Anonymous, Poema de Mío Cid.
Gutenberg prints the first Latin Bible (42 lines) at Mainz.
Spanish conquest of Granada; expulsion of the Moors; the monarchy of Isabelle of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon is consolidated. The Catholic Monarchs finance the voyage of Christopher Columbus that will lead to the discovery of the New World.
Fernando de Rojas, La Celestina.
Garci Ordoñez (Rodríguez de Montalvo), Amadís de Gaula.
The future Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V of Germany) is crowned King Charles I of Spain at age sixteen.
The Council of Trent convenes. Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter Reformation are discussed until 1564.
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (d. 1616) and Mateo Alemán (d. 1615) are born.
Anonymous, Vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades (first picaresque novel).
Jorge de Montemayor’s Diana, the most important Spanish pastoral novel, is published.
William Shakespeare (d. 1616) and Christopher Marlowe (d. 1593) are born.
Torquato Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered.
Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (d. 1660) is born in Seville. Mateo Alemán, Guzmán de Alfarache Part I.
Francisco Gómez de Quevedo, La vida del buscón. (Date of writing, presumed but not confirmed; first published 1626.)
Mateo Alemán, Guzmán de Alfarache Part II.
Cervantes, Don Quijote. Part I. Shakespeare, King Lear, Macbeth. Virginia Company of London, granted a royal charter, sends 120 colonists to Virginia. Galileo Galilei invents the proportional compass.
Francisco de Quevedo, El mundo por de dentro.
Cervantes, El Coloquio de los perros.
Domenico Theotocopulos, “El Greco,” moves to Toledo.
Cervantes, Don Quijote Part II.
Cervantes, Los trabajos de Persiles y Segismunda.
Vicente Espinel, Marcos de Obregón.
Pilgrims arrive in New Plymouth, Massachusetts, aboard the Mayflower. Velázquez, The Water Seller of Seville. Jacopo Sannazaro, Arcadia.
Velázquez made court painter to Philip IV.
Quevedo, Sueños. Rembrandt: The Money Changer. Rubens, Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine.
Velázquez, Cristo.
Pedro Calderón de la Barca, La vida es sueño.
Calderón, El mágico prodigioso; Pierre Corneille, Le Cid.
Luis Vélez de Guevara, El diablo cojuelo.
Velázquez, Las meninas.
John Milton, Paradise Lost.
King Charles II of Spain dies. End of the Spanish Hapsburgs. Philip V, grandson of Louis XIV, declared heir to the Spanish throne. English take Gibraltar.
Spanish National Library founded in Madrid.
Royal Academy of the (Spanish) Language founded in Madrid.
England declares war on Spain.
France declares war on Spain. Ireland declared inseparable from England. Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe.
Spain occupies Texas. First serialization of novels in newspapers in France.
Charles Montesquieu, Persian Letters (epistolary novel). Johann Sebastian Bach, Brandenburg Concertos.
Benito Jerónimo Feijoo, Teatro crítico universal (1726–1740). Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels.
Bach, Saint Matthew Passion.
Petrus van Musschenbroek, Cours de physique experimentale et mathématique.
Abbé Prévost, Manon Lescaut.
Covent Garden Opera House opens in London.
French abolished in English courts.
Diego de Torres Villarroel, Los desahuciados del mundo.
Ignacio de Luzán, Poetics (prescriptive rules for writing neoclassic drama).
George Frederick Handel, Messiah.
Torres Villarroel, Vida. Handel’s Samson given at Covent Garden Opera House.
Treaty of Aranjuez between Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Henry Fielding, Amelia. Charlotte Lennox, The Female Quixote.
Etienne Bonnot de Condillac, Traité des sensations.
José Francisco de Isla, Historia del famoso predicador Fray Gerundio de Campazas.
Voltaire, Candide (philosophical novel).
British capture Martinique, Grenada, Havana, and Manila. José Clavijo y Fajardo, El pensador (1762–67). Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Social Contract.
Horace Walpole, The Castle of Otranto (Gothic novel).
Laurence Sterne, Tristram Shandy.
Sterne, A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy.
Judge William Murray decides that a slave is free as soon as he sets foot in England. Choderlos de Laclos, Dangerous Liaisons.
Boston Tea Party in protest against tax on tea. Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, El delincuente honrado.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe, The Sorrows of Young Werther.
James Watt perfects his invention of the steam engine. The waltz is fashionable in Austria.
The American colonies declare independence from the British Crown. F. M. von Klinger, Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress).
Diego Ventura Rejón y Lucas, Aventuras de Juan Luis.
Spain conquers Florida.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Mass in C minor.
Pedro Montengón, El Eusebio. François Vernes, Le voyageur sentimental, ou ma Promenade à Yverdun.
The Constitution of the United States is framed and signed. The US Federal Government is established, and the dollar is adopted as the official currency of the United States.
Ignacio García Malo, Flavio e Irene, La desventurada Margarita in Voz de la naturaleza.
Emmanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason. 1788–9: José Cadalso, Cartas marruecas.
Washington, DC founded.
Bernardo María de Calzada translates Vernes’s Le voyageur sentimental.
Vicente Martínez Colomer, El Valdemaro. Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Women.
Marquis de Sade, La philosophie dans le boudoir (novel). Jacques Louis David, The Death of Marat. Francisco de Goya, The Capricho Series. Cadalso, Cartas marruecas.
Goya, Procession of the Flagellants.
Goya, The Duchess of Alba.
Antonio Valladares de Sotomayor, La Leandra.
José Mor de Fuentes, La Serafina. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lyrical Ballads. 1798–1801: El ramillete, o los aguinaldos de Apolo.
Ludwig van Beethoven, Symphony Number 1. Josef Haydn, The Creation.
Thomas Jefferson President of the United States. Schiller, Maria Stuart. Mme. De Staël, On Literature.
François René de Chateaubriand, Atala (novel). Goya, The Two Majas. David, Napoleon Crossing the Saint Bernard.
Jean Senebier, Essai sur l’art d’observer et de faire des expériences.
The Louisiana Purchase.
Louise Brayer de Saint-Léon, Maclovie ou les mines du Tirol.
Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson defeats the Franco-Spanish fleets at Cape Trafalgar. Jerónimo Martín Bernardo, El Emprendedor. Chateaubriand, René (Romantic novel).
Official abolition of the Holy Roman Empire.
French Army occupies Madrid and Barcelona. Spanish royal family in exile. Joseph Bonaparte becomes king of Spain. Rebellion in Madrid. Joseph Bonaparte flees. Goya, Execution of the Citizens of Madrid. Chateaubriand, The Adventures of the Last Avencerraje. Beethoven, Symphonies 5 and 6 (Pastoral). Schiller, William Tell.
Walter Scott, The Lady of the Lake. Goya, “The Disasters of War” (engravings).
Duke of Wellington gains the upper hand in the Peninsular War. Jane Austen, Sense and Sensibility.
Spain writes its Liberal Constitution in Cadiz. Napoleon invades Russia. Duke of Wellington arrives in Madrid. Beethoven, Symphonies 7 and 8. Goya, Portrait of the Duke of Wellington.
Simón Bolívar President of Venezuela. Mexico declares independence from Spain. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice.
Ferdinand VII returns to Spain and nullifies the Liberal Constitution of 1812. Jane Austen, Mansfield Park. Goya, The Second of May 1808 and The Third of May 1808. Walter Scott, Waverly. Maclovia y Federico o las minas del Tirol (translated from the French of Louise Brayer de Saint-Léon).
Napoleon defeated at Waterloo. Goya, Tauromaquia (etchings).
Argentina declares independence. José Luis Munárriz translates Hugh Blair’s Lecciones sobre la retórica y las bellas letras. Jane Austen, Emma. Goya, The Duke of Osuna.
George Gordon, Lord Byron, Don Juan. Prado Museum founded in Madrid.
Revolution in Spain. King Ferdinand VII forced to restore Constitution of 1812. José Marchena, Lecciones de filosofía moral y elocuencia de los mejores autores castellanos. Walter Scott, Ivanhoe. Shelley, Prometheus Unbound.
Alessandro Manzoni, The Betrothed. Alexander Pushkin, Boris Godunov.
James Fennimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans.
Mariano José de Larra founds his newspaper El duende satírico del día, in which he publishes his first articles on the mores of the day.
Washington Irving, The Conquest of Granada (best seller).
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, “Elogio fúnebre de Carlos III,” Colección de varias obras en prosa y verso. Victor Hugo, Hernani. Stendhal, Le Rouge et le Noir.
Charles Darwin sails on an expedition to the southern hemisphere. Honoré de Balzac, La peau de chagrin. Victor Hugo, Notre Dame de Paris.
Larra founds his second newspaper, El pobrecito hablador, in which he continues to publish his articles on the mores of the day.
Isabella II proclaimed Queen of Spain. Balzac, Eugénie Grandet. Pushkin, The Bronze Horseman.
Spanish Inquisition abolished after 500 years of existence. Larra, El doncel de don Enrique el doliente. Balzac, Le Père Goriot. Edward Bulwer Lytton, The Last Days of Pompeii.
Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire, first negative photograph, taken by William Henry Fox Talbot. The expression “l’art pour l’art,” coined by the French Philospher Victor Cousin, comes into general use.
Mesonero Romanos, Escenas matritenses. Charles Dickens, Pickwick Papers (serialized). Alfred de Musset, Confessions d’un enfant du siècle. Mendelssohn’s Saint Paul premiered in Düsseldorf.
Victoria becomes Queen of England. Balzac, Illusions perdues. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Twice Told Tales.
Dickens, Oliver Twist. Auguste Comte gives the basic social science the name of Sociology. The Darrege–Niepce method of photography presented at the Academy of Science and the Academy of Art in Paris.
Stendhal, La chartreuse de Parme. Edgar Allan Poe, The Fall of the House of Usher.
Larra, Macías.
Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, Sab.
Balzac begins publication of La comédie humaine. Eugène Sue, Les mystères de Paris. Nicolai Gogol, Dead Souls, Part I. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Poems of Slavery.
José Zorrilla, Don Juan Tenorio. Alexandre Dumas, senior, The Count of Monte Cristo. Enrique Gil y Carrasco, El señor de Bembibre. Wenceslao Ayguals de Izco, Ernestina. Juan Martínez Villergas, Los misterios de Madrid (1844–5). José Nicasio Milá de la Roca, Los misterios de Barcelona. Anon., Madrid y sus misterios.
Ayguals de Izco, María, la hija de un jornalero (1845–6). Anon., Los misterios de Córdoba.
Prosper Mérimée, Carmen. George Sand, La mare au diable.
Estébanez Calderón, Escenas andaluzas. Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre. Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights. William Makepiece Thackeray, Vanity Fair.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto. John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy. François-René de Chateaubriand, Mémoires d’outretombe. Alexander Dumas, junior, La Dame aux camélias.
Fernán Caballero (Cecilia Böhl de Faber), La gaviota. Dickens, David Copperfield.
Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter. Richard Wagner, Lohengrin.
Longfellow, The Golden Legend. Herman Melville, Moby Dick. Hawthorne, The House of Seven Gables. Giuseppi Verdi, Rigoletto.
Fernán Caballero, Clemencia, Cuadros de costumbres. Elia o la España treinta años ha. Carmen Coronado, Poesías. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass.
Fernán Caballero, La familia de Alvareda.
Charles Baudelaire, Les fleurs du mal. Gustave Flaubert, Madam. Bovary. Thackeray, The Virginians.
Manuel Angelón y Broquetas, El pendón de Santa Eulalia. Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities. Alfred Tennyson, Idylls of the King. Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection. Mill, Essay On Liberty. Verdi, Un Ballo in Maschera.
Rosalía de Castro, La hija del mar.
Ceferino Tressera, Los misterios del Saladero.
Outbreak of American Civil War. Dickens, Great Expectations. Fëodor Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Elsie Venner.
Rafael del Castillo, Misterios catalanes o el obrero de Barcelona. Ivan Turgenev, Fathers and Sons. Flaubert, Salammbô.
María del Pilar Sinués de Marco, Celeste. Francisco Suárez, Los demócratas o El ángel de la libertad.
Leo Tolstoi, War and Peace.
Abraham Lincoln assassinated. American Civil War ends. Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Franz Peter Schubert, Unfinished Symphony. Wagner, Tristan and Isolde.
Dostoevski, Crime and Punishment.
Benito Pérez Galdós, La fontana de oro. Castro, El caballero de las botas azules.
Revolution in Spain. Isabella II is deposed and flees the country. Dostoevski, The Idiot. Louisa May Alcott, Little Women.
Flaubert, Sentimental Education. Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad. Paul Verlaine, Fêtes Galantes.
Assassination of General Juan Prim. Galdós, La sombra, “Observaciones sobre la novela contemporánea.” Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. Wagner, The Valkyrie.
Galdós, El audaz. George Eliot, Middlemarch. Emile Zola, La fortune des Rougon (beginning Rougon-Macquart series). Giuseppe Verdi, Aida.
Spanish Carlist Civil War. Jules Verne, Around the World in 80 Days.
First Spanish Republic. Galdós, Episodios nacionales (beginning first series). Nicolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov, Ivan the Terrible. Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky, Symphony number 2. First color photographs developed.
The Restoration: Alfonso XII king of Spain. Juan Valera, Pepita Jiménez. José Antonio de Alarcón, El sombrero de tres picos. Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd. First Impressionist exhibition in Paris. “Impressionism” derived from name of Monet’s painting Impression: Sunrise. Verdi, Requiem.
Galdós, Memorias de un cortesano de 1815. Tolstoi, Anna Karenina. Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.
Galdós, Doña Perfecta. Giner de los Ríos founds the “Institución libre de enseñanza.”
Galdós, Gloria, Los cien mil hijos de San Luis. Henry James, The American.
Thomas Hardy, The Return of the Native. René Sully-Prudhomme, Justice.
Galdós, Un faccioso más y algunos frailes menos. Henrik Ibsen, A Doll’s House. Henry James, Daisy Miller.
Sinués de Marco, Las sendas de la gloria. Dostoevski, The Brothers Karamazov. Zola, Nana. Rodin, The Thinker (sculpture).
Galdós, La desheredada. Henry James, Portrait of a Lady. Guy de Maupassant, La Maison Tellier.
Galdós, El amigo Manso. Pardo Bazán, La tribuna José María de Pereda, El sabor de la tierruca.
Pardo Bazán, La cuestión palpitante, essays on Naturalism. Pereda, Pedro Sánchez.
Clarín, La Regenta (1884–5). Galdós, La de Bringas, Tormento. Pardo Bazán, El cisne de Vilamorta. Pereda, Sotileza. Narcís Oller, Notas de color. Mark Twain, Huckleberry Finn. Joris-Karl Huysmans, A rebours.
Regency of the Queen Mother, María Cristina. 1885: Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil. Marx, Das Kapital. Van Gogh, The Potato Eaters.
Galdós, Fortunata y Jacinta (1886–7). Pardo Bazán, Los pazos de Ulloa. Henry James, The Bostonians. Robert Louis Stevenson, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Statue of Liberty dedicated in New York. Auguste Rodin, The Kiss.
Pardo Bazán, La madre naturaleza. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, A Study in Scarlet (first Sherlock Holmes story).
Rubén Darío, Azul. Galdós, Miau, La incógnita (1888–89). Valera, Apuntes sobre el arte nuevo de escribir novelas. Oscar Wilde, The Happy Prince, and Other Tales. Van Gogh, The Yellow Chair. Rimsky-Korsakov, Sheherazade. Zola, Le rêve.
Galdós, Realidad. Zola, “The Experimental Novel.”
Galdós, Angel Guerra. Ibsen, Hedda Gabler.
Clarín, Su único hijo. Pardo Bazán, La piedra angular. Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray. Conan Doyle, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.
Narcís Oller, Figura i paisatge. Bernard Shaw, Mrs. Warren’s Profession. Ibsen, The Master Builder. Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge. Première of Tchaikovski’s Nutcracker ballet in St. Petersburg.
Oller, La febre d’or. Wilde, A Woman of No Importance.
Miguel de Unamuno, En torno al casticismo. Ramón del Valle Inclán, Femeninas. Valera, Juanita la Larga. Pereda, Peñas arriba. Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, Flor de mayo. Theodor Fontane, Effi Briest. Tchaikovski, Swan Lake ballet at St. Petersburg. Sigmund Freud, Studies on Hysteria. The Lumière brothers invent cinematography.
Pereda, Pachín González. Rainer Maria Rilke, Larenofer (poems). Anton Chekov, The Sea Gull. Giacomo Puccini, La Bohème.
Cánovas del Castillo, conservative Prime Minister of Spain, assassinated by an Italian anarchist. Unamuno, Paz en la guerra. Galdós, Misericordia.
US declares war on Spain over Cuba. Spanish fleet in Manila is destroyed. Treaty of Paris whereby Spain cedes to the US Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines for twenty million dollars. Galdós, Mendizábal. Ganivet, Los trabajos del infatigable creador Pío Cid. Blasco Ibáñez, La barraca. Henry James, The Turn of the Screw. Oscar Wilde, The Ballad of Reading Gaol. Bernard Shaw, Caesar and Cleopatra.
Galdós, La estafeta romántica, Luchana, Vergara. Oller, La bogeria. Tolstoi, Resurrection. Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest. André Gide, Le Prométhée mal enchaîné.
Pío Baroja, Vidas sombrías. Galdós, Los ayacuchos, Bodas reales. Joseph Conrad, Lord Jim. Maxim Gorky, Three People. Freud, Interpretation of Dreams. Pablo Picasso, Le Moulin de la Galette. Paul Cézanne, Still Life with Onions. Toulouse-Lautrec, La Modiste. R. A. Fessenden transmits human speech via radio waves.
Thomas Mann, Buddenbrooks. First motorcycles.
Unamuno, Amor y pedagogía. Baroja, Camino de perfección. Valle-Inclán, Sonata de otoño. Azorín, La voluntad. Galdós, Las tormentas del 48, Narváez. Joseph Conrad, Youth. Gide, The Immoralist. Conan Doyle, The Hound of the Baskervilles. Paul Gauguin, Riders by the Sea.
Valle-Inclán, Sonata de estío. Galdós, Los duendes de la camarilla. James, The Ambassadors. Verdi’s Ernani, first opera recorded.
Picasso, The Two Sisters (blue period). Valle Inclán, Sonata de primavera. Galdós, La revolución de julio. Gabriel Miró, Del vivir. Puccini, Madame Butterfly.
Albert Einstein formulates theory of relativity. Freud, Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex. Art exhibition under Matisse’s leadership called the “Fauves.” Valle-Inclán, Sonata de invierno. Pardo Bazán, La quimera. Edith Wharton, House of Mirth. E. M. Forster, Where Angels Fear to Tread.
Galdós, Prim. Conrad, The Secret Agent.
First Cubist exhibition in Paris. Picasso, The Demoiselles of Avignon. Marc Chagall, Peasant Women. Falla, La vida breve. Claude Debussy, Iberia. Galdós, La de los tristes destinos, España sin rey. Ramón Pérez de Ayala, Tinieblas en las cumbres.
Valle-Inclán, Los cruzados de la causa. Blasco Ibánez, Sangre y arena. G. K. Chesterton, The Man who Was Thursday. Forster, A Room with a View. Anatole France, The Island of the Penguins. Gertrude Stein, Three Lives. Henri Matisse coins the term “Cubism.” The Ford Motor Company produces the first “Model T.”
General strike in Barcelona. The army attacks the workers “Tragic Week.” Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, first Futurist Manifesto. Matisse, The Dance. Frank Lloyd Wright, “Robie House” in Chicago. Valle Inclán, El resplandor de la hoguera, Gerifaltes de antaño. Galdós, España trágica.
The Mexican Revolution breaks out. Baroja, César o nada. Galdós, Amadeo I. Gabriel Miró, Las cerezas del cementerio. Ramón Gómez de la Serna, Greguerías (1910–1960). Carmen de Burgos, El veneno del arte. Forster, Howard’s End. Amedeo Modigliani, The Cellist. The “tango craze” is in full international swing.
Mexican Civil War ends. General strike in Spain. The first National Commission of Workers is created in Barcelona. Baroja, El árbol de la ciencia. Galdós, La primera República, De Cartago a Sagunto. Pardo Bazán, Dulce dueño. Pérez de Ayala, La pata de la raposa. D. H. Lawrence, The White Peacock. Katherine Mansfield, In a German Pension. George Braque, Man with a Guitar. Paul Klee, Self-portrait.
Canalejas, Prime Minister of Spain, is assassinated by an anarchist. Lenin takes over editorship of Pravda, with Stalin’s approval. The Titanic sinks. Baroja, El mundo es ansí. Galdós, Cánovas. Somerset Maugham, The Land of Promise (play). Picasso, The Violin.
Unamuno, Del sentimiento trágico de la vida. Baroja, Memorias de un hombre de acción (1913–34). Jacinto Benavente, La malquerida (play). Pérez de Ayala, Troteras y
danzaderas. Willa Cather, O Pioneers! Lawrence, Sons and Lovers. Première of Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion in Vienna. Guillaume Apollinaire, The Cubist Painters.
Outbreak of First World War. Millions of European immigrants begin to come to the US. Panama Canal opens. José Ortega y Gasset, Meditaciones del Quijote. Unamuno, Niebla. Miró, El humo dormido. Concha Espina, La esfinge maragata. Conrad, Chance. James Joyce, Dubliners. Robert Frost, North of Boston. Marcel Proust initiates publication of Remembrance of Things Past with Du Côté de chez Swann. Charles Chaplin, Making a Living.
Marcel Duchamp, “The Large Glass Series” (1915–23). Carmen de Burgos, El abogado. Lawrence, The Rainbow. Somerset Maugham, Of Human Bondage.
Galdós, “Memorias de un desmemoriado.” Freud, Introduction to Psychoanalysis. Joyce, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. Four suffragists arrested and sentenced to six months in prison for picketing the White House. Picasso designs surrealist sets and costumes for Satie’s ballet Parade. C. G. Jung, Psychology of the Unconscious. Unamuno, Abel Sánchez. Carmen de Burgos, La rampa. Miró, El libro de Sigüenza.
Allied victory ends the First World War. Ex-Czar Nicholas II and his family are executed. US Post Office burns instalments of James Joyce’s Ulysses published in the Little Review. First exhibition of Miró’s paintings. Tristan Tzara, Dadaist Manifesto. Cather, My Ántonia.
Benito Mussolini founds Fascism. Third International is founded in Moscow. Race riots in Chicago. American steel strike, New York dock workers’ strike. International Labor Conference in Washington endorses eight-hour workday. Gide, La Symphonie pastorale. Herman Hesse, Demian. Upton Sinclair, Jimmy Higgins. Klee, Dream Birds. Picasso, Pierrot et Harlequin, sets for Diaghilev’s production of Manuel de Falla’s ballet The Three-Cornered Hat performed in London.
The Spanish Communist Party is founded. Galdós dies. Unamuno, Tres novelas ejemplares y un prólogo, El Cristo de Velázquez (poem). Valle Inclán, Divinas palabras (play).
Sherwood Anderson, Poor White. F. Scott Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise. Franz Kafka, A Country Doctor. Sinclair Lewis, Main Street. The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (film). Paul Valéry, Le cimetière marin. Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence.
Eduardo Dato, Spanish Prime Minister, assassinated. Unamuno, La tía Tula. José Ortega y Gasset, España invertebrada. Pérez de Ayala, Belarmino y Apolonio. Gómez de la Serna, El secreto del acueducto. Miró, Nuestro padre San Daniel. John Dos Passos, Three Soldiers. Aldous Huxley, Chrome Yellow. Lawrence, Women in Love. Luigi Pirandello, Six Characters in Search of an Author (play). Virginia Woolf, Monday or Tuesday. Braque, Still Life with Guitar. Picasso, Three Musicians.
Benavente receives the Nobel Prize for Literature. Federico García Lorca and Manuel de Falla, Cante Jondo. Joyce, Ulysses. Sinclair Lewis, Babbitt. T. S. Eliot, The Wasteland.
Miguel Primo de Rivera dictator of Spain. Lenin is succeeded by Stalin. José Ortega y Gasset founds Revista de Occidente. Pérez de Ayala, A.M.G.D. Gómez de la Serna, El novelista. Margarita Nelken, La trampa del arenal. e.e. cummings, The Enormous Room. Freud, The Ego and the Id.
Baroja, Las figuras de cera. Carmen de Burgos, La entrometida. André Breton, Surrealist Manifesto. Thomas Mann, The Magic Mountain. Eugene O’Neill, Desire Under the Elms.
Unamuno, La agonía del cristianismo. Ortega y Gasset, La deshumanización del arte, Notas sobre la novela. Dos Passos, Manhattan Transfer. Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby. Kafka, The Trial. Gertrude Stein, The Making of Americans. Female fashion: waistline in dresses disappears, skirts above the knee.
Valle-Inclán, Tirano Banderas. Azorín, Doña Inés. Pérez de Ayala, Tigre Juan y el curandero de su honra. Miró, El obispo leproso. Benjamín Jarnés, El profesor inútil. Pedro Salinas, Vísperas del gozo (poetry). Gide, The Counterfeiters. Ernest Hemingway, The Sun Also Rises. Kafka, The Castle. Duke Ellington’s first record appears.
The German economic system collapses. Trotsky expelled from Communist party. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time. García Lorca, Romancero gitano (poetry). Valle-Inclán, La corte de los milagros. Luis Buñuel, El perro andaluz. Cather, Death Comes for the Archbishop. Jean Cocteau, Orpheus and La Machine infernale. Marcel Proust, Remembrance of Things Past (completed; begin in 1914). Virginia Woolf, To the Lighthouse. Igor Stravinsky, Oedipus Rex, Paris.
Valle Inclán, Viva mi dueño. Benjamín Jarnés, El convidado de papel. Miró, Años y leguas. Federica Montseny, La indomable. José Díaz Fernández, El blocao. Bertolt Brecht, The Threepenny Opera. Aldous Huxley, Point Counterpoint. Lawrence, Lady Chatterley’s Lover. Virginia Woolf, Orlando. Maurice Ravel, Bolero. Walt Disney produces the first Mickey Mouse films. First scheduled television broadcast. First motion pictures with sound.
Black Friday in New York. Stock Exchange collapses. World-wide economic crisis begins. Le Corbusier, The City of Tomorrow. Museum of Modern Art opens in New York. “Talkies” replace silent films. Lorca, Poeta en Nueva York (poems). Ortega, La rebelión de las masas. Francisco Ayala, El boxeador y un ángel. Díaz Fernández, La Venus mecánica. Jarnés, Locura y muerte de nadie, Paula y Paulita. William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury. Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms. Woolf, A Room of One’s Own (essays). Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí, Un chien andalou.
Rosa Chacel, Estación. Ida y vuelta. Jarnés, Teoría del zumbel. Díaz Fernández, El nuevo romanticismo. Ramón Sender, Imán. William Faulkner, As I Lay Dying. Buñuel, L’âge d’or.
Roosevelt’s “New Deal Speech.” Local elections in Spain. Proclamation of Second Spanish Republic. King Alfonso XIII goes into exile. Unamuno, San Manuel Bueno, mártir. Eugene O’Neill, Mourning Becomes Electra. Dos Passos, 1919. Hemingway, Death in the Afternoon. Aldous Huxley, Brave New World.
The Company of Jesus is dissolved. Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany. Enabling Law grants him
dictatorial powers. First concentration camps built. Valle Inclán, Baza de espadas. Miguel Angel Asturias, El señor presidente. Jarnés, Lo rojo y lo azul. Sender, Siete domingos rojos. Jung, Psychology and Religion. Matisse, The Dance, Expressionist painting.
The Spanish Fascist movement known as “la Falange” is founded. Right-wing candidates win elections. García Lorca, Bodas de sangre (first in a trilogy of plays). André Malraux, The Human Condition.
Left-wing uprisings in the northern regions of Spain. German plebiscite votes Hitler as Führer. Lorca, Yerma (second play in trilogy). Henry Miller, Tropic of Cancer. Fitzgerald, Tender Is the Night. Salvador Dalí, William Tell (surrealist painting).
Sender, Mr. Witt, en el cantón. Eliot, Murder in the Cathedral. John Steinbeck, Tortilla Flat. Dalí, Giraffe on Fire.
Germans vote 99% for Hitler. German troops occupy the Rhineland. Spanish elections won by Popular Front. Primo de Rivera executed. 18 July coup by Francisco Franco. Spanish Civil War begins. Foreign intellectuals support the Spanish Republic. Orwell, Malraux, Hemingway are in Spain. Olympic Games held in Berlin; Jesse Owens wins four gold medals. Lorca finishes writing La casa de Bernarda Alba (last play in trilogy). Unamuno and Valle Inclán die. Lorca is murdered. Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind. Chaplin, Modern Times.
Dos Passos, U.S.A. Hemingway, To Have and Have Not. Malraux, Hope. Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men. Jean-Paul Sartre, Nausea. Picasso, Guernica.
John Huizinga, Homo Ludens.
Spanish Civil War ends just as Second World War is breaking out. James Joyce, Finnegan’s Wake. Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath.
Franco and Hitler meet. Trotsky assassinated in Mexico. Scarcity and hunger mark the post-war years. Graham Greene, The Power and the Glory. Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls. Hollywood Oscar for Alfred Hitchcock’s Rebecca.
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Jorge Luis Borges, Ficciones.
Spanish Parliament is created. Camilo José Cela, La familia de Pascual Duarte. Brecht, Mother Courage. Albert Camus, The Stranger. William Faulkner, Go Down, Moses. Sartre, The Flies.
Mussolini is defeated. Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, Javier Mariño. Max Aub, Campo cerrado (first volume of the series of six novels published under the title El laberinto mágico). Roy Boulting, Casablanca.
“D-Day.” Allies land in Normandy. Carmen Laforet, Nada. Cela, Pabellón de reposo. Ignacio Agustí, Mariona Rebull. Max Aub, Campo de sangre. Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie. Camus, Caligula.
Second World War ends. US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Spain excluded from United Nations. Nuremberg trials of Nazi war criminals begin. Existentialism permeates culture. Gabriela Mistral wins Nobel Prize for Literature. Ignacio Agustí, El viudo Rius. Chacel, Memorias de Leticia Valle. George Orwell, Animal Farm.
Churchill makes his “Iron Curtain” Speech in Missouri. Marc Chagall, Cow with Umbrella.
Law of Succession ratifies Spain as a monarchy. Franco declares Juan Carlos de Borbón his heir. Pablo Casals pledges not to play in public as long as Franco remains in power. Rafael Gil, Don Quijote de la Mancha (film version). Camus, The Plague. Tennessee Williams, A Street Car Named Desire. Thomas Mann, Dr. Faustus.
Gandhi assassinated. USA establishes Marshall Plan for Europe. Miguel Delibes, La sombra del ciprés es alargada. Ana María Matute, Los Abel. Cela, Viaje a la Alcarria. W. H. Auden, Age of Anxiety (poetry).
North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington. Borges, El Aleph. Orwell, 1984. Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex. Pedro Laín Entralgo, España como problema. Rafael Calvo Sotelo, España sin problema. Delibes, El camino. Francisco Ayala, La cabeza del cordero, Los usurpadores.
José Suárez Carreño, Las últimas horas.
Cela, La colmena. Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio, Industrias y andanzas de Alfanhuí. Aub, Campo abierto. J. D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye. Faulkner, Requiem for a Nun.
Dalí, Christ of St. John of the Cross. Color TV first introduced.
Laforet, La isla y los demonios. Luis Romero, La noria. Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea. Samuel Beckett, Waiting for Godot. Shaw, Don Juan in Hell.
Spain signs economic and military agreements with the USA. Juan Benet, Max. José María Gironella, Los cipreses creen en Dios. Juan Rulfo, El llano en llamas.
Juan Goytisolo, Juegos de manos. Ignacio Aldecoa, El fulgor y la sangre. Jesús Fernández Santos, Los bravos. Matute, Pequeño teatro. Françoise Sagan, Bonjour Tristesse.
Spain becomes a member of the United Nations. Germany becomes a member of NATO. Universal Copyright Agreement is established. Delibes, Diario de un cazador. Carmen Martín Gaite, El balneario. Rulfo, Pedro Páramo. Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita. Salvador Dalí, The Lord’s Supper. Picasso, Don Quijote (lithograph).
Juan Ramón Jiménez awarded Nobel Prize for Literature. Brecht’s Berliner ensemble performs in England. Sánchez Ferlosio, El Jarama. Ignacio Aldecoa, Con el viento solano. Rock and roll craze.
Gore Vidal, A Visit to a Small Planet. Leonard Bernstein, West Side Story (musical, New York). Torrente Ballester, Los gozos y las sombras (1957–62), vol. I, El señor llega. Aldecoa, Gran Sol. Ignacio Agustí, Desiderio, 19 de julio.
European Common Market is formed. Guggenheim Museum, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, is inaugurated. Van Cliburn wins the Tchaikovsky piano contest in Moscow. Cha-cha-cha craze. Juan Goytisolo, La resaca. Jesús López Pacheco, Central eléctrica. Martín Gaite, Entre visillos. Luis Goytisolo, Las afueras. Boris Pasternak, Dr. Zhivago. Truman Capote, Breakfast at Tiffany’s.
Fidel Castro succeeds in his revolution against Batista and becomes Premier of Cuba, expropriates US-owned sugar mills. Miró paints murals for UNESCO building in Paris. Juan García Hortelano, Nuevas amistades. Antonio Ferres, La piqueta. Delibes, La hoja roja. Federico Fellini, La dolce vita.
Matute, Primera memoria. Goytisolo, Campos de Níjar. Armando López Salinas, La mina. John Updike, Rabbit, Run. Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird. Gore Vidal, The Best Man. Alfred Hitchcock, Psycho. Laser device is fully developed.
Berlin Wall is built. Freedom Riders attacked in Alabama. Benet, Nunca llegarás a nada. Alfonso Grosso, La zanja. Gironella, Un millón de muertos. Salinger, Franny and Zooey. Joseph Heller, Catch-22. Luis Buñuel, Viridiana (film). Rossen, Judgment at Nuremberg (film).
Boom of Latin American novel begins. Mario Vargas Llosa, La ciudad y los perros. Martín Santos, Tiempo de silencio. Juan García Hortelano, Tormenta de verano. Alejo Carpentier, El siglo de las luces. Günter Grass, The Tin Drum. Aleksander Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. Michel Butor, Essays on the Novel. Edward Albee, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Andy Warhol, Marilyn Monroe.
Freedom Marchers demonstrate in Washington. President Kennedy assassinated in Dallas. Death of Pope John XXIII. Warhol exhibits at the Guggenheim Museum in New York. Torrente Ballester, Don Juan. Martín Gaite, Ritmo lento. Julio Cortázar, Rayuela. Aub, Campo de moro. Alain Robbe-Grillet, For a New Novel.
Second Vatican Council ends. The Beatles. Op art craze. Aub, Campo de los almendros, Campo francés. Picasso, Self-Portrait. Eusebio Sempere, Primavera (Las cuatro estaciones). Benet, La inspiración y el estilo.
Goytisolo, Señas de identidad. Delibes, Cinco horas con Mario. Juan Marsé, Ultimas tardes con Teresa. Gironella, Ha estallado la paz. Capote, In Cold Blood. Mitch Leigh, Man of La Mancha (musical).
The peseta is devalued to attract foreign tourists. Pre-publication censorship abolished by law. Six-day War between Arab countries and Israel. Goytisolo, El furgón de cola. Delibes, Cinco horas con Mario. Benet, Volverás a Región. Gabriel García Márquez, Cien años de soledad. Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Tres tristes tigres. Gore Vidal, Washington DC. Buñuel, Belle de Jour. Arthur Penn, Bonnie and Clyde (film). Michelangelo Antonioni,
Blow-Up (film). Barbara Streisand sings in Central Park for an audience of 135,000 people.
Religious freedom is proclaimed in Spain. Cultural and social unrest in France. Riots and police brutality at the Democratic Convention in Chicago. Martin Luther King, American leader of civil rights movement, is assassinated. José María Guelbenzu, El mercurio. Ana María Moix, Julia. Updike, Couples. Arthur Hailey, Airport.
Woodstock Music and Art Fair with over 300,000 people in attendance. The hippie movement at the core of culture. An American walks on the moon. Carlos Fuentes, La nueva novela hispanoamericana. Matute, La trampa. Cela, San Camilo, 1936. Angelino Fons, Fortunata y Jacinta (film). Nathalie Sarraute, Between Life and Death.
Goytisolo, Reivindicación del conde don Julián. Benet, Una meditación. Chacel, La sinrazón.
Pablo Neruda awarded Nobel Prize for Literature. Juan Antonio Mañas, Historias del Kronen. Updike, Rabbit Redux.
President Nixon visits China. All in the Family most popular TV show in America. The Watergate Affair. Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, La saga/fuga de J.B. Benet, Un viaje de invierno. José María Vaz de Soto, Diálogos del anochecer. Francisco Umbral, Memorias de un niño de derechas. Buñuel, The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (film).
Spiro T. Agnew, Vice-President of the US, resigns, accused of corruption. Embargo of oil shipments of Arab nations in retaliation for Western support of Israel. Energy crisis. Pablo Picasso, Pablo Casals, and Pablo Neruda die. Spanish Premier Luis Carrero Blanco assassinated in Madrid. Juan Marsé, Si te dicen que caí. Luis Goytisolo, Recuento.
The Tower of London and the Houses of Parliament bombed by Irish terrorists. President Nixon resigns. First political kidnapping in the USA: Patricia Hearst. “Streaker” craze. Mercè Rodoreda, Mirall trencat. Sánchez Ferlosio, Las semanas del jardín. Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, Tatuaje. Martín Gaite, Retahílas. Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, All the President’s Men. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago: 1918–1956.
Francisco Franco dies. Juan Carlos de Borbón is sworn in as King Juan Carlos I. Museum of Contemporary Art opens in Madrid. Communist takeover of South Vietnam. US closes embassy in South Vietnam and evacuates last troops. First International Year of the Woman Conference takes place in Mexico City and adopts a ten-year plan to improve the status of women in the world. Anglican Church in Canada approves ordaining women into the priesthood. Juan Goytisolo, Juan sin tierra. Torrente Ballester, El Quijote como juego. Delibes, Las guerras de nuestros antepasados. Vázquez Montalbán, La soledad del manager. Carme Riera, Te dejo el mar. Carlos Barral, Años de penitencia. José Luis Borau, Furtivos (film).
Spanish Sahara becomes independent. Lourdes Ortiz, Luz de la memoria. Chacel, Barrio de Maravillas. Antonio Ribas, La ciutat cremada (film).
President Carter grants amnesty to all American draft evaders of the Vietnam War. National elections in Spain. Victory of the Central Democratic Party. Adolfo Suárez President of the National Government. All censorship is abolished by Royal Decree. The National Drama Center is created. Vicente Aleixandre awarded Nobel Prize for Literature. Torrente Ballester, Fragmentos de Apocalipsis. Barral, Los años sin excusa. Vaz de Soto, Fabián. Jorge Semprún, Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez. José Luis Castillo-Puche, El libro de las visiones y las apariciones. George Lucas, Star Wars.
Karol Wojtila becomes Pope John Paul II. USA and China establish diplomatic relations. Test-tube baby born in England. New Spanish Constitution proclaims equal rights for women; homosexuality is decriminalized. Juan Goytisolo, Libertad, libertad, libertad. Martín Gaite, El cuarto de atrás. Marsé, La muchacha de las bragas de oro. Esther Tusquets, El mismo mar de todos los veranos.
Direct elections to the European Parliament held for the first time. The “movida,” which will last until the middle 1980s, begins in Madrid. Carmen Conde the first woman elected to the Spanish Royal Academy. Rosa Montero, Crónica del desamor. Vázquez Montalbán, Los mares del
sur. Castillo-Puche, El amargo sabor de la retama. Kurt Vonnegut, Jailbird. Ricardo Franco, La familia de Pacual Duarte (film version). Josep Maria Forn, Companys, procés a Catalunya (film). Mario Camús, Fortunata y Jacinta (TV series).
Shipyard workers strike in Gdansk. Lech Walesa becomes chairman of Solidarity. American Embassy employees are taken hostage in Iran. Oscar Romero, Archbishop of San Salvador, assassinated while celebrating mass. John Lennon shot in New York. Dallas TV show takes the world by storm. Benet, El aire de un crimen. J. Goytisolo, Makbara. Torrente Ballester, La isla de los jacintos cortados. Montserrat Roig, L’hora violeta. Cristina Fernández Cubas, Mi hermana Elba.
Military coup at the Spanish Parliament thwarted by decisive action of King Juan Carlos I. Spain joins NATO. Divorce is legalized in Spain. The New York Museum of Modern Art donates Picasso’s Guernica to the Prado Museum. Pope John Paul II is shot twice by Mehmet Ali Agca. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat is assassinated. Israel officially annexes the Golan Heights. Incredible success of Cats, musical based on T. S. Eliot’s poems. AIDS is identified. Miguel Delibes, Los santos inocentes. Montero, La función Delta. Jesús Ferrero, Belver-Yin. Carme Riera, Una primavera per a Domenico Guarini. Carlos Saura, Bodas de sangre (film version).
The Vietnam Veterans’ War Memorial is dedicated in Washington DC with the inscription of more than 58,000 names. Video boom. Felipe González becomes Spain’s first socialist Prime Minister. A new law is passed to support film production. Frances Betriu, La Plaza del Diamante (film version). Camús, La colmena (film version). Gabriel García Márquez awarded Nobel Prize for Literature. Juan Goytisolo, Paisajes después de la batalla. Álvaro Cunqueiro, Alcancía, Ida y vuelta. Miguel Espinosa, Tribada. Theeologiae Tractatus. Luis-Puche, Conocerás el poso de la nada. Vaz de Soto, Fabián y Sabas, Diálogos de la alta noche. Montserrat Roig, L’opera quotidiana. Marina Mayoral, La única libertad. Francisco Ayala, Memorias y olvidos. Updike, Rabbit Is Rich. Graham Greene, Monsignor Quixote.
José Luis García’s film Volver a empezar, receives Oscar for the best foreign film. The “Office of Women’s Affairs” is created by the Ministry of Culture. Jaime Chávarri, Las bicicletas son para el verano (film version). Víctor Erice, El sur (film version). Juan Goytisolo, La isla. Carlos Barral, Penúltimo castigo. Fernández Cubas, Los altillos de Brumal. García Márquez, Chronicle of A Death Foretold. Alice Walker, The Color Purple.
The Vatican issues “Theology of Liberation,” a document warning against Marxism. Miró, Fernando Zóbel, Jorge Guillén, Vicente Aleixandre, Julio Cortázar die. Chacel, Acrópolis. Marguerite Duras, The Lover. Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic. Saul Bellow, Him and His Foot in His Mouth. Milan Kundera, The Unbearable Lightness of Being. Updike, The Witches of Eastwick. Camús, Los santos inocentes (film version).
“La movida” rules Spanish high and low culture. Betriu, Requiem por un campesino español (film version). Juan Goytisolo, Coto vedado. Vázquez Montalbán, El pianista. Adelaida García Morales, El Sur.
Spain and Portugal become members of the European Community. John Paul II, the first Pope to visit a synagogue, also leads one hundred world religious leaders in prayers for peace in Assisi. The space shuttle Challenger explodes on take-off. Horrible nuclear accident at Chernobyl Power Station. The D’Orsay Museum opens in Paris. The “Queen Sofia” Center for the Arts is inaugurated in Madrid. The musical Les Misérables wins eight Tony awards on Broadway. Juan Goytisolo, En los reinos de taifa. Antonio Muñoz Molina, Beatus Ille. Soledad Puértolas, Burdeos. Javier Marías, El hombre sentimental. Gironella, Ha estallado la paz. Pedro Almodóvar, Matador (film); Vicente Aranda, Tiempo de silencio (film version).
Gorbachev campaigns for glasnost (openness) and perestroika (reconstruction). President Reagan calls on President Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall. “Black Monday”: stock market share prices plunge all over the world. Camús, La casa de Bernarda Alba (film).
Benazir Bhutto elected first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Juan Goytisolo, Las virtudes del pájaro solitario. Montero, Amado amo. Bernardo Atxaga, Obabakoak.
Barral, Cuando las horas veloces. Chacel, Ciencias naturales. Toni Morrison, Beloved. Isabel Allende, Eva Luna. Salman Rushdie’s novel The Satanic Verses is published and attacked by Muslims for blasphemy.
Pro-democratic students take over Tianamen Square. Solidarity gains a landslide victory in Polish parliamentary elections. The Pope meets Gorbachev. Vicente Aranda, Si te dicen que caí (film version). Benet, En la penumbra. Javier Marías, Todas las almas. Riera, Por persona interpuesta. Soledad Puértolas, Queda la noche. Umberto Eco, Foucault’s Pendulum (novel). Gore Vidal, Hollywood.
Iraq invades Kuwait. Lech Walesa elected President of Poland. Mysterious circles appear in British fields. Octavio Paz awarded Nobel Prize for Literature. Luisa Castro, El somier. Cristina Fernández Cubas, El ángulo del horror. Arthur Hailey, The Evening News. Updike, Rabbit at Rest.
Xosé Lluis Méndez-Ferrín, Arraianos.
Spain celebrates the fifth centennial of the Discovery of America. World Fair in Seville. Madrid declared European Capital of Culture. Barcelona hosts Olympic Games. The Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum opens in Madrid. Luis Goytisolo, Estatua con palomas. Javier Marías, Corazón tan blanco.
Juan Goytisolo, La saga de los Marx. Souso de Toro, Tic Tac. Arturo Pérez-Reverte, El club Dumas.
Marina Mayoral, Recóndita armonía. Marías, Mañana en la batalla piensa en mí. Ray Loriga, Días extraños.
Almódovar, La flor de mi secreto. Fernández Cubas, El columpio.
Vázquez Montalbán, El premio. Mayoral, Dar la vida y el alma. Riera, Dins el darer blau. Luis Goytisolo, Mzungo.
“Dolly” the sheep is cloned. Juan Goytisolo, Las semanas del jardín. Benet, Cartografía personal. Lucía Extebarria, Amor, curiosidad, prozac y dudas. Nuria Amat, La intimidad. Ana María Navales, El laberinto del quetzal.
Riera, Tiempo de espera. Extebarria, Beatriz y los cuerpos celestes. Belén Gopegui, La conquista del aire. Laura Freixas, Entre amigas. Espido Freire, Irlanda. Souso de Toro, Calzados Lola. Jaime Camino, El balcón abierto (original 1930 film script by Federico García Lorca Viaje a la luna).
Freire, Melocotones helados. Quim Monzó, Vuitante-sis contes.
Delibes, El hereje. María Mayoral, La sombra del ángel. Lucía Extebarria, Del todo lo visible y lo invisible. Eduardo Mendoza, La aventura del tocador de señoras.
Terrorists destroy World Trade Center in New York.
The peseta is replaced by the euro.