Beaurepaire, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1999, p. 79.
  24. The Canberra Times, 30 May 1956.
  25. Quoted in Charmaine O’Brien, Flavours of Melbourne: a culinary biography, Wakefield Press, Kent Town, 2008, p. 250.
  26. Catering, June 1956, pp. 24–28.
  27. The Age, 19 October 1956.
  28. Melbourne Olympic Games Organising Committee (Catering Committee) minutes, 17 February 1956, PROV VPR10743, Unit 22.
  29. The Argus, 22 February 1956.
  30. Luckins, op. cit., p. 86.
  31. Melbourne Olympic Games Organising Committee (Catering Committee) minutes, op. cit., 1 May and 19 June 1956.
  32. The Age, 13 November 1956; The Argus, 5 October 1956; The Argus, 29 November 1956.

Chapter Five: It’s a Men’s Game

  1. The Canberra Times, 26 June 1956.
  2. Sir Robert Menzies, Afternoon Light, Penguin Books, Ringwood, 1970, p. 342.
  3. Ibid.
  4. Quoted in Gideon Haigh, The Summer Game, Text, Melbourne, 1997, p. 20.
  5. G.V. Portus, The Sydney Morning Herald, 4 February 1954, p. 13.
  6. The Advertiser, 13 November 1954.
  7. The Courier-Mail, 26 March 1954.
  8. The Argus, 9 July 1956.
  9. The Brisbane Telegraph, 28 November 1952.
  10. The Courier-Mail, 20 December 1952.
  11. Robert Osborne to Sir George Paton, 23 June 1953, 1966.0004, Sir George Whitecross Paton Archive, Royal Commission into Television 1953–1954, University of Melbourne Archives.
  12. ‘Colin Bednall 1913–1976’, W.F. Mandle, Australian Journal of Communication, vol. 24, no. 3, 1997, p. 5.
  13. Ibid.
  14. Curthoys, op. cit., p. 143.
  15. Ibid., p. 106.
  16. The Adelaide News, 19 February 1953, p. 4.
  17. Mandle, op. cit., p. 6.
  18. ‘The Catcher in the Rye’, NAA, op. cit., p. 4.
  19. Minutes of the Olympic Press and Publicity Sub-committee, 26 January 1954, PROV 10743/P/000, Unit 17.
  20. The Argus, 14 January 1955.
  21. PROV 10743/P/000, Box 14, 1 April 1954.
  22. Ibid., 5 October 1955.
  23. Labor Call, 9 October 1952.
  24. The Canberra Times, 12 July 1955.
  25. Charles H. Holmes, ‘Olympic Games’, Walkabout, 1 September 1955.
  26. Central Queensland Herald, 12 May 1955.
  27. Oliver Hilmes, Berlin 1936: sixteen days in August, The Bodley Head, London, 2018, p. 191.
  28. Avery Brundage to Wilfrid Kent Hughes, 2 February 1954, NLA, MS4856, Series 19, 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games, 1952–1968.
  29. Wilfrid Kent Hughes to Avery Brundage, 12 March 1954, NLA, MS4856, Series 19, 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games, 1952–1968.
  30. Avery Brundage to Wilfrid Kent Hughes, 9 June 1954, NLA, MS4856, Series 19, 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games, 1952–1968.
  31. The Argus, 12 April 1955.
  32. Wilfrid Kent Hughes, undated memo.
  33. Interview with Don Chipp, 25 June 1985, Cahill Collection, National Sports Museum.
  34. Wilfrid Kent Hughes to George Moir, 24 April 1955, Moir Collection, National Sports Museum.

Chapter Six: One-Armed Bandits

  1. The Argus (The Times reprint), 12 June 1956.
  2. A.W. Martin, Robert Menzies — A Life, Volume 2 1944–1978, MUP, Carlton, 1999, pp. 332–333.
  3. The Biz, 15 August 1956.
  4. Peter Charlton, Two Flies Up a Wall: the Australian passion for gambling, Methuen Hayes, North Ryde, 1987, p. 251.
  5. The Central Queensland Herald, 23 August 1956.
  6. The Democrat & Chronicle, 19 November 1956.
  7. ‘Looting Registered Clubs’, Sydney Crime Museum, http://www.sydneycrimemuseum.com/crime-stories/looting-registered-clubs/.
  8. Nerilee Hing, ‘A History of Machine Gambling in the NSW Club Industry: from community benefit to commercialisation’, International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, vol. 7, no. 1, 2006, pp. 81–107.
  9. Charlton, op. cit., p. 244.
  10. John Douglas Pringle, Australian Accent, Chatto and Windus, London, 1959, p. 190.
  11. Sarah McVeigh, ‘Australian Pokies King Len Ainsworth on 70 Years in the Business’, ABC News, 19 September 2017, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017–09–19/australias-pokie-king-len-ainsworth-on-70-years-in-the-business/8945524.
  12. The Sydney Morning Herald, 4 December 1954; The Sun-Herald, 5 December 1954; The Sydney Morning Herald, 17 December 1954.
  13. The Daily Telegraph, 11 December 1954.
  14. Neil Bennetts, Interview with Mervyn Wood, National Library of Australia, 22 October 1975.
  15. ULVA Minutes, 10 January 1956, ULVA Archives, Noel Butlin Archives.
  16. Cyril Cahill to Rev. Powell, 27 June 1956.
  17. Rowley E. Hodgson to club members, 5 July 1956.
  18. The Australian Women’s Weekly, 8 August 1956, p. 33.
  19. Julian Croft, ‘Nevil Shute Norway’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/norway-nevil-shute-11262.
  20. Quoted in David Marr, Patrick White: a life, Jonathan Cape, London, 1991, p. 304.
  21. Ibid., p. 307.
  22. ‘1956 Celebrations: review of Patrick White’s Tree of Man’, ABC Radio National, https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/bookshow/1956-celebrations-review-of-patrick-whites-the/3347494.
  23. Ibid., p. 309.
  24. A.G. Serle, ‘Literature’, in The Arts Festival of the Olympic Games: a guide to the exhibitions with introductory commentaries on the arts in Australia, Olympic Organising Committee, Melbourne, 1956, pp. 38–39.
  25. Minutes of Arts Festival sub-committee, 1 July 1954, 1968.0001, George Whitecross Paton Olympic Fine Arts Festival Archive 1951–63, University of Melbourne Archives.
  26. The Age, 14 July 1956.
  27. Interview with Don Chipp, op. cit., p. 5.
  28. Bernard Smith, ‘Paintings and Drawings’, Olympic Arts Festival catalogue, p. 18.
  29. John Berger, ‘London Exhibition of Australian Art’, Meanjin, vol. 12, no. 3, Spring 1953, p. 278.
  30. A.V. Cook, ‘Sculpture’, Olympic Arts Festival catalogue, op. cit., p. 17.
  31. Good Neighbour, 1 April 1955.
  32. Ibid.
  33. PROV VPR10743, Unit 22, Melbourne Olympics Catering Committee minutes, 1 August 1956; 21 August 1956.
  34. Marcus Marsden, Carrying the Torch: 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games, Marsden Publishing, Fitzroy North, 2006, pp. 3–4.
  35. Ibid., p. 14.
  36. The Argus, 27 May 1950.
  37. The Argus, 31 October 1953.
  38. The Herald, 7 November 1953.
  39. The Age, 10 November 1953.
  40. Diaries of Richard Casey, NAA, M1153, 507734, p. 1178.

Chapter Seven: With Open Arms

  1. The Record Emerald Hill, 31 July 1954.
  2. The Australian Women’s Weekly, 19 October 1955.
  3. The Argus, 2 October 1956; The Age, 19 October 1956.
  4. Interview with Don Chipp, op. cit.
  5. The Daily Telegraph, 20 November 1953.
  6. Klaus Neumann, ‘Fifth Columnists? German and Austrian refugees in Australian internment camps’, NAA Frederick Watson Fellowship Paper, 17 April 2002.
  7. Ibid.
  8. Ibid.
  9. The Australian Women’s Weekly, 21 November 1956, p. 5.
  10. Ibid.
  11. Ibid.
  12. Interview with Don Chipp, op. cit.
  13. John Lack, ‘Sir David Fletcher Jones’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-sir-david-fletcher-10638.
  14. University of Melbourne Archives, ‘Fletcher Jones: How the 1956 Melbourne Olympic skirt changed everything!’, https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/archives/fletcher-jones-how-the-1956-melbourne-olympics-skirt-changed-everything/.
  15. Menzies, Afternoon Light, op. cit., p. 156.
  16. A.W. Martin, Robert Menzies: a life, volume 1, op. cit., p. 396.
  17. Quoted in A.W. Martin, ‘R.G. Menzies and the Suez Crisis’, in J.R. Nethercote (ed.), A.W. Martin: the ‘Whig’ view of Australian history and other essays, MUP, Carlton, 2007, p. 214.
  18. Thomas Keneally, The Australians: flappers to Vietnam, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2014, p. 461.
  19. Judith Brett, Robert Menzies’ Forgotten People, Pan Macmillan, Sydney, 1992, p. 177.
  20. Diaries of Richard Casey, op. cit., p. 1150.
  21. Menzies, op. cit., p. 158.
  22. Ibid.
  23. Robert Menzies, ‘Nationalization of the Suez Canal’, https://menziesvirtualmuseum.org.au/books-overview/contents/105-nationalization-of-the-suez-canal.
  24. Martin, op. cit., p. 335.
  25. Stan Correy, ‘The Suez Crisis 1956’, Background Briefing, ABC Radio National, https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/the-suez-crisis-1956/3386572.
  26. Martin, op. cit., p. 338.
  27. Ibid., p. 339.
  28. John Hurst, The Walkley Awards: Australia’s best journalists in action, John Kerr, Richmond, 1988, pp. 22–23.
  29. Jon Savage, ‘Demonising those teenage dirtbags’, Index on Censorship, vol. 47, Summer, 2018, p. 67.
  30. Simon Hall, 1956: the world in revolt, Faber & Faber, London, 2016, p. 195.
  31. Keith Moore, ‘Bodgies and Widgies and Moral Panic in Australia 1955–1959’, QUT, 2004.
  32. The Argus, 22 October 1956.
  33. The Argus, 29 September 1956.
  34. Michael Sturma, ‘The Politics of Dancing: when rock ‘n’ roll came to Australia’, Journal of Popular Culture, vol. 25, no. 4, Spring 1992.
  35. The Courier-Mail, 19 September 1954.
  36. The Central Queensland Herald, 8 March 1956.
  37. People, 1 August, 1951.
  38. John Braithwaite and Michelle Barker, ‘Bodgies and Widgies: folk devils of the fifties’, in Paul R. Wilson and John Braithwaite (eds), Two Faces of Deviance: crimes of the powerless and the powerful, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1978, p. 36.
  39. Journal of Police History, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 61.
  40. Jon Hewett, ‘Aspects of the Bodgies/Widgies Sub-Culture 1948–1960’, honours thesis, University of Melbourne, 1983.
  41. ‘Pauline’, in Hewett, ‘Aspects of the Bodgies/Widgies Sub-Culture 1948–1960’, op. cit.
  42. The Argus, 1 December 1955.
  43. Ibid.
  44. Report of Juvenile Delinquency Advisory Committee to A.G. Rylah, MLA, Chief Secretary of Victoria, 17 July 1956, p. 11.
  45. The Argus, 19 July 1956.
  46. The Argus, 25 August 1956.
  47. P.L. Coleman, op. cit., p. 220.
  48. Ben Collins, ‘A Glorious Season’, Grand Finals Volume 2, 1939–1978, The Slattery Media Group, Richmond, 2012, p. 192.
  49. The Argus, 17 September 1956.
  50. Ibid.
  51. The Argus, 19 September 1956.
  52. Author interview with Bruce Howard, op. cit.
  53. The Argus, 26 September 1956.
  54. Marsden, op. cit., pp. 20–21.
  55. Ibid., p. 22.

Chapter Eight: Clouds on the Horizon

  1. Bednall, op. cit., p. 209.
  2. Ibid., pp. 238–39.
  3. C.H. King to Colin Bednall, 25 January 1954, Colin Bednall papers, op. cit.
  4. C.H. King to Colin Bednall, 1 July 1955.
  5. C.H. King to Colin Bednall, 8 February 1955.
  6. C.H. King to Colin Bednall, 18 April 1955.
  7. Jim Usher (ed.), The Argus: life and death of a newspaper, Australian Scholarly Publishing, North Melbourne, 2007, p. 164.
  8. Colin Bednall to C.H. King, 26 October 1954.
  9. C.H. King to Colin Bednall, 30 December 1955.
  10. Sandra Hall, Supertoy: 20 years of television, Sun Books, Melbourne, 1976, pp. 20–21.
  11. Author interview with Nigel Dick, 4 May 2017.
  12. Quoted in David Kynaston, Family Britain 1951–1957, Bloomsbury, London, 2010, p. 125.
  13. Royal Commission, vol. 1, 1985, op. cit., p. 15.
  14. Robert Milliken, No Conceivable Injury: the story of Britain and Australia’s atomic cover-up, Penguin, Ringwood, 1986, p. 147.
  15. Frank Walker, Maralinga, Hachette, Sydney, 2014, pp. 157–58.
  16. Cross, op. cit., p. 32.
  17. The Argus, 28 August 1956, p. 4.
  18. Sue Rabbit Roff, ‘Australia’s Nuclear Testing Before the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne Should Be a Red Flag for Fukushima’, The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/australias-nuclear-testing-before-the-1956-olympics-in-melbourne-should-be-a-red-flag-for-fukushima-in-2020-85787.
  19. Milliken, op. cit., pp. 100–101.
  20. Royal Commission, vol. 1, 1985, op. cit., p. 304.
  21. Transcript of proceedings, Royal Commission British Nuclear Tests in Australia, 19 October 1984–30 October 1984, NAA, 6448, no. 4, pp. 1587–88.
  22. Luckins, op. cit., p. 91.
  23. Ibid., p. 92.
  24. ‘TCN Channel 9 First in Australia’, http://www.tcnchannel9.com.
  25. Newspaper News, 1 March 1956.
  26. ‘TCN Channel 9 First in Australia’, http://www.tcnchannel9.com.
  27. Royal Commission transcript of proceedings, op. cit., pp. 1589–90.
  28. Royal Commission, vol. 1, 1985, op. cit., p. 316.
  29. Ibid., p. 317.
  30. Royal Commission transcript of proceedings, op. cit., pp. 8593–94.
  31. Royal Commission, vol. 1, 1985, op. cit., p. 374.
  32. Milliken, op. cit., p. 106.
  33. The Argus, 28 September 1956.

Chapter Nine: Lighting the Way

  1. The Herald, 9 February 1957.
  2. Ibid.
  3. ‘Consular representatives in Australia — Union of Soviet Socialist Republics — Re: two consular officers’, Melbourne Olympic Games, NAA, A1838, Item 551682.
  4. Letter from Charles Spry, 11 October 1956, ibid.
  5. Ibid.
  6. Linda Hungerford, ‘Sugar Cane Farming in the Bundaberg District 1945–1985’, masters thesis, University of Queensland, 1991, p. 55.
  7. The Sydney Morning Herald, 18 October 1956.
  8. Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War, W.W. Norton, New York, 2006, p. 111.
  9. Menzies, op. cit., p. 166.
  10. Martin, op. cit., pp. 342–45.
  11. Martin, op. cit., p. 347.
  12. The Age, 1 January 1987.
  13. Harry Blutstein, Cold War Games, Echo, Richmond, 2017, pp. 32–35.
  14. Martin, op. cit., p. 347.
  15. Simon Hall, op. cit., pp. 317–324.
  16. Diaries of Richard Casey, op. cit., 20 November 1956, p. 1209.
  17. John Howard, The Menzies Era: the years that shaped modern Australia, HarperCollins, Sydney, 2014, p. 210.
  18. Quoted in Paul Strangio, Paul ’t Hart and James Walter, The Pivot of Power, Miegunyah Press, Carlton, 2013, pp. 30–31.
  19. Kristine Toohey and A.J. Veal, The Olympic Games: a social science perspective, CABI, Oxfordshire, p. 97.
  20. Andor Mészáros, unpublished autobiography, p. IV/16.
  21. Ibid., p. IV/17.
  22. Author interview with Bruce Howard, op. cit.
  23. Marsden, op. cit., p. 41.
  24. Sumner, op. cit., p. 60.
  25. The Australian Women’s Weekly, 19 September 1956.
  26. The Sydney Morning Herald, 18 October 1956.
  27. Sumner, op. cit., p. 61.
  28. The Age, 20 February 1957.
  29. ‘Chinese Opera Company — visit to Australia’, NAA A10302, 1956/1597, p. 5.
  30. The Argus, 19 October 1956.
  31. Ibid.
  32. The Age, 22 October 1956.
  33. The Sydney Morning Herald, 19 October 1956.
  34. The Argus, 11 October 1956.

Chapter Ten: The World Waits

  1. The Herald, 9 February 1957.
  2. Coles Phinizy, ‘The 1956 Olympics’, Sports Illustrated, 19 November 1956.
  3. Marsden, op. cit., p. 53.
  4. The Listener-In, 6–12 December 1956.
  5. The Listener-In, 27 October–2 November 1956.
  6. ‘TV at 60: HSV first in Melbourne’, Television.au, 4 November 2016, https://televisionau.com/2016/11/tv-at-60-hsv7-first-in-melbourne.html.
  7. The Argus, 5 November 1956.
  8. Humphries, op. cit., pp. 155–58.
  9. ‘The Dutch Boycott of the 1956 Olympic Games, Part 2: rehabilitation’, The Olympians from 1964 to 2020, 27 February 2016, https://theolympians.co/2016/02/27/the-dutch-boycott-of-the-1956-olympic-games-part-2-rehabilitation.
  10. Ian Jobling, ‘Strained Beginnings and Friendly Farewells: the Games of the XVI Olympiad, Melbourne, 1956’, Stadion: International Journal of the History of Sport, vol. 21/22 (1995–96), p. 258.
  11. The Sydney Morning Herald, 8 November 1956, p. 4.
  12. Phinizy, op. cit.
  13. Frederick Howard, Kent Hughes: a biography, Macmillan, South Melbourne, 1972, pp. 191–92.
  14. Medford Mail Tribune, 15 February 1956.
  15. Horner, David, The Spy Catchers: the official history of ASIO 1949–1963, Allen & Unwin, 2014, p. 456.
  16. XVI Olympiad Melbourne 1956 Transport Russian Ship GRUZIJA aka GRUZIA aka GRUZIYA Volume 2, NAA, A6122, 2765.
  17. The Age, 9 November 1956.
  18. Tom Bamforth, ‘Green and Pleasant Memories’, Griffith Review, https://griffithreview.com/articles/green-and-pleasant-memories-1956-olympic-village.
  19. Author interview with Marlene Mathews, op. cit.
  20. Nikki Henningham, Interview with Marlene Mathews for the Sport Oral History Project, NLA, 1 May 2008.
  21. The Argus, 15 October 1956.
  22. Alexander Wolff, ‘Revolution Games’, Sports Illustrated, 18 June 2012.
  23. The Argus, 14 November 1956.
  24. The Herald, 11 February 1957.
  25. The Free Thought, Issue 47, 25 November 1956, p. 1.
  26. Erin Elizabeth Redihan, The Olympics and the Cold War 1948–1968: sport as a battleground in the US-Soviet rivalry, McFarland & Co, Jefferson, 2017, pp. 125–127.
  27. Wilfrid Kent Hughes to Avery Brundage, 22 June 1954.
  28. Stephen R. Wenn, ‘Lights! Camera! Little Action: television, Avery Brundage and the 1956 Melbourne Olympics’, Sporting Traditions, vol. 10, November 1993, pp. 45–46.
  29. Graeme Davison, ‘“Welcoming the World”: the 1956 Olympic Games and the re-presentation of Melbourne’, in John Murphy and Judith Smart (eds), The Forgotten Fifties (MUP/Australian Historical Studies Vol. 28, No. 109, October 1997, p. 73).
  30. Bednall, op. cit., p. 264.
  31. Roy Masters, ‘Man Who Brought the Big Event to the Small Screen’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 July 2005.
  32. The Argus, 21 November 1956.
  33. Jobling, op. cit., p. 260.
  34. Gerald Stone, Compulsive Viewing: the inside story of Packer’s Nine Network, Viking/Penguin, Ringwood, 2000, p. 78.
  35. Marsden, op. cit., p. 60.
  36. Ibid., pp. 68–75.
  37. The Western Herald, 9 November 1956.
  38. The Herald, op. cit.
  39. Ibid.

Chapter Eleven: Let the Games Begin

  1. Nina Paranyuk to Robert Menzies, 26 November 1956, NAA, MP1139/V57/30023.
  2. Charles Spry to Robert Menzies, 28 November 1956, NAA, MP1139/V57/30023.
  3. For a description of ASIO’s preparations for the Olympic Games, see Horner, op. cit., pp. 455–60.
  4. The Argus, 19 November 1956.
  5. Kent, Hilary and Merritt, John, ‘The Cold War and the Melbourne Olympic Games’, in Curthoys, Ann and Merritt, John (eds), Better Dead Than Red: Australia’s first Cold War: 1945–1959, vol. 2, Allen & Unwin, North Sydney, 1986, p. 181.
  6. The Argus, 22 November 1956.
  7. The Argus, 27 October 1956.
  8. The Sydney Morning Herald, 22 November 1956.
  9. Marsden, op. cit., pp. 125–26.
  10. Doug Eales, in Marsden, op. cit., p. 128.
  11. Rick Broadbent, Endurance: the extraordinary life and times of Emil Zátopek, Bloomsbury, London, 2016, p. 252.
  12. The Argus, 1 December 1956, p. 11.
  13. The Ottawa Citizen, 23 November 1956, p. 17.
  14. The Guardian, 23 November 1956, p. 8.
  15. The Sydney Morning Herald, 23 November 1956, p. 3.
  16. The Central Queensland Herald, 29 November 1956, p. 14.
  17. Ibid.
  18. Quoted in Broadbent, op. cit., p. 127.
  19. Author interview with Bruce Howard, op. cit.
  20. The Tribune, 5 December 1956, p. 1.
  21. ‘Political Asylum — Nina Paranyuk’, NAA, A1838, 1606/3, p. 154.
  22. The Tampa Bay Times, 14 November 1956, p. 14.
  23. Mészáros, op. cit., p. IV/16.
  24. Henningham, Interview with Marlene Mathews, op. cit.
  25. Keith Donald and Don Selth, Olympic Saga, Futurian Press, Sydney, 1957, pp. 186–87.
  26. Author interview with Marlene Mathews, op. cit.
  27. The Age, 28 November 1956.
  28. Ibid.
  29. The Central Queensland Herald, 29 November 1956.
  30. Lees and Senyard, op. cit., p. 65.
  31. The Listener-In, 3–9 March 1956.
  32. Ibid.
  33. Ibid., 15–21 December 1956.
  34. Lees and Senyard, op. cit., p. 66.
  35. The Sydney Morning Herald, 24 November 1956.
  36. Donald and Selth, op. cit., p. 190–91.
  37. Author interview with Marlene Mathews, op. cit.
  38. The Argus, 9 November 1956.
  39. Seamen’s Journal, December 1956.
  40. The Sydney Morning Herald, 2 December 1956.
  41. The Age, 4 December 1956.
  42. The Sydney Morning Herald, 11 December 1956.
  43. Blutstein, op. cit., p. 247.

Chapter Twelve: The Worst of Times, the Best of Times

  1. Author interview with Marlene Mathews , op. cit.
  2. The Age, 1 December 1956.
  3. Dennis H. Phillips, Australian Women at the Olympic Games, Petersham, Walla Walla Press in conjunction with the Centre of Olympic Studies, University of New South Wales, 2001, p. 84.
  4. Henningham, Interview with Marlene Mathews, op. cit.
  5. The Argus, 29 July 1956.
  6. Phillips, op. cit.
  7. Donald and Selth, op. cit., p.201.
  8. Robin Hughes, Interview with Shirley Strickland de la Hunty, Australian Biography, http://www.australianbiography.gov.au/subjects/strickland/interview2.html.
  9. The Herald, 11 February 1956.
  10. Ibid.
  11. The Age, 7 December 1956.
  12. Bednall, op. cit., p. 267.
  13. The Argus, 7 December 1956.
  14. Broadbent, op. cit., p. 256.
  15. Howard, op. cit., p. 193.
  16. James Button, ‘Ceremony Born from a Wing and a Prayer’, The Age, 11 November 2006.
  17. David Goldblatt, ‘The Most Incredible Moments in Olympic History’, 13 July 2016, https://www.panmacmillan.com/blogs/history/history-of-the-olympics.
  18. Button, op. cit.
  19. Donald and Selth, op. cit., p. 62.
  20. Ibid., p. 68.
  21. The Herald, 10 December 1956; The Argus, 10 December 1956.
  22. Ibid.
  23. The Herald, op. cit.
  24. Broadbent, op. cit., p. 262.
  25. ‘Consular representatives in Australia — Union of Soviet Socialist Republics — Re: two Consular Officers’, Melbourne Olympic Games, NAA, A1838, 551682.
  26. ‘Nina Paranyuk — political asylum’, op. cit.
  27. The Herald, op. cit.
  28. Donald and Selth, op. cit., p. 224.
  29. The Argus, 17 November 1956.
  30. Democrat and Chronicle, 6 December 1956.
  31. The Argus, 10 December 1956.
  32. The Canberra Times, 6 December 1956.
  33. The Argus, ibid.
  34. The San Francisco Examiner, 8 December 1956.
  35. Author interview with Marlene Mathews, op. cit.
  36. The Argus, 13 December 1956.
  37. Parliament of Western Australia, Hansard, 15 August 1956, p. 207.
  38. Ibid., 17 October 1956, pp. 1417–18.
  39. Ibid.
  40. Peter Morton, Fire Across the Desert: Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint Project 1946–1980, Defence Science Technology, Canberra, 1989, p. 88.
  41. Parliament of Western Australia, Select Committee Report, Native Welfare Conditions in the Laverton-Warburton Range Area, 12 December 1956, p. 17.
  42. Ibid, p. 14.
  43. Robert Manne, The Petrov Affair, Pergamon Press, Sydney, 1987, pp. 257–58.
  44. ‘Vladimir and Evdokia Petrov — Naturalisation’, NAA, A4940, C1293.
  45. Ibid.
  46. Blutstein, op. cit., pp. 242–43.
  47. Matthew Engle, Tickle the Public: one hundred years of the popular press, Indigo, London, 1997, p. 166.
  48. The Canberra Times, 19 December 1956, p. 6.

Finale

  1. ‘A Review of the Activities of the Olympic Civic Committee and the Olympics (special) Committee, performed on behalf of the council of the City of Melbourne’, December 1956, p. 19, PROV VPRS 10743/PO, Unit 17.
  2. The Herald, 7 December 1956, quoted in Davison, op. cit., p. 75.
  3. 1956 Melbourne Olympics, Press and Publicity Committee, undated statement, PROV VPRS 10743/PO, Unit 17.
  4. Ibid.
  5. The Herald, 13 February 1957.
  6. Nina Paranyuk, 18 January 1956, NAA, MP1139.
  7. Ibid.
  8. Hurst, op. cit., pp. 23–25.
  9. The Herald, 4 March 1957.
  10. The Age, 4 March 1957.
  11. David Binder, ‘Détente Is Said to Give the KGB a Bigger Workload’, The New York Times, 2 June 1975.
  12. Stone, op. cit., p. 76.
  13. The Argus, 18 January 1956.
  14. The Argus, 18 January 1956.
  15. Author interview with Nigel Dick, 4 May 2017.
  16. The Argus, 18 January 1956.
  17. ‘TV at 60: The viewing’s fine on GTV 9’, https://televisionau.com/2017/01/tv-at-60-viewings-fine-on-gtv9.html.
  18. The Age, 21 January 1957.
  19. Quoted in William Shawcross, Murdoch, Pan, London, 1993, p. 99.
  20. The Argus, 16 January 1957.
  21. Usher (ed.), op. cit., pp. 7–8.
  22. Coleman, op. cit., p. 224.
  23. Egon F. Kunz, Blood and Gold: Hungarians in Australia, F.W. Cheshire, Melbourne, 1969, pp. 195–96.
  24. Liz Minchin and Peter Ker, ‘Police Still Searching for Absent Athletes’, The Age, 23 March 2006.
  25. Author interview with Michael Mészáros, op. cit.
  26. E.C. Harris to Collector of Customs, 18 April 1957, NAA B13, 1957/10559.
  27. The Sydney Morning Herald, 18 January 1957.
  28. Nick Richardson, ‘Power Behind the Throne’, Herald Sun, 21 June 2000.
  29. Bednall, op. cit., p. 272.
  30. Interview with Marlene Mathews, NLA, op. cit.
  31. Author interview with Marlene Mathews, op. cit.
  32. Royal Commission of Inquiry in Respect of Certain Matters Relating to Allegations of Organised Crime in Clubs 1973–74, Government Printer, Sydney, 1974, p. 73.
  33. Alfred W. McCoy, Drug Traffic: narcotics and organized crime in Australia, Harper & Row, Sydney, 1980, p. 242.
  34. Charlton, op. cit., p. 244.
  35. The Herald, 28 May 1968.
  36. E.A. Doyle, ‘The XVIth Olympiad, Melbourne 1956’, Victorian Historical Magazine, December 1957, vol. 28, no. 1, p. 7.
  37. Ibid., p. 10.
  38. Ibid., p. 11.
  39. The Age, 23 January 1957.
  40. John McCallum, ‘The Summer of the Seventeenth Doll’, in Philip Parsons (ed.), Companion to Theatre in Australia, Currency Press, Sydney, 1995, p. 565.
  41. Wilkie in Davison, op. cit. pp. 75–76.