Index

Ablation, 243

ABMS. See American Board of Medical Specialties

Acral lentiginous melanoma, 142

ACSM. See American College of Sports Medicine

Active surveillance, 243

for prostate cancer, 103–104

for testicular cancer, 183

Acupuncture, 41–42, 44, 233

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 132, 134, 136

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 132, 134, 135–136

Adenocarcinoma, 243–244

of the bladder, 121

of the colon, 92

of the lung, 81, 85

of the prostate, 98, 100

of the uterus, 187–188

Adenoma, 244

Adjunct therapy, 244

Adjuvant therapy, 73–74, 175, 244

Adrenaline, 11

Adverse effects, 49, 244. See also Side effects

Afinitor (everolimus), 117

African-Americans, 98, 120, 140, 142, 178, 228

Agent Orange, 81, 138, 171

AICR. See American Institute for Cancer Research

AIs. See Aromatase inhibitors

Alcohol use, 10–11, 14, 80, 223–224

ALL. See Acute lymphocytic leukemia

Alternative cancer treatments, 41–49

alternative philosophies in practice, 43–49

herbs and supplements, 45–47. See also supplements under Diet and nutrition

nutrition management, 47–49. See also Diet and nutrition

paying for, 43

terminology, 42

American Bladder Cancer Society, 228

American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS), 53, 228

American Cancer Society (ACS), 226

cancer survivorship and, 206

mental health recommendations from, 198–199, 201

Patient Navigator program, 16, 56–57

physical fitness recommendations from, 219

American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), 220

American College of Surgeons, 53, 55, 228. See also Commission on Cancer

American Heart Association, 224

American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR), 219–224

American Lung Association, 231

American Medical Association (AMA), 53, 228

American Society of Clinical Oncologists (ASCO), 17, 23, 53, 226

American Urological Association (AUA), 100

AML. See Acute myeloid leukemia

Anaplastic oligoastrocytomas, 112

Anastrozole (Arimidex), 74

Anemia, 93

Anthracyclines, 208

Antigens, 35–36, 99, 137, 244

Antioxidants, 14, 46–47, 222

Anxiety, 198–199, 215–216

Arimidex (anastrozole), 74

Aromasin (exemestane), 74

Asbestos, 80

ASCO. See American Society of Clinical Oncology

Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, 9, 160

Asians, 120, 142

Astrocytomas, 111–112

Atherosclerosis, 207–208

AUA. See American Urological Association

Autoimmune disorders, 152

Avastin (bevacizumab), 117, 167

Ayurvedic (traditional Hindu) medicine, 45

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment, 127. See also treatments under Bladder cancer

Barium, 94–95

Basal cell cancer, 145. See also Melanoma

B-cell lymphoma, 154. See also Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

BCG. See Bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment

Benign growths, 244. See also Biopsies; Tumors

benign enlargement of the prostate (BPH), 100

common in women, 162, 187

Beta-carotene, 221–222

Bevacizumab (Avastin), 117, 167

Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, 164–165, 191

Binet system. See Rai system of staging under Leukemia

Biological therapy. See Immunotherapy

Biologics. See Immunotherapy

Biopsies, 23–24, 244

bone marrow, 136–137, 157

core needle, 24, 103, 173

endometrial, 190

fine needle aspiration (FNA), 21, 23–24, 146, 173

image guided, 24, 95, 156

incisional and excisional, 146

lymph node, 146, 148

sentinel lymph node, 146, 148

skin, 145–146

for specific cancers

brain cancer, 115

breast cancer, 70

colon cancer, 95

leukemia, 136–137

lung cancer, 84

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 156–157

ovarian cancer, 164

prostate cancer, 103

testicular, 181

uterine cancer, 190

surgical, 24, 146

vacuum assisted, 24

Bladder cancer, 119–127

adenocarcinoma, 121

defined, 119–120

diagnostic tests, 123–124

CT urogram, 124

cytoscopy, 20, 124

imaging tests, 124

retrograde pyelogram, 124

urine tumor marker tests, 124

lymph nodes and, 123, 126

organizations devoted to, 228

outcome and survival rates, 121

signs and symptoms, 123

smoking and, 120–121

stages of, 122–123

statistics about, 120

treatments, 124–127

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), 127

bladder reconstruction, 126

chemotherapy, 127

continent diversion, 126

cystectomies, 125–126

immunotherapy, 127

late effects of, 211

neobladder, 126

radiation therapy, 127

transurethral surgery, 125

types of, 121–122

invasive, 122

papillary vs. nonpapillary, 122

superficial, 122

transitional cell bladder cancer, 121–122

Bleeding

as a complication from surgery, 106

as a symptom of

bladder cancer, 93

leukemia, 132, 136

melanoma, 145

uterine cancer, 185, 189

unexplained, 7, 20

Blood cancers, 5–6. See also Leukemia; Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Bone marrow, 5, 23, 36–37, 130, 234. See also Leukemia; Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

biopsies, 136–137, 157

Bone marrow (stem cell) transplant, 37, 184, 234–235

for leukemia, 138

for Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 157–158

BPH. See Benign enlargement of the prostate

Brachytherapy (internal radiation therapy), 33, 86, 104, 107, 191, 213

BRAF gene, 147, 149

Brain cancer, 109–117

defined, 109–110

diagnostic tests, 114–115

biopsies, 115

blood tests and tumor markers, 115

brain scans, 114

neurological examination, 114

spinal taps (lumbar punctures), 114–115

grades of, 112–113

organizations devoted to, 228

outcome and survival rates, 110–111

signs and symptoms, 113

statistics about, 110

treatments, 115–117

chemotherapy, 116–117

late effects of, 211

stereotactic radiation, 116

surgery, 115–116

types of, 41, 111–112

glioblastomas, 34–35, 111

gliomas, 111–112

meningiomas, 111

nerve sheath, 112

oligodendrogliomas, 41, 111–112

pituitary gland, 112

BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, 64–66, 71, 160. See also genetics under Breast cancer

Breast cancer, 61–76

defined, 61–62

diagnostic tests, 69–71

biopsies, 70

blood tests and tumor markers, 70–71

genetic testing. See genetics

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in, 70

mammograms, 64–65, 70

needle aspiration, 70

ultrasounds, 70

estrogen and, 64, 66, 70, 74

genetics and, 62–67, 70–71

BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, 64–66, 71, 160

estrogen receptor (ER) testing, 64, 70, 74

HER2 genes, 64, 70–71, 74, 208

progesterone receptor (PR) testing, 64, 70, 74

lymph nodes and, 68–69, 71–72, 211

in men, 62, 75–76, 229

organizations devoted to, 55–56, 228–229

outcome and survival rates, 63

signs and symptoms of, 69

stages of, 67–69

statistics about, 62–63

treatments, 71–74

breast conserving surgery, 72–73

chemotherapy, 73

hormonal, 74

late effects of, 211

local control surgery, 72–73

lumpectomies, 66, 72–74

mastectomies, 66–67, 71–75

oncoplastic surgery, 73

radiation therapy, 74

targeted therapy, 74

wide local excision, 73

types of, 63–65

ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 63–65, 67

inflammatory (IBC), 6, 65, 69, 72

lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), 63–64, 67

Luminal A vs. Luminal B types, 64

Paget disease, 65, 72

rare, 65

“triple negative,” 64, 66, 70–71

Breast Cancer Alliance, 228

CAM. See Complementary medicine

Cancer,

general resources, 202–203, 226. See also Resources and support

genetics and, 7–9. See also Genetic testing

life after. See Cancer survivor

primary, 212, 249

risk factors, 10–15, 218–224. See also Prevention/risk reduction

secondary, 206, 209, 212–213, 218, 237, 249

spread of. See Metastasis

support groups, 202–203. See also Resources and support

symptoms of, 5–7. See also signs and symptoms under specific cancers

types of, xviii–xix, 4–5. See also specific types

vaccines, 36–37

Cancer Care, 232

Cancer Support Community, 232

Cancer survival rate, 33, 235. See also outcome and survival rates under specific cancers

Cancer survivorship, 206–207, 217–224, 226, 228

Cancer survivorship plans, 206–207, 245

Cancer treatment centers, 53–56, 227

Cancer treatments. See also specific procedures; treatments under specific cancers

adjunct therapy, 244

adjuvant therapy, 73–74, 175, 244

choosing among, 29–30

late effects of. See Late effects

neoadjuvant therapy, 73, 248

questions to ask, 30

side effects of. See Side effects

types of, 30–41

alternative, 41–49. See also Alternative cancer treatments

chemotherapy, 31–33, 244. See also Chemotherapy

gene therapy, 36

immunotherapy, 35–37, 127. See also Immunotherapy

radiation therapy, 29, 33–34, 52. See also Radiation therapy

surgery, 30–31, 239. See also Surgery

targeted therapy, 34–35, 149, 250. See also Targeted therapy

Carcinoma, 4–5, 63–64, 235. See also Adenocarcinoma

Cardioncology, 207

CaringBridge.org, 198, 200–201, 231

Carotenoids, 221–222

CAT scans. See Computed tomography (CT) scan

Caucasians, 98, 120, 130, 132, 140, 160, 178

CBC. See Complete blood count

CDC. See Centers for Disease Control

Cells, 4–5, 7–8, 11–12, 235. See also Cytology; Genetics; Tumors

Center for Information & Study on Clinical Research Participation, 39–40

Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 93–94

Central nervous system cancers, 5

Cerebral arteriogram (cerebral angiogram), 114

Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), 115

Certified Cancer Exercise Trainer (CET), 220

Chemical treatment. See Chemotherapy

Chemo bath. See Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy

Chemoprevention, 245

Chemotherapy, 31–33, 245

administration of

adjuvant vs. neo-adjuvant, 73, 244

hyperthermic intraperitoneal (HIPEC), 32–33

intraperitoneal (IP), 166

drugs, 73

CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone), 157, 175

cisplatin, 32

imatinib (Gleevec), 117, 138, 208

temozolomide (Temodar, Temodal, and Temcad), 117

late effects of, 208, 210–213

side effects of, 32, 36, 210

treating specific cancers

bladder cancer, 127

brain cancer, 116–117

breast cancer, 73

leukemia, 138

lung cancer, 86

melanoma, 148

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 157–158

ovarian cancery, 165–166

prostate cancer, 108

soft tissue sarcoma, 175–176

testicular cancer, 183

uterine cancer, 191–192

Children’s Treehouse Foundation, 201, 231

CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone), 157, 175

Chromosome, 245

Chronic, 245

Chronic bronchitis, 79

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 133–134, 135

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 133, 135–136

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 79

Cisplatin, 32

Clear margins, 31, 75, 174, 246

Clinical trials, 38–41, 231, 246

ClinicalTrials.gov, 38, 231

CLL. See Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

CML. See Chronic myeloid leukemia

CoC. See Commission on Cancer

CollabRx, 231

Colon cancer, 89–96

adenocarcinoma, 92

defined, 89–90

diagnostic tests, 93–95

barium enemas, 94–95

biopsies, 95

blood tests and tumor markers, 95

colonoscopy, 14, 20, 93–95

digital rectal exam, 94

fecal occult blood test (FOBT), 93–94

flexible sigmoidoscopy, 20, 93–94

imaging tests, 94–95

familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), 90–91

lymph nodes and, 91–92, 95

organizations devoted to, 228

outcome and survival rates, 91

polyps, 20, 90–91, 238

signs and symptoms, 92–93

stages of, 92

statistics about, 90–01

treatments, 95–96

late effects of, 211–212

types of, 92

Colon Cancer Alliance, 16, 229

Colonoscopy, 14, 20, 93–95

Colorectal cancer. See Colon cancer

Commission on Cancer (CoC), 55, 196

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), 42, 227, 236. See also Alternative cancer treatments

Computed tomography (CT) scan, 21, 236

electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from, 12–13

image-guided biopsies using, 24, 95, 156

integrated PET-CT scanning, 22–23

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) vs., 21–22

radiation from, 25–27

“Ultrafast” vs. “spiral” or “multi-detector,” 26–27

urogram, 124

X-rays vs., 21–22, 84, 247

Connective tissue cancers. See Sarcomas

COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Cortisol, 11

Crizotinib (Xalkori), 85

Crohn’s disease, 91

Cryotherapy, 108

CSF. See Cerebral spinal fluid

CT scans. See Computed tomography (CT) scan

Curcumin, 47

CureLauncher.com, 38–39, 231

Cyberknife. See stereotactic under Radiation therapy

Cyclophosphamide, 157

Cysts

iodine deficiency and, 48–49

ovarian, 162, 164

removal of (cystectomy), 125–126

Cytogenics, 137

Cytokines, 36

Cytology, 23, 83

Cytoreduction surgery (debulking), 31, 164–165, 175, 236

Cytoscopy, 20, 124

D&C (dilation and curettage), 190

Dabrafenib (Tafinlar), 149

Dacarbazine, 175

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 41

DCIS. See Ductal carcinoma in situ

Debulking (cytoreduction surgery), 31, 164–165, 175, 236

Deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA

Depression, 197–198, 202

Diabetes, 19, 208. See also Diet and nutrition

Diagnostic tests, 18–25. See also diagnostic tests under specific cancers

biopsies, 23–24. See also Biopsies

endoscopies, 20–21. See also Endoscopies

genetic testing. See Genetic testing

imaging tests. See Imaging tests

laboratory tests, 19–20. See also Laboratory tests

physical examinations, 18–19, 163, 189

questions to ask about, 26–27

Diet and nutrition

alcohol consumption, 10–11, 14, 80, 223–224

calories, 221

fiber, 11, 14, 91, 223, 224

fruits and vegetables, 14, 44, 221–223

low glycemic diet, 44–45. See also Diabetes

processed food, 11–12, 14, 221

saturated fat, 220–221

supplements, 14, 44, 49, 222–223

antioxidant, 46–47

herbal, 46

iodine, 49

vitamins, 14, 44, 46–47, 223–224

vegetarianism, 224

weight management. See Weight

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 154–155, 157. See also Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Dilation and curettage. See D&C

Discharge, 7, 69–70, 189

DLBCL. See Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 7–9, 246. See also Genetics

Docetaxel, 175

Doctors

alternative cancer treatments, 43–49

second opinions from, 56

selecting, 52–53, 57–58

specialists. See also Oncology

hematologists, 133–134, 246

pathologists, 23–24, 71, 85, 182, 248

Down syndrome, 130, 178

Doxorubicin, 157, 175

Drugs. See Chemotherapy; Hormone therapy; Immunotherapy; Targeted therapy

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 65, 67. See also Breast cancer

E-cigarettes, 10

Eclectic Triphasic Medical System (ETMS), 45–46

EGFR. See Epidermal growth factor receptor, 95

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs), 12–13

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS), 175

EMFs. See Electromagnetic fields

Emphysema, 79

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP), 20

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), 21

Endoscopies

broncoscopy, 20

colonoscopy, 14, 20, 93–95

cytoscopy, 20, 124

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP), 20

upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGI), 20

Ependymomas, 111–112

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), 71–71, 95

Epstein-Barr virus, 152

ERCP. See Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram

Erlotinib (Tarceva), 85

ERMS. See Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

Estrogen

aromatase inhibitors (AIs) vs., 74, 166

breast cancer and, 64, 66, 70, 74

breast cancer in men and, 76

chemoprevention with, 245

estrogen receptor (ER) testing, 64, 70, 74

in hormone therapies, 35, 74, 166

luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists, 166

menopause and, 74, 166

ovarian cancer and, 66, 162, 166

tamoxifen (Nolvadex) vs., 74, 166

weight and, 186

ETMS. See Eclectic Triphasic Medical System

EUS. See Endoscopic ultrasound

Everolimus (Afinitor), 117

Exemestane (Aromasin), 74

Exercise, 14, 219–220

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELFs), 12–13

Faith, 201–202

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), 90–91. See also Colon cancer

Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (FAM-M), 140–141

Family and friends, 200–201

FAP. See Familial adenomatous polyposis

FDA. See Food and Drug Administration

Fecal occult blood test (FOBT), 93–94

Femara (letrozole), 74

Fertility, 160, 179, 184, 208–209, 212

Fever, 6, 19, 135–136, 156

Fiber, 11, 14, 91, 223, 224

Fine needle aspiration (FNA), 21, 23–24, 146, 173

FISH. See Fluorescent in situ hybridization

Flavonoids, 222

Flexible sigmoidoscopy, 20, 93–94

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), 137

FNA. See Fine needle aspiration

FOBT. See Fecal occult blood test

Follicular lymphoma, 155, 158. See also Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Food. See Diet and nutrition

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 10, 36–40, 46, 138, 175

Force: Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered, 227

Foundation for Women’s Cancers, 230

Full blood panel, 19

Gallbladder, 10, 20

Gamma Knife. See stereotactic under Radiation therapy

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), 92

GCTs. See Germ cell tumors

Gemcitabine, 175

Gene therapy, 36

Genetic Alliance, 227

Genetic testing, 9, 246

breast cancer

BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, 64–66, 71, 160

estrogen receptor (ER) testing, 64, 70, 74

HER2 genes, 64, 70–71, 74, 208

progesterone receptor (PR) testing, 64, 70, 74

direct-to-consumer testing kits, 10

leukemia, 137

melanoma, 147

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 157

prostate cancer, 98–99

Genetics, 7–9, 236. See also Genetic testing; genetics under specific cancers; specific ethnic groups

Germ cell tumors (GCTs), 8, 162, 179–180. See also Ovarian cancer; Testicular cancer

GISTs. See Gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Gleevec (imatinib), 117, 138, 208

Glioblastomas, 34–35, 111. See also Brain cancer

Gliomas, 111–112. See also Brain cancer

Gynecomastia, 75

Hair dye, 12, 120

HBOC syndrome. See Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer

Heart damage, 207–208

Helical scans. See Computed tomography (CT) scan

Helicobacter pylori, 152, 155

Hematologists, 133–134, 236

Hematopoetic growth factors, 36

Hepatitis B, 37, 212

Hepatitis C, 152, 212

HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor) gene, 64, 70–71, 74, 208

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC), 99

Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNP-CC), 91

High-dose brachytherapy (high-dose remote radiation), 86

HIPEC. See Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy

HIV/AIDS, 130, 152, 178

HNP-CC. See Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

Hormone therapy, 35, 247

anastrozole (Arimidex), 74

aromatase inhibitors (AIs), 74, 166

exemestane (Aromasin), 74

letrozole (Femara)

Lupron, 107

vs. specific cancers, 74, 107, 166, 192

tamoxifen (Nolvadex), 35, 66, 74, 76, 166, 187, 211, 235

Hormones, 11–12, 166, 236. See also Estrogen

progestorone, 64, 70, 74, 162, 192

testosterone, 35, 98, 107, 178

HPV. See Human papillomavirus

HTLV-1. See T-lymphotropic virus

Human epidermal growth factor receptor gene. See HER2 gene

Human papillomavirus (HPV), 37

Hutchinson’s melanotic freckle, 142

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), 32–33, 96

Hysterectomy, 66, 164–165, 191

IBC. See Inflammatory breast cancer

IFN. See Interferon therapy

Ifosfamide, 175

Imaging tests, 247

radiation from, 25–26

for specific cancers

bladder cancer, 124

brain cancer, 114

colon cancer, 95

leukemia, 137

lung cancer, 84

melanoma, 147

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 157

prostate cancer, 103

testicular cancer, 182

types of

bone scans, 24, 103

chest X-rays, 22, 84. See also X-rays

CT (computed tomography) scans, 21, 236. See also Computed tomography (CT) scan

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 21–22, 24–25, 237

positron emission tomography (PET), 22–23, 25, 238

ultrasounds. See Ultrasounds

X-rays. See X-rays

Imatinib (Gleevec), 117, 138, 208

Imerman Angels, 203, 232

Immune deficiency disorders, 152. See also HIV/AIDS

Immunotherapy, 35–37, 127

bladder cancer, 127

brain cancer, 117

drugs

bevacizumab (Avastin), 117, 167

everolimus (Afinitor), 117

interferon (IFN) therapy, 36, 149–150

interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy, 149–150

melanoma, 148–149

radioimmunotherapy, 34

In situ, 236. See also Ductal carcinoma in situ; Lobular carcinoma in situ

Indigestion, 7, 163

Indoles, 222

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), 6, 65, 69, 72

Integrative medicine, 42. See also Alternative cancer treatments

Interferon (IFN) therapy, 36, 149–150

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy, 149–150

Intraoperative brain mapping, 115–116

Intraoperative radiation therapy, 33

Invasive cancer, 237. See also Metastasis

Iodine deficiency, 48–49

Irritable bowel syndrome, 91, 93

Jewish ancestry, 9, 130, 160

John W. Nick Foundation, Inc., 229

Kids Konnected, 201, 231

Klinefelter’s syndrome, 76, 178

Laboratory tests

complete blood count (CBC), 19

cytology, 23, 83

tumor marker testing, 25, 70–71, 85, 95, 115, 124, 182

urinalysis, 19

Lapatinib, 74

Late effects, 207–216, 247

cardiac issues, 207–208

diabetes, 208

fertility issues, 160, 179, 184, 208–209

peripheral neuropathy, 210

psychological, 214–216. See also Mental health

secondary cancer, 206, 209, 212–213, 218, 249

skin cancer risk from radiation therapy, 214

by type of cancer, 210–214

LCIS. See Lobular carcinoma in situ

Lentigo maligna melanoma, 142

Letrozole (Femara), 74

Leukemia, 129–138

defined, 129–130

diagnostic tests, 136–137

bone marrow biopsy, 136–137

classification tests, 137

genetic testing, 137

imaging tests, 137

lumbar puncture (spinal tap), 137

fertility and, 212

lymph nodes and, 130, 132–133, 135, 137, 212

organizations devoted to, 228–229

outcome and survival rates, 130–131

petechiae, 136

Rai system of staging, 135

role of the spleen, 136

signs and symptoms, 135

stages of, 134–135

statistics about, 130

treatments, 137–138

bone marrow transplants, 138

chemotherapy, 138

late effects of, 212

splenectomy, 138

types of, 131–136

acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 132, 134, 136

acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 132, 134, 135–136

chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 133–134, 135

chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 133, 135–136

by white blood cell type, 131

Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, 229

Leukoplakia, 6

LHRH. See Luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone agonists

Liver

alcohol consumption and, 223

cancer of the, 10, 37, 233

diagnostic tests involving the, 19, 20

disease, 76

enlarged, 156

leukemia and, 130, 132, 135, 137

LMP. See Low malignant-potential

Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), 67. See also Breast cancer

Localized cancer, 30, 247. See also Metastasis

Low glycemic diet, 43

Low malignant-potential (LMP) ovarian tumors, 162, 165

Lumbar puncture test, 114–115, 137

Lumpectomies, 66, 72–74

Lumps. See Benign growths; Mass; Tumors

Lung cancer, 77–87

defined, 77–78

diagnostic tests, 83–85

biopsies, 84

blood tests and tumor markers, 85

bronchoscopy, 20, 84

chest x-rays, 84

CT scans, 84

imaging tests, 84

mediastinoscopy, 84

physical examinations, 83

pulmonary function test, 85

sputum cytology, 83

thoracentesis, 85

thoracoscopy, 85

lymph nodes and, 82, 84

among non-smokers, 78–80

organizations devoted to, 228

outcome and survival rates, 78–80

signs and symptoms of, 82–83

spread of, 87

stages of, 81–82

statistics about, 78

testicular cancer and, 180

treatments, 85–87

chemotherapy, 86

late effects of, 212

radiation therapy, 86

surgery, 86

targeted therapy, 86–87

types of, 80–81

adenocarcinoma, 81, 85

large cell, 81

small cell vs. non-small cell, 81

squamous cell, 81

Lung Cancer Alliance, 230

Lung Cancer Research Foundation, 230

Lupron, 107

Luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists, 166

Lycopene, 222

Lymph node dissection. See Lymphadenectomy

Lymph nodes, 237

diagnostic tests and, 21, 146, 148

removal of (lymphadenectomy), 32, 148, 184, 191

sentinel, 71–72, 146, 148

specific cancers

bladder cancer and, 123, 126

breast cancer and, 68–69, 71–72, 211

colon cancer and, 91–92, 95

leukemia and, 130, 132–133, 135, 137

lung cancer and, 82, 84

melanoma and, 143–144, 146, 148

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, 156

ovarian cancer and, 162, 164

prostate cancer and, 101–102, 105

soft tissue sarcoma and, 171–172

testicular cancer and, 179–181, 183–184

uterine cancer and, 185, 187–188, 190–191

Lymphadenectomy (lymph node removal/dissection), 32, 148, 184, 190. See also Lymphedema

Lymphatic system, 237. See also Lymph nodes

Lymphedema, 32, 72, 148, 211, 213. See also Lymphadenectomy

Lymphoma, 92. See also Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Lymphoma Research Foundation, 229

Lynch syndrome, 91, 120, 160

mABs. See Monoclonal antibodies

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 21–22, 24–25, 247

Malignancy, 248. See also Metastasis

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), 172. See also Soft tissue sarcoma

MALT. See Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma

Mammograms, 64–65, 70

Mantle cell lymphoma. See chronic lymphocytic leukemia under Leukemia, types of

Marginal zone lymphoma. See chronic lymphocytic leukemia under Leukemia, types of

Mass, 4, 30–31, 237. See also Benign growths; Tumors

Mastectomies, 66–67, 71–75

Medical imaging, 237. See also Imaging tests

Medical oncology. See Oncology

Medical records. See Personal health records

Mediterranean Diet, 224

Mekinist (trametinib), 149

Melanoma, 139–149

advanced cases of, 148

basal cell cancer vs., 145

BRAF gene, 147, 149

classification systems of, 142

defined, 139–140

diagnostic tests, 145–147

biopsies, 145–146

genetic testing, 147

imaging tests, 147

physical examination, 145

dysplastic nevus (mole) syndrome, 140–141

familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (FAM-M), 140–141

genetics and, 140–141

lymph nodes and, 143–144, 146, 148

moles, 144–145

organizations devoted to, 228

outcome and survival rates, 141–142

seborrheic keratosis vs., 145

signs and symptoms, 144–145

stages of, 142–144

statistics about, 140–141

treatments, 147–149

for advanced cases, 148

chemotherapy, 148

immunotherapy, 148–149

late effects of, 212

lymph node dissection, 146, 148

Mohs surgery, 147–148

radiation therapy, 148

surgery, 146–148

targeted therapy, 149

types of, 142

acral lentiginous, 142

BRAF V600 mutant melanomas, 149

Hutchinson’s melanotic freckle, 142

lentigo maligna, 142

nodular, 142

superficial spreading, 142

Melanoma Research Foundation, 229

Men’s health. See men under Breast cancer; Prostate cancer; Testicular cancer

Meningiomas, 111. See also Brain cancer

Menopause, 74, 166, 186, 189, 192, 209

Mental health, 195–203

anxiety, 198–199, 215–216

depression, 197–198, 202

faith, 201–202

family and friends, 200–201

fear of recurrence, 215

joy, 199–200

mentoring, 203, 232

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 216

stress, 10–11, 196–197

suicidal thoughts, 198

support groups, 202–203. See also Resources and support

Mentoring, 203, 232

Metastasis, 237

chemotherapy and, 73, 175

diagnostic tests, 24

surgery and, 148, 175

targeted therapy and, 149

by type of cancer

brain, 109–110, 116

breast, 73

lung, 180

melanoma, 148–149

ovarian, 164–165

prostate, 101

soft tissue sarcoma, 175

testicular, 180, 184

vaccines against, 36–37

MFH. See Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

Mohs surgery, 147–148

Molecular testing. See Genetic testing

Molecular therapies. See Targeted therapy

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 34, 36, 95, 153, 155, 157–158, 248

Monosodium glutamate (MSG), 12

MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging

MSG. See Monosodium glutamate

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, 155. See also Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Myelograms, 114

NAPBC. See Nationally Accredited Program for Breast Centers

National Breast Cancer Foundation, 228

National Cancer Act, 13

National Cancer Institute (NCI), 226, 227

cancer center rankings, 54, 227

research and recommendations from, 26, 37, 166

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), 42, 227

National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship, 226

National Comprehensive Care Network, 226, 164

National Council Against Health Fraud, 49

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 38, 42, 44. See also National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

National Society of Genetic Counselors, 227

Nationally Accredited Program for Breast Centers (NAPBC), 55–56

NCCAM. See National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

NCI. See National Cancer Institute

Neoadjuvant therapy, 73, 238

Nerve sheath cancer, 112. See also Brain cancer

NIH. See National Institutes of Health

Nitrates, 14, 221

NK-cell lymphoma, 154. See also Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Nodular melanoma, 142

Nolvadex (tamoxifen), 35, 66, 74, 76, 166, 187, 211, 235

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 151–158

defined, 151–152

diagnostic tests, 156–157

biopsies, 156–157

bone marrow biopsy and aspiration, 157

genetic testing, 157

imaging tests, 157

physical examination, 156

lymph nodes and, 156

organizations devoted to, 228

outcome and survival rates, 153

signs and symptoms, 156

stages of, 156

statistics about, 152–153

treatments, 157–158

bone marrow transplant, 158

chemotherapy, 157–158

late effects of, 212–213

rituximab (Rituxan), 153, 157

types of, 153–155

B-cell, 154

diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 154–155, 157

follicular, 155, 158

mantle cell lymphoma, 155. See also chronic lymphocytic leukemia under Leukemia, types of

marginal zone lymphoma, 155. See also chronic lymphocytic leukemia under Leukemia, types of

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, 155

NK-cell, 154

small lymphotic lymphoma, 155. See also chronic lymphocytic leukemia under Leukemia, types of

T-cell, 154

Non-ionizing radiation, 85

Non-small cell cancer, 80–81, 85–86. See also Lung cancer

Novalis. See stereotactic under Radiation therapy

Nutrition. See Diet and nutrition

Oat-cell cancer, 81. See also Lung cancer

Obesity, 10, 91, 99, 189, 219, 221. See also Weight

Oligoastrocytomas, 112

Oligodendrogliomas, 41, 111–112. See also Brain cancer

Oncogenes, 7–8, 64, 238. See also Genetics

Oncology, 248

cardioncology, 207

medical, 52, 248

radiation, 29, 33–34. 52, 249

surgical, 173–174, 52

Oncoplastic surgery, 73

Orchiectomy, 192

Ovarian cancer, 159–167

defined, 159–160

diagnostic tests, 163–164

biopsy, 164

CA-125 test, 164

pelvic exam, 163

transvaginal ultrasound, 164

estrogen and, 162, 166

lymph nodes and, 162, 164

noncancerous cysts, 162, 164

organizations devoted to, 228

outcome and survival rates, 160–161

signs and symptoms, 163

stages of, 162–163

statistics about, 160

treatments, 164–167

chemotherapy, 165–166

hormone therapy, 166

late effects of, 213

radiation therapy, 167

surgery (debulking), 164–165, 236

targeted therapy, 166–167

types of, 162

epithelial carcinoma, 162

low malignant-potential (LMP) ovarian tumors, 162

ovarian germ cell tumors, 162

ovarian stromal tumors, 162

Ovarian Cancer National Alliance, 163, 230

Paget disease, 65, 72. See also Breast cancer

Palliative care, 248

Pancreas, 5, 10, 20, 221, 244

Panitumumab (Vectibix), 95. See also Monoclonal antibodies

Pap smears, 23

Pathologists, 23–24, 71, 85, 182, 248

Patient navigators, 56–57. See also American Cancer Society

Pazopanib, 175

PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction

Pelvic examinations, 163, 189

Personal health records, 16–18

Personalized therapy. See Targeted therapy

Pertuzumab, 74

Pesticides, 12

PET. See Positron emission tomography

Petechiae, 136

Physical examinations, 18–19, 163, 189

Pituitary gland, 112. See also Brain cancer

Placebos, 38–40, 46

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 137

Polyps, 20, 90–91, 248

Positron emission tomography (PET), 22–23, 25, 248

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 216

Precancerous growths, 90, 238

Predictive testing. See Genetic testing

Predisposition, 9, 238. See also Genetic testing

Prednisone, 157

Premenopause, 166. See also Menopause

Prevention/risk reduction, 13–14, 218–224

alcohol use, 10–11, 14, 80, 223–224

diet, 220–224. See also Diet and nutrition

physical activity, 14, 219–220

smoking, 218–219. See also Tobacco use

weight management, 219. See also Weight

Previvors, 66

Primary cancer, 212, 249

Progesterone, 64, 70, 74, 162, 192

Prognosis, 238. See also outcome and survival rates under specific cancers

Prostate cancer, 97–108

aggressiveness of, 101

benign enlargement of the prostate (BPH), 100

chemoprevention, 245

defined, 98

diagnostic tests, 103

biopsies, 103

digital rectal exam, 102–104

imaging tests, 103

protein specific antigen (PSA) test, 99–101

early stage, 103–104

finasteride, 235

genetics and, 98–99

glandular (adenocarcinoma), 98, 100

Gleason Score, 101

lymph nodes and, 101–102, 105

organizations devoted to, 228

outcome and survival rates, 99

protein specific antigen (PSA) test, 99–101

signs and symptoms, 102

stages of, 101–102

statistics about, 98–99

TMN (tumor, node, metastases) system, 101

treatments, 103–108, 213

active surveillance, 103–104

brachytherapy, 107

estrogen, 213

external beam radiation, 107

intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), 107

laparoscopic prostatectomies, 105–106

late effects of, 213

prostatectomies, 105–106

proton therapy, 107

radical open prostatectomy, 105–106

radiation therapy, 107

robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, 106

robotic-assisted prostatectomy, 105

types of, 100

Prostate Cancer Foundation, 230

Proton therapy (proton-beam radiation therapy), 107

Proto-oncogene, 7–8 See also Genetics

PTSD. See Post-traumatic stress disorder

Pulmonary carcinoma. See Lung cancer

QuackWatch.com, 49

Questions to ask

about clinical trials, 38–41

about diagnostic tests, 18, 26–27

when selecting a doctor, 57–58

QuitNet, 231

Radiation therapy (radiation oncology), 29, 33–34, 52, 249

adjuvant, 74

external beam, 191

heart damage from, 207–208

intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), 107

internal (brachytherapy), 33, 86, 104, 107, 191, 213

intraoperative, 33

proton therapy (proton-beam radiation therapy), 107

radioactive “tracers,” 24

radioimmunotherapy, 34

side effects of, 33

skin cancer risk from, 214

stereotactic, 116

systemic, 33–34

as treatment for

bladder cancer, 127

brain cancer, 116

breast cancer, 74

lung cancer, 86

melanoma, 148

ovarian cancer, 167

prostate cancer, 107

soft tissue sarcoma, 175

testicular cancer, 183

uterine cancer, 191

Radioimmunotherapy, 34

Radiology, 249. See also Imaging tests; Radiation therapy

Radon, 80

Rash, 69

rBGH. See Recombinant bovine growth hormone

Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH), 12

Remission, 239

Research trials. See Clinical trials

Resectoscope, 125

Resources and support, 202–203

alternative, complementary, and integrative medicine, 227

general information, 226

genetic and hereditary cancers, 227

medical associations, 227–228

organizations by type, 228–230

psychological resources, 231